1)

What is the reason of grounding or earthing of equipment?

with a ground path, in case of short circuit the short circuit current goes to the body of the equipment & then to the
ground through the ground wire. Hence if at the moment of fault if a person touches the equipment body he will
not get a shock cause his body resistance (in thousands of ohms) will offer a high resistance path in comparison
to the ground wire. Hence the fault current will flow thru the ground wire & not thru human body.
Providing a ground path helps in clearing the fault. A CT in the ground connection detects the high value fault
current hence the relay connected to the CT gives breaker a trip command.
Grounding helps in avoiding arcing faults. IF there would have been no ground then a fault with the outer body
can cause a arcing to the ground by breaking the air. This is dangerous both for the equipment & the human
beings.

2)

A type-C MCB has thermo magnetic capability 5In to 10In that means a short circuit current will be

interrupted as the value will reach between 5In to 10In but the MCB breaking capacity is (for example) define
as 10kA.
5In to 10In is the pickup threshold for the magnetic trip element. The MCB will trip instantaneously when the
current is between these limits. 10kA is the short circuit withstands capacity of the MCB.
Under normal condition, a current limiting type MCB will trip on short circuit (magnetic trip) and the current during
circuit interruption will be much less than the prospective current. However, the MCBs have to have a short circuit
capacity more than or equal to the fault level at the location where it is installed.
3)

What is Ferrari Effect?

Ferranti Effect is due to the rise in voltage at the receiving end than that of the sending end. This occurs when the
load on the system reduces suddenly.
Transmission line usually consists of line inductance, line to earth capacitance and resistance. Resistance can be
neglected with respect to the line inductance .When the load on the system falls the energy stored in the
capacitance gets discharged. The charging current causes inductive reactance voltage drop. This gets added
vector ally to the sending end voltage and hence causes the voltage at the receiving end to raise
A Long transmission line draws significant amount of charging current. If such line is open circuited or very lightly
loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at the receiving end may become greater than sending end voltage. This
effect is known Ferranti effect and is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to charging current)
being in phase with the sending end voltages. Therefore both capacitance and inductance is responsible to
produce this phenomenon.
The capacitance (charging current) is negligible in short lines, but significant in medium and long transmission
line. Hence, this phenomenon is applicable for medium and long transmission line.
The main impact of this phenomenon is on over voltage protection system, surge protection system, insulation
level etc.

4)

Can single phase transformers be used for three phase applications?

Yes. Three phase transformers are sometimes not readily available whereas single phase transformers can
generally be found in stock. Three single phase transformers can be used in delta connected primary and wye or
delta connected secondary. They should never be connected wye primary to wye secondary, since this will result
in unstable secondary voltage. The equivalent three phase capacity when properly connected of three single
phase transformers is three times the nameplate rating of each single phase transformer.