PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

University of San Agustin

AY: 2014-2015: First Semester

CHAPTER 1: INTRAPERSONAL DIMENSION

Lecture 6: The Human Person as Instincts
Instincts and Society
Sigmund Freuds Theory of Instincts
Ryan Calica
Introduction
Freud has been popularly known as a psychologist. Less people have known that he
was also a philosopher. He said, As a young man I longed for nothing else than
philosophical knowledge, and I am now on the way to satisfy that longing by passing over
from medicine to psychology.1 Freuds philosophical interests are social and humanitarian.
It is in the form of building a philosophy of life based on science rather than metaphysics
and religion. He felt that a philosophy of life worth having is one based upon a true
knowledge of mans nature, knowledge that could only be gained by scientific inquiry and
research: Knowledge through science. 2 Through his study, he has probed a deeper
understanding of man, making him pessimistic and critical about it. He believed that
human personality is an energy system and the mind is a complex energy system. He said
that the irrational forces overcome the rational forces in man. Most men resist knowing
this truth and thus living in delusion and superstition. 3 In this context, the discussion of
Freuds psychology and philosophy shall take its relevance into our inquiry on the human
nature. His psychoanalysis, meta-psychology and philosophy have been applied today by
many philosophers and used to critique and analyse the society in general. Just as he has
diagnosed an individual man, Freud also claimed to have diagnosed mankind as a whole.
The neurosis in the individual could also be the neurosis of mankind.
In the following sections of this paper, I shall discuss Freuds basic psychological and
psychoanalytical concepts. Then, I shall discuss these concepts in application to his social
philosophy. Finally, I shall conclusion follows.
Freuds Theory of Instincts
The Primordial Principles

1 Calvin S. Hall, A Primer of Freudian Psychology, A Mentor Book, (New York: The World Publishing Company,
1954), 19.
2 Ibid., 20.
3 Ibid.

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AY: 2014-2015: First Semester

According to Freud, human beings are governed by two primordial principles of

life namely: pleasure principle and reality principle. The initial principle of life is called
the pleasure principle. It aims to rid or reduce the amount of tension in a person; to
avoid pain and to find pleasure. Freud believed that is suffering. He said that, Life is
catharsis it is a flight from pain.4 This is the reason why we feel constant tensions
and bodily needs which if not addressed would lead to suffering. He identifies the
three sources of human suffering: first, our own body, which is doomed to decay
and dissolution and which cannot even do without pain and anxiety as warning
signals; (secondly), from the external world, which may rage against us with
overwhelming and merciless forces of destruction; and finally, from our relations to
other men.5 With the reality of pain and suffering, man is in constant struggle on
how to avoid and overcome them. The pleasure principle which is inborn in man
addresses this constant struggle.
The reality principle, on the other hand, means that which exists, the real
external world. It aims to postpone the discharge of energy until the actual object
that will satisfy the need has been discovered or produced 6
The pleasure principle affects directly the three organization of personality
especially the id. The reality principle affects directly the ego.
Organizational Personality/ Structure of the Mind
These two primordial principles of life govern the very structure of the mind or
the organization of personality. Freud has this idea that the mind is a dynamic energy
system. The dynamism of psychic energy happens between the three structural
systems.
The id is that part of the personality which consists of primal energies that
pushes man into action. The id contains everything that is inherited, that is present
at birth, that is laid down in the constitution above all, therefore, the instincts which
originate from the somatic organization and which find a first psychical expression
here [in the id] in the forms unknown to us. 7 It functions to provide the immediate
4 Thomas Johnston, Freud and Political Thought, (New York: Citadel Press, 1965), 19.
5 Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, (England: Chrysoma Associates Limited, Publication Division, Electronic
Books Library, 2000-2005), 26.

6 Hall, A Primer to Freudian Psychology, 28.

7 Sigmund Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, trans. James Strachey, (New York: W.W. Norton and Company
Inc., 1949), 2.

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discharge of quantities of excitation (energy or tension) that are released in the

organism by internal or external stimulation. 8 It is the primary source of psychic
energy, the seat of instincts.
Under the influence of the reality principle, one portion of id developed which
acts as intermediary between the id and the external world; that structure is the ego.
The ego is governed by the reality principle. It is the executive branch of the
personality which controls and maintains commerce with the external world. It has
the task of self-preservation.9 Furthermore, according to Hall,
As regards external events, it performs that task by becoming aware of stimuli, by
storing up experiences about them (in the memory), by avoiding excessively strong
stimuli (through flight), by dealing with moderate stimuli (through adaption) and finally
by learning about expedient changes in the external world to its own advantage
(through activity). As regards internal events, in relation to the id, it performs that task
by gaining control over the demands of the instinct, by deciding whether they are to be
allowed satisfaction, by postponing that satisfaction to times and circumstances
favourable to the external world or by suppressing their excitations entirely. 10

The assimilation of the child of the parents moral standards of what is good
or bad and virtuous and sinful, lays the development of the third structural system
called the superego. It serves as the moral institution of personality. The child
replaces that external authority with his/her own inner authority. Parental influence
also includes that of the whole family or clan, race, national tradition and the
immediate social milieu which they represent. Thus, it serves the moral and judicial
function and strives for perfection rather than for reality or pleasure. 11 There are
two subsystems of the superego: the ego-ideal and the conscience (not to be
understood in the Christian Catholic perspective). The ego-ideal represents what the
parents consider as morally good and it is established through rewards. For example,
the parents reward the child for being consistently on the top of the class,
consequently, intelligence and diligence become one of his/her ideals. Conscience, on
the other hand, represents what the parents deem as morally bad and it is
established through punishment. For instance, the parents punish the child for being
messy with his/her things in the room; consequently, mess and dirt are associated
with something bad.
8 Hall, A Primer of Freudian Psychology, 22.
9 Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, 6.
10 Ibid.
11 Hall, A Primer of Freudian Psychoanalysis, 31.

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

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The id is the product of evolution, hereditary and the psychological

representative of ones biological endowment, the ego is the resultant of ones
interaction with the objective reality and the province of higher mental processes
then the superego may be said to be the product of socialization and vehicle of
cultural tradition.12 The id and superego are products of the past. the ego is
principally determined by the individuals own experience that is by accidental and
contemporary events13. Take note, however, that there are no sharp boundaries
between the three systems.
The Instincts
Another important concept upon discussing the three organization of
personality is the instinct. This topic is the meat of the matter to which this paper
shall devout on propounding. Instinct is the sum of all the psychic energy that
operates the three systems of personality. It imparts direction to all psychological
processes. It has a source, aim, object and impetus.
The source of instinct is bodily needs. A need or impulse is an excitatory
process in some tissue of organ of the body which releases energy that is stored in
the body. For example, the physical condition of hunger activates the hunger instinct
by providing it with energy. There are two types of aims: internal aim and external
aim. Internal aim is the final goal and external aim is the subordinate goal or the
means on how to achieve the final goal. If one is hungry the internal aim is to remove
hunger by eating food and the external aim is the process of getting or having a food
in order to eat.
Ironically, the aim of instinct is the removal of bodily need or the elimination of
the source of that instinct. The object of instinct refers to the thing or means by which
the aim is accomplished. For example, the object of hunger instinct is eating food.
The impetus of instinct is its strength which is determined by the amount of energy
that it possesses. Strong hunger urges all psychological process to the elimination of
such need. Thus, in the case of strong hunger, the mind powerfully thinks and
remembers food.
There could be a number of instincts in an individual as there are bodily needs,
but Freud has grouped these into two generic categories: Eros (life-force), which
covers drives for self-preservation and preservation of species and Thanatos (death
instinct) which covers drives for aggression and self-destruction. According to Trupp,
Life, he (Freud) then viewed as an on-going battle between these primal forces, with
12Ibid., 34.
13 Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, 4.

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

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the latter (death) inevitably triumphant over the individual. 14Eros has a specific overall form of energy for life called the libido. This libido is strong in sexual instinct.
Hence, it is often connoted and reduced only to sexual energy but again, it is the
over-all form of energy for life. Freud did not mention a specific energy-name
employed for death instinct.
The Qualities of Psychical Process
Another important idea that we should understand is Freuds theory of the
unconscious, consciousness and pre-consciousness. These are the qualities of
psychical process. How are they related to the three structure of personality?
The unconscious is the region of the mind where there is no awareness. Freud
said that it is the largest and most important region of the mind to the lesser status
of being a quality of mental phenomena. Much of what had formerly been assigned to
the unconscious became the id15 The ids instincts lie on this region, a region which
is out of our conscious control. Every psychical process done by the id and the drives
of the instincts falls under this region of the mind. There is also a part of the
unconscious called the subconscious wherein the superego lies. The unconscious is
known through the ego and the conscious part. Consciousness or the conscious is
the region of the mind where there is awareness of external reality and of interior life.
This is the location of the ego. The preconscious is that which is capable of becoming
conscious16. It is the region wherein the unconscious becomes conscious. For our use
in this discussion, we will not so much apply these concepts in the dynamism in the
personality of man. It is enough to know that this mental regions and qualities house
the id, ego and superego.
Defence Mechanism
The last important concept I would like to introduce in Freuds psychology is the
concept of defence mechanism. It is the method employed by the ego for protective
measures and coping with the demands of the id and the reality principle. Its ways
are denying, falsifying or distorting reality in order to deal with the anxiety brought
about by the internal and external sense of danger. Examples of egos defence
mechanisms are: repression (denying the danger), projection (externalizing the
danger), reaction formation (hiding the danger), fixation (standing still) and
regression (retreating from the danger). For example, a student is driven by the id to
14 Michael S. Trupp, On Freud, Wadsworth Philosophers Series. (USA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning Inc., 2000), 43.
15 Hall, A Primer of Freudian Psychoanalysis, 54.
16 Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, 17.

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eat. However, that student is attending a classroom discussion. Eating inside the
classroom while discussing the lesson is prohibited by the school. The ego which is
motivated by the id to gratify the need copes with the demand of the id and the
demand of the external reality the prohibition of the school, by repressing the need
in order to conform with what the society, the school in particular demands. We will
not be elaborating on how all these defences are used by the ego. It is enough to
know that this is egos way of coping with the pressure from the tension between the
id and reality principle and/ or the superego or between Eros and Thanatos. The id
will continuously haunt the ego if the ego will not gratify the need causing the ego to
feel anxiety. Defence mechanism become egos refuge and a way to re-channel the
need of the id.
Instincts and Their Social Dimension
The Formation of Society
After we have discussed the different principles governing man, the three
structures of personality and the psychic force controlling these mind structures, we
are now ready to tackle the application of these psychological concepts to the
formation and dynamics of society.
It was mentioned earlier that life is a flight from pain. The id and its instincts
desire to eradicate pain. This desire has led the individual man to form small groups
and eventually into bigger one. How can pain be a factor to motivate men to form
civilization? First, men can better bear the pain from their own bodies when they form
communities to alleviate each others pain. When they have other men to help them
in times need or in times of sickness that could well fight the source of pain from our
own body. It is hard to heal or to recover from sickness being alone. Most likely, if a
man is alone, he will end up dying or speed up his death. Second, mens fear of
nature, the second source of pain, motivated them also to form communities to
combat the outer world. It is with this cooperation demanded indirectly by nature
from men that civilization formed. Natural calamities are difficult to face if man
remained in his solitary confinement. These two sources of suffering are inevitable
for they are given as such. Our body is decaying and nature is uncontrollable.
However, as we have advanced in civilization, we learned how to control and adapt to
the power of nature. Freud said that men have overcome nature through science.
Finally, the fear of pain from mens relationship with each other or this social distress
implies control and regulation. The last factor for the cause of our pain is harder to
reconcile. We have formed groups in order to address the first and second source of
pain, but in return, to some extent, this formation caused misunderstanding, envy,
competition and other social problems which are harder to address. Hidden in our
normal ways is the working of instincts primarily Eros and Thanatos here. Eros is

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responsible for the formation of groups and Thanatos to the aggression and
destruction upon the group has been formed.
For Freud, the life of man is not just a flight from pain but also in the positive
way around, the attainment of happiness. It is the full expression of his selfpreservation. The id which desires to avoid pain, desires at the same time, the
achievement of happiness. Happiness is the satisfaction of an immediate need which
necessarily follows from the instinctual drives. Freud says, this happiness is in the
strictest sense comes from the (preferably sudden) satisfaction of the needs which
have been damned up to a high degree, and it is from its nature only possible as an
episodic phenomenon.17 For Freud, there could be no permanent happiness, only
temporary. There are two forms of happiness: a positive one which is the experience
of pleasure and a negative one which is the avoidance of pain. We can see here that
the flight from pain is the attainment of happiness.
Another form of experiencing pleasure and thus an expression of happiness is
through love. Love, for Freud, is the fixation of the libido upon an object. Libido refers
to the psychical energy released by Eros for self-preservation and preservation of
species. Sexually centred love gratifies mans passion and produces offspring for the
perpetuation of the species. Sexually centred love unites men, women and children in
the first stable social group, the family. 18 Love is for the preservation of the species.
When the individual man driven by Eros towards the other man (a woman) because
the latter sees the other as potentially capable of addressing a need, let us say,
sexual need, this started the formation of another important social structure called
the family. Freud said that in mans primitive state, this gratification of sexual need is
done by any man to a woman or vice versa. By the time the man realized that the
woman relieved his sexual need, he adapted the woman to be his permanent lodger.
The woman with her offspring, on the other hand, due to her dependence to mans
strength and providence for food, clings to man. The process cemented through time
and thereby the formation of families. With the formation families and of small
communities, arise the establishment of taboos. These are tribal moral codes. This
aims for a certain order in a small community or tribe. Thus, Eros set the foundation
of civilization, of our society.
The Dynamics of Instincts in Society
It was from the instincts that man was driven to form groups and consequently
founded civilization. However, Freud tells us that it is also from these instincts that
man should take caution to. Instincts that drives us to eat, drink, build house, have
17 Johnston, Freud and Political Thought, 19.
18Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, 29.

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sex, etc., may not necessarily be dangerous; but if some of these instincts are not
regulated by the ego and guided by the superego, there is a probability of chaos.
When a guy is driven by Eros to get attracted to a girl, the guy would be moved
by Eros to get closer to the girl and make some necessary move in order to gratify
what the id wants. In this case, let us suppose that the guy is moved by Eros to kiss
the girl for the id tells that it would be pleasurable to do so. But the superego,
especially the conscience will order the guy not to proceed with his intention for it
would be inappropriate. Even the external reality, by necessity and moral norms of
the society, tells that it would be inappropriate. If the guy pursues to kiss the girl
whom he has just met, the girl might slap the guy because she doesnt know him or
the girl might even accuse him. If the excitation of Eros to the guy doesnt just
concentrate on kissing the girl but also of having sexual intercourse with her, then
gratifying the need of the id would lead to conflicts. Hence, Freud says that there is a
need to repress the desire of id. If the ego goes on to gratify immediately the desire
of the id, it would cause trouble. We could also see here how the conscience works in
order to guard the person of the ids blind needs. One could not imagine a society
wherein the desires of the id, motivated by Eros in this case, are gratified instantly.
Moreover, if a guy wants a girl as a sexual object for gratifying a sexual drive, without
the society guiding the ego to repress such desire or to regulate it, then there would
be a lot of sexual abuse and crimes. This is concretely evident in rape cases. Thus, for
Freud, there is a need to repress the desires of the id for order and peace.
Another example is, if a person is compelled by Thanatos to destroy properties
of others. Without the external world guiding the ego to repress such drive, then
there would be a lot destruction and chaos around us. The external world or the
society, through its laws regulate and tame the desires of id.
As our society advanced, the power of external reality over man became
strong. Our society imposed rules and norms to guide our way living. Suffice to say
that society played a great role in shaping mans behaviour. The taming of Eros and
Thanatos was due to the societys influence on the ego. The society is harsh on the
instincts. The aggressiveness of society is introjected by the ego. We have seen that
this resulted to the institution of the superego as conscience. With the presence of
conscience, man being driven by his instincts cannot anymore escape the eyes of
society, for in him lies an inner eye that watches his action. So whether a certain act
is done by deed or intention, the ego is has no escape of the inner watcher. The
tension between the ego driven by the id and the harsh conscience causes the sense
of guilt in man. This sense of guilt in Christian term is sin. The sense of guilt is a
feeling after doing a bad act. Hence, the two sources of guilt are: fear of authority
from the external world (the society) and the fear of the superego which is more
severe than the latter. The wishes of the id persist but cannot be hidden from the
superego. This causes too much anxiety and guilt to the ego. Freud said, virtuous

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continence is no longer rewarded with the assurance of love 19 Freud also said of
the paradox of the institution of the conscience, conscience is the result of
instinctual renunciation, or that instinctual renunciation imposed on us from without)
creates conscience, which then demands further instinctual renunciation. 20 Freud
postulated that the institution of conscience is due to the identification (a kind of
defence mechanism) of the child of the unattackable authority into himself. If a child
has strict parents and if he identifies them into himself; it would result to a strict
conscience. Henceforth, the child becomes strict into himself.
Another source of the sense of guilt as Freud framed is the killing of the primal
father. I will give a short background on this concept. The primal father is the father
of the first generation of man. He was killed by his son because of envy. The father
was treated by his son as a competition for the love of the mother. The love of the
son to the mother is called the Oedipus complex. Freud said that the killing of the
primal father caused the son the feeling of remorse. This remorse came to fore
because even though the son hated his father, he also loved him. The son was
influenced by Eros and Thanatos. Conscience is formed because of love and with that
love bear the inevitability of the sense of guilt. The ambivalence between Eros and
Thanatos is set as soon as men lived together.
Freud observed, that saintly people reproach themselves with worst sinfulness.
The more virtuous a man is, the more he feels guilty because the superego of a
virtuous man is strong than that of the wicked.
Conscience is even enhanced with ill-luck and external frustration. If
misfortunes befall to man, he searches his soul, acknowledge his sinfulness,
heightens the demands of conscience, imposes abstinences on himself and punishes
himself with penances.21
Society has done much to mans way of life that even his internal life is much
affected. Due to so many rules and guidelines on how to live life imposed on us by
society, man, Freud remarked, is unhappier than in his primitive state. Even this
conquest of the forces of nature has not made them (men) feel any happier. 22 Today,
19 Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, translated and edited by James Strachey, (New York: W.W.
Norton and Company Inc., 1961), 89.
20 Ibid., 90-91.
21 Ibid., 87.
22 Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, 23.

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man is limited in acts for a lot of his desires are regulated and restricted. Mans
instinctual needs are repressed by the ego due to the demand of the superego and
the society. However, this repression is also necessary for the society to progress.
Repression is the key in taming the beastly instincts of man. Society without
repression is unconceivable according to Freud. Imagine a lot of men having sex in
the street because they are moved by Eros to reproduce or simply to address some
sexual needs. Imagine people without food stealing from some other elses food
because they are driven to eat by the id; imagine also people killing each other for
any intention just because Thanatos fuelled such act. Society needs to tame our
instincts and repress them. Freud introduced the concept of defence mechanism in
order to re-channel and convert these instinctual energies into productive and
worthwhile acts. But no matter how good are we at re-channelling our instincts, at
repressing them (as we have, said earlier), the irony is that, the ego will find a way on
how to gratify ids needs sooner or later.
To expose the darker side of things in order to highlight Thanatos, we observe
in daily news: global, national or local level, we hear and witness a lot of crimes and
oppressions. There is not even a day or hour wherein there is no crime and
oppression in a given place; no matter how peaceful that place is. It is as if it is so
inherent in human nature that we cannot afford to live without such malign act. And
for Freud, it is truly the case; we are bound to it. Our nature as human beings, as
rational animals (as observed by Aristotle), is partly aggressive and destructive. Thus,
for Freud, the crimes we see in the news and the crimes: heinous or venial may they
be that most of us did and would still be doing, are just natural. To say it is natural
would mean it is neutral: either good or bad. It is a mere outflow of instincts which is
natural to all human beings. On contrary, it doesnt encourage us to act on it because
society will always be here to watch and punish us. Society is here to ensure the
survival of the species and the attainment of peace and order. On a side note, even
the punishment of the society exercised by its authorities, is considerably an act of
aggression and destruction propelled by Thanatos. It is just the claimed that excuses
society; it calls it just, lawful and right.
We shall see in the light of prior discussion that Freuds understanding of Being
(man) is opposite to popular Western branding that Being is Logos (Logos means
reason). For him Being or man is Eros. Man is a creature of passion and not of
reason.23 He acts from the dictates of his instincts. It is only society that inhibits him
to act on his nature.
Conclusion

23 Johnston, Freud and Political Thought, 19.

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In summary, man is Eros. Human nature for Freud is in a constant tension and
interaction among the id, ego and superego, driven by the instincts, more powerfully by
Eros and Thanatos, which are all governed by the pleasure principle and reality principle.
The ego plays a crucial role because it is upon it that decisions are finally made. The
influences of ids instincts are strong forces affecting actions of man. The superego,
especially the conscience plays as a guardian of morality for the action of the ego. The id
and the superego are always in constant antagonism. The reality principle influences the
forces of pleasure principle by restricting or repressing its desires. Since the ego cannot
stop instinctual drives but can only postpone its gratification, learns method on how to
delay the gratification and develops ways on how to gratify the ids desires which are also
acceptable to the moral standard of the external world and the conscience. The method of
delaying or re-channelling of ids desires is called defence mechanism.
We can see here the dominance of the workings of instincts in man. Since life is
suffering, pleasure principle of the id commands that we should avoid pain and suffering
and gratify our needs in order to be happy. This desire for avoidance of pain aided the
formation of communities and eventually the whole society. Eros also moves us to love in
order to gain pleasure, hence experience happiness and even preservation of the whole
specie. This desire for pleasure in the form of a love affair aided the formation of families,
of communities and the whole society. In the formation of families, taboos where then
established and served as the first set of rules for small community. As time passed by,
these taboos developed and become complex adapting to the need of the community and
eventually become what we consider as laws now. These laws are also norms and
standards of the society. They are actually the original products of the restriction of
instincts. That is why Freud would say that man of the present age is unhappier than in his
primitive state. In the ancient days, man is freer to act on his instincts because there are
minimal rules; hence making him happy. However, Freud also believed that it is necessary
to restrict the drives of instincts to achieve order and peace. The order and peace is at the
expense of the unhappiness of man. It is what the society deems: individual happiness
should be subdued for order and peace.

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E Publishing Inc., 2007.

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