Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering

FHMM1014 Mathematics I

Chapter 1
Number and Set
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Mathematics I

Contents
1.1 Real Numbers System
1.2 Indices and Logarithm
1.3 Complex Numbers

1.4 Set
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1.1 Real Numbers

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Real Numbers
What number system have you been using most of
your life?

The real number system.

A real number is any number that has a decimal

representation.

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Set of Real Numbers

(i) Natural Numbers
Counting numbers (also called positive integers)

N = { 1, 2, 3, }
Whole Numbers:

W {0} N {0,1, 2,3, }

(ii) Integers
Natural numbers, their negatives, and 0.

Z = {, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, }
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Set of Real Numbers

(iii) Rational Numbers, Q
Numbers that can be represented as a b ,
where a and b are integers and b 0.

All rational number can be represented by:

(a) terminating decimal numbers
such as 5 2 2.5, 1 2 0.5, 3 4 0.75
(b) nonterminating repeating decimal numbers
such as 2 3 0.666..., 2 15 0.1333...
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Real Numbers
Numbers
Real
Examples of Rational numbers are:

1
3

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17
0.17
100

Real
Numbers
Real Numbers
Numbers
Real
For example
1
0.5 (terminating)
2
2
0.66666.... 0.6 (non terminating repeating)
3
(the bar indicates the digit repeat forever)
9
1.285714285714.... 1.285714 (non terminating repeating)
7
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Set of Real Numbers

(iv) Irrational Numbers
Numbers which cannot be expressed as a ratio of
two integers. They are nonterminating &
nonrepeating decimal numbers.

I 2 , e , ,

(v) Real Numbers, R

Rational and irrational numbers.
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Real Numbers
Numbers
Real
There are also real numbers, such as 2 ,
that cannot be expressed as a ratio of
integers.
Hence, they are called irrational numbers.
Other examples are:
2

3
5
7

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Real Numbers
Numbers
Real
If the number is irrational, the decimal
representation is non-terminating
non-repeating:

5 2.236067978...

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3.141592654...

11

Real Numbers

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Real Numbers

R
Q

Z
N

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Real Number Line

Origin

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4

53

14

Example 1
Identify each number below as an integer, or
natural number, or rational number or irrational
number.

(i ) 8,
23
(iv )
,
9
(vii) 1.5,
( x)
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0.1234,

(ii ) 21,
(v) 0.5381,
(viii ) 2.005,
( xi ) ,

(iii ) 0,
(vi)

7,

(ix ) 0.3333,
( xii )

9
15

Example 2
Change the rational number
0.141414 as a ratio of two
integers.

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Example 3
Change the rational number
0.168168168 as a ratio of two
integers.

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Operations on Real Numbers

(i) Commutative Law
* Addition : a b b a

* Multiplication : a b b a

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Operations
on
Real
Numbers
Operations on Real Numbers
(ii) Associative Law
* Addition : a (b c) (a b) c

* Multiplication : a(bc) (ab)c

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Operations
on
Real
Numbers
Operations on Real Numbers
(iii) Distributive Law

(1) a(b c) ab ac
(2) a(b c) ab ac

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Operations on Real Numbers

(iv) Identity Law
* Addition : a 0 0 a a
a + identity = a

* Multiplication : a 1 1 a a
a identity = a
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Operations on Real Numbers

(v) Inverse Law
*Addition : a (a) (a) a 0
a + inverse = identity

*Multiplication : a

1
a

a 1
1
a

a inverse = identity
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Real Number Intervals

For any two different real numbers, a and b,
with a b :
The open interval is defined as the set

(a, b) {x : a x b}
The closed interval is defined as the set

[a, b] {x : a x b}
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Real Number Intervals

Note that parentheses ( ) in the interval
notation and open circles on the graph in
this figure indicate that:

Endpoints are excluded from the interval.

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Real Number Intervals

Note that square brackets and solid circles
in this figure indicate that:

Endpoints are included.

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Example 4
Express each interval in terms of inequalities,
and then graph the interval.
a) [1, 8)
b) [2.5, 8]
c) (3, )
Graph each set.
a) (1, 3) [2, 8]
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b) (1, 3) [2, 8]
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Absolute Values
The absolute value (or modulus) of a real number, x
is denoted by x .

x if
x
x if
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x0
x0

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Absolute Values

x a a x a
x a x a , x a

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Absolute Values
Properties of Absolute Value:
1. | a | 0
2. | a | = | - a |
3. | ab |= | a | | b |

4.

a
a

b
b

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Example 5
(a) Find the values of x if
(i)

2x 3 5

(ii)

x2
3,
x

(iii)

2x 6 x ,

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x0

x0
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Example 5
(b) Find the solution set for the values of x if
(i)

x 4 1

(ii)

2x 5 7

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1.2
Indices and
Logarithms

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1.2 Exponents
If a is any real number and n is a positive
Integer (Natural number), then the nth power of a
is:

a a a a (multiply a n times).
n

The number a is called the base and n is

called the exponent.
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Properties of Exponents
For m,n Integers and a, b Real numbers ,

i)

a a a

mn

ii )

a a a

mn

iii ) ( a ) a
m

iv ) a 1
0

mn

1
n
v)
a
n
a
vi) (ab) n a nb n
n

n
a
a

vii) n
b
b

a
viii )
b
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b

a

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Exponential Equation
An equation with a variable in the exponent is
called an exponential equation.
Property :
**

If a 0 , a 1, and a a , then x y.
x

x
y
If
a

0
,
a

1
,
and
x

y
,
then
a

a
.
**

Note : Both bases must be the same!!

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Example 6
Simplify:
(a)

(4a b) (2ab )
2

(b)

3 2

3a
2
2 3a b
b

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Example 7
Solve (a)
(b)

2 16
16 64
x

2 x 1

(c) (0.6)

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x 3

25

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Example 8
Solve the equation
2 x 3

5(2 ) 32 0

2 x 1

6(5 ) 1 0

(a) 2
(b) 5

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Example 9
p
q
r
2

48
, show that pq r (4q p) .
If

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Radicals
Properties of nth roots

1)

ab n a n b
n

a
a
n
b
b

2)

3)

m n

4)

a a if n is odd

5)

a | a | if n is even

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a mn a
n

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Example 10
Simplify:
(a) 3 4

(b)
(c)

81x y

32 200

(d) 10240.2
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Radicals
Rationalizing the Denominator:

1
1
a
a

a
a
a a
*Note: The denominator in the last fraction
contains no radical.
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Example 11
Rationalize the denominator:

2
1)
3
x
2)
3
a
3) 3
b

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Exponential Functions
The exponential function with base a is defined for
all real numbers x by:

f ( x) a

where a > 0 and a 1.

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Example 12
2
If f ( x) 2 , find f (1), f
and f (3)
5
x

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Natural Exponential Base

Definition of e :

1
As n becomes larger and larger, 1 becomes
n

closer and closer to the number e, whose approximate

value is 2.71828...

1
e lim 1
n
n
Alternatively,

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1 1 1 1 1
e
0! 1! 2! 3! 4!

k 0 k !

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Natural Exponential Base

10

y 3x

y ex

y 2x

4
2
0
-2

-1

** e is between 2 x and 3x , because e is between 2 and 3.

** Note: All three graphs have y-intercept (0, 1).
x
x
x
** For x 0 , the graphs show that 3 e 2 .
** For x 0, the graphs show that 3x e x 2 x.
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Graphs of Exponential Function

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Example 13
Find the values of

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e , 3e

0.32

and e

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Logarithms
Definition of logarithm :
For a 0, a 1, and x 0,

xa
** 1 a

1
a

a
**

means log a x n

log a 1 0
log a a 1

When a = 10 => common logarithm

When a = e => natural logarithm

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Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

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Example 14
Complete the table below:
Logarithmic form Exponential form

4 64
3

1
log 4
2
16
2

8
log 8
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1
1
8
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Logarithmic Identities

i. log a xy log a x log a y

ii. log
iii.

x
a y

log a x p log a x

iv. log a p
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log a x log a y
p

1
x log a x
p
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Logarithmic Identities

logb c
v. log a c
logb a
1
vi. log a b
logb a
vii. a
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log a b

b
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Warning

log a x y log a x log a y

x
log a x
log a
log a y
y
n
loga x n loga x
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Example 15
(a) Solve log 2 x log 2 ( x 3) 1.

(b) Find x in term of b, given that

log b 2 x log b ( x 2b) 1

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Example 16
Solve the equation

log (19 x 4) 2 log x 2 0.

2

Note: log x lg x log10 x

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Example 17
Solve the equation

(a) log 2 x log x 8 4

(b) log 4 x 12 log x 4 7
(c) log 3 x 4 log x 3

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Example 18
Solve the equations
(i) log 3 x log 3 x log 9 27
2

(ii ) 2 log x 3 log 9

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9
x
4
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Example 19
Find the smallest integer of n such that

3(1 3

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) 2.999.

60

Example 20
Given that

x 3 y
2

2 lg x y 3 lg x lg y
Find the values of x and y.
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Natural Base Logarithms

Common Logarithm:

log b x n where the base, b 10.

Natural Logarithm:

log b x n where the base, b e.

log e x ln x
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Example 21
Evaluate the expression:
(a)
(b)

ln e
e

ln 5

(c) ln (1/e)

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Example 22

Solve the equation below.

e 4e 12 0
2x

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1.3 Complex Numbers

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1.3 Complex Numbers

For example, the equation x 2 9 0 has no real
Solution. If we try to solve this equation, we will
get

x 9
But this is impossible, since square of any real
number is positive. Hence Mathematicians
invented the complex number system to solve all
quadratic equations.
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Complex Numbers
A complex number :

z a ib
(real part)

(imaginary part)

where a, b are real numbers and

i 1 or i 1.
2

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Set of Complex Numbers

C
R
Q

Z
N

Any real number a can be expressed as a + 0i

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Square Root of Negative Numbers

We have

i 2 1 (or 1 i ).

Therefore, for x 9
2

x 9
( 1)3 2
1 3
3i
i.e. square root of a negative number will have 2
roots, same as square root of a positive number.
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Example 23
1. 3 i 3
2. 3 4 3 i 4 3 2i

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Conjugates
For the complex number

z a ib

we define its complex conjugate to be:

z a ib

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Complex Conjugate
If z x iy ,
then the complex conjugate of z is

z * x iy
zz*

( x iy)( x iy )
x y
2

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Operations of Complex Numbers

Addition

(a ib) (c id ) (a c) i(b d )
Subtraction

(a ib) (c id ) (a c) i(b d )

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Operations of Complex Numbers

Multiplication

(a ib)(c id ) (ac bd ) i(ad bc)

Division

(a ib ) (a ib )(c id ) (ac bd ) i(bc ad )

(c id ) (c id )(c id )
c2 d 2

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Example 24
1. (3 6i) (6 2i) (3 6) (6 2)i 9 4i
2. (3 6i) (6 2i) (3 6) [6 (2)]i 3 8i
3. (3 6i)(6 2i) [3(6) 6(2)] [6(2) 6(6)]i 6 24i
3 6i 3 6i 1 2i 9 12i
9 12
4.

1 2i 1 2i 1 2i
5
5 5

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Equal Complex Numbers

If a ib c id ,
then a c

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and

bd.

76

Example 25
Given that ( x iy )(3 i) 3 11i ,

find the values of x and y .

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Example 26
*

Given that z 2 5i and z is its

conjugate, find
(a) z z

(b )

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z*
z

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Example 27
Solve equation x 3x 6 0
2

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Square Roots of a Complex Number

How to find

z ? ( where z x iy )

Let z a ib.
( x iy ) 2 a ib
2
2
( x y ) i ( 2 xy ) a ib
2

Equating the real & imaginary parts will

produce 2 new equations. Therefore x and y
can be obtained by solving these 2 equations.
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Example 28
Find z if z

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15 8i

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Example 29
If

7 24i x iy ,

where x and y are real numbers, find

the values of x and y.

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Example 30
Find z (in term of a + ib):

i)

z 3 4i

ii)

z 6i

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Example 31 (with solution)

a
b
z

and
z

Given that 1 1 i
2 1 2i , where a , b ,
are two complex numbers such that z1 z 2 1 ,

find the values of a and b .

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Example 31 (Solution)
a
b
Equate Real :

1
1 i 1 2i
a b 1 ........(1)
a (1 2i ) b(1 i )
1
Equate Imaginary :
(1 i )(1 2i )
2a b 3.........(2)
a b (2a b)i
1
(2) (1) :
1 3i
a b (2a b)i 1 3i a 4, b 5
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Example 32 (with solution)

Given z1 2 3i and z 2 6 8i.
1
3
Express
in the Cartesian form of x yi.
z1 2 z1 z 2

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Example 32 (Solution)
1
3

2 3i 2( 2 3i ) (6 8i )
1
3

2 3i 2 14i
2 14i 3( 2 3i )

46 22i
4 23i

46 22i
4 23i
46 22i

46 22i 46 22i
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690 1080i
2600
69 27

i
260 65

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Argand Diagram
To graph the complex number a + bi (or x + yi)
we plot the ordered pair of numbers (a, b) or
(x, y) in this Cartesian plane/form.

Imaginary axis

| z | a b r
2

P( x , y )

a + bi

bi

r
r=length

a
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Real axis

x
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Argument
The argument of z,
denoted by arg(z), is the
angle between OX and
OP.

P( x , y )

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The principal arguments

is
x

The angle is positive if

counterclockwise and
negative if clockwise.

89

Example (a): Argument

1. What is arg(z) if z = 1 + i?

From the diagram,

tan

y |

x |

1 1
tan
1

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1 |

.
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Example (b): Argument

2. What is arg(z) if z = -1 + i?
From the diagram,

tan

y
1

-1

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1 |

y |

x |

|
1 1
tan
1
3

.
4

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Example (c): Argument

3. What is arg(z) if z = 1 i?
From the diagram,
y

tan
1

-1

y |

x |

|
1 1
tan
1

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1 |

.
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Example (d): Argument

4. What is arg(z) if z = 1 i?
From the diagram,

| y |

1
tan
| x |

-1

-1

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1 1
tan
1

3
.
4

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Example 33
Graph the complex numbers:

a ) z1 3 4i
b) z 2 6 8i
c) ( z1 z 2 )
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Modulus
The modulus (or absolute value) of the complex number
z x iy is:

| z | x y
2

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Example 34
Find the modulus and argument of the complex numbers:
a) 3 4i
b) 6 7i

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Polar or Trigonometric Form

If is an angle in standard position whose
terminal side coincides with this line segment,
by the definitions of sine and cosine
a = r cos
and
y
b = r sin
P( x , y )
So,
z = r cos + ir sin
z = r(cos + i sin )
r
This is the polar form.

0
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x
97

Example 35
Write these complex numbers in Cartesian forms
into Polar (trigonometric) form.

a.

3 4i

b.

2 3 2i

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Multiplication & Division

If z1 r1 (cos 1 i sin 1 ) and z 2 r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )
prove that :
z1 z 2 r1r2 cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )
and
z1 r1
cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )
z 2 r2
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Example 36
Let

z1 3 cos i sin and z 2 2 cos i sin

4
4
3
3

Find (a) z1 z2 and (b) z1 / z2 .

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Example 37
1 1
Given z i, Find
4 2

the modulus of z,| z|.

(ii) the argument of z, , where .

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1.4 Sets

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Set
SET = Any collection of objects specified in
such a way that we can tell whether any
given object is or is not in the
collection.
Each object in a set is called a member, or
element, of the set.
Capital letters are often used to designate
particular sets.
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Set
a A means a is an element of set A
a A means a is not an element of set A

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Set
Let set A : { x x is an even positive integer which is
less than 13 }.

Set A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

4 A , 10 A.
9 A , 13 A
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Subset
If each element of a set A is also an element of set B,
then A is a subset of B.
If set A and set B have exactly the same elements,
then the two sets are said to be equal.

Notation :

A B
A B

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means A is a subset of B
means A is not a subset of B

106

Universal Set
A set that contains all the elements of the
set in a specific discussion is called the
universal set. It is represented by:

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Empty Set
A set without any elements is called the
empty, or null set. It is represented by:

Note :
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is a subset of every set.

108

Example 38
If A = { 3, 2, 2, 3 } , B = { 3, 3, 2, 2 } ,
and C = { 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }.
Indicate whether the following relationships are
TRUE (T) or FALSE (F):A B
A B
BC
AC
BC
CA
C
B
A
BC
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AC

B A
109

Example 39
(a)

Which of the following is False?

(i) {0}
(b)

(ii) {0}

List all the subsets of the set { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.

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Operations of Sets

Union

Intersection

Difference

Complement

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Union
The union of sets A and B , denoted by A B ,
is the set of all elements formed by combining all the
elements of A and all the elements of B into one set.

A B { x x A or x B }
x may be an element of set A or set B or both.
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Venn Diagram
Union :

A B
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Intersection
The intersection of sets A and B , denoted by A B ,
is the set of elements in set A that are also in set B .

A B { x x A and x B }
x is an element of both set A and set B .

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Venn Diagram
Intersection :

A B
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Intersection
If A B , the sets A and B are
said to be disjoint / mutually

exclusive.

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Venn Diagram
Intersection : (A and B are mutually exclusive)
A

A B
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Complement
The complement of A , denoted by A' ,
is the set of elements in that are not in A .

A' { x x , x A}

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Venn Diagram
Complement :

A'

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Difference between 2 Sets

The difference between set A and set B,
is the set of elements in set A but not in set B.

A B { x x A but x B }

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Venn Diagram
Difference :
A

A B
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A B A B

'
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Example 40
If A = { 2, 4, 6 } ,
C = { 3, 8, 9 } , and

B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ,

= { 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }.

Find :(I)

A B
(III) B C
(V)

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A'

(II)

A B

(IV) B C

(VI)

C'

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Example 41
Given that

{x : 10 x 20 , x },
X {x : difference of digits of x is 2},
Y {x : x is a multiple of 3},
Z {x : x is a factor of 60}.

Find:-

(i)

( X Y )'

(ii) Y ' Z
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(iii) X ' Y '

(iv) ( X Z )' Y
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Algebraic Laws on Sets

A B B A
1. Commutative Laws:
A B B A
A ( B C ) ( A B) C A B C
2. Associative Laws:
A ( B C ) ( A B) C A B C
A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
3. Distributive Laws:
A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
( A B ) ' A ' B '
4. De Morgan's Law:
( A B ) ' A ' B '
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Algebraic Laws on Sets

A A
5. Identity Laws:
A A
A A'
6. Complement Laws:
A A'
7. Double Complement Laws:

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A ' ' A

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Algebraic Laws on Sets

A A A
8. Idempotent Laws:
A A A
A
9. Domination Laws:
A

A A B A
10. Absorption Laws:

A A B A

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Example 42 (with solution)

Using the algebraic laws of sets, show
that for any set A and B,

A B A ( B A) B ( A B)

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Example 42 (Solution)
B ( A B' )
A ( B A)
( A B) ( A A' ) ( B A) ( B B' )
( B A)
( A B)
A B
A B
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Example 43 (with solution)

Using the laws of the algebra of sets, show that

( A B) ( A B) ' A B '

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Example 43 (Solution)
( A B) ( A B)'
( A B' ) ( A' B' )
( A B' A' ) ( A B' B' )
( A B' )
A B'
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Example 44 (with solution)

Using the laws of the algebra of sets, show that

( A B) ' ( A ' B) B '

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Example 44 (Solution)
( A B) ' ( A ' B) B '

( A' B' ) ( A' B)'

( A' B' ) ( A B' )
( A' A) B'
B'
B'
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The End
of
Chapter 1
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