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1.

Conflict within Systems


Expressed Struggle
Incompatible Goals
Scarce Rewards

2.

Conflict within Small Groups


Group Homogeneity & Conformity
Group Orientation & Constructive
Conflict

Communication

Scarce Resources
Diverse Backgrounds
Orientations to
Task Accomplishment

Substance

Resolution
Basic Elements of
Constructive Conflict
Mutual Interpersonal
Concern
Interdependence
Equifinality

Collaboration
Negotiation
Accommodation
Compromise
Competition
Avoidance

Styles

Problem Solver
Integratorfocused on Us
Looking for Consensus
"Win/Win" Solutions
Participation of all members
Resolutions Combine or Most Perspectives

Forges resolution of opposing views


Provides important benefits to each side
Follows Impasse; Non-resolvable disagreement
Sometimes involves formal bargaining
Not binding arbitration
Impartial mediator helps process
Mutual concessions for Satisfactory Resolution

Friendly Helper
Suppressor of self for harmony
One-Sided concession; giving In
"Lose/Win"
Use for non-significant, superficial conflicts
Results may be positive or negative
Positive if constructive compromise
Negative if coalition building; trading Issues

Conciliator; Negotiator
Split the difference; give up half
"Lose/Lose"
Use for small issues; save time & energy
Members must be willing to concede
Destructive if compromise forced
May reduce later cooperation & agreement

Tough Battler
Power OrientationWe/They
"Win/Lose"
Self Interest rather than mutual

interest
ConstructiveLimited to Issues
DestructivePersonal Attacks
Need Mutual Respect and Trust

Impersonal Complier
AvoidWithdraw
"Lose/Win"
Constructive: lack of Information,
Expertise
Destructive: if Habitual; or
Represents
Unexpressed
Dissatisfaction

Styles of Conflict Management


A
S
S
E
R
T
I
V
E
N
E
S
S

Competition

Collaboration
(Consensus)
Negotiation
Compromise

Avoidance

Accommodation
C O O P E R AT I V E N E S S
Small Group and Team Communication, 2nd edition, Harris & Sherblom, Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2002

Address issues, not personalities.


Make Commitment to Positive
Relationships

Focus on issues, Not positions

Constructive

Listen Attentively to
diverse opinions

State Positions Directly and Honestly


Insist on objective
standards for solutions

Understand
Persons &
Look for agreement under
Perspectives
disagreement
Use supportive, Not defensive, communication
Generate alternatives before final resolution
Accept responsibility for thoughts & feelings

Types of Power
Expert Power
Interpersonal Linkage Power
Reward and Punishment Power
Positional (Legitimate) Power
Referent Power
Charismatic (or Personal) Power
Avoidance Power
Power In Context

Group

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