Special Feature

Promoting Nanotechnology Applications The Role of R&D Institutes to Enhance

Competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises

The

role of nanotechnology r&d institutes to

enhance competitiveness of small and medium
enterprises
Dr. Vinita
Vishwakarma

Scientist E, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Sathyabama University, Jeppiaar Nagar,
Chennai-600119, Tamil Nadu, India
E-mail: vinitavishwakarma1@gmail.com

Abstract
Research and development in nanotechnology impacts every aspect of our industry.
Small and medium scale industries have to incorporate nanotech-based value added
products, to improve their business and technology. This is possible only when R&D
institutes collaborate with them to develop their technologies and speedy commercialization. Nanotech is the catalysts which can spurt the growth of SMEs and make them
break even faster and sustain a regular economic improvement. This will help them
to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and a rising standard of living in
member countries, while maintaining financial stability and thus to contribute to the
development of the world economy. Research has to be applied in SMEs so that, they
can compete globally and generate more employment opportunities. Nanotech provides cutting edge technology and SMEs need to capitalize on them. Research should
be based on the industry need, to be beneficial to the development of SMEs. Regular
awareness programmes and camps should be conducted in each and every SMEs to
promote interaction and monitor the application of nanotechnology.

Introduction

he word NANO means something

very small in lay mans language. But
practically, the applications of NANO technology are immense and the scope of its
applications to industries is limitless. This
new technology must move out of the
research labs and must be applied in industries to boost production levels and
maximize profitability.
In a country with enormous talented
manpower available, we need to harness
it to make industries more advanced and
in tune with the latest technology available. Of late, even educational institutions
are changing their curriculum and syllabus
to meet the industry requirements. Professionals need to apply what they learn in a
laboratory to techno-commercial profitable ventures. This is where the research
labs play a pivoting role wherein they

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can adapt to implement their research

to a marketable idea. Not only this, the
entire research as an Intellectual Property
(IP) had to be patented and promoted to
benefit the Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs). This means the research labs have
to drive into the industries and see how
their research can be applied to the industry requirement or start researching based
on the needs of the end user. A common
link has to be maintained to share the best
practices and inter-industry research can
be shared to have a wider area of coverage and be informed of other developments. Tie ups and collaboration can
bring a wider platform and the end user
or the application area should be linked
with the research fraternity to interact and
profit mutually.
Basically, research has been limited to
paper publications, and poster presenta-

tions which are of academic purpose only.

Professionals from the industry must be a
part of the R&D institutes to promote their
programmes in newly emerging and challenging areas of science and engineering.
Nanotechnology is defined as the
study and use of structures between 1
nanometer and 100 nanometers in size.
At the nano-scale properties change and
their volume-to-surface area increases
which can be beneficial for many technologies and products. Nanotechnology
is being used in various fields and lots of
research is going on. Applied research is
largely missing in R&D institutions due of
lack of funding, the needed environment,
and the networking. We can see in many
advertisements which claim that their IN
HOUSE R&D FACILITY has come up with
a superior product. For example, automobile industry always strives to increase fuel
efficiency and maximize power output
by reducing the engine and body weight
thereby increasing the weight-to-power
ratio.
Airlines also adapt many techniques to
reduce drag and use various lightweight
but strong composite materials. These can
be successfully simulated in a research
facility but many of these researches
are not adapted commercially. Now the
R&D facilities in nanotech need to devise
methods to successfully convert laboratory tests to practical industry relevant
production methods. The Government
of India has a number of programmes to
financially assist the R&D institutes and
SMEs for technology upgradation.
The technician working with nanotechnology research must be trained with
respect to nanosafety, standardization
and certification. There are four pillars
to regulate the nanosafety programmes
similar to materials properties: people,
environment, education and business.
Appropriate care should be taken during

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The role of nanotechnology R&D institutes to enhance competitiveness of small and medium enterprises
the controlling and handling of nanoparticles with the help of Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS), safety for the workers
who are involved in nanomanufacturing
and also the consumer and environmental protection (Vinita et al., 2010). A good
practice can be promoted in the production, use and disposal of nanomaterials
and nanotechnology-based products.
Intellectual property is a key concern
in the quest for growth, development and
competitiveness. Intellectual property
rights relating to nanotechnology must
take affirmative steps to defend their IP
and to maximize their values. At this point,
R&D institutes may have to face the problem for patenting the government funded
project to the private sector commercialization of nanotechnology. Institutes must
conduct workshops, seminars and conferences to focus on IP concepts, patent
technology and commercialization of the
products. Many SMEs are not aware of the
intellectual property system or the protection of their products which are their
inventions, brands and designs. It is left
unprotected and lost somewhere. Sometimes good competitors commercialize
their products leaving the original inventor without any reward. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has
established a program to assist entrepreneurs to support and increase awareness
and use of the IP system across the globe.
IP protection will help the SMEs from
copying or closely imitating a companys
products or services, avoiding wasteful
investment in research and development
(R&D) and marketing, creating a corporate identity through a trademark and
branding strategy, negotiating licensing,
franchising or other IP-based contractual
agreements, increasing the market value
of the company, acquiring venture capital and enhancing access to finance and
obtaining access to new markets (Pathak,
2009).
Patents are an effective way to promote and protect intellectual discovery
(Meloso et al., 2009). Research and development are generally very costly and
need long term financial investment. No
intellectual inventor would like to invest
heavily on research if he finds immediate

competition from cheap low priced copies. Patenting his product will help him
demand a royalty and protect his product rights. Awareness has to be created
so that the economic aspects of patenting
are encouraging and the procedures must
be simplified. In a dynamic business environment, where information is grabbed in
nano seconds, the invention or research
is duplicated and a much catchy product
comes up in the market. This eventually
kills the interest to research for a newer
product.
This study is an attempt to be familiar with how R&D institutions could build
networking and collaborative partnerships among themselves and with SMEs in
economically profitable ways to develop
and commercialize nanotechnologies for
producing value added products in various industrial sectors. There are many government and non-government institutes,
universities and industries working on the
nanotechnology-based research.

Significance of R&D in
industries
The following are the remarkable areas
where most of the prominent nanotechnology research is being undertaken by
the R&D institutes with SMEs:
Aerospace and aircraft research are
bound with nanotech with new materials which exhibit improved mechanical
properties. Nanotechnology-based R&D
institutes are working on to get better structures with respect to composite materials which can be lighter and
stronger, have better electrical and thermal conductivity and use non-flammable
and solvent resistance materials (Jenny
et al., 2008). It should be more efficient,
reliable and give better performance.
Researchers are making the aircraft
materials with high strength at reduced
size and mass and making the materials
lighter, thus minimizing fuel consumption. The aircraft companies are looking
for new technologies with increased
safety, reduced emissions, reduced noise,
increased capacity, increased range,
enhanced payload, higher speed, lower
operating and maintenance costs. The air
travel businesses are also benefited from

lower fuel consumption from aircrafts that

are lighter and speedier.
Major challenges in agricultural field
are like low productivity in cultivable
areas, large uncultivable areas, shrinkage of cultivable lands, wastage of inputs
like water, fertilizers, pesticides, wastage
of products and food security for growing numbers can be addressed through
various applications of nanotechnology.
Researchers are working on nano-sensors
and nano-based smart delivery systems
which can help ensure natural resources
like water, nutrients and chemicals are
used efficiently in agriculture (Sreelata,
2008). Nano-barcodes and nano-processing could also help monitor the quality of
agricultural produce. Pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles may release the
pesticide in an insects stomach, which
minimizes the contamination of plants
themselves. Another development being
looked at is a network of nano sensors and
dispensers throughout the growth of a
food crop. The sensors recognize when a
plant needs nutrients or water, before you
could see any sign that the plant is deficient. The dispensers then release fertilizer,
nutrients, or water as needed, optimizing
the growth of each plant in the field one by
one. The SMEs should occupy the impact
of this technology.
Biomedical instrumentation in nanotechnology field is an emerging sector for
the tools and equipment for surgery and
diagnostic. Medical research needs highly
advanced equipment and tools that can
diagnose serious diseases with minimize
diagnostic costs and treatment. Using tiny
nano-built sensors inserted to the human
body for direct contact with the source of
ailment would definitely make medical
treatments easier and cheaper and potential diseases can be easily detected and
prevented. By using advanced nanotechnology, organ replacement and augmentation can be enhanced by tiny machines
introduced to the body for better organ
performance and functions. Nanotechnology can make possible minimum intrusion
operations and decrease post operative
recuperation time. Nano instruments can
help deliver medicines to the exact problem area.
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The role of nanotechnology R&D institutes to enhance competitiveness of small and medium enterprises
Researchers are trying to improve the
efficiency of coal and reduce its emission
by various methods. The clean coal is an
efficient and cost-effective way of converting coal into electricity (Kevin 2012). The
Ministry of Coal, Government of India supports the research in newly emerging and
front line areas of science and engineering
projects having long term implications.
Nanotechnology researcher can
change the concrete world too. Nanomaterials can be widely used for the replacement of cement and fly ash which can be
high-performance and self-compacted
concrete with reference to normal size
particle concrete (Zaki et al., 2009). The
self-cleaning materials like TiO2 nanoparticles capture and break down organic
and inorganic air pollutants by a photocatalytic activity. It will also improve antibacterial and self-cleaning properties.
CaCO3, ZnO, Fe2O3, CuO, SiO2 (Riahii et al.,
2011) are the others nanoparticles which
act as filler, improve, rate of hydration,
setting, and compressive strength. Nanotech-enabled sensors can monitor temperature, humidity, and airborne toxins
which needs nanotech based improved
batteries. The building components will
be intelligent and interactive since the
sensor uses wireless components, and it
can collect the wide range of data (Mann,
2006). The technology at one side has the
advantages of new building material. The
other side, it has the fear of risk arising
from these materials. However, the overall performance of nanomaterials to date,
is that there are valuable opportunities
to improve building performance, user
health and environmental quality. Construction industry can bring tremendous
change with this emerging technology.
Lots of researches are based on cosmetics nanotechnology. The applications of
nanotechnology and nanomaterials can
be found in many cosmetics products such
as moisturizers, hair care products, make
up and sunscreen. With nanotechnologybased sunscreens, the cosmetic is able to
penetrate deeper into the skin layers to
cause the cells to react against getting
burned by the sun. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
and zinc oxide (ZnO) are the main compounds used in these applications. This

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is considered to be far better than simply

superficial sun blockage, which is common in conventional sunscreen cosmetics.
By using this emergent technology, small
and medium scale industries to develop
cosmetic products need to be innovative.
Today cosmetics industry has emerged
as one of the most profitable industries
worldwide (Geoffrey, 2006). Several
nano-products have been launched in
this regard such as sunscreen products in
which titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are used which acts as UV filters. Latest
research suggests that patents for nanotechnology applications within the cosmetic
industry are worth pursuing in view of the
wide-ranging potential they hold (Pitman,
2006). Procter & Gamble, Bionova, Jafra
Cosmetics, and Ayurveda India are all
exploring nanotechnology uses.
Research activities on electronics, communication and information
brought a new technological revolution in
the field of nanotechnology. Use of many
computing, communications and other
electronics applications are provided with
faster, smaller and more portable systems
that can manage and store larger amounts
of information. Nanoelectronics increase
the capabilities of electronics devices to
reduce their weight and power consumption (Bhattacharya et al., 2009). Researchers are developing a type of memory chip
with a projected density of one terabyte
of memory per square inch or greater.
The other major area of research in nanoelectronics is nanomaterials such as thin
film, tubes and wires, nanocomposites
materials, nanometer thickness of nanomaterials (nanocoatings), transistors from
carbon nanotubes, etc. Many industries of
this sector can rapidly grow with the benefits and applications of nanotechnology.
Industry leaders in this field include Bell
Labs, Intel, HP and IBM.
Nanotechnology is having great impact
on several aspects of food industry. The
application of this technology is likely to
contribute to continued improvements in
food quality and safety. Researchers are
working not only on the taste of food but
also in food safety and the health benefits
that food delivers. Researchers are using
silicate nanoparticles to provide a barrier

to gasses (for example, oxygen), or moisture in a plastic film used for packaging.
This could reduce the possibility of food
spoiling or drying out. Zinc oxide nanoparticles can be incorporated into plastic
packaging to block UV rays and provide
anti-bacterial protection, while improving
the strength and stability of the plastic
film. Nanosensors can detect the bacteria, other contaminates and also vitamin
deficiency in our body. The consumer
demands meat, to remain fresh for long
time, ease in handling, safe and healthy
with environmental friendly packaging.
Packaging materials that have improved
temperature performance can be used
for hot fill operations. Very thin films that
can offer the advantages of flexibility and
functionalities like being anti-counterfeit,
anti-tamper and anti-microbial should be
made. Self-heating feature can also be
incorporated in the packaging material.
Environment friendly, lightweight packaging materials can be made for use in army
rations. In future, with the aid of nanocomposites we may be able to modify
plastic into a super barrier just as glass or
metal (Brody, 2003). Food industries can
enhance the color, flavor, or nutrient content of their products to accommodate
each consumers taste or health needs.
Smart packaging (containing nanosensors and anti-microbial activators) is
being developed that will be capable of
detecting food spoilage and releasing
nano-anti-microbes to extend food shelf
life, enabling supermarkets to keep food
for even greater periods before its sale.
In health and pharmaceutical, nanotechnology research is a breakthrough
across the world such as drug delivery,
tissue engineering, diagnostics, imaging
and biosensor. It has great impact in many
areas in disease diagnostics and therapeutics at a molecular level. Pharmaceutical
nanotechnology is the most innovative
and a highly specialized field, which will
revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry
in near future (Jain 2007). Many pharmaceutical companies have begun utilizing
nanotechnology to improve drug delivery
and targeting. In oncology, for example,
nanomedicines are being tested for their
ability to reach cell targets that have oth-

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The role of nanotechnology R&D institutes to enhance competitiveness of small and medium enterprises
erwise eluded more conventional medicines. Human body can be modified and
genes could be altered using nanotechnology. This could attain a potential standard where the bones can be coated with
layered graphene sheets of nano-microscopic thickness to increase bone density
and resistance to fractures. Artificial nano
tubes can increase vision and may even be
the answer to blindness. Such is the scope
of nano research in human body engineering that it could reduce ailments, decrease
aging process and increase infant mortality as well. Nanomedicines, nanodiagnostics, and nanotech-based medical supplies
and devices are another revolutionary
field for pharmaceutical industry in near
future. But sometimes we have to think
about unknown health risks for this evergrowing potential technology. We are
lacking the guidelines for safety, toxicity
and bioethical issues of this nanotechnology-based devices and materials. A lot of
pharmaceutical and medical companies
all over the world have tie up with medical
nanotechnology R&D institutes because of
its numerous benefits and practical uses.
Company leaders exploring nanotech in
the medical world include Nanospectra
Biosciences, Hitachi, Dow Chemical, and
Merck, as well as Abbot Laboratories, Beckman, Nanoprobes, and American Pharmaceutical Partners.
Poultry is a big business for small and
medium sized industries. Researchers are
using nanotechnology to keep the bird
and consumer healthy. It has been found
that limited use of silver nanoparticles
can promote good health and growth
of chickens. Poultry has been a problem
area wherein diseases wipe out an entire
lot of chicken stock and also spread disease. Researchers are therefore looking for
drug-free alternatives. Clemson University
researchers are feeding bioactive polystyrene nanoparticles that bind with bacteria
to chickens as an alternative to chemical
antibiotics in industrial chicken production (Taylor et al., 2004, Luo et al., 2005,
Qu et al., 2005). The unique application
of nanoparticles for poultry meat industry ranging from meat design, achieving
food security, meat safety, overcoming
food allergies, eliminating pesticide use,

meat packaging, restoring meat damage

and sensory evaluation to processes such
as filtration, separation, encapsulation
with cost-effective products.
Rubbers are also very promising
engineering materials for various industrial applications. An innovative, nanoengineered rubber technology has been
launched to add new strength and conductivity to rubber compounds with
impacts on efficiency, productivity, and
durability in the manufacturing environment (Hessman, 2012). In the recent past,
most research and development work
was focused on property modifications
and developing new functionalities in the
thermoplastic materials by incorporating
nanoparticles. Although in the recent past,
rubber nanocomposites showed slow
progress in comparison to thermoplastic
nanocomposites, a number of recent studies revealed that rubber nanocomposites
have a good commercial potential for various applications.
Therefore, it is crucial to apply the
superiority of this novel technology into
the rubber industry in view of developing rubber nanocomposite materials
with unique properties (Yogaratanam,
2011). Three major advantages of rubber
nano composites over conventional rubber composites are light weight due to low
loading level of nano particles, improved
material properties (i.e., mechanical,
thermal, electrical) and new functionalities (antimicrobial, barrier, flame retardant) and easy processing in comparison
to conventional composites (Admin SLRI,
2011). Rubber-based products such as
belts, tyres and tubes, toys, cork, gaskets, balls, gloves, footwear, household
to industrial products grown in various
countries worldwide play a crucial role in
the economy too. Companies using nanotechnology to make materials include
Zyvex, Nano-Tex, Babolat, InMat, General
Electric, Altair Technologies, Celanese, and
Materials Modification.
The shipping industry is looking
for solutions to counter algae and sea
organisms that constantly stick on to the
underside of the ship. This causes massive
corrosion, increase fuel consumption due
to more friction and upheaval in mainte-

nance costs. Ships are used to move containers which ensure mass movement of
produce all around the world. Thin coating using nanotech can counter the toxic
biocides using Advanced nanostructured
surfaces for controlling the biofouling of
the ships surface. Nano paints can increase
the life cycle of the ships which not only
have to face corrosion but also pressure
due to high waves (Jiang et al., 2011). Scientists at Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz (JGU) in Germany have discovered
that tiny vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles can inhibit the growth of barnacles,
bacteria, and algae on surfaces in contact
with water, such as ship hulls, sea buoys,
or offshore platforms. Research is actively
going on to protect the hull and the entire
body of the ships from these constant
problems.
Nanotechnology provides a new concept of self-cleaning textiles which gives
self-cleaning as well as fresh cloths every
day; this not only technically benefited
but techno economically also benefited.
Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics, because nanoparticles
have a large surface area-to-volume ratio
and high surface energy, thus presenting
better affinity for fabrics and leading to
an increase in durability of the function
(Samal et al., 2010). The unique and new
properties of nanomaterials have attracted
not only scientists and researchers but also
industries, due to their huge economical
potential. Nanotechnology has real commercial potential for the textile industry.
The properties of textile can be changed
by adding nano-sized components to the
conventional materials to improve the
performance of cloth as water and stain
repellent. This goal can be achieved by
metal oxide nanoparticles incorporation
onto textile substrates (eljko et al., 2011).
More and more textile companies began
to invest in the development of smart
textile. The properties imparted to textiles using nanotechnology include water
repellence, soil resistance, wrinkle resistance, anti-bacteria, anti-static and UV-protection, flame retardation, improvement
of dye ability and so on (Wong et al., 2006).
Coating is a common technique used to
apply nanoparticles onto textiles. The
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The role of nanotechnology R&D institutes to enhance competitiveness of small and medium enterprises
coating compositions that can modify the
surface of textiles are usually composed
of nano-particles, a surfactant, ingredients
and a carrier medium (Cramer et al., 2003).
Researchers are investigating the use
of several nanotechnology approaches
to water purification. The present treatment of wastewater includes physical
treatment, chemical treatment and biological treatment as well as combination
of these. These methods are not much
feasible and it is important to reuse the
wastewater for saving the water sources
after proper treatment. Nanotechnology
offers the possible solution for treatment
of wastewater. The nano powders catalysts are having high surface area, which
are very difficult to remove from product
streams, especially on large scale systems. The nanostructured ZnO with high
specific surface area was fabricated by
various methods, such as hydrothermal
and solvo-thermal chemical vapor deposition and electrochemical deposition
and microwave methods. Besides some
properties similar to TiO2, ZnO materials
has many unique advantages, such as
simple and cheap to prepare, convenient
to tailor morphologically (Tiwari et al.,
2008). Porous photocatalytic materials
can have the combined qualities of high
surface area and easy to handle large particles, as compared with nano particulate
catalyst powders (Chaleshtori, 2010). The
new porous catalysts retain high catalytic
activity while being easy to handle and
filter out of product streams. The regular
distribution of active sites that would lead
to an optimized catalytic performance has
still not been achieved.
Some of the devices for water treatment at nanoscale materials are already
available such as carbon nanotubes and
alumina fibers for nanofiltration, nanosensors, such as those based on titanium
oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles. These are used for analytical detection of contaminants in water samples.
Water quality could be greatly resolved
by using nano absorbents, nano catalysts,
bioactive nanoparticles, nanostructured
catalytic membranes and nanoparticles
such as different types of iron nanoparticles, iron nanorods, manganese oxide

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nanoparticles. Water purification based

on nanotechnology has not yet led to any
human health or environmental problems
but the team echoes the sentiment of others that further research into the biological interactions of nanoparticles should
be carried out. Nanotechnology research
is an exciting solution for water issues.

Conclusion
Research and Development must go hand
in hand with the industry, thus helping the
SMEs to adapt newer technologies to improve productivity, minimize production
cost and improve efficiency. With the population ever on the increase, the stress on
the available resources has reached palpable levels. We have to use these resources
in an environmentally acceptable method
also. This calls for long term research based
on industry feedback on what it exactly
needs. Funding of research would enable
them to work seamlessly and keep improving. The industry too on its part must
come out of the shell and start to think out
of the box. Application of research to their
process will ensure constant upgradation
and open newer frontiers in research
which are challenging and always open
an opportunity to excel.
Industry professionals should give
valuable inputs to research so that every
aspect of SMEs is looked into, viz. production, material management, and supply
chain management. A common platform
wherein the best practices are shared is
the need of the hour. Researchers from
various fields should keep themselves in
a close loop so that they give and take
information. At the same time, every individual's intellectual proprietary rights
should also be respected and protected
by patenting their respective work.
Industry must now open up to adapt
research in their main line economics
to stay ahead. Till date, the R&D facility
has been evolving various tests but they
are not able to commercially transform
them to a profitable business venture.
To be successful industry should also be
tech-savvy.
This is one field of research where
imagination can be practically realized as
a product worth commercially profitable.

All that it takes is to combine the various

engineering streams and channelize them
on to a common ground to make possible viable inventions. The entire research
is now shifting focus from fundamental
academic research to application oriented
motives. The potential and possibilities
of many new materials and devices with
a wider range of applications is what
nanotechnology is delivering through
research. More and more business houses
are silently buying or sponsoring research
to patent them in their name or identity as
it pays them back for a longer time.

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Materials Characterization & Engineering,
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Textiles, AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 6,
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Asian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Association

Asian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Association (ANNA) has been established by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, a Government Organization under the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan.
ANNA puts together scholars from China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan province of China, etc.
to keep pace with the growing needs for cooperative interactions among scholars in Asian countries. While working outside
the scaffolds of public and private organizations, ANNA will ensure public service on all research and education matters within
the scope of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It provides a common platform for the exchange of ideas among scientists,
technologists, teachers, and students. ANNA is committed to improve global life through the integration of emerging knowledge
in the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology areas with life innovation technologies in Asian Countries.
For more information, contact:
Dr. Vasudevanpillai Biju
Health Research Institute
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and technology (AIST)
2217-14 Hayashi-Cho, Takamatsu Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
Tel: +81-87-869-3558, Fax: +81-87-869-4113
Web: http://www.nanoacad.org

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