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ENCE 361
Soil Mechanics
Overview
Soil is a
nonhomogeneous
porous material
consisting of three
phases
Solids
Fluid (normally
water)
Air
Soil deformation
may occur by
change in:
Stress
Water content
Soil mass
Temperature
Cohesionless Soils
Tends to take place in a
short period of time
Will be covered in ENCE
461
Cohesive Soils
Tends to take place in a
long period of time
Detailed in the next
lectures
Time rate of settlement is
referred to as
consolidation
Other Types of
Settlement
Dynamic forces
Expansive soil
Collapsible soil
ST = S C + S S + S e
Perloff's Method
Variables
q = unit load on
foundation (assuming
uniform loading)
B = major dimension of
foundation
I = combined influence
factor
= Poissons Ratio
Es = Modulus of
Elasticity of the soil
1
S c = qBI
Es
Variables for
Perloffs Method
presented)
Since method
determines settlement
at corners, divide up
foundations into
quarters, determine
settlement at corners
and add using
superposition
Foundation
B = L = 10
H = 10
L/B = 1
H/B = 1
= 0.5
From table, I = 0.15
1 2
=
S c = qBI
Es
1 0.52
4 4 10 0.15
= 0.9'
20
= 4 (centre of
Es = 20 ksf
We group the
dimensionless
coefficients into one part
for comparison
Method can directly
solve for the settlement
at the centre
1
S e = B
Es
foundation)
m = L/B = 20/20 = 1
n = H/(B/2) = 10/(20/2) =
1
B = B/2 (centre of
foundation) = 20/2 = 10
If = 1 (because foundation
is at the surface)
2
[ I s I f ]
Thus, Is = F1 = 0.142
1 2s
I s = F1 +
F2
1 s
Substituting,
For m = 1 and n = 1:
F1 = 0.142 (Table 11.1)
F2 = 0.083 (Table 11.2)
1 .5 2
4 10
[4 0 .142 1] =
20
0 .852 '
1 2
[ I s I f ] =
S e = B
Es
Generally referred to
as the settlement
question
How long will it take for it to
do so?
z Generally referred to
as the consolidation
question
z
Consolidation Test
A test intended to
Apparatus
z
Consolidometer
z
The consolidometer
has a rigid base, a
consolidation ring,
porous stones, a
rigid loading plate,
and a support for a
dial indicator
Fixed or floating ring
Preparation of Specimen
Procedure
z
z
Consecutive z Times to Record
Data for Each Load
Loads on
z 0.1 min
Specimen
z 30 min
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
.5 ksf
1 ksf
2 ksf
4 ksf
8 ksf
16 ksf
32 ksf
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
0.2 min
0.5 min
1.0 min
2.0 min
4.0 min
8.0 min
15 min
1 hr
2 hr
4 hr
8 hr
24 hr
If p2 = 10p1,
then Cc = e1-e2
Pressure p, tons/ft2
Non-Laboratory Estimates of
Compression Index
Primary Compression
Settlement
o +
Cc H
Sc =
log
1 + eo
o
z
(normally consolidated
soils)
Ho = original height of
layer being
compressed
eo = original void ratio
z
z
LL= 45
z 25' thick
z Water Content = 40%
z Specific Gravity of solids
= 2.78
Sand Layer above clay layer
and at surface
z 35' thick
z Unit weight of soil above
phreatic surface = 110 pcf
z Submerged weight of soil
below water table= 65 pcf
z Depth of water table = 15'
Given
z
Building placed on
surface
Increases the vertical
stress in the clay layer
by 1.2 tsf (2400 psf)
Find
z
Average settlement on
building
Sample Consolidation
Problem
z
Given
z
z
Building placed on
surface
Increases the vertical
stress in the clay layer
by 1.2 tsf (2400 psf)
Find
z
Average settlement on
building
Overconsolidation or Preconsolidation
Overconsolidation
complicates the analysis of
primary settlement because
the ground being compressed
acts as if the previous
overburden pressure is still
being applied, irrespective of
current overburden conditions
Requires dividing the
settlement analysis into two
parts
Sometimes referred to as
preconsolidation
c
OCR =
overconsolidated
If OCR ~1, the soil is
normally consolidated
If OCR <1, the soil is
underconsolidated
Settlement in Overconsolidated
Soils
Formula, o + > c (to the right of F)
c Cc H
o +
Cs H
log +
log
Sc =
1 + eo
o 1 + eo
c
Formula, o + < c (to the left of F)
o +
Cs H
Sc =
log
1 + eo
o
Overconsolidated Example
Given
Soil with void ratiolog pressure as
shown
6' thick clay layer
under sand layer
Two possible
additional loadings:
5 tsf
7.5 tsf
Find
OCR
Settlement for each
case
Overconsolidated Example
OCR = 6.6/0.3 = 22
5 tsf additional load
With overburden: 5 + 0.3 = 5.3 tsf
0.3 < 5.3 < 6.6, thus use
o +
Cs H
Sc =
log
1 + eo
o
Spc = (6)(12)/(1+1.05)(0.078)log10(5.3/0.3)
=3.42
Overconsolidated Example
7.5 tsf additional load
With overburden: 7.5 + 0.3 = 7.8 tsf
6.6 < 7.8, thus use
c Cc H
o +
Cs H
log +
log
Sc =
1 + eo
o 1 + eo
c
Sc = (6)(12)/(1+1.05)((0.078)log10(6.6/0.3)
+(0.42)log10(7.8/6.6)) = 4.75
Multiple Layers
Multiple layers can be handled by
computing the single layer consolidation for
each and summing the displacements
Take care to properly compute or assign
the additional vertical stresses generated
by the surface load for each layer (not all of
the stresses will be the same)
Take care when dealing with
overconsolidated soils to properly
understand the consolidation region for
each layer
Secondary Compression of
Cohesive Soils
Computation of Secondary
Compression
Formula
tf
tf
H
S s = C
log = C H log
t
t
1+ ep
p
p
C = coefficient of secondary consolidation
tf = time at end of secondary consolidation
compression
tp = time at end of time period of interest in primary
settlement computations
ep = void ratio at the beginning of secondary
compression
Find
Secondary
Consolidation
Settlement
o + 0.21 16 12 .75 + .8
Cc H
=
Sc =
log
log
= 6.35"
1 + eo
1+1
.75
o
Compute void ratio ep at end of primary consolidation
o +
.75 + .8
= 1 0.21 log
e p = eo e = eo Cc log
= 0.93
.75
o
Secondary Compression Calculation
tf
H
16 12
110
S s = C
log = 0.02
log
= 1.84"
1+ ep
1 + 0.93 13
tp
Assumptions
Clay-water system is
homogeneous
Saturation is complete
Water in
incompressible
Soil particles are
incompressible
Flow is in one direction
only (in the direction of
compression)
Darcys Law is valid
Consolidation
Model
Sign Convention
Better Reversed
Coefficient of Compressibility
Coefficient of Volume
Compressibility e
av =
p
Porosity Relationship
e
n =
1 + eo
Substituting,
av
n =
p = mv p
1 + eo
Continuity of Flow:
Vw (vb vt )tA
n =
=
VT
dzA
dv
v
n = t = t
dz
z
Substituting,
v
p
u
= mv
= mv
z
t
t
Darcy's Law
h
1 u
v = ki = k = k
z
w z
Differentiating,
v
1 u
=k
2
z
w z
2
Equating,
u
1 u
k
= mv
2
w z
t
2
Consolidation Equation
Rearranging,
Coefficient of Consolidation
k u
u
u
=
= cv 2
2
t mv w z
z
2
k
cv =
w mv
consolidation calculations
Tends to be a constant for a
given soil because the ratio
of k to mv tends to remain
constant
Drainage Conditions
Speed of the drainage
depends upon the
conditions at the
boundaries of the
drainage
Drainage can be one or
two ways
Theory based on one
way drainage
Boundary Conditions
differential equation
At top of layer: p = 0
(similar to heat equation)
(free flow)
Solution is an infinite
At bottom of layer:
Fourier series with
p/z = 0 (no flow)
orthogonality and
Initial Conditions
eigenfunctions
p = p = (stress
0
Solution depends upon
induced by applied
both boundary and initial
load, remains
conditions
constant)
Solution
z
p 4 ( 1)
cos (2i 1) e
=
2h
po i=1 2i 1
i 1
( 2 i 1)
cvt
4H 2
Degree of Consolidation
tcv
Tv = 2
H dr
S c (t )
ue
U=
= 1
Sc
uo
t = time of consolidation
Tv = time factor for vertical
drainage
Hdr = longest distance of
drainage to pervious surface
z ( 2i1)
p 4 ( 1)
=
cos (2i 1) e
po i =1 2i 1
2 h
i 1
( 2 i 1)2 Tv
1
4
U = 1 2
e
i=1 (2i 1)2
Expressed as a percentage
Expresses ratio of both pore
pressures and settlement
Allows relating settlement to
time (consolidation)
Tv
Degree of
Conslidation
Assumes uniform
initial pressure
=Tv
Find
Relationship of time
of consolidation
with time factor
Days
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Hdr
Cv
Spc
Tv
Percent
Settlement,
Consolidation in.
0
0
0
0.01
10
0.64
0.01
10
0.64
0.02
15
0.95
0.02
15
0.95
0.03
20
1.27
0.03
20
1.27
0.04
25
1.59
0.04
25
1.59
0.05
28
1.78
0.09
32
2.03
0.14
40
2.54
0.19
48
3.05
0.23
53
3.37
0.28
60
3.81
0.33
63
4
0.38
68
4.32
0.42
72
4.57
0.47
75
4.76
8
0.03
6.35
Coefficient of Consolidation
Square
Root of
Time
Method
Concept of
Consolidation
Acceleration
Sand Drain
Installation
Wick Drains
Geosynthetic used
as a substitute to
sand columns;
arrayed in a similar
manner to the sand
drains
Installed by being
pushed or vibrated
into the ground
Installation of
Wick Drains
Questions