Important Concepts in Chemistry-2

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OBJECTIVE
In this seminar, we will discuss a few aspects including the needs of a question and finding the key words
for answering this question. You will also be given a simple way of memorizing certain topics. We hope
that you will make use all the knowledge obtained in this seminar towards achieving excellence in
chemistry consequently in your academic achievements that will make your family and school proud of
you.
EXAM FORMAT FOR SPM CHEMISTRY PAPERS
PAPER
Item
PAPER 1
[ 4541/1]
Objective question
Soalan objektif
Multiple choice/
aneka pilihan
&
Multiple combination
/aneka pelengkap
Number of
questions
50 (answer all
/Jawab semua)
Total marks
50
Ways to
response
Marked on OMR form

Tanda pada borang OMR
Duration of
time
1 hour 15 minutes
PAPER 2
[ 4541/2]
Subjective question
Item subjektif
Section A
Structured questions
Soalan berstruktur
Section B
Limited response questions
Soalan respon terhad
Section C
Open response questions
Soalan respon terbuka
Section A
6 questions/6 soalan
(answer all/Jawab semua)
Section B
2 question/2 soalan
( choose one/pilih
satu)
Section C
2 question/2 soalan
( choose one/pilih satu)
100
Written in the space provided in
the question paper
Ditulis pada ruang dalam kertas
soalan
2 hours 30 minutes
Construct
Knowledge/Pengetahuan:
20 questions/soalan
Understanding/Kefahaman:
15 questions/soalan
Application/Aplikasi:
15 question/Soalan
Knowledge/Pengetahuan: 14%
Understanding/Kefahaman:21%
Application/Aplikasi: 29%
Analysing/Analisis: 21%
Synthesising/Sintesis: 15%
Level of
difficulty
L: 25 questions/soalan
M: 15 questions/soalan
H: 10 questions/soalan
L:50%
M:30%
H:20%
PAPER 3
[4541/3A]
Experiment/Amali
Subjective question
Item subjektif:
Structured
Berstruktur
Structured questions
Item berstruktur:
Section A.
Analisis kuantitatif
1 / 2 question
1 / 2 soalan
(Answer all/
jawab semua)
Section B.
Analisis kualitatif
1 question
(compulsory/wajib)
30
A:20
B:10
Written in the space provided
in the question paper
Ditulis pada ruang dalam
kertas soalan
1 jam
45 minit
Sciences process skill/
Kemahiran proses sains
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SCIENCES PROCESS SKILL IN PAPER 3/KEMAHIRAN PROSES SAINS DALAM KERTAS 3
Operational operation /
Definasi secara operasi:
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....
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IMPORTANT CONCEPTS/KONSEP-KONSEP PENTING
STRUCTURE OF ATOMS/STRUKTUR ATOM
Determine p, e, & n + isotopes / menentukan p,e & n + isotop
(20 elements in Periodic Table)/(20 unsur pertama dalam jadual Berkala)
[H,He.Li,Be,B,C,Na,O,F,Ne,Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,Ar,K,Ca]
History of the development of atomic model/Sejarah perkembangan model atom
Changes in the state of matter (Melting and boiling point of naphthalene)
/perubahan keadaan jirim (takat lebur dan takat didih naftalena
Example 1/ Contoh 1:
Diagram below shows the symbols of the atoms of element X and Y. The letter used are not the actual
symbols of the elements.
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan symbol atom bagi unsur X dan Y. Huruf yang digunakan bukan merupakan
unsur sebenar bagi unsur.
No of electron:
Bilangan elektron
Electron arrangement :
Konfigurasi elektron
Group:
Kumpulan
Table 1 shows the number of protons and neutrons for four different atoms.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan neutron bagi empat atom yang berbeza.
Atom
Number of protons
Bilangan Proton
Number of neutrons
Bilangan neutron
12
13
19
20
Table 1
Jadual 1
Isotopes :
Isotop
Meaning of Isotopes : .
Maksud Isotop
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CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS /FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
Mole concepts /konsep mol
(involve heating of carbonate salts: PbCO3 ,CuCO3 ,ZnCO3, MgCO3
(melibatkan pemanasan garam karbonat: PbCO3 , CuCO3,ZnCO3, MgCO3 )
[ colour of residue + Chemical test for CO2 ]
[warna baki pemanasan + ujian kimia untuk CO2 ]
When 124g of copper(II) carbonate is heated, black colour of the residue and colourless gas produced.
Apabila 124g kuprum(II) karbonat dipanaskan, baki pemanasan berwarna hitam dan gas tanpa warna
terhasil.
[Given that the relative atomic mass of Cu,64;O,16;C,12: Volume of 1 mol of gas = 24 dm 3 at room
condition]
[Diberikan jisim atom relatif bagi Cu,64;O,16;C,12: Isipadu 1 mol gas = 24 dm 3 pada keadaan bilik]
Chemical equation : .
Persamaan kimia
Black colour of residue :
Baki pemanasan berwarna hitam
Colourless gas :
Gas tanpa warna
Chemical test for colourless gas :
Ujian kimia bagi gas tanpa warna
1.Method: ..
Kaedah
2.Observation: .
Pemerhatian
3.Conclusion: ..
Kesimpulan
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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS + CHEMICAL BONDS
JADUAL BERKALA UNSUR + IKATAN KIMIA
Group 1, 2 , 17 and 18 + transition elements /Kumpulan 1,2,17 dan 18
[(Fe, Cu and Mn ) + Period 3 elements + covalent bond (CCl4 , CO2 ]
[(Fe,Cu dan Mn) + unsur dalam kala 3 + ikatan kovalen (CCl4 , CO2 ]
Example 1 / contoh 1:
Diagram below shows part of the Periodic Table of the Elements. Q,R,T,X and Y do not represent the actual
symbol of the elements.
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur.Q,R,T,X dan Y tidak mewakili
simbol sebenar bagi unsur.
Groups(kumpulan) : T .; Y .. ; R ...........................
Atomic size for T,X and Y (saiz atom untuk T,X dan Y):
:ascending order (secara menaik): ..
: Descending order (secara menurun) :
Amphoteric substance (bahan amfoterik):
Example 2:
Elements
Unsur
Electron arrangement
Susunan elektron
2.4
2.8.2
2.8.7
Group (kumpulan) : .
Period (kala) : ..
Period (kala) : ..
Period (kala) : ..
Compound(sebatian) : W + Y : X + Y : .
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ELECTROCHEMISTRY / ELEKTROKIMIA
Electrolytic cell/Voltaic cell / Sel elektrolisis/ sel voltan
Example 1/ contoh 1:
Chlorine gas
Gas klorin
Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen
1.0 mol dm -3 of Sodium chloride solution

Larutan natrium klorida 1.0 mol dm -3
Carbon electrode X
Elektrod karbon X
Carbon electrode Y
Elektrod karbon Y
Ions present in NaCl solution

Ion yang hadir dalam larutan NaCl : .
Ion discharged (ion yang dinyahcaskan): Cathode(katod) ; Anode (anod) :
Half equation (setengah persamaan):
Cathode(katod)
Anode (anod) :
Example 2 /Contoh 2:
Table 6 shows the description and observation for two experiments, I and II.
Jadual 6 menunjukkan penerangan dan pemerhatian bagi dua eksperimen, I dan II.
Ions present in Na2SO4 solution

Ion yang hadir dalam larutan Na2SO4 : .
Ion discharged (ion yang dinyahcaskan): Cathode(katod) ; Anode (anod) :
Half equation (setengah persamaan):
Cathode(katod)
Anode (anod) :
ECS(SE)
Cations Anions
Kation
Anion
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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ACIDS AND BASES / ASID DAN BES
Strong/weak acid, strong/weak alkali Calculation based on chemical equation
Titration
Asid kuat/ asid lemah, alkali kuat/alkali lemah. Pengiraan berdasarkan persamaan kimia
pentitratan
Method (kaedah) : .
Reaction (tindak balas) :
Reagent used (bahan uji yang digunakan): ..
Function of reagent (fungsi bahan uji): ..
Observation (pemerhatian) : ..
Observation at the end point
(Pemerhatian pada tahad akhir) :
Meaning of (maksud bagi):

Strong acid (asid kuat): ..
Weak acid (asid lemah) :
Strong alkali (alkali kuat): ..
Weak alkali (alkali lemah) :
Concentration of H+ increases
7
Neutral
10 11 12 13 14
Concentration of OH- increases
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SALTS
Preparing carbonates salts /penyediaan garam karbonat
Solubility / keterlarutan
Cation and anion test / ujian kation dan anion:
Cations/kation: Zn2+ , Cu2+ , Pb2+
Anions / anion : SO42- ,NO3- , CO32Example 1 / Contoh 1:
Compound J
Sebatian J
Heat
Panaskan
Oxide M / Oksida M
[Brown when hot, yellow when cooled]
[Perang masa panas, kuning semasa
sejuk]
+ dilute nitric acid

+ asid nitrik cair
Colourless J
solution
Larutan
Tanpa warna J
Reaction II
Tindak balas II
Reaction I
Tindak balas I
+ NaOH (aq)
Gas L
[Colourless]
Gas L
[tanpa
warna]
White precipitate Q
dissolved in excess sodium hydroxide solution
Mendakan putih Q
Larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan
+ Na2SO4 (aq)
White
precipitate R
mendakan putih R
Diagram 3
Rajah 3
Diagram 3 shows a series of process done by a student to identify a compound J.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu siri tindak balas yang dilakukan oleh pelajar bagi mengenal pasti sebatian J.
Identify substances/Kenalpasti bahan:
Compound J/Sebatian J : .
Oxide M/Oksida M : ..
Gas L : .
Colourless J Solution/Larutan tanpa warna J: ..
Cations present in reaction I/Kation hadir dalam tindak balas I:..
Cations present in reaction II/Kation hadir dalam tindak balas II:..
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Diagram 6 shows the reaction scheme of lead(II) carbonate.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan skema tindak balas bagi plumbum(II) karbonat
Diagram 6
Rajah 6
Lead(II) carbonate reacts with nitric acid to produce salt X, gas Y and water. Gas Y turns lime
water chalky.
Plumbum(II) karbonat bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik untuk menghasilkan garam X,
gas Y dan air. Gas Y menukarkan air kapur menjadi keruh.
Identify substances/Kenalpasti bahan:
Name of reaction W/nama bagi tindak balas W: ..
X : .
Z: ..
Gas Y : .
Salt X/Garam X: ..
Colour of substance Z/Warna bahan Z: .
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RATE OF REACTION / KADAR TINDAK BALAS
Factors temp, concentration ,catalyst and size / Faktor suhu, kepekatan ,mangkin dan saiz
Example 1/Contoh 1:
A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of a reaction.
Table 7 shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in each experiment.
Factor affect/ faktor yang

mempengaruhi:
Experimen I and II:
Experiment II and III

.
Collision theory/ teori perlanggaran:

Experimen I and II:
1. ..
2.
3.
4.
Experiment II and III:
1. ..
2.
3.
4.
Sketch graph/Lakar graf:
* Concept/Konsep:
P Axis/Paksi
S- scale/skala
T- point/titik
L smooth/licin
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Factor affect/ faktor yang mempengaruhi:

Experimen I and II:
Experiment II and III

.
Collision theory/ teori perlanggaran:
Experimen I and II:
1. ..
2.
3.
4.
Experiment II and III:
1. ..
2.
3.
4.
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CARBON COMPOUNDS
Saturated (alkane) + unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene) /hidrokarbon tepu (alkana) + tak tepu (alkena)
Isomers / Isomer (n=2-4)
Process: Dehydration, Hydration, Additions and Esterification
Proses: Pendehidratan, penhidratan, tambahan dan pengesteran
Example 1 / Contoh 1:
Name of process
Nama bagi proses
Name of process
Nama bagi proses
Homologous series for compound F/siri homolog bagi sebatian F :

General formula for compound F/Formula am bagi sebatian F :
Name of compound F / Nama bagi sebatian F :
Structural formula for compound F/Formula am bagi sebatian F :
Homologous series for compound G/Siri homolog bagi sebatian G :

General formula for compound G/Formula am bagi sebatian G :
Name of compound G / Nama bagi sebatian G :
Structural formula for compound F/Formula am bagi sebatian F :
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Example 2/Contoh 2:
Diagram 4 shows the conversion of an organic compound from one homologous series to another.
Rajah 4 mennnjukkan penukaran sebatian organik daripada satu siri homolog kepada
yang lain.
Diagram 4
Rajah 4
Name of/Nama bagi:
Alkene Q/Alkena Q :
Compound W/Sebatian W:..
Compound X/Sebatian X:
Ester A: .
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Diagram 9 shows the structural formulae of hydrocarbons A, B, C, D and E.

Rajah 9 menunjukkan formula strukturbagi hidrokarbon A, B, C, D dan E.
Diagram 9
Rajah 9
Based on Diagram 9, identify which hydrocarbons are isomers and state the names of the isomers.
Berdasarkan Rajah 9, kenal pasti hidrokarbon yang merupakan isomer dan nyatakan nama bagi
isomer-isomer itu.
Answer/Jawapan:
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OXIDATION AND REDUCTION / PENGOKSIDAAN DAN PENURUNAN
U-tube: FeSO4 /KI + acidified K2Cr2O7 / KMnO4 / Bromine water / Chlorine water
Rusting (water droplet & Experiment)
Tiub-U: FeSO4 / KI + K2Cr2O7 / KMnO4 / air bromine / air klorin
Pengaratan ( titisan air & ekpsperimen)
Ionic equation at negative terminal/Persamaan ion pada terminal negatif:
Ionic equation at positive terminal/Persamaan ion pada terminal positif:
Oxidising agent/Agen pengoksidaan:
Reducing agent/Agen penurunan:
Function of H2SO4/ Fungsi H2SO4:

.
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Example 2:
Diagram 9 shows an apparatus set-up to investigate the effect of two different
metals, X and Y on the rusting of iron, Fe.
Rajah 9 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji kesan dua logam, X dan
Y yang berlainan ke atas pengaratan besi, Fe.
Test tube A
Tabung uji A
Test tube B
Tabung uji B
Function of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)/ Fungsi bagi kalium heksasianoferate(III)

..
Name for metal X/ Nama bagi logam X:
Observation in test tube A/Pemerhatian dalam tabung uji A:

..
Name for metal Y/ Nama bagi logam Y:
Observation in test tube B/Pemerhatian dalam tabung uji B:

..
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THERMO CHEMISTRY / TERMOKIMIA

Heat of neutralization and Heat of combustion / haba peneutralan dan haba pembakaran
The thermochemical equation for the neutralisation reaction between nitric acid and
sodium hydroxide solution is given below.
Persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas peneutralan antara asid nitrik dengan
larutan natrium hidroksida diberikan di bawah.
Draw the energy level diagram/lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga:
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CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS / BAHAN KIMIA UNTUK PENGGUNA
Food additives + soap (cleansing action)/ saponification/ alloy
Bahan tambah makanan + sabun (tindak balas pencucian) / saponifikasi / alloi
Two cleaning agents, J and K, are used to wash clothes in sea water and
river water. Table 1 shows the result obtained.
Dua bahan pencuci, J dan K, digunakan untuk mencuci pakaian menggunakan
air laut dan air sungai. Jadual 1 menunjukkan kepntusan yang diperoleh.
Cleaning agent
Bahan pencuci
J
K
Sea water
Air laut
Forms scum
Membentuk kekat
Does not form scum
Tidak membentuk kekat
Sea water
River water
Does not form scum
Does not form scum
Table 1
Jadual 1
Name for cleaning agent J
Namakan bahan pencuci J :
Name for cleaning agent K
Namakan bahan pencuci K:
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Diagram 7.3 shows the apparatus used to investigate how to remove an oily stain
from a cloth and the observations made from that investigation.
Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji bagaimana
membersihkan kesan minyak daripada sehelai kain dan pemerhatian yang
diperoleh daripada kajian itu.
Name for cleaning agent A

Namakan bahan pencuci A :
Name for cleaning agent B
Namakan bahan pencuci B:
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Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of atoms in two types of copper alloy.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan atom dalam dua jenis aloi bagi kuprum.
Pure metal in alloy X/Logam tulen dalam aloi X: ..

Main impurity in alloy X/logam bendasing utama dalam logam X: .
Pure metal in Broze/Logam tulen dalam gangsa: ..
Main impurity in Bronze/logam bendasing utama dalam gangsa: .
Pure metal in Pewter/Logam tulen dalam pewter: ..
Main impurity in pewter/logam bendasing utama dalam pewter: .
Pure metal in duralumin/Logam tulen dalam duralumin: ..
Main impurity in duralumin/logam bendasing utama dalam duralumin: .
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MISTAKES ANSWERS COMMONLY MADE BY THE CANDIDATES
1.
Heating of carbonates salts, the gas released turned lime water chalky.
Name the gas released?
Pemanasan garam karbonat, gas yang terbebas akan mengeruhkan air kapur.
CO2 gas
[1 mark]
Correct answer:
2.
What are the two ions in sea water that cause the information of scum?
Apakah dua ion dalam air laut yang menyebabkan pembentukan kekat?
Calcium ions, Ca+ and Magnesium ions, Mg+
[2 marks]
Correct answer: .
3.
State the name of catalyst used in manufacture of sulphuric acid.

Nyatakan nama bagi mangkin yang digunakan dalam industri asid sulfurik
Vanadium oxide
[1 mark]
Correct answer:..
4.
Chlorine reacts with sodium to form a compound.

State the type of chemical bond in this compound
Klorin bertindakbalas dengan natrium untuk menghasilkan satu sebatian
Nyatakan jenis ikatan yang terbentuk dalam sebatian tersebut.
Ionic compound
[1 mark]
Correct answer: ..
5.
Diagram above shows part of the periodic Table of Elements. Q,R,T,X and Y do not
represent the actual symbol of the elements.
Rajah di atas menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur. Q,R,T,X dan Y
tidak mewakili unsur sebenar bagi unsur.
(i)
Arrange all the elements according to the increases in size of the atoms
Susun kesemua unsur mengikut penambahan saiz atom.
T,X,Y,Q,R
Correct answer:
[1 mark]
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(ii)
Explain why element R can exists a monoatomic gas.

Jelaskan mengapa unsur R boleh ujud sebagai gas monoatom
Its already achieved octet electron arrangement. No need to donating,
accepting or sharing of electrons.
Correct answer:
..
..
[2
marks]
6.
Diagram below shows a sodium chloride compound, NaCl, that is produced by the formation of an
ionic bond between a sodium ion, Na+, and a chloride ion, Cl-.
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan sebatian natrium klorida, NaCl yang dihasilkan melalui
pembentukan sebatian ion diantara ion natrium, Na + dan ion klorida, Cl - .
How are a sodium ion and a chloride ion formed from their respective atoms?
Bagaimanakah ion natrium dan ion klorida terbentuk daripada atom masing-masing?
Sodium ion : sodium donates electron
Ion natrium
Chloride ion : chlorine received electron
Ion klorida
[2 marks]
Correct answer:
Sodium ion:
Chloride ion: ..
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7.
Diagram above shows the arrangement of electron for sodium atom.

From the diagram, the nucleus contains
Rajah di atas menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom natrium.
Daripada rajah tersebut, nukleus mengandungi
Eleven proton number and twelve neutron number
[ 1 mark]
Correct answer: .
8.
The observation for the electrolyte in cell X and cell Y is the same.
State the observation and explain your answer.
Pemerhatian bagi elektrolit didalam sel X dan sel Y adalah sama.
Nyatakan pemerhatian dan jelaskan jawapan anda.
The colour of copper(II) sulphate will decreases. The concentration of Copper(II) ions in
the solution decreases
Correct answer:
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MOLE CONCEPT/KONSEP MOL

Answer 1/Soalan 1
Step 1/Langkah 1:
=
Step2/langkah 2:
Ratio of mole/Nisbah mol
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Answer 2/Soalan 2
Step 1/Langkah 1:
=
Step2/langkah 2:
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Answer 3/Soalan 3
Step 1/Langkah 1:
=
Step2/langkah 2:
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Answer 4/Soalan 4
Step 1/Langkah 1:
=
Step2/langkah 2:
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PRACTISES WORK PROBLEM FOR THE MOLE

USING CONVERSION FACTOR
Example 1:
Calculate the number of moles of an atom which is found in 28g of iron.
[ Relative atomic mass : Fe, 56 ]
Answer: 0.5 mol
Solution :
Mole,Fe =
(28 g Fe )
0.5 mole Fe
(1mole Fe )
(56 g Fe )
Example 2 :
How much is the mass in gram of 0.5 mol carbon dioxide, CO2 ?
[ Relative atomic mass : C, 12; O,16 ]
Answer: 22g
Solution :
(44 g CO2 )
(1 mole CO2 )
(0.5 mole,CO2)
Mass, CO2 =
=
22.0 g CO2
Example 3 :
Calculate the number of atoms found in 28g of iron.
[ Relative atomic mass : Fe,56 ; NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 ]
Answer: 3.01 x 1023 atoms
Solution :
(28.0 g Fe)
No of atoms Fe =
=
Example 4 :
(1.0 mole Fe )
(56.0 g Fe )
3.01 x 10 23 atoms Fe
(6.02 x 10 23 atom )
(1.0 mole Fe )
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Calculate the mass in gram for 1.5 x 1024 chlorine molecules.

( molar mass chlorine molecules,Cl2: 71.00g ; NA = 6.02 x 1023 )
Answer: 176.91 g Cl2
Solution :
Mass Cl2 =
(1.5 x 10 24 molecules)
=
176.91 g Cl2
(1.0 mole Cl2 )

(6.02 x 10 23 molecules)
(71.0 g Cl2 )
(1.0 mole Cl2 )
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ACTIVITY 4:
1. Find the number of moles in each question : (a)
10 g sodium hydroxide,NaOH
[molar mass NaOH =
(b)
2 g copper(II) sulphate,CuSO4
[molar mass CuSO4 =
(c)
10.44 g potassium sulphate,K2SO4

[molar mass K2SO4 =
(d)
4.75 g magnesium chloride,MgCl
(e)
2.97 g zinc hydroxide,Zn(OH)2
(f)
1.484 g sodium carbonate,Na2CO3
(g)
2.769 g aluminum nitrate,Al(NO3)3
(h)
32 g iron(III) sulphate,Fe2(SO4)3
35 |Important concepts in C h e m i s t r y
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2.
(i)
5.22 g magnesium hydroxide,Mg(OH)2
(j)
1.655 g lead(II) nitrate,Pb(NO3)2
Find the mass of : -
(a)
0.5 mol sodium oxide
(b)
1.2 mol tin(II) chloride
(c)
0.25 mol copper(II) carbonate
(d)
0.3 mol calcium chloride
(e)
0.125 mol iron(II) sulphate
(f)
0.34 mol potassium sulphate
(g)
0.2 mol barium sulphate
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(h)
0.3 mol silver nitrate
(i)
0.12 mol magnesium nitrate
(j)
0.05 mol calcium sulphate
Answer:
1.
(a) 0.25 mol (b) 0.0125 mol (c) 0.06 mol (d) 0.05 mol (e) 0.03 mol (f) 0.014 mol (g) 0.013 mol (h) 0.08 mol (i) 0.09 mol
(j)0.005 mol
2.
(a) 31.0g (b) 228.0g (c) 31.0 g (d) 33.30 g (e) 19.0 g (f) 59.16 g (g) 46.60 g (h) 51.0g (i) 17.76 g (j)6.80 g
ACTICITY 5 :
1. Find the number of atoms in :
(a) 4 g oxygen atom
[a;1.5 x 1023 ]
(b) 1.9 g zinc
[a;1.8 x 1022]
(c) 3 g magnesium
[a:7.5 x 1022]
(d)
2 g hydrogen atom
[a:1.2 x 1024]
(e)
10.08 g iron
[a:1.08 x 1023]
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(f)
0.2 mol sulfur
[a:1.2 x 1023]
(g)
0.128 mol nitrogen atom
[a:7.68 x 1022]
2. Find the number of atom in :

(a) 4 g oxygen
[a:3 x 1023 ]
(b)
5.6 g magnesium oxide
[a:1.68 x 1023 ]
(c)
4.9 g sulphuric acid
[a:2.1 x 1023 ]
(d)
1.8 g magnesium sulphate
[a:5.4 x 1022 ]
(e)
1.96 g copper(II) hydroxide
[a:6 x 1022 ]
(f)
2.6625 g aluminum nitrate
[a:9.75 x 1022 ]
3. Find the number of ion in :

(a) 4.9 g dilute sulphuric acid
(b)
1.8 g aqueous magnesium sulphate
[a:9 x 1022 ]
[a:1.8 x 1022 ]
39 | P a g e
(c)
4.7 g aquase copper(II) nitrate
[a:4.5 x 1022 ]
(d)
17 g aqueous zinc chloride
[a:2.25 x 1023 ]
(e)
17 g aqueous silver nitrate
[a:1.2 x 1023 ]
(f)
414 g aqueous potassium carbonate
[a:5.4 x 1024 ]
4. Find the mass of :

(a) 3 x 1023 oxygen atom
[a:8 g]
(b)
7.2 x 1023 zinc atom
[a:78 g]
(c)
7.5 x 1022 sulfur atom
[a:4 g]
(d)
1.8 x 1021 lead atom
[a:0.621g]
(e)
2.4 x 1022 magnesium atom
[a:0.96 g]
40 | P a g e
(f)
3 hydrogen atom
[a;5 x 10-24 g]
(g)
12 helium atom
[a:1.2 x 10-22 g]
ACTIVITY 6: MOLE IN CHEMICAL EQUATION I

1.
3.1 g of copper(II) carbonate is heated to produced copper(II) oxide and carbon dioxide
gas.
[ relative atomic mass for Cu,64;C,12;O,16; Molar Volume is 22.4 dm3 at STP]
CuCO3
CuO
CO2
From the reaction, calculate:

(a) the mass of copper (II) oxide produced.
(b) the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced at s.t.p
2.
CaCO3
CaO
CO2
In this reaction, 300 cm3 gas carbon dioxide are produced when calcium carbonate is
heated.
[ relative atomic mass for Cu,64;C,12;O,16; Molar Volume is 22.4 dm3 at STP]
Calculate:
41 | P a g e
(a) the mass of calcium carbonate used.
(b) mass of calcium oxide produced.
2Na +
3.
2H2O
2NaOH
+ H2
When 0.23 g of sodium is added to water, the metal will react vigorously at the surface of the
water.
[Relative atomic mass for Na,23;H,1;O,16;Molar volume is 24 dm3 at room temperature]
Calculate:
(a) the mass sodium hydroxide produced.
(b) volume of hydrogen gasses yang being produced at temperature room.
42 | P a g e
2Mg
4.
O2
2MgO
A strip of magnesium has a weight of 1.2 g are being burn in oxygen to produced
magnesium oxide.
[Relative atomic mass Mg,24;O,16]
Calculate:
(a) the mass magnesium oxide being produced.
(b) the mass of oxygen that needed for this reaction.
5.
C3H8
+ 5O2
3CO2
+ 4H2O
Propane gas was burned in oxygen follow as equation above. If 3.36 dm3 of carbon dioxide
gas are produced in this reaction at s.t.p.
[ relative atomic mass for C,12;O,16;H,1; Molar Volume is 22.4 dm3 at STP]
Calculate:
(a) the mass of propane burned
(b) volume of oxygen gas that reacted
43 | P a g e
2Al +
6.
3CuO
Al2O3
+ 3Cu
1.35g of aluminium powder and copper (II) oxide was heated strongly in laboratory to
produced aluminium oxide and copper.
[ relative atomic mass for Al,27;O,16;Cu,64]
(a) the mass of copper (II) oxide reacted
(b) the mass of aluminium oxide produced.
(c) the mass of copper produced.
Answer
1.
(a) 2 g (b) 0.56 dm3
4. (a) 2 g (b) 0.8 g
2.(a) 1.25 g (b) 0.7 g
3. (a) 0.4g (b) 0.12 dm3
5.(a) 2.2 g (b) 5.6 dm3
6.(a) 6 g (b) 2.55 g (c) 4.8 g
44 | P a g e
ACTIVITY 6 :MOLE IN CHEMICAL EQUATION II
1.
4K
O2
2K2O
11.7 g of potassium was burnt in ample oxygen to produce potassium oxide.

Calculate:
[Relative atomic mass: K, 39; O, 16; Molar Volume is 24 dm3 at room temperature]
(a) Mass of potassium oxide being produced
(b) Volume of oxygen reacts at room temperature
2.
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

33.6 g of iron react with chlorine gas to produced iron (III) chloride at room temperature.
Calculate:
[Relative atomic mass: Fe, 56; Cl, 35.5; Molar Volume is 24 dm3 at room temperature]
(a) Mass of iron (III) chloride produced
(b) Volume of chlorine gas reacts
45 | P a g e
3.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
3.84 g of magnesium was burnt in oxygen gas to produced magnesium oxide in a laboratory.
Calculate:
[Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O, 16; Molar Volume is 24 dm3 at room temperature]
(a) Mass of magnesium oxide produced.
(b) Volume of oxygen reacts with magnesium at room temperature.
4.
2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
5.05 g of potassium nitrate was heated strongly to produce potassium nitrite and oxygen gas
at standard temperature.
Calculate:
[Relative atomic mass: K, 39; N, 14; O, 16; Molar Volume is 22.4 dm 3 at standard
temperature]
(a) Mass of potassium nitrite produced
(b) Volume of oxygen produced
46 | P a g e
2Pb(NO3)2
5.
2PbO
4NO2
O2
7.282 g of lead nitrate was heated strongly to produce products as above at s.t.p. Calculate:
[Relative atomic mass: Pb, 207; N, 14; O, 16; Molar Volume is 22.4 dm3 at standard
temperature and pressure]
(a) Mass of lead (II) oxide
(b) Volume of nitrogen dioxide released
(c) Volume of oxygen produced in the experiment.
6.
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

3.24 g of aluminum powder are added to hydrochloric acid in a conical flask. The reaction
released a hydrogen gas and produced a aluminum chloride solution.
[Relative atomic mass: Al, 27; Cl, 35.5; H, 1; Molar Volume is 24 dm3 at room temperature]
Calculate:
(a) Mass of hydrochloric acid reacts with aluminum
(b) Mass of aluminum chloride produced
(c) Volume of hydrogen gas released at room temperature
47 | P a g e
7.
3Mg + Fe2O3 3MgO + 2Fe

3 g of magnesium powder was added to iron (III) oxide and heated very strongly. The
reaction produced a white fume of magnesium oxide and a brown metal of iron.
[Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O, 16; Fe, 56]
Calculate:
(a) Mass of iron (III) oxide reacts with magnesium.
(b) Mass of the white fume released in the reaction
(c) Mass of iron produced
48 | P a g e
Answer
1.
4.
6.
(a) 14.1 g (b) 1.8 dm3

2.(a) 97.5 g (b) 21.6 dm3 3.(a) 6.4 g (b) 1.92 dm3
(a) 4.25 g
(b) 0.56 dm3
5. (a) 4.906 g (b) 0.9856 dm3
(c) 0.2464 dm3
(a) 13.14 g (b) 16.02 g (c) 4.32 dm3 7.(a) 6.67 g (b) 5 g (c) 4.67 dm3
ACTIVITY 7 : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1
The equation below represents the reaction to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide.
2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2
What is the mass of aluminium that can be extracted from 102 g of aluminium oxide?
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Al,27]
A
B
C
D
13.5 g
27.0 g
54.0 g
108.0 g
XCO3
XO + CO2
The equation above shows the action of heat on the carbonate salt of metal X.
How many moles of XCO3 are needed to produced 4.0 g of oxide X?
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12; O, 16; X, 64]
A
B
C
D
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.09
Sulphuric acid used as an electrolyte in a car battery has a concentration of 0.5 mol dm-3.
How many moles of sulphuric acid is there in 100 cm3?
A
B
C
D
0.025
0.05
0.1
0.5
49 | P a g e
Diagram 1 shows the set-up of apparatus for the titration of potassium hydroxide solution
with sulphuric acid.
Sulphuric acid 0.1

mol dm-3
20 cm3 of potassium hydroxide

solution 0.1 mol dm-3 and
phenolphthalein as an indicator
Diagram 1
What is the total volume of the mixture in the conical flask at the end point of the titration in
Diagram 1 ?
A
B
C
D
10 cm3
20 cm3
30 cm3
40 cm3
Stainless steel used to make surgical scalpels contains 71.5% ferum, 18.0% chromium, 8.0%
nickel, and 2.5% other elements.
If the mass of a surgical scalpel is 60.0 g, what is the mass of ferrum in it?
A
B
C
D
4.8 g
10.8 g
42.9 g
71.5 g
50 | P a g e
6
Diagram 2 shows an energy level diagram.

Energy
J (s) +T2+ (aq)
H=-220kJmol-1
J 2+ (aq)+ T (s)
Diagram 2
Based on Diagram 2, what is the increase in temperature of the solution if excess J powder is
added to 50 cm3 of T salt solution 0.2 mol dm -3?
[Specific heat capacity of solution: 4.0 J g-1 0C-1]
A
B
C
D
7
4.4 0C
5.5 0C
8.8 0C
11.0 0C
Which of the following quantities of substance contain 6 x 1022 molecules?

[Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16; Avogadros Constant: 6 X 1023 mol -1]
I
II
III
IV
1.8 g water
1.0 g hydrogen gas
3.2 g oxygen gas
4.4 g carbon dioxide
A
B
C
D
I and II only
III and IV only
I, III, and IV only
I, II, III, and IV
The equation below represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.

2H2O2(aq)
2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Which of the following are produced when 1 mole of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed
completely?
[1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition;
Avogadros Constant: 6.0 X 1023 mol-1]
51 | P a g e
9.
I
II
III
IV
2 moles of water
12x dm3 of oxygen gas
3 x 1023 of oxygen molecules
1.2 x 1024 of water molecules
A
B
C
D
I and III only

I and IV only
II and III only
II and IV only
What is the number of molecules in 1 mole of ammonia, NH3?
Use the information that the Avogadro constant = 6.0 x 1023 mol-1
A
B
C
D
1.5 X 1023 molecules

10. A compound with formula X2CO3 has a relative formula mass of 138.
What is the relative atomic mass of X?
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 and O = 16.
E
F
G
H
39
69
78
110
11. The equation shows the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide?
H2SO4 + 2NaOH
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
What is the volume of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution which can neutralize 25.0
cm3 of 1.0 mol -3 sulphuric acid?
I
J
K
L
12.5 cm3
25.0 cm3
50.0 cm3
75.0 cm3
52 | P a g e
12.
3.2 g of cooper(II) oxide powder is reacted with excess dilute nitric acid.
What is the mass of cooper(II) nitrate formed in the reaction?
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of N = 14, O = 16 and Cu = 64.
a.
b.
c.
d.
13.
3.76 g
4.96 g
5.04 g
7.52 g
The reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The reaction is
complete in 50 seconds and the maximum volume of gas produced is 25 cm3.
What is the average rate of the reaction?
a.
0.5 cm3 s-1
b.
1.0 cm3 s-1
c.
2.0 cm3 s-1
d.
4.0 cm3 s-1
14.
Yogurt is prepared by adding 20.0 cm3 of lime juice into 200.0 cm3 of fresh milk. It is
found that the temperature of the yogurt increase by 2.00C.
What is the total amount of heat released?
Use the information that the specific heat capacity of yogurt = X J g-1 0C-1.
Assume that 1 cm3 of solution is equal to 1 gram of solution.
a.
b.
c.
d.
15.
40X J
220X J
400X J
440X J
The following equation shows the combustion of heptane, C7H16, in excess oxygen.
C7H16 (l) + 1102 (g)
7CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l),
H = -5 512 kJ mol-1
The combustion of heptane in excess oxygen release 1 378 kJ of energy.

What is the mass of heptane used?
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of H = 1 and C = 12.
a.
b.
c.
d.
25.0g
36.0g
77.0g
88.0g
53 | P a g e
16.
The picture shows a waste disposal site. The activity of microorganisms in the waste
produces methane gas.
What is the mass of methane gas produced?

Given that the relative atomic mass of H=1, C=12, and 1 mol of gas occupies 24dm3 at room
temperature and pressure.
A
B
C
D
17.
5 g of element X reacted with 8 g of elements Y to form a compound with the formula

XY2.What is the relative atomic mass of element X?
Given that the relative atomic mass of Y=80.
A
B
C
D
18.
12g
16g
21g
27g
25
40
50
100
In experiment 100 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid solution is mixed with 100cm3 sodium
hydroxide solution in a polystyrene cup. The concentrations of the two solutions are the
same.
During the mixing the temperature of the mixture increased by 70C. What is the heat released
in the experiment?
Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution 4.2J g-1 0C-1.
A. 1470 J
B. 2940 J
C. 4410 J
D. 5880 J
19.
The chemical formula for potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) is K3Fe(CN)6.

What is its relative formula mass?
[Relative atomic mass of C =12, N=14, K=39 and Fe = 56]
A
B
C
D
121
199
251
329
54 | P a g e
20.
A dibase acid, H2J has the concentration of 0.5 mol dm-3

Letter J is not the actual symbol of the element. What is the volume of potassium hydroxide,
KOH, 1.0 mol dm-3 that can neutralize 25.0cm3 of the H2J acid solution?
A
B
C
D
21.
6.25 cm3
12.50 cm3
25.00 cm3
50.00 cm3
The following information shows the combustion of an experiment to determine the heat
change for the combustion of propanol, C3H7OH.
Volume of water in the copper container = 300 cm3
Initial temperature of water in the copper container = 27.5 0C
Highest temperature of water in the copper container = 68.50C
What is the heat released by the combustion of propanol, C3H7OH?
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2J g-1 0C; water density = 1 g cm-3]
A
B
C
D
34.65 kJ
51.66 kJ
86.31 kJ
120.96 kJ
22.
Diagram 2 shows three types of substances.
Which of the following is true about the substance in Diagram 2?

I.
II.
III.
IV.
The number of particles in gas Z is 3x602x1023

All the substances have only 602x1023 particles
The number of particles in liquid X is less than in gas Z.
The number of particles in solid Y is two times greater than in liquid X.
A
B
C
D
I and II only
III and IV only
I, II and IV only
I, III and IV only.
55 | P a g e
23.
Which of the following gases contains 04 mol of atoms at room temperature and
pressure?
[1 mol of gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure]
A
B
C
D
24.
4 8 dm3 He
4 8 dm3 H2
4 8 dm3 SO3
4 8 dm3 CO2
The following equation shows the decomposition reaction of copper(II) carbonate when
heated at room temperature and pressure.
CuCO3CuO + CO2
Which of the following is not true when 1 mol of copper (II) carbonate is decomposed?
[Relative atomic mass: C=12, O=16, Cu=64 and 1 mol of gas occupies the volume of 24
dm3 at room temperature and pressure.]
A
B
C
D
25.
1 mol of copper(II) oxide is formed

1 molecule of carbon dioxide gas is given off
80 g copper(II) oxide is formed
24 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas is given off
Diagram 13 shows the neutralization reaction between a strong acid and a strong alkali.
Diagram 13
What is the volume of the alkali needed to produced 14625 g of salt?
[Relative atomic mass: Na=23, Cl=355, H=1, O=16]
A
B
C
D
0005 cm3
0025 cm3
5000 cm3
25000 cm3
56 | P a g e
26.
In an experiment, 24 g of magnesium powder is added to 100 cm3 of 20 mol dm3

copper(II) sulphate solution.
The temperature of the mixture increases by 10 0C.
What is the heat of reaction in the experiment?
[Specific heat capacity of a solution = 42 J g-10C-1; Relative atomic mass of Mg = 24]
A
B
C
D
-042 kJ mol-1
-048 kJ mol-1
-420 kJ mol-1
-480 kJ mol-1
57 | P a g e
THE MOLE
TABLE OF COMMON ANIONS
Simple
Anions
Formula
Hydride
Oxide
Fluoride
HO2F-
Sulfide
S2-
Chloride
Cl-
Nitride
Bromide
N3Br-
Iodide
I-
Oxoanions
Arsenate
Phosphate
Arsenite
Hydrogen
Phosphate
Dihydrogen
Phosphate
Sulfate
Nitrate
Hydrogen
Sulfate
Nitrite
Thiosulfate
Sulfite
Perchlorate
Iodate
Chlorate
Bromate
Chlorite
Hypochlorite
Hypobromite
Carbonate
Chromate
Hydrogen
Carbonate or
Bicarbonate
Dichromate
Formula
Anions
from
Organic
Acids
Acetate
Formate
Formula
Other Anions
CH3COOHCOO-
Cyanide
Amide
Cyanate
CNNH2OCN-
HPO42-
Peroxide
O22-
H2PO4-
Thiocyanate
SCN-
SO42NO3-
Oxalate
Hydroxide
C2O42OH-
HSO4-
Permanganate
MnO4-
AsO43PO43AsO33-
NO2S2O32SO32ClO4IO3ClO3BrO3ClO2OClOBrCO32CrO42HCO3Cr2O72-
* OXO: indicating the presence of oxygen in a chemical compound or ion
Formula
58 | P a g e
TABLE OF COMMON CATIONS
Name of cation
Formula
Name of cation
Formula
ammonium
caesium
copper (I)
hydrogen
NH4+
Cs+
Cu+
H+
lithium
potassium
silver
sodium
Li+
K+
Ag+
Na+
barium
calcium
chromium (II)
copper (II)
iron (II)
lead (II)
Ba2+
Ca2+
Cr2+
Cu2+
Fe2+
Pb2+
magnesium
manganese (II)
mercury (I)
mercury (II)
nickel(II)
tin (II)
zinc
Mg2+
Mn2+
Hg22+
Hg2+
Ni2+
Sn2+
Zn2+
Name of
cation
aluminium
iron (III)
chromium (III)
Formula
Al3+
Fe3+
Cr3+
Name of
cation
lead(IV)
tin (IV)
Formula
Pb4+
Sn4+
59 | P a g e
ACTIVITY 1 :
WRITE THE FORMULA OF THE COMPOUND AND CALCULATING RELATIVE MOLECULAR
MASS
No
Name of Compound
Formula of
Compound
Relative Molecule Mass/

Relative Formula Mass
Answer
Copper(II) chloride
CuCl2
1Cu+2Cl
= 1(64)+ 2(35.5) = 135
135
Potassium chloride
KCl
1K + 1Cl
=1(39)+1(35.5)=74.5
74.5
142
Sodium sulphate
Na2SO4
2Na+1S+4O
=2(23)+1(32)+4(16)=142
Magnesium sulphate
MgSO4
1Mg +1S+4O
=1(24)+1(32)+4(16)=120
120
125
101
Zink carbonate
ZnCO3
1Zn +1C+3O
=1(65)+1(12)+3(16)=125
Potassium nitrate
KNO3
1K+1N+3O
=1(39)+1(14)+3(16)=101
Iron(II) oxide
Calcium nitrate
FeO
1Fe+1O
=1(56)+1(16)=72
72
Ca(NO3)2
1Ca+2N+6O
=1(40)+2(14)+6(16)=164
164
233
Barium sulphate
BaSO4
1Ba+1S+4O
=1(137)+1(32)+4(16)=233
10
Tin(II) chloride
SnCl2
1Sn+2Cl
=1(119)+2(35.5)=190
190
223
11
Lead(II) oxide
PbO
1Pb+1O
=1(207)+1(16)=223
12
Aluminium chloride
AlCl3
1Al+3Cl
=1(27)+3(35.5)=133.5
133.5
80
85
13
Ammonium nitrate
NH4NO3
2N+4H+3O
=2(14)+4(1)+3(16)=80
14
Sodium nitrate
NaNO3
1Na+1N+3O
=1(23)+1(14)+3(16)=85
15
Silver oxide
Ag2O
2Ag+1O
=2(108)+1(16)=232
16
Iron(III) chloride
FeCl3
1Fe+3Cl
=1(56)+3(35.5)=162.5
103
62
17
Sodium bromide
NaBr
1Na+1Br
=1(23)+1(80)=103
18
Sodium oxide
Na2O
2Na+1O
=2(23)+1(16)=62
PbSO4
1Pb+1S+4O
=1(207)+1(32)+4(16)=303
19
Lead(II) sulphate
20
Lithium oxide
21
Magnesium nitrate
22
Potassium iodide
23
No
Potassium sulphate
Name of Compound
Li2O
Mg(NO3)2
KI
K2SO4
Formula of
Compound
2Li+1O
=2(7)+1(16)=30
232
162.5
303
30
1Mg+2N+6O
=1(24)+2(14)+6(16)=148
148
1K+1I
=1(39)+1(127)=166
166
2K+1S+4O
=2(39)+1(32)+4(16)=174
174
Relative Molecule Mass/

Relative Formula Mass
Answer
60 | P a g e
1Mg+1O
=1(24)+1(16)=40
40
1Fe+1C+3O
=1(56)+1(12)+3(16)=116
116
1C+2O
=1(12)+2(16)=44
44
24
Magnesium oxide
MgO
25
Iron(II) carbonate
FeCO3
26
Carbon dioxide
27
Copper(II) carbonate
28
Sodium iodide
29
Ammonium nitrate
NH4NO3
2N+4H+3O
=2(14)+4(1)+3(16)=80
80
30
Copper(II) hydroxide
Cu(OH)2
1Cu+2O+2H
=1(64)+2(16)+2(1)=98
98
31
Calcium carbonate
32
Ammonium sulphate
33
Sodium carbonate
34
Silver sulphate
35
Aluminium oxide
36
Aluminium sulphate
37
Iron(III) oxide
38
Iron(III) sulphate
39
Potassium carbonate
40
Acetic acid
41
Sulphuric acid
42
Hydrochloric acid
43
Nitric acid
44
CO2
CuCO3
NaI
1Cu+1C+3O
=1(64)+1(12)+3(16)=124
124
1Na+1I
=1(23)+1(127)=150
150
1Ca+1C+3O
=1(40)+1(12)+3(16)=100
100
2N+8H+1S+4O
=2(14)+8(1)+1(32)+4(16)=132
132
Na2CO3
2Na+1C+3O
=2(23)+1(12)+3(16)=106
106
Ag2SO4
2Ag+1S+4O
=2(108)+2(32)+4(16)=344
344
2Al+3O
=2(27)+3(16)=102
102
2Al+3S+12O
=2(27)+3(32)+12(16)=342
342
2Fe+3O
=2(56)+3(16)=160
160
Fe2(SO4)3
2Fe+3S+12O
=2(56)+3(32)+12(16)=400
400
K2CO3
2K+1C+3O
=2(39)+1(12)+3(16)=138
138
CaCO3
(NH4)2SO4
Al2O3
Al2(SO4)3
Fe2O3
CH3COOH
2C+4H+2O
=2(12)+4(1)+2(16)=60
60
H2SO4
2H+1S+4O
=2(1)+1(32)+4(16)=98
98
HCl
1H+1Cl
=1(1)+1(35.5)=36.5
36.5
HNO3
1H+1N+3O
=1(1)+1(14)+3(16)=63
63
Magnesium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2
1Mg+2O+2H
=1(24)+2(16)+2(1)=58
58
45
Copper(II) nitrate
Cu(NO3)2
1Cu+2N+6O
=1(64)+2(14)+6(16)=188
188
46
Magnesium etanoat
4C+6H+4O+1Mg
=4(12)+6(1)+4(16)+1(24)=142
142
MgSO4.7H2O
1Mg+1S+11O+14H
=1(24)+1(32)+11(16)+14(1)=246
246
CuSO4.5H2O
1Cu+1S+9O+10H
=1(64)+1(32)+9(16)+10(1)=250
250
C3H7COOH
4C+8H+2O
=4(12)+8(1)+2(16)=88
47
48
Magnesium sulphate
hydrate
Copper(II) sulphate
hydrate
49
Butanoic acid
50
Potassium
manganese(VII)
(CH3COO)2Mg
KMnO4
1K+1Mn+4O
=1(39)+1(55)+4(16)=158
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Chemical equations describe chemical reactions which occur qualitatively and quantitatively.
88
158
61 | P a g e
Qualitative means:
(a) Types of reactants
(b) Types of products
(c) The physical states of reactants and products
CaCO3 (s)
2HCl (aq)
Symbols
CaCO 3
HCl
CaCl2
CO2
CaCl2
(aq)
+ H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Means
Calcium Carbonate
Hydrochloric acid
Calcium chloride
carbon dioxide
Produces
Solid state
Aqueous state
Liquid
Gaseous state
Heat
Gas released
Solid precipitate
(s)
(aq)
(l)
(g)
Quantitative means:
(a)
Number of moles of reactants (CaCO3 and HCl) and products (CaCl2 and CO2 )
The number of moles of reactants and products are written in front of the chemical formulae.
CaCO3 (s)
2HCl (aq)
CaCl2
(aq)
+ H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Describe the chemical formula:

1 mole of calcium carbonate ,CaCO3 reacts with 2 mole of hydrochloric acid, HCl to produce 1 mole of calcium
chloride, CaCl2 , 1 mole of water, H2O and 1 mole of carbon dioxide, CO2.
ACTIVITY 2:
62 | P a g e
INSTRUCTIONS :
Each of the equation below is followed by a statement describing the equation.
Fill in the blanks to indicate the number of moles of each chemical.
1. 2Na (s)
+ Cl2(g)
2 NaCl(s)
2 moles of sodium metal (solid) reacts with 1 mole of chlorine gas

to produce 2 sodium chloride solid.
2. C2H5Br (l)
+ 2 NH3 (g)
C2H5NH2
(l)
+ NH4Br
(g)
1 mole of ethylbromide reacts with 2 moles of ammonia gas

to produce 1 mole of ethylamine and 1 mole of ammonium bromide.
3.
2B (g)
+ 3F2 (g)
2BF3(g)
2 moles of Boron gas reacts with 3 moles of fluorine gas

to produce 2 moles of boron trifluorida.
4.
2H2S (g)
3O2 (g)
2SO2 (g)
2H2O (l)
2 moles of hydrogen sulphide reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas

to produce 2 moles of sulphur dioxide gas and 2 moles of water.
5.
3NO2 (g)
H2O(l)
2HNO3 (l)
+ NO(g)
3 moles of nitrogen dioxide gas reacts with 1 mole of water

to produce 2 moles of nitric acid and 1 mole nitrous oxide gas
ACTIVITY 3:
INSTRUCTION:
63 | P a g e
Fill in the blanks with the number of moles after reading the sentence describing the chemical equation.
1.
2 moles of sodium metal reacts with 1 mole of chlorine gas to produce 2

moles of sodium chloride solid.
2 Na ( s ) + Cl2 ( g )
2.
2 NaCl (s )
4 moles of sodium bromide reacts with 2 moles of sulphuric acid to produce

2 moles of hydrogen bromide gas,2 moles of sodium sulphate liquid, 1 mole
of bromine gas and 1 mole of sulphur dioxide gas.
4 NaBr( s ) + 2 H2SO4 (l )
3.
2 HBr( g ) + 2Na2SO4( l ) + Br2(g ) + SO2( g )
1 mole of phosphorus powder reacts with 5 moles of oygen gas to

produce 2 moles of phosphorus pentoxide powder.
P4 ( s )
4.
5 O2 ( g )
2P2 O5 (s)
2 moles of ammonia aqueous reacts with 1 mole of sulphuric acid aqueous

to produce 1 mole of ammonium sulphate aqueous.
2 NH3
(aq )
H2SO4 (aq)
(NH4)2SO4 (aq )
WRITE A BALANCE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
64 | P a g e
Write a balance chemical equations are to ensure the number of atoms (number of moles) of a chemical on the
left side is the same as the chemical on the right side.
Example: Zinc reacts with oxygen to form zinc oxide.
Left side
Zn(s)
1 zinc atom
Right side
O2 (g)
2 oxygen atoms
ZnO
(s)
1 zinc atom, 1 oxygen atom
The equation is not balanced.

There are two oxygen atoms on the left side but only one oxygen atom on the right side.
To balance the equation we can write the number 2 on the right side in front of Zinc oxide molecule on the right
side.
Left side
Zn(s)
1 zinc atom
Right side
O2 (g)
2 oxygen atoms
2 ZnO(s)
2 zinc atoms, 2 oxygen atoms
The equation is still not balanced.

There is one zinc atom on the left side but two zinc atoms on the left side.
To complete balancing the equation we must write the number 2 on the left side in front of the Zinc atom.
Left side
2Zn(s)
2 zinc atoms
Right side
O2 (g)
2 oxygen atoms
The equation is balanced.
ACTIVITIY 4
2 ZnO (s)
2 zinc atom, 2 oxygen atoms
65 | P a g e
Balance the chemical equations below.
Left side
(a)
Mg
Right side
Cl2
MgCl2
Mg = 1
Cl = 2
(b)
Mg = 1
Cl = 2
Na2CO3
2HCl
2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Na = 2
C =1
O =3
H =2
Cl = 2
(c)
Na = 2
C =1
O =3
H =2
Cl = 2
2H2
O2
2H2O
H =4
O =2
(d)
H =4
O =2
CuCO3
CuO
Cu = 1
C =1
O =3
(e)
NH3
2KI
+
K
I
Pb
N
O
(g)
HCl
NH4Cl
N =1
H =4
Cl = 1
(h)
Pb(NO3)2
2Mg
O2
Mg
O
2HCl
Ca
C
O
Zn
H
Cl
=1
=1
=9
=2
=2
CaCO3
=2
=2
ZnCl2
=1
=2
=2
CaCO3 + 2HNO3
=1
=1
=3
+ H2
=1
=2
=2
Ca(NO3)2 +H2O + CO2

Ca
C
O
H
N
+ 2KNO3
=2
=2
=1
=2
=6
MgO2
=2
=2
Zn
Ca
C
O
H
N
(j)
K
I
Pb
N
O
Zn
H
Cl
(i)
PbI2
=2
=2
=1
=2
=6
Mg
O
CO2
Cu = 1
C =1
O =3
N =1
H =4
Cl = 1
(f)
=1
=1
=9
=2
=2
CaO
Ca
C
O
+
=1
=1
=3
CO2
66 | P a g e
ACTIVITY 5:
Write formulae of reactants and products for a balance chemical equation:
7.
CuCO3
CuO
8.
2Na
+ 2H2O
9.
2Mg
+ O2
10.
C3H8
11.
2Al
6.
CaCO3 + 2HCl
+ CO2
2NaOH +
H2
2MgO
5O2
3CuO
3CO2
Al2O3
4H2O
+
3Cu
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
ACTIVITY 6:
Writing a balanced chemical equation:
1.
Copper(II) carbonate
Copper(II) oxide
+ Carbon dioxide
CuCO3 CuO + CO2

2.
Magnesium
Oxygen
Magnesium oxide
2Mg + O2 2MgO
3.
Potassium
Oxygen
Potassium oxide
2K + O2 2K2O
4.
Aluminum
+ Oxygen
Aluminum oxide
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

5.
Zinc
+ Oxygen
Zinc oxide
2Zn + O2 2ZnO
6.
Lead(II) carbonate
Lead(II) oxide
+ Carbon dioxide
PbCO3 PbO + CO2

7.
Magnesium
Chlorine
Magnesium chloride
Mg + Cl2 MgCl2
8.
Potassium
Chlorine
Potassium chloride
2K + Cl2 2KCl
67 | P a g e
9.
Iron
+ Chlorine
Iron(III) chloride
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

10. Zinc
+ Chlorine
Zinc chloride
Zn + Cl2 ZnCl2
11. Magnesium
Copper(II) oxide
Magnesium oxide +
Copper
Mg + CuO MgO + Cu
12. Sodium
Copper(II) oxide
Sodium oxide + Copper
2Na + CuO Na2O + Cu

13. Zinc
+ Lead(II) oxide
Zinc oxide
+ Lead
Zn + PbO ZnO + Pb
14. Calcium
+ Lead(II) oxide
Calcium oxide
+ Lead
Ca + PbO CaO + Pb
15. Iron
+ Lead(II) oxide
Iron(II) oxide + Lead
Fe + PbO FeO + Pb
16. Aluminum
+ Tin(II) chloride
Aluminum chloride
2Al + 3SnCl2 2AlCl3 + 3Sn
+ Tin
68 | P a g e
IONIC EQUATIONS
An ionic equation is a chemical equation in which electrolytes are written as dissociated ions. Ionic equations are
used for single and double displacement reactions that occur in aqueous solutions. For example in the following
precipitation reaction:
CaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)
Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
the full ionic equation would be:

Ca2+ + 2Cl + 2Ag+ + 2NO3
and the net ionic equation would be:
2Cl (aq) + 2Ag+ (aq)
Ca2+ + 2NO3 + 2AgCl(s)
2AgCl (s)
or, in reduced balanced form,

Ag+ + Cl
AgCl (s)
In this aqueous reaction the Ca2+ and the NO3 ions remain in solution and are not part of the reaction. They are
termed spectator ions and do not participate directly in the reaction, as they exist with the same oxidation state on
both the reactant and product side of the chemical equation.
In a neutralization or acid/base reaction, the net ionic equation will usually be:
H+ + OH
H2O
There are a few acid/base reactions that produce a precipitate in addition to the water molecule shown above. An
example would be the reaction of barium hydroxide with phosphoric acid because the insoluble salt barium
phosphate is produced in addition to water.
Double displacement reactions that feature a carbonate reacting with an acid have the net ionic equation:
2 H+ + CO32
H2O + CO2
If every ion is a "spectator ion", then there was no reaction, and the net ionic equation is null.
SPECTATOR ION
A spectator ion is an ion that exists as a reactant and a product in a chemical equation. Spectator ions can be
observed in the reaction of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and copper (II) sulfate:
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + SO42(aq) 2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq) + CuCl2 (s)
The Na+ and SO42 ions are spectator ions since they remain unchanged on both sides of the equation. They simply
"watch" the other ions react, hence the name. They are present in total ionic equations to balance the charges of the
ions. In reaction stoichiometry, spectator ions are removed from a complete ionic equation to form a net ionic
equation. For the above example this yields:
So: 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + SO42(aq) 2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq) + CuCl2 (s)
(Where x = Spectator ion)
= 2Cl(aq) + Cu2+(aq) CuCl2
Example 1:
69 | P a g e
Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous hydrochloric acid
Step 1: Write the balanced CHEMICAL EQUATION
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)
Step 2: Write the TOTAL IONIC EQUATION
Na+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- H2O(l) + Na+ + Cl
Step 3: Write the NET IONIC EQUATION
In this example, Na+ and Cl- are spectator ions. They do not undergo change in the reaction. Therefore, they
are removed.
OH- + H+ H2O(l)
Example 2:
The reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, water, and carbon dioxide:
Chemical Equation: CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Total Ionic Equation: CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Net Ionic Equation: CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Example3:
Write the ionic equation for the word equation
Sodium (s) + hydrochloric acid (aq) sodium chloride (aq) + hydrogen (g)
Solution:
Step 1: Write the chemical equation and balance it.
2Na (s) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + H2 (g)
Step 2: Split the ions. (Only compounds that are aqueous are split into ions.)
2Na (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + H2 (g)
Step 3: Cancel out spectator ions. (Spectator ions are ions that remain the same in their original states
before and after a chemical reaction.)
2Na (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + H2(g)
Step 4: Write a balanced ionic equation
2Na (s) + 2H+ (aq) 2Na+ (aq) + H2 (g)
70 | P a g e
Example 4: Silver nitrate and Rubidium chloride
Overall Equation:
AgNO3 (aq) + RbCl(aq) AgCl(s) + RbNO3 (aq)
Total Ionic Equation:
Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + Rb+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + Rb+(aq) + NO3- (aq)
Net Ionic Equation:
Ag+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
Example 5 : mercury (II) nitrate and hydrochloric acid

Overall Equation:
Hg(NO3)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) HgCl2 (s) + 2HNO3 (aq)
Hg2+(aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) HgCl2 (s) + 2 H+ (aq) + 2 NO3-(aq)
Net Ionic Equation:
Hg 2+(aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) HgCl2 (s)
Example 6: calcium chloride and sodium carbonate

Overall Equation:
CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s)
Ca2+(aq)+ 2 Cl- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq)+ CO32- (aq) 2 Na+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) + CaCO3 (s)
Net Ionic Equation:
Ca2+(aq) + CO32- (aq) CaCO3 (s)
Example 7: magnesium nitrate and calcium chloride
Overall Equation:
Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + MgCl2 (aq)
Mg2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Ca2+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) Ca 2+(aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl- (aq)
Net Ionic Equation:
No Reaction
Example 8: potassium sulfate and barium chloride
Overall Equation:
K2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2 KCl (aq)
2 K+ (aq)+ SO42- (aq) + Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2 K+(aq)+ 2 Cl- (aq)
71 | P a g e
Net Ionic Equation:
Ba 2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) BaSO4 (s)
Problem 1:
Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of solid sodium hydroxide with nitric acid.
Answer:
NaOH (s) + HNO3 (aq) H2O (l) + NaNO3 (aq)
NaOH (s) + H+ + NO3 - H2O (l) + Na+ + NO3 NaOH (s) + H+ H2O (l) + Na+
Problem 2:
Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of aqueous silver nitrate with aqueous sodium chloride
Answer:
NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Na+ + Cl - + Ag+ + NO3 - AgCl (s) + Na+ + NO3 Ag+ + Cl - AgCl (s)
Problem 3:
Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of solid barium 71sulphate with sodium carbonate.
Answer:
BaSO4 (s) + Na2CO3 (aq) BaCO3 (s) + Na2SO4 (aq)
BaSO4 (s) + 2Na+ + CO32- BaCO3 (s) + 2Na + + SO42BaSO4 (s) + CO32- BaCO3 (s) + SO42-

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SCIENCES PROCESS SKILL IN PAPER 3/KEMAHIRAN PROSES SAINS DALAM KERTAS 3

1.0 mol dm -3 of Sodium chloride solution

Ions present in NaCl solution

Ions present in Na2SO4 solution

Meaning of (maksud bagi):

+ dilute nitric acid

Diagram 3 shows a series of process done by a student to identify a compound J.

Diagram 6 shows the reaction scheme of lead(II) carbonate.

Rajah 6 menunjukkan skema tindak balas bagi plumbum(II) karbonat

Factor affect/ faktor yang

Experiment II and III

Collision theory/ teori perlanggaran:

Sketch graph/Lakar graf:

Factor affect/ faktor yang mempengaruhi:

Experiment II and III

Homologous series for compound F/siri homolog bagi sebatian F :

Homologous series for compound G/Siri homolog bagi sebatian G :

Diagram 9 shows the structural formulae of hydrocarbons A, B, C, D and E.

Ionic equation at negative terminal/Persamaan ion pada terminal negatif:

Ionic equation at positive terminal/Persamaan ion pada terminal positif:

Oxidising agent/Agen pengoksidaan:

Reducing agent/Agen penurunan:

Function of H2SO4/ Fungsi H2SO4:

Function of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)/ Fungsi bagi kalium heksasianoferate(III)

Observation in test tube A/Pemerhatian dalam tabung uji A:

Observation in test tube B/Pemerhatian dalam tabung uji B:

THERMO CHEMISTRY / TERMOKIMIA

Draw the energy level diagram/lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga:

Name for cleaning agent A

Pure metal in alloy X/Logam tulen dalam aloi X: ..

State the name of catalyst used in manufacture of sulphuric acid.

Chlorine reacts with sodium to form a compound.

Explain why element R can exists a monoatomic gas.

Diagram above shows the arrangement of electron for sodium atom.

MOLE CONCEPT/KONSEP MOL

PRACTISES WORK PROBLEM FOR THE MOLE

Calculate the mass in gram for 1.5 x 1024 chlorine molecules.

(1.0 mole Cl2 )

10.44 g potassium sulphate,K2SO4

4.75 g magnesium chloride,MgCl

2.97 g zinc hydroxide,Zn(OH)2

1.484 g sodium carbonate,Na2CO3

2.769 g aluminum nitrate,Al(NO3)3

5.22 g magnesium hydroxide,Mg(OH)2

1.655 g lead(II) nitrate,Pb(NO3)2

Find the mass of : -

0.5 mol sodium oxide

1.2 mol tin(II) chloride

0.25 mol copper(II) carbonate

0.3 mol calcium chloride

0.125 mol iron(II) sulphate

0.34 mol potassium sulphate

0.2 mol barium sulphate

0.3 mol silver nitrate

0.12 mol magnesium nitrate

0.05 mol calcium sulphate

(b) 1.9 g zinc

0.2 mol sulfur

0.128 mol nitrogen atom

2. Find the number of atom in :