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a,*
Fulbright Scholar at CFL, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7533, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarka 13115, Jordan
Abstract
The use of accumulated waste materials in third world countries is still in its early phases. It will take courage for contractors and
others in the construction industry to recycle selected types of waste materials in the concrete mixes. This paper addresses the recycling
of rubber tires accumulated every year in Jordan to be used in concrete mixes. The main objectives of this research were to provide more
scientic evidence to support the use of legislation or incentive-based schemes to promote the reuse of accumulated waste tires. This
research focused on using crumb tires as a replacement for a percentage of the local ne aggregates used in the concrete mixes in Jordan.
Dierent concrete specimens were prepared and tested in terms of uniaxial compression and splitting tension. The main variable in the
mixture was the volumetric percentage of crumb tires used in the mix. The test results showed that even though the compressive strength
is reduced when using the crumb tires, it can meet the strength requirements of light weight concrete. In addition, test results and observations indicated that the addition of crumb rubber to the mix has a limited eect toward reducing the workability of the mixtures. The
mechanical test results demonstrated that the tested specimens of the crumb rubber concrete remained relatively intact after failure compared to the conventional concrete specimens. It is also concluded that modied concrete would contribute to the disposal of the nondecaying scrap tires, since the amount being accumulated in third world countries is creating a challenge for proper disposal. Thus,
obliging authorities to invest in facilitating the use of waste tires in concrete, a fundamental material to the booming construction industry in theses countries, serves two purposes.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Hazardous waste materials are being generated and
accumulated in vast quantities causing an increasing threat
to the environment. Hazardous materials can be classied
as chemical, toxic or non-decaying material accumulating
with time. The accumulation of rubber and plastic can be
considered non-decaying materials that disturb the surrounding environment. However, a positive method for
disposing of this non-decaying material, such as reuse in
concrete mixes, would have a benecial eect. Recycling
techniques are being developed around the world and
many have proven to be eective in protecting our environment and conserving natural resources (Shayan and Xu,
*
0956-053X/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.035
120
100
Cumulative % passing
2172
80
Rubber
60
40
Fine Agg
20
0
9.5
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
2173
Table 1
Mix proportions and fresh rubber concrete properties
Crumb rubber
content (%)a
0
20
40
60
80
100
a
Cement
Coarse
aggregates
Fine aggregates
Rubber
252
252
252
252
252
252
446
446
446
446
446
446
961
961
961
961
961
961
585
468
351
234
117.2
0.0
0.0
67.51
135.0
202.5
270.0
337.6
Nominal
w/c ratio
Slump
(mm)
Unit weight
(kg/m3)
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
75.33
60.7
35.7
17.7
10.3
4.7
2399.0
2217.0
2068.3
1987.0
1830.6
1740.6
Table 2
Eect of crumb rubber content on various strength results
Crumb rubber
content (%)
Flexural strength
(MPa)
Compressive strength,
fc (MPa)
ft/fc
(exp.)
ft = 0.3(fc)2/3
(MPa)
ft/fc
(theo.)
0
20
40
60
80
100
3.68
2.550
2.040
1.380
0.770
0.640
2.820
1.840
1.470
0.940
0.533
0.220
25.330
18.960
12.270
8.070
4.470
2.500
0.111
0.097
0.120
0.116
0.119
0.088
2.587
2.133
1.596
1.207
0.814
0.553
0.102
0.113
0.130
0.150
0.182
0.221
100
Flexural
80
Density
range
(kg/m3)
Structural light
weight
concrete
Moderate
strength
concrete
Low density
concrete
13501900
17
1900800
717
300800
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Categories
120
ft
100
Compressive, R
fc
Linear (ft)
80
= 0.9594
2
Linear (fc)
Tensile, R = 0.9626
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2174
100
R2 = 0.9594
Compression (fc)
Linear (Compression (fc))
80
60
40
R2 = 0.9626
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
Crumb Rubber Content (%)
100
2175
Table 4
Percentage retained strengths with relation to the control specimen
Rubber content
(%)
Compressive strength
(fc) (MPa)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2.820
1.840
1.470
0.940
0.533
0.220
100
65.25
52.13
33.33
18.79
8.16
25.330
18.960
12.270
8.070
4.470
2.500
100
74.89
48.44
31.86
13.70
9.99
Stress ( kPa)
25000
20000
0% rubber
15000
40%
5000
20%
10000
4. Conclusions
60%
80%
0
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
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