BASIC ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS 1

THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

MODULE
SYSTEM
1

THE REAL NUMBER

OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, you will;

1. Discuss the concepts of the underlying principles of the real number
system.
2. Convert decimal number to fraction number.
3. Identify the properties of Real numbers.

PROCEDURES: Try to read and understand the following:

INTRODUCTION
The review of the development and structure of the present number
system will serve as a background to understand the underlying basic
principles on how arithmetic and algebraic solution proceed.
Mans growing needs is infinite. It must be quantified to measure
growth; hence the development of our new number system is a
consequence.
From its crude beginnings, consisted of the NATURAL NUMBERS
(counting number), we used primarily for counting, was denote by N =
{1,2,3,4,...},
performing the operations: addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Further exploration was done, and found out
that the need for a convenient representation was not yet perfect.
The first problem was, when two identical natural number were
subtracted, no solution in the set of natural numbers can be found. And so,
this was enlarged to include Zero, the set of Whole NUMBERS denote by
W = {0,1,2,3,4,}
The next problem that arose was, when a subtrahend was greater
than a minuend, that give rise to the concept of Signed Numbers, called
the set of INTEGERS, denote by I = {-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,}
Making the operation of division in all situation possible, enlarged
the number system to include FRACTIONS. This enlarged the number

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

system thus developed is the REAL NUMBER SYSTEM to distinguish it

from the Imaginary of the Complex Number System.

STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX NUMBER SYSTEM

NATURAL OR COUNTING

ZER

WHOLE

NEGATIVE

INTEGE

FRACTIO

RATIONAL NUMBER

IRRATIONAL

(Repeating, Periodic
&

NUMBERS
(Non-Repeating,
Non-Periodic, & Non-

REAL

IMAGINARY

COMPLEX

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Natural Numbers consist primarily of counting numbers. N =
{1,2,3}
Whole Numbers consist of the natural numbers and zero. W =
{0,1,2,3}
Integers ------------- consist of negative numbers, zero and positive
numbers
I= {-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3}

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

Rational Numbers a number which can be expressed as a

quotient of two integers and whose denominators is a non-zero
integer, such that M\N, where N is not equal to zero.
- A repeating decimal representation
Examples: 1/3
= 0.33333..
5/3
= 1.66666..
1/9
= 0.11111..
4/9
= 0.44444..

A terminating decimal representation

Examples:
= 0.25
7/8
= .875
3/5
= 0.6
5/2
= 2.50

=0.50

A periodical decimal
Examples: 3/11
3/7
12/11
9/11
7/11
2/13

representation
= 0.272727
= 0.714285714285
= 1.09090909
= 0.818181
= 0.636363
= 0.153846153486

Irrational Number a number whose equivalent decimal

representation is non-termination, Non-repeating and Non-periodic.
Examples: 35
Pi

= 0.709975947

= 31415826358

= 1.414213562

= 1.912931183

18/13

= 1.384615385..

CHANGING DECIMAL REPRESENTATION TO ITS FRACTIONAL

EQUIVALENT
Example:
1. Compute0.121212

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

Step 1.Let x = 0.121212

Multiply both side by 100
That is, (100)x = 0.121212(100)
Then, 100x = 12.1212

Step 2. Subtract x = 0.121212 from

100x = 12.1212
That is, 100x = 12.121212
-x = 0.121212
99x = 12
Step 3.To obtain x, we divide 12 by 99,
That is, x = 12/99 or 4/33.
Therefore: the fractional representation of
0.121212 is 4/33.
2. Compute 0.2156262
100x = 21.56262...
-x = 0.21562
99x = 21.347
x = 21.347 = 21.347(100)
99
99(1000)
= 21347
99000
THUS, 0.2156262 = 21347
99000

3. Compute1.777
100x = 177.77
- x = 1.777
99x = 176
x = 176 + 11
99
11
x = 16
9

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

AXIOM PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

The two binary operations on the set of real numbers (R*) are
addition (+) and multiplication (.), that forms a mathematical system
called a Field. Its properties as a field are governed by six fundamental
axioms. Let a, b, c and d be any real numbers.
1. Closure Property
Addition the sum of any two numbers is always a
unique real number a + b = c
Example: 5 + 3 = 8
Multiplication the product of any two real numbers is also
real number. a . c = ac
Example: 4 . 3 = 12
2. Commutative Property
Addition the order of the addends do not affect the
sum.
a+b=b+a
Example: 3 + 7 = 7 + 3
Multiplication the order of the factors do not affect
the product.
ab = ba
Example:4 . 5 = 5 . 4
10 = 10
3. Associative Property
Addition the sum of three or more addends is not
affected in whatever way they are grouped.
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Example: (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)
5+4=2+7
9=9
Multiplication the product of three or more factors is not
affected in whatever way they are grouped.
(ab)c = a(bc)
Example: (5 . 6)7 = 5(6 . 7)
(30)7 = 5(42)
210 = 210

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

4. Identity Property
Addition the unique real number Zero, is the identity
element for addition, such that a+0 = a
Example: 8 + 0 = 8
8=8
Multiplication the unique real number one, is the identity
element for multiplication, such that a . 1 = a
Example: 7 . 1 = 7
7=7
5. Inverse Property
Addition any real number has an additive Inverse
or opposite, as a for a, such that when there are added
results to 0.
Example: 3 + (-3) = 0
0=0
Multiplication any real number has an multiplicative
inverse or reciprocal, as 1/a for a, such that when they
are multiplied results to 1.
a. 1/a = a/a = 1
or a . a-1= a1-1 = a0 = 1.
Example: 8 . 1/8 = 1/8 = 1
or 8 . 8-1 = 81-1 = 80 = 1
6. Distributive Property
The product of a number by the sum of other numbers is equal
to the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the
number and each of the sum of the sum of the other
numbers. a(b+c+d) = ab+ac+ad
Example: 3(4+5+6) = 3(4)+3(5)+3(6)
3(15) = 12 + 15 + 18
45 = 45
ORDER PROPERTIES AND EQUIVALENCE OF REAL NUMBERS
Let a, b, and c, be any real numbers.
1. Reflexive Property of Equality -------- a = a.
Example: 5 = 5
2. Symmetric Property of Equality -------- if a = b, then b =
a.
Example: if a = 4, then 4 = a

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

3. Transitive Property of Equality -------- if a = b, and b = c,

then a = c
Example: if a = 5, and 5 = c, then a = c
4. Addition Property of equality --------- if a = b, and b = c,
then a + c = b + c
Example: if a = b, then a + 7 = b + 7
5. Multiplication Property of equality -------- if a = b, and c
0 then ac =bc
Example: if a = b, and c = 2, then 2a =2b
TRICHOTOMY LAW OF REAL NUMBERS
If a and b are any two real numbers, then one and only one of the
following statement is true.
a.) 1. a> b, 2. a = b, 3. a < b
b.) 1. x = 0, 2. x is positive 3. x is negative

EVALUATION
Name: __________________________________________
_________

Date:

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

Course/Year: _____________________________
Score: ________

I.

Find the fractional equivalent of the following decimal

representations.
1. 0.66666...

2. 4.55555

3. 0.363636

4. 10.3333

5. 12.151515

6. 2.727272

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

7. 3.135135

8. 0.484848

II. Check the description of the number that applies.

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS
NUMBER

COUNTING
NUMBER

WHOLE
NUMBER

INTEGER

RATIONAL
NUMBER

IRRATIONAL
NUMBER

5
0
-3
1/3
0.25

-2/5
11
0.8181
17

III.State whether the statement is TRUE or False.

______ 1. All counting numbers are whole numbers.
______ 2. All whole numbers are counting numbers.
______ 3. All whole numbers are positive integers.0
______ 4. All positive numbers are whole numbers.
______ 5. Some integers are whole numbers,
______ 6. All integers are rational numbers.
______ 7. All rational numbers are integers.
______ 8. All non-integers are irrational numbers.
______ 9. Some rational numbers are irrational numbers.
______ 10. All irrational numbers are real numbers

IV. Name the field property of real numbers that is illustrated in the
statement:

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THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

1. (3)(1) = 3_____________________ 11. a + 3 = b + 3 _________________

2. x2 + y = y + x2__________________12. 6 + 7 = 13 ___________________
3. (2a + b) 1
= 1 ______________13 . 3 * 1 = 1 ____________________
2a+b
3
4. -5 + 5 = 0_____________________14. If x+3 =z, t=x+3, then z=t
_______
5. 2[3 +(-5)]=2(3) + 2(-5) __________ 15. -5 = -5 ______________________
6. 7 + (3 + 5) = (7 + 3) + 5 __________16. If x = y, x = 8, then y = 8
________
7. 0 + 0 = 0 _____________________

17. 3(5 + 6) = 3(5) + 3(6)

___________
8. 6 + 3 = 9 _____________________

18. 4 + d = d + 4

__________________
9. 9[(2)(6)] = [(9)(2)]6 ____________19. 1/-3 * (-3) = 1 _________________
10.
8
+ (-8) = 0 ___________________20. 2(9) = 18 _____________________