Term Paper

ECE 209

Problem based on exponential and trignomatric Fourier series

and its Application

Submitted to:

Submitted by:

Mr.Om Prakash Sir

Khushbu Thakur
Roll no.B47
R.no.10904285
D6911

INTRODUCTION:
WHAT IS A FOURIER SERIES?
A Fourier series decomposes any periodic function or periodic signal into the sum of a set of
simple oscillating functions, namely sine and cosine. The study of Fourier series is a branch of
Fourier analysis. Fourier series were introduced by Joseph Fourier (17681830) for the
purpose of solving the heat equation in a metal plate.
ALSO
A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function
in terms of an infinite sum
of sines and cosines. Fourier series make use of the orthogonality relationships of
the sine and cosine functions. The computation and study of Fourier series is known
as harmonic analysis and is extremely useful as a way to break up an arbitrary periodic
function into a set of simple terms that can be plugged in, solved individually, and then
recombined to obtain the solution to the original problem or an approximation to it to
whatever accuracy is desired or practical
The heat equation is a partial differential equation. Prior to Fourier's work, there was no
known solution to the heat equation in a general situation, although particular solutions were
known if the heat source behaved in a simple way, in particular, if the heat source was a sine
or cosine wave. These simple solutions are now sometimes called eigen solutions. Fourier's
idea was to model a complicated heat source as a superposition (or linear combination) of
simple sine and cosine waves, and to write the solution as a superposition of the
corresponding eigen solutions. This superposition or linear combination is called the Fourier
series.
Although the original motivation was to solve the heat equation, it later became obvious that
the same techniques could be applied to a wide array of mathematical and physical problems.
The Fourier series has many applications in electrical engineering, vibration analysis,
acoustics, optics, signal processing, image processing, quantum mechanics, econometrics,
thin-walled shell theory, etc.
Fourier series is named in honour of Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), who made important
contributions to the study of trigonometric series, after preliminary investigations by
Leonhard Euler, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and Daniel Bernoulli. He applied this technique to
find the solution of the heat equation, publishing his initial results in his 1807 Memoire sur la
propagation de la chaleur dans les corps solids and 1811, and publishing his Theory
analytique de la chaleur in 1822.
From a modern point of view, Fourier's results are somewhat informal, due to the lack of a
precise notion of function and integral in the early nineteenth century. Later, Dirichlet and
Riemann expressed Fourier's results with greater precision and formality.

FOURIER TRANSFORM:
A more abstract concept than Fourier series is the idea of Fourier transform. Fourier
transforms involve integrals rather than sums, and are used in a similarly diverse array of
scientific fields. Many natural laws are expressed by relating rates of change of quantities to
the quantities themselves.
For example: The rate of change of population is sometimes jointly proportional to the
present population and the amount by which the present population falls short of the carrying
capacity. This kind of relationship is called a differential equation. If, given this information,
we try to express population as a function of time, we are trying to "solve" the differential
equation. Fourier transforms may be used to convert some differential equations to algebraic
equations for which methods of solving them are known. Fourier transforms have many uses.
In almost any scientific context in which the words spectrum,harmonic, or resonance are
encountered, Fourier transforms or Fourier series are nearby.

GENERAL REPRESENTATION OF FOURIER SERIES:

Fourier's formula for 2-periodic functions using sine and cosine:
For a periodic function (x) that is integrable on [, ], the numbers

and

are called the Fourier coefficients of . One introduces the partial sums of the Fourier series
for , often denoted by

EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES:

By Using Eulers Equation, and a little trickery, we can convert the standard Rectangular
Fourier Series into an exponential form. Even though complex numbers are a little more
complicated to comprehend, we use this form for a number of reasons:
1. Only need to perform one integration
2. A single exponential can be manipulated more easily than a sum of sinusoids
3. It provides a logical transition into a further discussion of the Fourier Transform.
We can construct the exponential series from the rectangular series using Euler's formulae:

The rectangular series is given by:

Therefore bySubstituting Euler's formulae:

Splitting into "positive n" and "negative n" parts gives us:

We now collapse this into a single expression:

Exponential Fourier Series

Where we can relate cn to an and bn from the rectangular series:

This is the exponential Fourier series of f(x). Note that cn is, in general, complex. Also note
that:

We can directly calculate cn for a 2L-periodic function:

This can be related to the an and bn definitions in the rectangular form using Euler's formula:
eix = cosx + i sinx.
Basically what are the EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS:
Exponential Functions
Exponential functions are perhaps the most important class of functions in mathematics.
We use this type of function to calculate interest on investments, growth and decline
rates of populations, forensics investigations, as well as in many other applications.

Definition of an Exponential Function

An exponential function has the form:
f(x) = ax
where "a" is the base, a > 0, and a is not 1.
x is any real number.
Examples:
f(x) = 2x , g(x) = 3x , y = (1/2)x , y = (0.1)x
are all exponential functions.
Also, compositions of an exponential function with another function are also referred to
as exponential. An example would be f(x) = 4 + 100 32x

Graphs of Exponential Functions:

Below are the graphs of 3 different exponential functions.

.
Exponential graphs share these common features:
1.The graph will level out on the far right or the far left to some horizontal
asymptote.
2.The graph takes off vertically, but it does not approach a vertical asymptote.
Rather, it simply becomes steeper and steeper.
3.The graph will have a characteristic L shape, if you zoom out enough.

TRIGNOMATRIC FOURIER SERIES:

PROPERTIES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM:
We say that belongs to
if is a 2-periodic function on R which is k times
differentiable, and its kth derivative is continuous.

If is a 2-periodic odd function, then an = 0 for all n.

If is a 2-periodic even function, then bn = 0 for all n.

If is integrable,
,
is known as the RiemannLebesgue lemma.

If

, then the Fourier coefficients

expressed in terms of the Fourier coefficients

formula

If

and

This result

of the derivative f'(t) can be

of the function f(t), via the

.
, then

. In particular, since

tends to

zero, we have that

tends to zero, which means that the Fourier coefficients
converge to zero faster than the kth power of n.

Parseval's theorem. If

, then
.

Plancherel's theorem. If

are coefficients and

then there is a unique function

such that

for every n.

The convolution theorem states that if and g are in L1([, ]), then
, where g denotes the 2-periodic convolution of and
g.