Aug 2014 Oct. 2014, Vol. 4, No. 43201-3211.

E- ISSN: 2249 1929

Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences

An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences
Available online atwww.jcbsc.org

Section B: Biological Sciences

CODEN (USA): JCBPAT

Research Article

The promotive effect of different concentrations of marine

algae as biofertilizers on growth and yield of maize
(Zea Mays L.) plants
Fatma M. Al-shakankerya , Ragaa A. Hamoudaa
and Ammar M. M.b
a

Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and

Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Egypt
b

Plant pathology Department, Faculty of agriculture, Minoufiya

University, Egypt

Received: 11 July 2014; Revised: 30 July 2014; Accepted: 09 August 2014

Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of using seaweeds
(Padina vickersiae, Enteromorpha compressa, Ulva fasciata, Gelidium crinale, Jania
rubens and Laurencia obtusa) as biofertilizers for improving growth and grain quality
of maize (zea maize L.) plants. Gelidium crinale (3g/hill) gave the highest plant height
(305.33 cm). The highest yield (cob weight 485.3 gm) was obtained with U. fasciata
(4.5g/hill). Ulva fasciata (3 and 4.5 g/hill) gave the heighest increase in nitrogen
content of grains 800% compared to control. Ulva fasciata (3g/hill) gave lipid
percentage of 8.66% which was the highest compared to control while P. vickersiae (3
g/hill) gave the highest ascorbic acid content of (238.93 mg/100g).
Keywords: Marine algae, biofertilizers, ear, grains Zea mays L, ascorbic acid, total
phenol.

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INTRODUCTION
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops grown principally during the summer
season in Egypt. It ranks the third position among cereal crops after wheat and rice, which ranked as
first and second, respectively 1. Maize occupies a key position as one of the most important cereals
both for human and animal consumption and grown under various conditions in different parts of the
world. Maize grain has high food value and its oil is used for different purposes while green fodder is
quite rich in protein 2. Every part of the maize plant has economic value which the grains, leaves,
stalk; tassel and cob can all be used to produce large varieties of food and non-food products 3.
Indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers leads to the pollution and contamination of the soil and water
basins, destroy micro-organisms and friendly insects, making the crop more prone to diseases and
reduce soil fertility 4.
Organic farming has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the growing demand for
safe and healthy food and long term sustainability and concerns on environmental pollution associated
with indiscriminate use of agrochemicals 5. Biofertilizers are likely to assume greater significance as
complement and/or supplement to chemical fertilizers in improving the nutrient supplies to cereal
crops because of high nutrient turn-over in cereal production system, exorbitant cost of fertilizers and
greater consciousness on environmental protection 6.Marine algae are used as fertilizers on farmlands
close to the sea, examples include the large brown and red algae used as organic fertilizers; which are
usually richer in potassium but poorer in nitrogen and phosphorus7.
The weed is usually applied direct and ploughed in, both as solid (processed into a seaweed meal)
and/or as liquid fertilizer (concentrated extract of seaweeds) 8.In comparison with terrestrial plants,
seaweed generally has higher concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, I, and Zn9. The presence of
phosphorous, magnesium, potassium and some trace elements in seaweeds make an excellent choice
as organic fertilizers. Thus, the practice of application of eco-friendly seaweed extract is recommended
to growers for attaining better germination, growth and crop yield4.
Dhargalkar and Untawale10 studied the effect of seaweed extracts on grown chillies and turnip and
find that lower concentrations of SLF enhanced the rate of seed germination. Fertilizer (SLF)
contained macro nutrients, trace elements, organic substances like amino acids and plant growth
regulators such as auxin, cytokinin and gibberellins. Mohan et al.11 and Thirumaran et al.12 stated that
recent researches proved that seaweed fertilizers are preferred not only due to their nitrogen,
phosphorus and potash contents but also because of the presence of trace elements and metabolite
similar to plant growth regulators. Safinaz and Ragaa 13 reported that Laurencia obtusa, Jania rubens,
Corallina elongata used either singly or in combination have a significant potential as biofertilizers
agents to enhance the growth of maize plants.
The present study aimed to assess the effect of different concentrations of marine algae Laurencia
obtusa, Jania rubens, Gelidium crinale, Enteromorpha compressa, Ulva fasciata, Padina vickersiae
on maize growth, yield and grain quality.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Algae collection: marine algae Padina vickersiae ,Jania rubens, Gelidium crinale, laurencia
obtusa,(delete) Enteromorpha compressa and Ulva fasciata were collected manually from Abu-Qir
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coast, Alexandria, Egypt at May 2012 and Laurencia obtusa was collected in May, 2012 from shallow
water beside the shore of Red Sea, Safaga, red sea, Egypt. Algae were then washed carefully to
remove debris, left to dry then further dried in oven at 60C, grinded in a blender and stored in a dry
and cool place until use.
Field experiment: Field experiment was conducted in clay soil at menouf, minoufiya governorate at
May, 2013. .(delete) Land was divided into several rows. Each row includes five hills. The distance
between each two hills was set to 30 cm. A distance of 50 cm was left between each two rows .Five
replicates were used for each treatment. Five grains of maize pioneer hybrids white single cross 30 K 8
were mixed with each algal concentration in each hill. Such plants were thind to be two plants per hill
after 15 days of planting. The algae were applied as a soil treatment at different concentrations (1.5,
3.0 and 4.5 g/hill) for each alga. Algae were added twice again, one and two months after sowing.
Plants in each hill were reduced manually after germination to obtain two plants in each hill. A row of
control plants and a row of plants with chemical fertilizer (4.5 g urea /hill) were also assembled.
Growth measurements: Plants were harvested at the age of three months; plant height, ear weight
and 100 grains weight for each plant of the three middle replicates were measured.
Chemical estimations: The chemical components such as NPK, protein, lipids, total phenol content
and ascorbic acid content of grains were analyzed as follows:
NPK: Phosphorus was extracted and determined spectrophotometrically as mentioned by Watanabe
and Olsen 14 .Potassium was extracted and determined using Flame photometric method15. The
determination of total nitrogen was carried out with Micro-Kjeldahel method16.
Total protein content: Protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method for the calculation of
all proteins which equal nitrogen16 content multiplied by 6.25.
Lipid estimation: Two grams of grinded seeds were soaked for 3 days in a mixture of chloroform /
methanol (2:1). Samples are then filtered and left for solvent dryness then weighted at electronic
balance. This method was replicated two times and average weight was taken. Oil percentage in each
treatment was calculated as follow

Oil percentage =

oil weight 100

dryweight

Ascorbic acid content: Ascorbic acid content of maize grains was estimated according to the method
of Loeffler and ponting 17.
Total phenol content: A known weight of sample (0.5gm) was extracted in 10 ml acetone, then 1 ml
of folinciocalteu`s reagent (1:2 diluted by water) was added to 10 ml of extract and incubated for 5
minutes at room temperature. Samples then were left in dark for 90 minutes after adding 1 ml of
sodium carbonate (70 mg/ml). Absorbance was read at 750 nm. Assay was conducted two times for
each sample and average was taken. The total phenol content was compared to that of tannic acid
standard curve according to the formula:

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TPC (mg/g) = C x V / g where;

C = concentration of the tannic acid`s equivalent from standard curve (mg/mL)
V = volume of the extract used (ml)
g = weight of extract (g)
The contents were expressed as Tannic acids (mg TAE/g dry wt).
Statistical analysis: Obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were
compared using the Least Signifcant Differences (LSD) test at the 0.05 level as recommended by
Snedecor and Cohran18.
RESULTS
Results in Figure 1 indicate that all treatments increased plant height compared to control. The
application of different concentrations (3g/hill) of either G. crinale or U. fasciata and (1.5g and
4.5g/hill) of G. crinale, U. fasciata or L. obtusa caused significant increase in plant height compared
with chemical fertilizer treatment. The best treatment that caused significant increase in plant height
was G. crinale (4.5g/hill) (305.33 cm).

Plant height (cm)

330
310
290
270

SS

SS

S
S

S S
NS

NS

S
S S

250
230

1.5
3
4.5
chemical
control

Figure 1: Plant height of maize plants treated with different algal concentrations after
3 months of growth. (S: Significant. NS: Non- significant.)
Results in Figure 2 show the effect of different concentrations of marine algae on ear weight of maize
plants. These results indicate that all treatments showed increase of the plant ear weight compared to
control. The application of different concentrations (3g/hill) of either E. compressa, U. fasciata, L.
obtusa or G. crinale and (4.5g/hill) of p. vickersiae, U. fasciata, J. rubens or G. crinale caused
significant increase in plant ear weight compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. The best
concentration that affects plant ear weight was (4.5g/hill) of U. fasciata which gave (485.3 gm).

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600
S

Ear weight (g)

500
S

400
300

S
S

S
S

S
S

200

S
S
NS

S
S S

1.5
3
4.5

100

Chemical

Control

Figure 2: Ear weight of maize plants treated with different algal concentrations
(S: Significant. NS: Non- significant.)

Weight of 100 grains (g)

As shown in Figure 3 there is a significant increase in the weight of 100 grains of maize treated with
different concentrations of algae as a biofertilizer compared to the control of maize plants. Chemical
fertilizer treatment, G. crinale (3 g/hill) and U. fasciata (4.5 g/hill) were the best treatments (36.86,
36.65and 36.45g/100 grains respectively).

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

SS S

S
S S

SS

SS S

SSS

S SS

1.5
3
4.5
chemical
control

Figure 3: Weight of 100 grains of maize plants treated with different algal concentrations
(S: Significant.NS: Non- significant.)

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Data obtained in Table 1 showed that approximately all treatments increased the NPK of maize grains
compared to control, but U. fasciata (3.0 g and 4.5g/hill) gave the highest increase in nitrogen content
(800%). While J.rubens (3.0 g/hill) gave the highest phosphorus content (420%) and L. obtusa
(4.5g/hill) gave the best results in potassium content of grains (380%)
Table -1: NPK in maize grains of plants treated with different concentrations of marine algae.
Algae

N%

Increment

P%

%
Padina vickersiae

Increment

K%

Increment
%

1.5 0.4

300

0.13

160

0.4

300

0.4

300

0.2

300

0.4

300

4.5 0.4

300

0.06

20

0.32

220

Enteromorpha compressa 1.5 o.3

200

0.2

300

0.4

300

0.4

300

0.06

20

0.24

140

4.5 0.4

300

0.06

20

0.24

140

1.5 0.8

700

0.06

20

0.32

220

0.9

800

0.13

160

0.32

220

4.5 0.9

800

0.13

160

0.40

300

1.5 0.8

700

0.06

20

0.4

300

0.8

700

0.06

20

0.27

170

4.5 0.5

400

0.06

20

0.48

380

1.5 0.1

0.06

20

0.16

60

0.3

200

0.26

420

0.32

220

4.5 0.8

700

0.06

20

0.4

300

1.5 0.8

700

0.2

300

0.24

140

0.4

300

0.2

300

0.24

140

4.5 0.4

300

0.2

300

0.24

140

Chemical fertilizer

0.4

300

0.2

300

0.32

220

Control

0.1

0.05

0.1

Ulva Fasciata

Laurencia obtusa

Jania rubens

Gelidium crinale

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mg TAE/g dry wt

As shown in Figure 4, there is a significant increase in total phenol content of maize grains of plants
treated with algae as a biofertilizer compared to that of the control maize plants, but G. crinale
(3 g/hill) treatment showed the highest increase (378%) followed by U. fasciata (1.5 g/hill) (327.95%).
Chemical fertilizar treatment showed higher total phenol content compared to that of control, but less
effective compared to treatments with P.vickersiae (4.5 g/hill), E.compressa (1.5 g/hill), J.rubens (3.0
g/hill), L. obtusa (1.5g and 3.0 g/hill) and all concentrations of U .fasciata and G.crinale.

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

1.5
3
4.5
chemical
control

Figure 4: Total phenol content of maize grains of plants treated with different algal
concentrations.

Table 2 showed that all treatments increased the protein content of maize grains compared to control
except J. rubens (1.5 g/hill). Ulva Fasciata (3.0 g and 4.5g/hill) gave the highest increase in protein
content which also was higher than the protein content in grains of plants treated with chemical
fertilizar treatment. All concentrations of algae gave higher protein content in maize grains compared
with the chemical treatments except P. vickersiae (3g/hill), L. obtusa (1.5g/hill), E. compressa and G.
crinale (4.5g/hill).Table 2 also showed that all treatments increased the percentage of lipids in maize
grains compared to control, but U. Fasciata (3.00 g/hill) gave the highest lipid percentage (8.66%).
Seeds of plants treated with chemical fertilization gave lipid percentage of 6.33% which was higher
compared to control, but U. Fasciata(3.00 g/hill), J. rubens (1.5, 3.00, 4.5 g/hill), and G .crinale (1.5,
3.00 g/hill), E. compressa ( 1.5 ,3.00 g/hill), L. obtusa (3.00, 4.5 g/hill) and P. vickersiae (3.00 g/hill)
showed higher lipid percentage. As shown in table 2, all treatments increased the ascorbic acid of
maize grains compared to control except E. compressa (3g/hill); L. obtusa (3 g/hill) and J. rubens
(4.5g/hill), but P. vickersiae (3g/hill) showed the highest ascorbic acid concentration which was
(238.93mg/100 g). Chemical fertilizer treatment gave ascorbic acid content (190 mg/100g) which was
also higher than that of algae treatments but P. vickersiae (3.00 g/hill) showed higher ascorbic acid
content.

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Table -2: Ascorbic acid, total lipid content and protein content in maize grains of plants treated with
different algal concentrations.
Algae

Total lipid content

Protein (%)

Ascorbic acid

(%)
Padina vickersiae

(mg/100g)

1.5

3.89

2.5

92.27

6.79

2.5

238.93

4.5

6.05

2.5

73.6

Enteromorpha compressa 1.5

6.83

1.875

1.6

6.88

2.5

4.5

5.63

2.5

12.27

1.5

6.42

9.6

8.66

5.625

121.6

4.5

6.82

5.625

44.27

1.5

6.14

20.27

7.16

4.5

6.74

3.125

4.27

1.5

6.72

0.625

22.93

8.09

1.875

30.93

4.5

6.93

1.5

6.92

49.6

7.62

2.5

73.6

4.5

5.89

2.5

52.27

Chemical

6.34

2.5

190.93

Control

3.07

0.625

Ulva fasciata

Laurencia obtusa

Jania rubens

Gelidium crinale

DISCUSSION
This study was carried out to detect the efficiency of Padina vickersiae, Enteromorpha compressa,
Jania rubens, Laurencia obtusa, Ulva fasciata and Gelidium crinale as a biofertilizer for growing
maize plants. Seaweed products contain growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins), amino
acids and mineral nutrients, that accordingly affect plant growth and division positively as reported by
Williams et al. 19, Zopade 20 and Berlyn and Russo 21. As shown in this study, seaweed fertilizers were
effective in increasing the yield of maize plants and these results were in harmony with those of
Angela Possinger, 22 Ghazal et al. 23and Subramaniyan et al. 24 in their studies on maize and Zodape et
al 25 on tomato plants. Significant increase was noticed in the weight of 100 grains of plants fertilized
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with different concentrations of seaweeds compared to those of control plants. This was supported by
Zodape et al. 26 on their studies on wheat. Nitrogen content was also increased in response to seaweed
fertilizers compared to those of control treatment. This was supported by Haroun and Hussein 27;
Adam 28 ; Lozano et al. 29; Subramaniyan and Malliga 30 and Saleh et al. 31. Oil seeds have attracted the
interest of some researches to study the composition and quantitative changes in fatty acids during
seed maturation in response to fertilization 32. Present study indicate that oil content of maize grains
was significantly increased using different seaweed fertilizers as compared to that of the control plant
grains. Such results are in agreement with those of Chouliaras et al. 33. Phenol and protein contents
were also increased due to seaweed biofertilizers as also recorded by the results of Pise et al.34.
Phenolic compounds have many biological effects including antioxidant activity 35. Laurencia obtusa
and Aphanocapsa albida increased the whole plant length, dry weight, total phenols content and
nitrogen content 36 .Protein profiles of plants treated with seaweed extracts showed additional protein
bands compared to the control plants 37. The increase in the ascorbic acid of grains in most algal
treatments compared to control was also emphasized by Ramya et al.38. Safinaz and Ragaa 13
concluded that using red algae as biofertilizers improved the vegetative characters of Maize plants.
This came in agreement with our findings in this study which showed higher plant heights using algae
fertilizers.
CONCLUSION
All the tested algae treatments increased plant yield and quality in varying degrees. Ulva fasciata (4.5
g/hill) was the best treatment to increase the yield of maize plants in respect of ear weight and the
weight of 100 grains and also increased protein and nitrogen contents of grains by 800% while U.
fasciata (3 g/hill) gave the highest lipid content of grains (8.66%). However, G. crinale increased the
maize plant height by 14.5% and total phenol content of grains by 378%. The highest ascorbic acid
content was found in grains of the plants treated with P. vickersiae (3g/hill) treatment. Thus, using
algae as biofertilizers improved growth, yield and grain quality of maize plants.
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* Corresponding author: Fatma M. Al-shakankery;

Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City,
Egypt

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