Mi'kmaq: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi'kmaq
Mi'kmaq
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Mi'kmaq (also Micmac, L'nu and Mi'kmaw)

(English /mkmk/; Mi'kmaq: [mimax]),[2][3][4] are a
First Nations band, indigenous to Canada's Atlantic
Provinces and the Gasp Peninsula of Quebec. They
call this region Mi'kma'ki. Others today live in
Newfoundland and the northeastern region of Maine.
The nation has a population of about 40,000 (plus
about 25,000 in the Qalipu First Nation in
Newfoundland[5][6]), of whom nearly 11,000 speak
Mi'kmaq, an Eastern Algonquian language .[7][8]
Once written in Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, it is
now written using most letters of the standard Latin
alphabet.
The Grand Council (also known as Sant Mawimi)
was the traditional senior level of government for the
Mi'kmaq people until Canada passed the Indian Act
(1876) to require First Nations to establish
representative elected governments. After
implementation of the Indian Act, the Grand Council
took on a more spiritual function. The Grand Council
was made up of representatives from the seven district
councils in Mi'kma'ki.
On September 26, 2011 the Government of Canada
announced the recognition of Canada's newest
Mi'kmaq First Nations Band, the Qalipu First Nations
in Newfoundland and Labrador. The new band, which
is landless, has accepted 25,000 applications to
become part of the band.[9] The number of
applications received by the application deadline on
November 30, 2012 exceeded 100,000; as of January
2013, the majority of those had not yet been
processed. The deadline was extended to January 31,
2014, and then to February 10, 2014.[10][11] Its
members are recognized as Status Indians, joining
other organized Mi'kmaq bands recognized in
southeast Canada.[12][13]
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Mi'kmaq
Grand Council Flag of the Mi'kmaq Nation.[1]

Although the flag is meant to be displayed hanging vertically as
shown here, it is quite commonly flown horizontally, with the star
near the upper hoist.
Total population
65,000
Regions with significant populations
Canada (New Brunswick, some people of this tribe
live in
Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince
Edward Island, Quebec), United States (Maine)
Languages
English, Mi'kmaq, French
Religion
Christianity, Mi'kmaq traditionalism and
spirituality, others
Related ethnic groups
other Algonquian peoples
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Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Pre-contact culture
2.1.1 Food and hunting
2.1.2 Hunting a moose
2.2 First contacts
2.2.1 Geography
2.2.2 Housing
2.3 17th and 18th centuries
2.3.1 Colonial wars
2.3.2 Treaties
2.3.3 Burials
2.4 19th century
2.4.1 Royal Acadian School
2.4.2 MicMac Missionary
Society
2.4.3 Mic-Mac hockey sticks
2.5 20th and 21st centuries
2.5.1 World Wars
2.5.2 Treaty Day
2.5.3 Tripartite Forum
2.5.3.1 Mikmaq Kina
matnewey
2.5.4 Truth and Reconciliation
Commission
3 Celebrations
4 Herbalism
5 Religion and folklore
5.1 Spiritual sites
6 First Nation subdivisions
7 Demographics
8 Commemorations
9 Notable Mi'kmaq
9.1 Academics
9.2 Activists
9.3 Artists
9.4 Athletes
9.5 Military
9.6 Other
10 Maps
11 In popular culture
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Mi'kma'ki: Divided into seven districts
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12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
14.1 18th-19th centuries
14.2 Documentary film
15 External links
Etymology
The ethnonym has traditionally been spelled Micmac in English, but the people themselves have used
different spellings: Mikmaq (singular Mikmaw) in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and
Newfoundland, Miigmaq (Miigmao) in New Brunswick, Migmaq by the Listuguj Council in Quebec,
and Mgmaq (Mgmaw) in some native literature.[14]
Until the 1980s, "Micmac" remained the most common spelling in English. Although still used, for
example in Ethnologue, this spelling has fallen out of favour in recent years. Most scholarly publications
now use the spelling Mi'kmaq, and it has been adopted by media[15] as the spelling Micmac is now
considered to be "colonially tainted".[14] The Mi'kmaq prefer to use one of the three current Mi'kmaq
orthographies when writing the language.[16]
Lnu (the adjectival and singular noun, previously spelled "L'nu"; the plural is Lnk, Lnuk, Lnug, or
Lng) is the term the Mi'kmaq use for themselves, their autonym, meaning "human being" or "the
people".[17]
Various explanations exist for the origin of the term Mi'kmaq. The Mi'kmaw Resource Guide states that
"Mi'kmaq" means "the family":
The definite article "the" suggests that "Mi'kmaq" is the undeclined form indicated by the
initial letter "m". When declined in the singular it reduces to the following forms: nikmaq my family; kikmaq - your family; wikma - his/her family. The variant form Mi'kmaw plays
two grammatical roles: 1) It is the singular of Mi'kmaq and 2) it is an adjective in
circumstances where it precedes a noun (e.g. mi'kmaw people, mi'kmaw treaties, mi'kmaw
person, etc.)[18]
The Anishinaabe refer to the Mi'kmaq as Miijimaa(g), meaning "The Brother(s)/Ally(ies)", with the use
of the nX prefix m-, opposed to the use of n1 prefix n- (i.e. Niijimaa(g), "my brother(s)/comrade(s)") or
the n3 prefix w- (i.e. Wiijimaa(g), "brother(s)/compatriot(s)/comrade(s)").[19]
Other hypotheses include the following:
The name "Micmac" was first recorded in a memoir by de La Chesnaye in 1676. Professor
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Ganong in a footnote to the word megamingo (earth), as used by Marc Lescarbot, remarked
"that it is altogether probable that in this word lies the origin of the name Micmac." As
suggested in this paper on the customs and beliefs of the Micmacs, it would seem that
megumaagee the name used by the Micmacs, or the Megumawaach, as they called
themselves, for their land, is from the words megwaak, "red", and magumegek, "on the
earth", or as Rand recorded, "red on the earth," megakumegek, "red ground," "red earth."
The Micmacs, then, must have thought of themselves as the Red Earth People, or the People
of the Red Earth. Others seeking a meaning for the word Micmac have suggested that it is
from nigumaach, my brother, my friend, a word that was also used as a term of endearment
by a husband for his wife... Still another explanation for the word Micmac suggested by
Stansbury Hagar in "Micmac Magic and Medicine" is that the word megumawaach is from
megumoowesoo, the name of the Micmacs' legendary master magicians, from whom the
earliest Micmac wizards are said to have received their power.[20]
Members of the Mi'kmaq historically referred to themselves as Lnu, but used the term nkmaq (my kin)
as a greeting.[21] The French initially referred to the Mi'kmaq as Souriquois"[22] and later as Gaspesiens
or (through English) "Mickmakis". The British originally referred to them as Tarrantines.[23]
History
Pre-contact culture
Archaeologist Dean Snow states that the fairly deep linguistic
split between the Mi'kmaq and the Eastern Algonquians to the
southwest, suggests the Mi'kmaq developed an independent
prehistoric sequence emphasizing maritime orientation, as the
area had relatively few major river systems.[24] According to
ethnologist T. J. Brasser, with a climate unfavorable for
agriculture, small semi-nomadic bands of a few patrilineally
related families subsisted on fishing and hunting. Their weakly
developed leadership did not extend beyond hunting parties.[25]
Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, 1866
Food and hunting

The Mi'kmaq lived in an annual cycle of seasonal movement between living in dispersed interior winter
camps and larger coastal communities during the summer. The spawning runs of March began the
convergence on smelt spawning streams. This was followed by harvesting spawning herring, gathering
waterfowl eggs, and hunting geese. By May the seashore offered abundant cod and shellfish, and coastal
breezes brought relief from the biting black flies, stouts, midges and mosquitoes of the interior. Autumn
frost killed the biting insects during the September harvest of spawning American eels, allowing
dispersal back into the interior in smaller groups to hunt moose and caribou.[26] The most important
animal hunted by the Mi'kmaq was the moose, which was used in every part: for example, the meat was
processed for food, the skin for clothing, tendons and sinew for cordage, bones for carving and tools.
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Other animals hunted/trapped included deer, caribou, bear, rabbit, beaver, porcupine and small animals.
Bear teeth and claws were used in regalia. Porcupine quills were used in decorative beadwork done by
women. The weapon used most for hunting was the bow and arrow. The Mi'kmaq made their bows from
maple. The Mi'kmaq people would store lobsters in the ground for later consumption.The Mikmaq ate
fish of all kinds, such as salmon, sturgeon, lobster, squid, shellfish, and eels, as well as seabirds and their
eggs. They hunted marine mammals: porpoises, whales, walrus, and seals.[27]
Hunting a moose
Throughout the Maritimes moose was the most important animal to the Mi'kmaq. It was their second
main source of meat, clothing and cordage, which were all crucial commodities. The Mi'kmaq usually
hunted moose in groups of 3 to 5 men. Before the moose hunt, the Mi'kmaq would starve their dogs for
two days to make them fierce in helping to finish off the moose. To kill the moose, they would injure it
first, by using a bow and arrow or other weapons. After it was down, they would move in to finish it off
with spears and their dogs. The guts would be fed to the dogs. During this whole process, the men would
try to direct the moose in the direction of the camp, so that the women would not have to go as far to
drag the moose back. A boy became a man in the eyes of the community after he had killed his first
moose. It was only then that he earned the right to marry. Once moose were introduced to the island of
Newfoundland, the practice of hunting moose with dogs was used in the Bay of Islands region of the
province.
First contacts
The Mi'kmaq territory was the first portion of North America to be heavily exploited for European
resource extraction. Reports by John Cabot and Portuguese explorers encouraged visits by Portuguese,
Spanish, Basque, French, and English fishermen and whalers beginning in the early years of the 16th
century. Early European fishermen salted their catch at sea and sailed directly home; but they set up
camps ashore for dry-curing cod as early as 1520; this became the preferred preservation method during
the second half of the century.[28] These camps traded with Mi'kmaq fishermen; and trading rapidly
expanded to include furs.
Trading furs for European trade goods changed Mi'kmaq social perspectives. Desire for trade goods
encouraged the men devoting a larger portion of the year away from the coast trapping in the interior.
Trapping non-migratory animals, such as beaver, increased awareness of territoriality. Trader preferences
for good harbors resulted in greater numbers of Mi'kmaq gathering in fewer summer rendezvous
locations. This in turn encouraged their establishing larger bands led by the ablest trade negotiators.[29]
Geography
The Mi'kmaq territory was divided into seven traditional districts. Each district had its own independent
government and boundaries. The independent governments had a district chief and a council. The
council members were band chiefs, elders, and other worthy community leaders. The district council
was charged with performing all the duties of any independent and free government by enacting laws,
justice, apportioning fishing and hunting grounds, making war and suing for peace.
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The Seven Mi'kmaq districts are :

Epekwitk aq Piktuk (Epegwitg aq Pigtug)
Eskikewa'kik (Esge'gewa'gi)
Kespek (Gespe'gewa'gi)
Kespukwitk (Gespugwitg)
Siknikt (Signigtewa'gi)
Sipekni'katik (Sugapune'gati)
Unama'kik (Unama'gi)
Note : The orthography between parentheses is the one used in the Gespe'gewa'gi area.
In addition to the district councils, there was a Grand Council or Sant Mawimi. The Grand Council
was composed of Keptinaq (captains in English), who were the district chiefs. There were also Elders,
the Puts (Wampum belt readers and historians, who also dealt with the treaties with the non-natives and
other Native tribes), the women's council, and the Grand Chief. The Grand Chief was a title given to one
of the district chiefs, who was usually from the Mi'kmaq district of Unamki or Cape Breton Island. This
title was hereditary and usually passed on to the Grand Chief's eldest son. The Grand Council met on a
little island on the Bras d'Or lake in Cape Breton called Mniku. Today the site is within the reserve called
Chapel Island or Potlotek. To this day, the Grand Council still meets at Mniku to discuss current issues
within the Mi'kmaq Nation.
Housing
Mi'kmaq people lived in structures called wigwams. They cut
down saplings, which were usually spruce, and curved them over
a circle drawn on the ground. These saplings were lashed
together at the top, and then covered with birch bark. The
Mi'kmaq had two different sizes of wigwams. The smaller size
could hold 10-15 people and the larger size 15-20 people.
Wigwams could be either conical or domed in shape.
On June 24, 1610, Grand Chief Membertou converted to
Catholicism and was baptised. He concluded an alliance with the
French Jesuits which affirmed the right of Mi'kmaq to choose
Catholicism and\or Mi'kmaw tradition. The Mi'kmaq, as trading
allies with the French, were amenable to limited French
settlement in their midst.
Mi'kmaq encampment, Sydney, Cape

Breton Island
17th and 18th centuries

Colonial wars
In the wake of King Phillips War between English colonists and Native Americans in southern New
England (which included the first military conflict between the Mi'kmaq and New England), the
Mi'kmaq became members of the Wapnki (Wabanaki Confederacy), an alliance with four other
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Algonquian-language nations: the Abenaki, Penobscot,

Passamaquoddy, and Maliseet.[30]
The Wabanaki Confederacy were allied with French colonists in
Acadia. Over a period of seventy-five years, during six wars in
Mi'kma'ki (Acadia and Nova Scotia), the Mi'kmaq fought to keep
the British from taking over the region (See the four French and
Indian Wars as well as Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's
War). France lost military control of Acadia in 1710, and
political claim (apart from Cape Breton) by the 1713 Treaty of
Utrecht with England. But, the M'kmaq were not included in the
treaty and never conceded any land to the British.
In 1715 the Mi'kmaq were told that the British now claimed their
ancient territory by the Treaty of Utrecht, which the Mi'kmaq
were no party to. They formally complained to the French
commander at Louisbourg about the French king transferring the
sovereignty of their nation when he did not possess it. They were
only then informed that the French had claimed legal possession
of their country for a century, on account of laws decreed by
kings in Europe, that no land could be legally owned by any
non-Christian, and that such land was therefore freely available
to any Christian prince who claimed it. Mi'kmaw historian
Daniel Paul observes that
If this warped law were ever to be accorded recognition by
modern legalists they would have to take into
consideration that, after Grand Chief Membertou and his
family converted to Christianity in 1610, the land of the
Mi'kmaq had become exempt from being seized because
the people were Christians. However, it's hard to imagine
that a modern government would fall back and try to use
such uncivilized garbage as justification for
non-recognition of aboriginal title.[31]
Mi'kmaq at Turtle Grove (Tufts

Cove) settlement, Dartmouth, Nova
Scotia, ca. 1871.
Mi'kmaq People (1865)
Along with Acadians, the Mi'kmaq used military force to resist the founding of British (Protestant)
settlements by making numerous raids on Halifax, Dartmouth, Lawrencetown and Lunenburg. During
the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War between France and
Britain in Europe, the Mi'kmaq assisted the Acadians in resisting the British during the Expulsion. The
military resistance was reduced significantly with the French defeat at the Siege of Louisbourg (1758) in
Cape Breton.
Treaties
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The M'kmaq signed a series of peace and friendship treaties with Great Britain. The first was after
Father Rale's War (1725). The nation historically consisted of seven districts, which was later expanded
to eight with the ceremonial addition of Great Britain at the time of the 1749 treaty.
Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope signed a Peace Treaty in 1752 on behalf of the Shubenacadie Mi'kmaq.[32]
With the signing of various treaties, the 75 years of regular warfare ended in 1761 with the Burying the
Hatchet ceremony.
According to historian John G. Reid, although the treaties of 1760-61 contain statements of Mi'kmaw
submission to the British crown, he believes that the Mi'kmaw intended a friendly and reciprocal
relationship. This is based on what is known of the surrounding discussions, combined with the strong
evidence of later Mi'kmaw statements. The Mi'kmaw leaders who represented their people in the Halifax
negotiations in 1760 had clear goals: to make peace, establish secure and well-regulated trade in
commodities such as furs, and begin an ongoing friendship with the British crown. In return, they
offered their own friendship and a tolerance of limited British settlement, although without any formal
land surrender.[33] To fulfill the reciprocity intended by the Mi'kmaq, any additional British settlement of
land would have to be negotiated, and accompanied by giving presents to the Mi'kmaq. (There was a
long history of the French giving Mi'kmaq people presents to be accommodated on their land, starting
with the first colonial contact.) The documents summarizing the peace agreements failed to establish
specific territorial limits on the expansion of British settlements, but assured the Mikmaq of access to
the natural resources that had long sustained them along the regions coasts and in the woods. Their
conceptions of land use were quite different. The Mi'kmaq believed they could share the land, with the
British growing crops, and their people hunting as usual and getting to the coast for seafood.[34]
The arrival of the New England Planters and United Empire
Loyalists in greater number put pressure on land use and the
treaties. This migration into the region created significant
economic, environmental and cultural pressures on the Mi'kmaq.
The Mi'kmaq tried to enforce the treaties through threat of force.
At the beginning of the American Revolution, many Mikmaq
and Maliseet tribes supported the Americans against the British.
They participated in the Maugerville Rebellion and the Battle of
Mi'kmaq People (1873)
Fort Cumberland in 1776. (M'kmaq delegates concluded the first
international treaty, the Treaty of Watertown, with the United
States soon after it declared its independence in July 1776. These delegates did not officially represent
the Mi'kmaq government, although many individual Mi'kmaq did privately join the Continental army as
a result.) In June 1779, Mikmaq in the Miramichi valley of New Brunswick attacked and plundered
some of the British in the area. The following month, British Captain Augustus Harvey, in command of
the HMS Viper, arrived and battled with the Mikmaq. One Mikmaq was killed and 16 were taken
prisoner to Quebec. The prisoners were eventually taken to Halifax. They were released on 28 July 1779
after signing the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown.[35][36]
As their military power waned in the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Mi'kmaq people made
explicit appeals to the British to honour the treaties and reminded them of their duty to give "presents" to
the Mi'kmaq in order to occupy Mi'kma'ki. In response, the British offered charity or, the word most
often used by government officials, "relief". The British said the Mi'kmaq must give up their way of life
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and begin to settle on farms. Also, they were told they had to send their children to British schools for
education.[37]
The Treaties did not gain legal status until they were enshrined into the Canadian Constitution in 1982.
Every October 1, "Treaty Day" is now celebrated by Nova Scotians.
Burials
During this time period two colonial figures were honoured at their deaths by the Mi'kmaq. Two hundred
Mi'kmaq chanted their death song at the burial of Governor Michael Francklin.[38] They also celebrated
the life of Pierre Maillard.[39]
19th century
Royal Acadian School
Walter Bromley was a British officer and reformer who
established the Royal Acadian School and supported the
Mi'kmaq over the thirteen years he lived in Halifax, Nova Scotia
(1813-1725).[40] Bromley devoted himself to the service of the
Mikmaq people.[41] The Mi'kmaq were among the poor of
Halifax and in the rural communities. According to historian
Judith Finguard, his contribution to give public exposure to the
plight of the Mikmaq particularly contributes to his historical
significance. Finguard writes:
Bromleys attitudes towards the Indians were singularly
enlightened for his day. Bromley totally dismissed the
idea that native people were naturally inferior and set out
to encourage their material improvement through
settlement and agriculture, their talents through education,
and their pride through his own study of their
languages.[40]
Grand Chief Jacques-Pierre Peminuit

Paul (3rd from left with beard) meets
Governor General of Canada,
Marquess of Lorne, Red Chamber,
Province House, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, 1879
MicMac Missionary Society

Silas Tertius Rand in 1849 help found the Micmac Missionary Society, a full-time Mi'kmaq mission.
Basing his work in Hantsport, Nova Scotia, where he lived from 1853 until his death in 1889, he
travelled widely among Mi'kmaq communities, spreading the faith, learning the language, and recording
examples of the Mi'kmaq oral tradition. Rand produced scriptural translations in Mi'kmaq and Maliseet,
compiled a Mi'kmaq dictionary and collected numerous legends, and through his published work, was
the first to introduce the stories of Glooscap to the wider world. The mission was dissolved in 1870.
After a long period of disagreement with the Baptist church, he eventually returned to the church in
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1885.
Mic-Mac hockey sticks
Mi'kmaq making hockey sticks from

hornbeam trees (Ostrya virginiana) in
Nova Scotia about 1890.
The Mi'kmaq practice of playing hockey appeared in recorded

colonial histories from as early as the 18th century. Since the
nineteenth century, the Mi'kmaq were credited with inventing the
ice hockey stick.[42] The oldest known hockey stick was made
between 1852 and 1856. Recently, it was appraised at $4 million
US and sold for $2.2 million US. The stick was carved by
Mikmaq from Nova Scotia, who made it from hornbeam, also
known as ironwood.[43]
In 1863, the Starr Manufacturing Company in Dartmouth, Nova

Scotia began to sell the Mic-Mac hockey sticks nationally and
internationally.[44] Hockey became a popular sport in Canada in
the 1890s.[45] Throughout the first decade of the twentieth century, the Mic-Mac Hockey Stick was the
best-selling hockey stick in Canada. By 1903, apart from farming, the principal occupation of the
Mi'kmaq on reserves throughout Nova Scotia, and particularly on the Shubenacadie, Indian Brook and
Millbrook Reserves, was producing the Mic-Mac Hockey Stick.[44] The department of Indian Affairs for
Nova Scotia noted in 1927, that the Mi'kmaq remained the "experts" at making hockey sticks.[46] The
Mi'kmaq continued to make hockey sticks until the 1930s, when the product was industrialized.[47]
20th and 21st centuries

Jerry Lonecloud (18541930) worked with historian and archivist Harry Piers to document the
ethnography of the Mi'kmaq people in the early 20th century. Lonecloud wrote the first Mi'kmaq
memoir, which his biographer entitled "Tracking Dr. Lonecloud: Showman to Legend Keeper".[48]
Historian Ruth Holmes Whitehead wrote, "Ethnographer of the Micmac nation could rightly have been
his epitaph, his final honour."[49]
World Wars
In 1914, over 150 Mi'kmaw men sign up during World War I. During the First World War, thirty-four out
of sixty-four male Mikmaq from Lennox Island First Nation, Prince Edward Island enlisted in the
armed forces, distinguishing themselves particularly in the Battle of Amiens.[50] In 1939, World War II
begins and over 250 Mi'kmaq volunteer. (In 1950, over 60 Mi'kmaq enlist to serve in the Korean War.)
Treaty Day
Gabriel Sylliboy was the first Mi'kmaq elected as Grand Chief (1919) and the first to fight for treaty
recognition - specifically, the Treaty of 1752 - in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia (1929).
In 1986, the first Treaty Day was celebrated by Nova Scotians on October 1 in recognition of the
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Monument to the Treaty of 1752, Shubenacadie

First Nation, Nova Scotia
Chief Gabriel Sylliboy - first to fight for Treaty

Rights in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1929
Treaties signed between the British Empire and the

Mi'kmaq people. The first treaty was signed in 1725
after Father Rale's War. The final treaties of 1760-61, marked the end of 75 years of regular warfare
between the Mi'kmaq and the British (see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale's War
and Father Le Loutre's War). The treaty making process of 1760-61, ended with the Burying the Hatchet
ceremony (Nova Scotia) (1761).
The treaties were only formally recognized by the Supreme Court of Canada once they were enshrined
in the Canadian Constitution in 1982. The first Treaty Day occurred the year after the Supreme Court
upheld the Peace Treaty of 1752 signed by Jean-Baptiste Cope and Governor Peregrine Hopson. Since
that time there have been numerous judicial decisions that have upheld the other treaties in the Supreme
Court, the most recognized being the Donald Marshall case.
Tripartite Forum
In 1997, the Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum was established. On August 31, 2010, the
governments of Canada and Nova Scotia signed a historic agreement with the Mi'kmaq Nation,
establishing a process whereby the federal government must consult with the Mi'kmaq Grand Council
before engaging in any activities or projects that affect the Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia. This covers most, if
not all, actions these governments might take within that jurisdiction. This is the first such collaborative
agreement in Canadian history including all the First Nations within an entire province.[51]
Mikmaq Kina matnewey
The Nova Scotia government and the Mikmaq community have made the Mikmaq Kina matnewey,
which is the most successful First Nation Education Program in Canada.[52][53] In 1982, the first
Mikmaq operated school opened in Nova Scotia.[54] By 1997, all education for Mikmaq on reserves
were given the responsibility for their own education.[55] There are now 11 band run schools in Nova
Scotia.[56] Now Nova Scotia has the highest rate of retention of aboriginal students in schools in the
country.[56] More than half the teachers are Mikmaq.[56] From 2011 to 2012 there was a 25% increase
of Mikmaq students going to university. Atlantic Canada has the highest rate of aboriginal students
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attending university in the country.[57][58]

Truth and Reconciliation Commission
In 2005, Nova Scotian Mi'kmaq Nora Bernard led the largest class-action lawsuit in Canadian history,
representing an estimated 79,000 survivors of the Canadian Indian residential school system. The
Canadian government settled the lawsuit for upwards of 5 billion dollars.[59]
On June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper made an apology to the residential school
survivors.[60]
In the Fall of 2011 there was an Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission that
travelled to various communities in Atlantic Canada, who were all served by the Shubenacadie Indian
Residential School. For 37 years (1930-1967), 10% of Mi'kmaq children attended the institution.[61]
Celebrations
In the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, October is celebrated as
Mi'kmaq History Month. The entire Mi'kmaq Nation celebrates Treaty Day annually on October 1. This
was date when the Peace and Friendship Treaty of 1752 was signed by Jean-Baptiste Cope of
Shubenacadie and the king's representative. It was stated that the natives would be given gifts
annually,"as long as they continued in Peace."[62]
Herbalism
They use the leaves of Ranunculus acris for headaches.[63]
Religion and folklore

Many Mi'kmaq practice the Catholic faith, some only practice
traditional Mi'kmaq religion, while many have adopted both
religions.[64] There is one myth [source required] explaining that
the Mi'kmaq once believed that evil and wickedness among men
is what causes them to kill each other. This causes great sorrow
to the creator-sun-god, who weeps tears that become rains
sufficient to trigger a deluge. The people attempt to survive the
flood by traveling in bark canoes, but only a single old man and
woman survive to populate the earth.[65]
A dancer in the Mi'kmaq celebration
The Mi'kmaq people had three levels of oral traditions: religious

myths, legends, and folklore. Myths are used to tell the stories of the earliest possible time, which
includes their creation stories. Other myths account for the organization of the world and society; for
instance, how men and women were created and why they are different from one another. These myths
were powerful symbolically and as the expression of how things came to be and should be. The most
12 of 22
15-06-15 3:21 PM
well known Mi'kmaq myth is of Glooscap.

Legends are oral traditions related to particular places. Legends can involve the recent or distant past,
but are most important in linking people and specific places in the land.
The people also tell folktales, which involve all the people. They are understood to be fictional. These
traditional tales also give moral or social lessons to youth, and are told for amusement about the way
people are. Good storytellers were highly prized by the Mi'kmaq,[66] as they are in every culture, which
develop many means to tell their stories.
Spiritual sites
One spiritual capital of the Mi'kmaq nation is Mniku, the gathering place of the Mkmaq Grand Council
or Sant Mawimi, Chapel Island in Bras d'Or Lake of Nova Scotia. The island is also the site of the St.
Anne Mission, an important pilgrimage site for the Mi'kmaq (Robinson 2005). The island has been
declared a historic site.[67]
First Nation subdivisions

Mi'kmaw names in the following table are spelled according to several orthographies. The Mi'kmaw
orthographies in use are Mkmaw pictographs, the orthography of Silas Tertius Rand, the Pacifique
orthography, and the most recent Smith-Francis orthography. The latter has been adopted throughout
Nova Scotia and in most Mi'kmaw communities.
13 of 22
15-06-15 3:21 PM
Community
Abegweit First
Nation
Prince Edward
Island
Town/Reserve
Est.
Pop.
Mi'kmaq name
Scotchfort, Rocky
Point, Morell
396
Epekwitk
Acadia First Nation
Nova Scotia
Yarmouth
996
Malikiaq
Annapolis Valley
First Nation
Nova Scotia
Cambridge Station
219
Kampalijek
Aroostook Band of
Micmac
Maine
Presque Isle
920
Ulustuk
Bear River First

Nation
Nova Scotia
Bear River
272
Lsetkuk
Buctouche First
Nation
New Brunswick
Buctouche
80
Puktusk
Burnt Church First

Nation
New Brunswick
Esgenopetitj 14
1,488
Eskinuopitijk
Chapel Island First

Nation
Nova Scotia
Chapel Island
576
Potlotek
Eel Ground First

Nation
New Brunswick
Eel Ground
844
Natuaqanek
Eel River Bar First

Nation
New Brunswick
Eel River Bar
589
Ugpi'gangij
Elsipogtog First
Nation
New Brunswick
Big Cove
3000+
Lsipuktuk
Eskasoni First
Nation
Nova Scotia
Eskasoni
3,800+
Wkistoqnik
Fort Folly First

Nation
New Brunswick
Dorchester
105
Amlamkuk
Kwesawk
Micmacs of
Gesgapegiag
Quebec
Gesgapegiag
1,174
Keskapekiaq
Nation Micmac de
Gespeg
Quebec
Fontenelle
490
Kespk
Glooscap First
Nation
Nova Scotia
Hantsport
360
Pesikitk
Indian Island First

Nation
New Brunswick
Indian Island
145
Lnui Menikuk
Lennox Island
700
Lnui Mnikuk
Lennox Island First

Nation
14 of 22
Province/State
Prince Edward
Island
15-06-15 3:21 PM
Community
Province/State
Town/Reserve
Est.
Pop.
Mi'kmaq name
Listuguj Mi'gmaq
First Nation
Quebec
Listuguj Mi'gmaq First

3,166
Nation
Listikujk
Membertou First
Nation
Nova Scotia
Sydney
1,051
Maupeltuk
Metepenagiag
Mi'kmaq Nation
New Brunswick
Red Bank
527
Metepnkiaq
Miawpukwek
Miawpukek First
Nation
Newfoundland and
Conne River
Labrador
2,366
Qalipu First Nation
Newfoundland and Newfoundland and

Labrador
Labrador
21,429[5] Qalipu[68][69]
Millbrook First
Nation
Nova Scotia
Truro
1400
Wkopekwitk
Pabineau First
Nation
New Brunswick
Bathurst
214
Kkwapskuk
Paq'tnkek First
Nation
Nova Scotia
Afton
500
Paqtnkek
Pictou Landing First

Nation
Nova Scotia
Trenton
547
Puksaqtknkatik
Indian Brook First

Nation
Nova Scotia
Indian Brook
(Shubenacadie)
2,120
Sipeknkatik
Wagmatcook First
Nation
Nova Scotia
Wagmatcook
623
Waqmitkuk
Waycobah First
Nation
Nova Scotia
Whycocomagh
900
Wkoqmq
Demographics
The pre-contact population is estimated at 3,000-30,000.[70] In 1616,
Father Biard believed the Mi'kmaq population to be in excess of 3,000,
but he remarked that, because of European diseases, there had been
large population losses during the 16th century. Smallpox and other
endemic European infectious diseases, to which the Mi'kmaq had no
immunity, wars and alcoholism led to a further decline of the native
population. It reached its lowest point in the middle of the 17th
century. Then the numbers grew slightly again, before becoming
apparently stable during the 19th century. During the 20th century, the
population was on the rise again. The average growth from 1965 to
1970 was about 2.5%.
15 of 22
Year Population Verification

1500
4,500
Estimation
1600
3,000
Estimation
1700
2,000
Estimation
1750
3,000
Estimation
1800
3,100
Estimation
1900
4,000
Census
15-06-15 3:21 PM
Commemorations
The Mi'kmaq people have been commemorated in numerous ways,
including the HMCS Micmac (R10), and place names such as Lake
Micmac, and the Mic Mac Mall.[71]
Notable Mi'kmaq
1940
5,000
Census
1960
6,000
Census
1972
10,000
Census
1998
15,000
SIL
2006
20,000
Census
Academics
Pamela Palmater, professor at Ryerson University
Activists
Annie Mae Pictou Aquash, activist (19461976)
Nora Bernard, Canadian Indian residential school system activist
Donald Marshall, Jr., wrongly convicted of murder
Daniel N. Paul, Elder, author, tribal historian, columnist, and human rights activist
Gabriel Sylliboy, Grand Chief of the Mi'kmaq Nation, 1918 to 1964
Artists
Alice Azure, poet
Natasha Henstridge, actor
Rita Joe, poet
Athletes
Chad Denny, ice hockey player for the Lewiston MAINEiacs and Atlanta Thrashers draftee
Sandy McCarthy, played for the Calgary Flames ice hockey team
Everett Sanipass, played for the Quebec Nordiques ice hockey team
Military
tienne Btard (18th century)
Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope
Joseph Francis, Vietnam War Veteran, Bronze Star with the Combat V for valour, Purple Heart for
being wounded in combat, enrolled in the National Purple Heart Hall of Fame[72]
Sam Gloade
Donald M. Julien[73]
Paul Laurent[74]
Private Joe Tuplin, Distinguished Conduct Medal, Military Medal[72]
Other
16 of 22
15-06-15 3:21 PM
Peter Paul Toney Babey, a Mi'kmaq chief

Indian Joe, a scout around the time of the American Revolutionary War
Noel Jeddore, Saqmaw forced into exile (18651944)
Noel Knockwood, Grand Council member and spiritual leader of the Mi'kmaq people
Jerry Lonecloud, entertainer, ethnographer and medicine man
Henri Membertou, Grand Chief and spiritual leader (c.1525-1611)
Lawrence Paul, a chief of Millbrook First Nation
Maps
Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the Wabanaki Confederacy
(from north to south):
Mi'kmaq
Maliseet,
Passamaquoddy
Eastern Abenaki
(Penobscot, Kennebec,
Arosaguntacook,
Pigwacket/Pequawket)
Western Abenaki
(Arsigantegok,
Missisquoi, Cowasuck,
Sokoki, Pennacook
In popular culture
The history of the Mi'kmaq feature in the Syfy television series Haven.
The Mi'kmaq are mentioned as well in Stephen King's novel Pet Semetary.
See also
List of Grand Chiefs
Military history of Nova Scotia
Silas Tertius Rand
Tarrantine
Notes
1. Flags of the World (http://flagspot.net/flags
/ca_micmc.html)
17 of 22
2. Native Languages of the Americas: Mi'kmaq

(Mi'kmawi'simk, Mi'kmaw, Micmac, Mkmaq)
15-06-15 3:21 PM
(http://www.native-languages.org/mikmaq.htm)
3. Lockerby, E. (2004). "Ancient Mikmaq
Customs: A Shaman's Revelations." The
Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 24(2),
403-423. see note 2
4. Sock, S., & Paul-Gould, S. (2011). Best Practices
and Challenges in Mikmaq and
Maliseet/Wolastoqi Language Immersion
Programs.
5. "Programs and Services" (http://qalipu.ca
/membership-programs-and-services
/membership). Qalipu.ca.
6. http://www.thewesternstar.com/News/Local
/2013-01-17/article-3158443/Protest-againstQalipu-application-process-plannedfor-Monday/1. Western Star, 13 Jan. 2013. Web. 3
Mar. 2013.
7. Indigenous Languages Spoken in the United
States (http://www.yourdictionary.com
/elr/natlang.html)
8. Statistics Canada 2006 (http://www12.statcan.ca
/english/census06/data/topics
/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&
APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&
DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&
GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&
ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&
RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&
SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&
VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&
GID=837928)
9. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundlandlabrador/story/2012/10/04/nl-qalipu-mikmaqmembership-claims-1004.html
10. Sheppard, Brendan (17 January 2013). "Update
on Enrolment Process" (http://qalipu.ca/). Qalipu
Mi'kmaq First Nation Band.
11. Sheppard, Brendan (January 2014). "Message
from the Chief" (http://qalipu.ca/site/wp-content
/uploads/2014/01/Message-from-the-ChiefJanuary-2014.pdf) (PDF). Qalipu.ca. Retrieved
27 September 2014.
12. "Government of Canada announces creation of
Qalipu Mi'kmaq First Nation Band"
(http://www.marketwatch.com/story/governmentof-canada-announces-the-creation-of-the-qalipumikmaq-first-nation-band-2011-09-26), Market
Watch, 26 September 2011
13. "Qalipu Mi'kmaq - First Nation Band"
(http://www.qalipu.com/). Qalipu.ca. Retrieved
1 February 2015.
14. Emmanuel Metallic et al., 2005, The Metallic
Mgmaq-English Reference Dictionary
15. Anne-Christine Hornborg, Mi'kmaq Landscapes
(2008), p. 3
18 of 22
16. "It is now the preferred choice of our People."

Daniel Paul, We Were Not the Savages, 2000, p.
10
17. The Nova Scotia Museum's Mkmaq Portraits
database (http://museum.gov.ns.c/mikmaq/)
18. Mi'kmaw Resource Guide, Eastern Woodlands
Publishing (1997)
19. Weshki-ayaad, Lippert, Gambill (2009). Freelang
Ojibwe Dictionary
20. cited in Paul to Marion Robertson, Red Earth:
Tales of the Micmac, with an introduction to their
customs and beliefs (1965) p. 5.
21. Johnston, A. J. B. (2013). Ni'n na L'nu: The
Mi'kmaq of Prince Edward Island. Acorn Press.
p. 96.
22. Relations des Jsuites de la Nouvelle-France
23. Lydia Affleck and Simon White. "Our Language"
(http://www.peicaps.org/betweengen/circle
/language.html). Native Traditions. Retrieved
2006-11-08.
24. Snow, p.69
25. Brasser, p.78
26. Bock, pp.109&110
27. [1] (http://museum.gov.ns.ca/)
28. Brasser, pp.79&80
29. Brasser, pp.83&84
30. The allied tribes occupied the territory which the
French named Acadia. The tribes ranged from
present-day northern and eastern New England in
the United States to the Maritime Provinces of
Canada. At the time of contact with the French
(late 16th century), they were expanding from
their maritime base westward along the Gasp
Peninsula /St. Lawrence River at the expense of
Iroquoian-speaking tribes. The Mi'kmaq name for
this peninsula was Kespek (meaning "lastacquired").
31. Daniel Paul, We Were Not the Savages pp 74-75.
32. Historian William Wicken notes that there is
controversy about this assertion. While there are
claims that Cope made the treaty on behalf of all
the Mi'kmaq, there is no written documentation to
support this assertion (See William Wicken.
Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and
Donald Marshall Jr, University of Toronto Press,
2002, p. 184)
33. John Reid. Nova Scotia: A Pocket History,
Fernwood Press. 2009. p. 23
34. Plank, Unsettled Conquest, p. 163
35. Sessional papers, Volume 5 By Canada.
Parliament July 2 - September 22, 1779; Wilfred
Brenton Kerr. The Maritime Provinces of British
North America and the American Revolution
(http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01e.php?id_nbr=2486;), p. 96
15-06-15 3:21 PM
36. Among the annual festivals of the old times, now

ylost, was the celebration of St. Aspinquid's Day;
he was known as the Indian Saint. St. Aspinquid
appeared in the Nova Scotia almanacks from
1774 to 1786. The festival was celebrated on or
immediately after the last quarter of the moon in
the month of May, when the tide was low. The
townspeople assembled on the shore of the North
West Arm and shared a dish of clam soup, the
clams being collected on the spot at low water.
There is a tradition that in 1786, soon after the
American Revolutionary War, when there were
threats of American invasion of Canada, agents of
the US were trying to recruit supporters in
Halifax. As people were celebrating St.
Aspinquid with wine, they suddenly hauled down
the Union Jack and replaced it with the Stars and
Stripes [US flag]. This was soon reversed, but
public officials quickly left, and St. Aspinquid
was never after celebrated at Halifax. (See Akins.
History of Halifax, p. 218, note 94)
37. Reid. p. 26
38. Memoir of Michael Franklin Collections of the
Nova Scotia Historical Society, p. 38
(http://archive.org/stream
/collectionsofnov16novauoft#page
/n87/mode/2up)
39. "Burial celebration of Pierre Maillard"
(http://archive.org/stream
/collectionsofnov01novauoft#page/n49/mode
/1up), Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical
Society. Vol. 1, p. 44
40. Walter Bromley - Canadian Biography
(http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio
/bromley_walter_7E.html)
41. Thomas Atkins. History of Halifax. p. 159
(https://archive.org/stream
/collectionsofnov07novauoft#page/158/mode
/2up/search/indians)
42. Brian Cutherbertson, "The Starr Manufacturing
Company: Skate Exporter to the World", Journal
of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol.
8, 2005, p. 60
43. [2] (http://www.odec.ca/projects/2008/chon8n2/)
44. Brian Cutherbertson The Starr Manufacturing
Company: Skate Exporter to the World. Journal
of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol.
8, 2005, p. 61
45. Cutherbertson, p. 58
46. Cutherbertson (2005), "The Starr Manufacturing
Company", p. 73
47. Cutherbertson (2005), "The Starr Manufacturing
Company", p. 63
48. http://novascotia.ca/news/release
/?id=20021011009
19 of 22
49. Canadian Biography On Line

(http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01e.php?&id_nbr=8249)
50. http://www.mmnn.ca/2013/12/in-our-wordsstories-of-veterans/
51. "Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia, Province of Nova
Scotia and Canada Sign Landmark Agreement"
(http://www.marketwire.com/press-release
/Mikmaq-of-Nova-Scotia-Province-of-NovaScotia-and-Canada-Sign-Landmark-Agreement1311913.htm), Market Wire, August 2010
52. Chris Benjamin. Indian School Road: Legacies of
the Shubenacadie Residential School. Nimbus
Press. 2014, p. 226
53. [Mikmaq Kina matnewey http://kinu.ca/]
54. Benjamin, p. 208
58. http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1244586number-of-mi-kmaq-graduates-continues-to-rise
59. Halifax Daily News article on Bernard in 2006
(http://www.apmlawyers.com/news-54.htm)
Archived at Arnold Pizzo McKiggan
62. Treaty of 1752 (http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/al/hts
/tgu/pubs/pft1752/pft1752-eng.asp)
63. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N.
Hooper 1979 Herbal Remedies of the Maritime
Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68
(p. 60)
64. (Robinson 2005)
65. Canada's First Nations - Native Creation Myths
(http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor
/firstnations/mikmaq.html), University of Calgary
66. [3] (http://www.muiniskw.org/)
67. CBCnews. Cape Breton Mkmaq site recognized
(http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/07
/31/chapel-island050731.html)
68. 'Government of Canada Announces the Creation
of the Qalipu First Nation Band' by Marketwire
http://www.marketwatch.com/story/governmentof-canada-announces-the-creation-of-the-qalipumikmaq-first-nation-band-2011-09-26
69. Press Release September 26, 2011
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09
/26/idUS146921+26-Sep-2011+MW20110926
70. Dickshovel - Micmac
(http://www.dickshovel.com/mic.html)
71. Bates, George T. (1961). Megumaage: the home
of the Micmacs or the True Men. A map of Nova
Scotia.
15-06-15 3:21 PM
72. http://peicanada.com/west_prince_graphic
73. Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Government - Donald
/publication
Julien (http://lt.gov.ns.ca/media/evenings/mikmaq_soldiers_lennox_island_had_distinguished_service
government-house/lecture-by-dr.-donaldm.-julien-the-involvement-and-sacrificesof-mikmaq-in)
74. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio
/laurent_paul_3E.html
References
Bock, Philip K. (1978). "Micmac". In Trigger, Bruce G. Handbook of North American Indians.
Vol. 15. Northeast. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 109122.
Brasser, T.J. (1978). "Early Indian-European Contacts". In Trigger, Bruce G. Handbook of North
American Indians. Vol. 15. Northeast. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 7888.
Davis, Stephen A. (1998). Mkmaq: Peoples of the Maritimes. Nimbus Publishing.
Joe, Rita; Choyce, Lesley (2005). The Mkmaq Anthology. Nimbus Publishing.
ISBN 1-895900-04-2.
Johnston, A.J.B.; Francis, Jesse (2013). Ni'n na L'nu: The Mi'kmaq of Prince Edward Island.
Charlottetown: Acorn Press. ISBN 978-1-894838-93-1.
Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press.
Paul, Daniel N. (2000). We Were Not the Savages: A Mkmaq Perspective on the Collision
Between European and Native American Civilizations. Fernwood Pub.
Prins, Harald E. L. (1996). The Mkmaq: Resistance, Accommodation, and Cultural Survival. Case
Studies in Cultural Anthropology. Wadsworth.
Robinson, Angela (2005). Tn Teli-Ktlamsitasit (Ways of Believing): Mkmaw Religion in
Eskasoni, Nova Scotia. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-177067-5.
Snow, Dean R. (1978). "Late Prehistory of the East Coast: Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and
Eastern New Brunswick Drainages". In Trigger,Bruce G. Handbook of North American Indians.
Vol. 15. Northeast. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 69.
Speck, Frank (1922). Beothuk and Micmac (https://archive.org/details/beothukmicma00spec).
Whitehead, Ruth Holmes (2004). The Old Man Told Us: Excerpts from Mkmaq History
1500-1950. Nimbus Publishing. ISBN 0-921054-83-1.
Wicken, William C. (2002). Mkmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and Donald Marshall
Junior. University of Toronto Press.
18th-19th centuries
Bromley, Walter (1814). Mr. Bromley's second address, on the deplorable state of the Indians
delivered in the "Royal Acadian School," at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, March 8, 1814
(https://archive.org/details/cihm_20998).
Bromley, Walter (1822). An account of the aborigines of Nova Scotia called the Micmac Indians
(https://archive.org/details/cihm_57322).
Elder, William (January 1, 1871). "The Aborigines of Nova Scotia" (https://archive.org/stream
/jstor-25109587/25109587#page/n1/mode/2up). The North American Review.
Malliard, Antoine Simon (1758). An account of the customs and manners of the MicMakis and
20 of 22
15-06-15 3:21 PM
Marichetts Savage Nations (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15567/15567-h/15567-h.htm).

Thomas Pichon on Mi'kmaq (http://www.ourroots.ca/e/page.aspx?id=1051975)
Piers, Harry (1896). Relics of the stone age in Nova Scotia (https://archive.org/details
/cihm_35337).
Rand, Silas Tertius (1850). A short statement of facts relating to the history, manners, customs,
language, and literature of the Micmac tribe of Indians, in Nova-Scotia and P.E. Island: being the
substance of two lectures delivered in Halifax, in November, 1819, at public meetings held for the
purpose of instituting a mission to that tribe (https://archive.org/details/cihm_39506).
Vetromile, Eugene (1866). The Abnakis and their history: Historical notices on the aborigines of
Acadia (https://archive.org/stream/cihm_33924#page/n7/mode/2up).
Documentary film
Our Lives in Our Hands (Mkmaq basketmakers and potato diggers in northern Maine, 1986) [4]
(http://www.folkstreams.net/film,94)
British Radio Documentary on the Mi'k Maq Community at Millbrook nr Truro Recorded by
Terry Mechan June 2012 [5] (http://podcasts.canstream.co.uk/stroud/index.php?id=703)
External links
First Nations Profiles (http://sdiprod2.inac.gc.ca
Wikimedia Commons has
/FNProfiles/FNProfiles_home.htm)
media related to Micmac.
Qalipu First Nation (http://qalipu.ca/)
Micmac History (http://www.dickshovel.com/mic.html)
Mkmaq Portraits Collection (http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mikmaq/)
Mi'kmaq Language. Mass Historical Society (https://archive.org/stream
/collectionsofmas16mass#page/16/mode/2up/search/micmac)
Mkmaq Dictionary Online (http://www.mikmaqonline.org/)
The Micmac of Megumaagee (http://www.blupete.com/Hist/Gloss/Indians.htm)
Mkmaq Learning Resource (http://www.booth.k12.nf.ca/projects/Mi'kmaq/97index.htm)
"Micmacs". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources (http://www.uinr.ca/)
Mi'kmaw Native Friendship Centre (http://www.mymnfc.com/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq&oldid=667046581"
Categories: Mi'kmaq Algonquian peoples Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
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First Nations in Quebec Native American tribes in Maine Algonquian ethnonyms
History of Nova Scotia
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Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Mi'kmaq (also Micmac, L'nu and Mi'kmaw)

Grand Council Flag of the Mi'kmaq Nation.[1]

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mi'kma'ki: Divided into seven districts

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, 1866

Food and hunting

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Seven Mi'kmaq districts are :

Mi'kmaq encampment, Sydney, Cape

17th and 18th centuries

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Algonquian-language nations: the Abenaki, Penobscot,

Mi'kmaq at Turtle Grove (Tufts

Mi'kmaq People (1865)

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Grand Chief Jacques-Pierre Peminuit

MicMac Missionary Society

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mi'kmaq making hockey sticks from

The Mi'kmaq practice of playing hockey appeared in recorded

In 1863, the Starr Manufacturing Company in Dartmouth, Nova

20th and 21st centuries

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Monument to the Treaty of 1752, Shubenacadie

Chief Gabriel Sylliboy - first to fight for Treaty

Treaties signed between the British Empire and the

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

attending university in the country.[57][58]

Religion and folklore

A dancer in the Mi'kmaq celebration

The Mi'kmaq people had three levels of oral traditions: religious

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

well known Mi'kmaq myth is of Glooscap.

First Nation subdivisions

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Acadia First Nation

Bear River First

Burnt Church First

Chapel Island First

Eel Ground First

Eel River Bar First

Eel River Bar

Fort Folly First

Indian Island First

Lennox Island First

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Listuguj Mi'gmaq First

Qalipu First Nation

Newfoundland and Newfoundland and

Pictou Landing First

Indian Brook First

Year Population Verification

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Peter Paul Toney Babey, a Mi'kmaq chief

2. Native Languages of the Americas: Mi'kmaq

Mi'kmaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

16. "It is now the preferred choice of our People."