Definition

Metal, chemical element displaying certain properties by which it is normally

distinguished from a nonmetal, notably its metallic lustre, the capacity to lose electrons
and form a positive ion, and the ability to conduct heat and electricity. The metals
comprise about two thirds of the known elements (see periodic table). Some metals,
including copper, tin, iron, lead, gold, silver, and mercury, were known to the ancients;
copper is probably the oldest known metal.
Characteristics of Metals
Characteristics
Appearance

Metals
Shiny surfaces

Melting and
Boiling Point

Usually high

Physical State

Solid

Density

Usually high

Strength

Strong and
tough

Ease of Shaping

Can be bend
and Stretched
without
breaking

Reason(s)
The electrons in the metal are relatively free to
move about which means they have a lot of
possible energy states and can absorb incoming
radiation usually well.
Strong forces of attraction between the sea of
negativity charged electrons and he positive
metal ions.
Metals are held strongly to each other by metallic
bonding.
The atoms are held together by a sea of
electrons,
which keeps them very close
Metal are strong because their particles are
stable and very close together. This is also the
reason why they are heavy.
Layers of metal atoms can slide over each other
without disrupting the metallic bonding. Hence.
Metallic bonds are strong and flexible.

Physical Properties

Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is the ability of a metal to resist being pulled apart by opposing
forces acting in a straight line. The tensile test is the one most often used to
measure the strength of metals. Pure molybdenum has a high tensile strength
and is very resistant to heat.

Toughness and Impact Strength

Toughness is a combination of high strength and medium ductility. Toughness is

the ability of a material or metal to resist fracture, plus the ability to resist failure
after the damage has begun. In short, a tough metal, such as a cold chisel, is
one that can withstand considerable stress, slowly or suddenly applied, and that
will deform before failure. Toughness has been defined by some metallurgists as
having the property of absorbing considerable energy before fracture and,
therefore, involves both ductility and strength. Toughness is a measure of the
total energy absorbing capacity of the material, including the energy of both
elastic and plastic deformation under a gradually applied load. Generally
speaking, toughness applies to both strength and plasticity. Thus, a very easily
deformed substance of low strength would not be considered tough, nor would a
material of high strength, but with little plasticity, such as hardened tool steel. The
true tough metal is one that will rapidly distribute within itself both
the stress and resulting strain caused by a rapidly applied load.

Malleability
Malleability is the property of a metal to be deformed or compressed permanently
without rupture or fracture. Specifically, it means the capacity to be rolled or
hammered into thin sheets. Lead and tin are relatively high in order of
malleability; however, they lack the necessary tensile strength to be drawn into
fine wire. Most metals have increased malleability and ductility at higher
temperatures. For example, iron and nickel are very malleable
when heated bright red.

Melting Point
The melting point is the temperature at which
a substance passes from a solid state to a liquid state.

Chemical Properties
Reaction of Metals with Oxygen

Sodium metal reacts with the oxygen of the air at room temperature to form
sodium oxide. Hence, sodium is stored under kerosene to prevent its reaction
with oxygen, moisture and carbon dioxide.

Sodium oxide is a basic oxide which reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide.

Mg does not react with oxygen at room temperature. On heating, Mg burns in air
with intense light and heat to form MgO.

Zinc metal burns in air only on strong heating to form zinc oxide.

Iron metal does not burn in dry air even on strong heating. In moist air, iron is
oxidized to give rust.

On heating in air iron burns with a brilliant flame forming triferric tetroxide.

Copper is the least reactive metal and does not burn in air even on heating.
However, on prolonged strong heating copper reacts with oxygen and forms
copper (II) oxide (CuO) outside and copper (I) oxide (Cu 2O) inside.

Gold and platinum do not react with oxygen in air.

Reaction of Metals with Water

Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium react with cold water.

Sodium reacts vigorously with cold water forming sodium hydroxide and
hydrogen.

Metals from magnesium to iron in the activity series of metals react with steam
(but not H2O) to form the metal oxide and hydrogen gas.

Red hot iron reacts with steam to form Iron (II, III) oxide.

Reaction of Metals with Acids

Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium react violently with dilute H 2SO4 and
dilute HCl, forming the metal salt (either sulphate or chloride) and hydrogen gas.
The reaction is similar to the reaction with water.

Magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, tin and lead react safely with dilute acid.
Magnesium is the fastest and lead is the slowest of the six.

Uses, Application, and Examples

Iron. - This is the most useful metal we have. When it is pure it has a silvery color, is
very tenacious, which means that it is tough; it is malleable, that is it can be hammered
without cracking, and it is ductile in that it can be drawn out into wire without breaking.
Uses: buildings, machinery, transportation, household appliances, etc.
Tin. - This is a white metal that looks very much like silver, and it is so malleable that it
can be hammered out into very thin sheets and which you know so well as tin-foil.
Uses: construction of buildings and roofs, for joining metal parts, for storage containers,
etc.
Zinc. - This is a bluish white metal and though it is sometimes found in a pure state it is
usually found in combination with other elements. Zinc is easy to cut and when mixed
with copper it forms the alloy we know as brass.
Uses: automobiles, electrical components, and household fixtures
Lead. - This is the softest metal known and it has a bluish-gray color. It is very heavy
and melts at a low temperature.
Uses: making water-pipes, utensils, batteries etc.

Chapter 14
NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
Metal alloys which do not contain iron.
Aluminum Alloys

Aluminum is the third most plentiful element

it is light, recyclable, can conduct heat and electricity, and has corrosion
resistance thats why it is one of the most widely used material.

Magnesium Alloys

Magnesium compared to aluminum is lighter, less ductile, have lower melting

point, less stiffer, and corrode when expose to marine environment.

Beryllium Alloys

Beryllium is lighter then aluminum and stiffer than steel thats why it is the best
material to use but it is very much expensive

Copper Alloys

Metal alloys containing copper as the base material

It is a FCC structure
Their specific strength is typically less than that of aluminum or
magnesium alloys.
They produces an appropriate decorative color like
-copper with zinc will produce a yellow color and can be called as
BRASS
-copper and nickel produce a silver color called CUPRO NICKEL
-copper with aluminum and manganese, nickel and zinc are known
to be the BRONZE.

Its properties are high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity,

high corrosion resistance, good ductility and malleability, reasonable
tensile strength.

APPLICATIONS:
Power transmission line- copper is used than a silver because copper is less expensive
than a silver but its not a problem because both of them have a high electrical
conductivity, copper has 97% of conductivity of silver.
Heat Exchangers- This machine transfer heat from one fluid to another.
Refrigeration tubes-tubes are thoroughly degreased and tube ends are capped to
prevent the ingress of moisture, coils ends are capped.
They are some applications of copper, and out of 100%, 47% of it are used in Building
Industry, 23% Electronic products, 10% Transportation, 11% Consumers product and
9% in Industrial Machinery.
NICKEL ALLOYS

It is a metal alloys containing Nickel as the base material

FCC structure
Its properties are silvery shiny appearance, high toughness and
ductility, good high and low temperature strength, high oxidation
resistance, good corrosion resistance.

APPLICATIONS
Aircraft gas turbines-A huge engines that powers the aircraft.

Steam turbine power plants- extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses
it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft..
Nuclear power systems- releases nuclear energy to generate electricity
COBALT ALLOYS

Metal alloys containing Cobalt as the base material

FCC structure
Its properties are high strength and toughness, excellent high
temperature strength resistance, good corrosion resistance

APPLICATIONS
Knife
End Mills
These two applications are both used in cutting system.
TITANIUM ALLOYS
Titanium alloys is produced from T1O2 by the Kroll process. The T1O2 is converted to
T1CL4 (titanium tetra chloride) also informally known as Tickle.
Titanium provides excellent include the
A. Excellent corrosion resistance
B. High specific strength
C. Good high temperature properties
D. Provide weight savings
Titanium excellent corrosion resistance provides applications in:
1. Chemical processing equipment
2. Marine components
3. Biomedical implants
4. Titanium alloys are also used for sports equipment such as the head of the golf
clubs.
Several categories of Titanium and its alloy
A.Commercially Pure Titanium- unalloyed titanium is used for superior corrosion
resistance. Impurities, such as oxygen increase the strength of the titanium but reduce
corrosion resistance.

B.Alpha Titanium Alloys- the most common of all alpha contains 5% Al and 2.5% Sin,
which provide solid solution strengthening to the HCP alpha. Contain neutral alloying
such as tin and/or alpha stabilizers such as aluminum and oxygen. These are not heat
treatable.

C.Beta Titanium Alloys- w/c are metastable and w/c contain sufficient beta stabilizers
(such as molybdenum, silicon, and vanadium) to allow them to maintain the beta phase
when quenched and w/c can also be solution treated and aged to improve strength.

D. Alpha Beta Titanium Alloys- w/c are metastable and generally include some
combination of both alpha and beta stabilizers and w/c can be heat treated.

REFRACTORY AND PRECIOUS METALS

REFRACTORY METALS- are class of metals that are extraordinary resistance to heat
and wear. These metals incude the tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and tantalum,
have exceptionally high melting temperature, and consequently have a potential in high
temperature service.
PROPERTIES OF REFARCTORY METALS
1. Physical properties- the melting point of the refarctory metals are the highest for all
elements except carbon, osmium and iridum.
2. Chemical Properties- the refractory metals show a wide variety of chemical
properties because they are the members of the distinct groups in the periodic table.
They are easily iodized, but the reaction is slowed down in the bulk metal by the
formation of stable oixide layers on the surface.
Oxidation- the refractory metals begin to oxidize between 200 0C and 425oC and are
rapidly contaminated or embrittled.
Forming characteristics- w/c have the BCC crystal structure, display a ductile to brittle
transition temperature.
Alloys- large increases on both temperature and high temperature mechanical
properties are obtained by alloying

PRECIOUS METALS. These include god, silver, palladium, platinum and rhodium.
These are precious and expensive. These materials resist coorosion and make very
good conductors of electricity. These materials are often used as electrodes for devices.

References:
http://www.slideshare.net/Arrehome/metals-physical-properties
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-11/975346876.Ch.r.html
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/metals-non-metals/chemicalproperties-metals.php
http://opensourcemachine.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/us-army-machinist-coursemetal-properties-characteristics-uses-and-codes-od1643-ww.pdf
http://chestofbooks.com/home-improvement/woodworking/Handicraft-For-Boys/Metalsand-their-Uses.html#.Va4kuPmqqko
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cl1vYLHgl28
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk4t-v3ZrdI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHWcwAijMvk
http://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy_Introduction-to-Aluminium-and-itsalloys_9.ashx
http://www.nickel-alloys.net/nickelalloys.html
http://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/CopperBrassBronze-Introduction-to-Copper-and-itsAlloys_68.ashx
http://www.nickel-alloys.net
http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/materials_chemicals_adhesives/metals_alloys/no
nferrous_metals_alloys/cobalt_cobalt_alloys

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11270075

http://www.corrosionpedia.com/2/1426/corrosion-101/refractory-metals-properties-typesand-applications
http://www.golf-components.com/titanium.html
http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1569
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy
http://www.constellium.com/technology-center/aluminium-alloy-properties
http://aluminium.matter.org.uk/content/html/eng/default.asp?
catid=214&pageid=2144417044
http://beryllium.eu/about-beryllium-and-beryllium-alloys/uses-and-applications-ofberyllium/
http://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=ktn&NM=246