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In either case, the basic objective is to reduce pressure variations along the
lateral pipe by arranging the friction loss curve so that it more closely
parallels the ground slope
It is not normally desirable to have more than one pipe size in portable
laterals (hand-move, wheel lines), because it usually makes set changes
more troublesome
For fixed systems with buried laterals, it may be all right to have more than
two pipe diameters along the laterals
For dual pipe size laterals, approximately 5/8 of the pressure loss due to
friction occurs between the lateral inlet and the location of average pressure
Case 1: a lateral on level ground where one pipe size is too small, but the
next larger size is too big...
Page 85
Case 2: a lateral running downhill where one pipe size is too big, but the next
smaller size is too small...
The composite friction loss curve for d1 and d2 more closely parallels the
ground slope than the curve with only d1, which means that the pressure
variation along the lateral is less with the dual pipe size design
Page 86
Page 87
hf/(hf)total
0.016
0.032
0.048
0.064
0.079
0.094
J FL J F x J F x
hf = 1 1 2 2 2 + 3 2 2
100 100
100
(132)
where,
hf = total lateral friction head loss for dual pipe sizes
J1 = friction loss gradient for D1 and Qinlet
J2 = friction loss gradient for D1 and Qinlet - (qa)(x1)/Se
J3 = friction loss gradient for D2 and Qinlet - (qa)(x1)/Se
F1 = multiple outlet reduction coefficient for L/Se outlets
F2 = multiple outlet reduction coefficient for x2/Se outlets
x1 = length of D1 pipe (larger size)
x2 = length of D2 pipe (smaller size)
x1 + x2 = L
and,
h = hf + he = 20%ha
(133)
hf = 20%ha he
(134)
( J)d1 Ja ( J)d2
(135)
20%ha he
Ja = 100
FL
(136)
for,
Page 88
F1 0.351 +
1
4
1
+
2N1 13N1
(137)
F2 0.351 +
1
4
1 +
2N2 13N2
(138)
where
L
Se
(139)
L x1
Se
(140)
N1 =
N2 =
Q
J1 = K 1
C
D14.87
1.852
Q
J2 = K 2
C
1.852
Q
J3 = K 2
C
(141)
D14.87
(142)
D24.87
(143)
where
L
Q1 =
qa
S
e
(144)
L x1
Q2 =
qa
S
e
(145)
The coefficient K in Eqs. 141-143 is 1,050 for gpm & inches; 16.42(10)6 for
lps and cm; or 1.217(10)12 for lps and mm
Page 89
f ( x1 ) = 1 2 3 (L x1 )
2.852
F2 0.2ha + he = 0
(146)
where
1 =
1.852
q L
2 = a
Se
3 =
D14.87
(147)
100 C1.852
D14.87F1 L
D24.87
(148)
1.852
qa
Se
(149)
df(x1)
=
dx1
S (L x1)0.852
8Se
= 13 2.852F2 (L x1)1.852 e
1
+
13(L x1)
(150)
Note that the solution may fail if the sizes D1 & D2 are inappropriate
To make things more interesting, give the computer program a list of inside
pipe diameters so that it can find the most appropriate available values of D1
& D2
Note that the Darcy-Weisbach equation could be used instead of HazenWilliams
In Eq. 146 you could adjust the value of the 0.2 coefficient on ha to determine
its sensitivity to the pipe diameters and lengths
The following screenshot is of a small computer program for calculating
diameters and lengths of dual pipe size sprinkler laterals
Page 90
5
1
hl = ha + hf + he + hr
8
2
(151)
This is the same as the lateral inlet pressure head equation for single pipe
size, except that the coefficient on hf is 5/8 instead of 3/4
Remember that for a downhill slope, the respective pressure changes due to
friction loss and due to elevation change are opposing
Page 91
The lateral inlet pressure head, hl, is determined such that the minimum
pressure in the lateral is enough to provide ha at each sprinkler...
hl = ha + hf + he + hr + hcv
(152)
where hcv is the pressure head loss through the flow control device
For a lateral with flow control devices, the average pressure is not equal to
the nominal sprinkler pressure
havg ha
q
ha = a
Kd
(153)
(154)
Page 92
Valves are available for preventing flow through sprinklers until a certain
minimum pressure is reached
These valves are installed at the base of each sprinkler and are useful where
sprinkler irrigation is used to germinate seeds on medium or high value crops
The valves help prevent seed bed damage due to low pressure streams of
water during startup and shutdown
But, for periodic-move, the lines still must be drained before moving
Page 93
The question is, for known inlet head, H0, pipe diameter, D, sprinkler spacing,
Se, ground slope, So, sprinkler discharge coefficient, Kd, riser height, hr, and
pipe material (C factor), what is the flow rate through each sprinkler?
Knowing the answer will lead to predictions of application uniformity
In this case, we wont assume a constant qa at each sprinkler
hf =
JL
100
1.852
6Q
J = 16.42 (10 )
C
(155)
D4.87
(156)
Page 94
JSe
Q
4
hf =
= 16.42 (10 ) Se
100
C
D4.87
(157)
or,
hf = hw Q1.852
(158)
where Q is the flow rate in the lateral pipe between two sprinklers, and
(159)
q = Kd h
(160)
where q is the sprinkler flow rate in lps; h is the pressure head at the
sprinkler in m; and Kd is an empirical coefficient: Kd = KoA, where A is the
cross sectional area of the inside of the pipe
IV. Develop the System of Equations
Suppose there are only four sprinklers, evenly spaced (see the above figure)
Suppose that we know H0, Kd, C, D, hr, So, and Se
q
(Q Q )
H1 = hr + 1 = hr + 1 2 2
Kd
Kd
2
q1 = K d H1 hr
(161)
q2 = K d H2 hr
q
(Q Q )
H2 = hr + 2 = hr + 2 2 3
Kd
Kd
q3 = K d H3 hr
q
(Q Q )
H3 = hr + 3 = hr + 3 2 4
Kd
Kd
q4 = K d H4 hr
q4
Q42
H4 = hr +
= hr + 2
Kd
Kd
(162)
2
(163)
Page 95
(164)
H1 = H0 hw Q11.852 he
(165)
H2 = H1 hw Q21.852 he
(166)
H3 = H2 hw Q31.852 he
(167)
H4 = H3 hw Q41.852 he
(168)
where,
he =
Se
So2
(169)
+1
( Q1 Q2 ) 2 = H
hw Q11.852 he hr
( Q 2 Q3 ) 2 = H
he hr
(171)
( Q3 Q 4 ) 2 = H
hw Q31.852 he hr
(172)
K d2
K d2
K d2
Q4 2
K d2
Merkley & Allen
1.852
1 h w Q2
= H3 hw Q41.852 he hr
Page 96
(170)
(173)
f1 = H0
2
Q1 Q2 )
(
K 2d
1.852
w Q1
f2
2
2
Q1 Q2 )
Q2 Q3 )
(
(
=
f3
2
2
Q2 Q3 )
Q3 Q4 )
(
(
=
K 2d
K 2d
K 2d
f4
K 2d
2
Q3 Q4 )
(
Q 42
=
K 2d
K 2d
he hr = 0
1.852
w Q2
1.852
w Q3
1.852
w Q4
(174)
he hr = 0
(175)
he hr = 0
(176)
he hr = 0
(177)
f1
Q
1
f2
Q
1
f1
Q2
f2
Q2
f2
Q3
f3
Q2
f3
Q3
f4
Q3
f3
Q4
f4
Q4
Q1
f1
Q2
f2
Q
3
f3
Q
f4
4
(178)
where the two values in the first row of the square matrix are:
f1 2 ( Q1 Q2 )
=
1.852hw Q10.852
2
Q1
Kd
(179)
2 ( Q1 Q2 )
f1
=
Q2
K 2d
(180)
Page 97
The two values in the last row of the square matrix, for n sprinklers, are:
2 ( Qn1 Qn )
fn
=
Qn1
K 2d
(181)
fn
2Qn1
=
1.852hw Qn0.852
2
Qn
Kd
(182)
and the three values in each intermediate row of the matrix are:
2 ( Qi1 Qi )
fi
=
Qi1
K 2d
(183)
2 ( Qi+1 Qi1 )
fi
=
1.852hw Qi0.852
2
Qi
Kd
(184)
2 ( Qi Qi+1 )
fi
=
Qi+1
K 2d
(185)
Page 98
V. Brute-Force Approach
There is a computer program that will do the above calculations for a gravityfed lateral with multiple sprinklers
But, if you want to write your own program in a simpler way, you can do the
calculations by brute-force as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 99
Page 100