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GSM
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GSM(GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications,originally
GroupeSpcialMobile),isastandarddevelopedbythe
EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI)to
describeprotocolsforsecondgeneration(2G)digitalcellular
networksusedbymobilephones.Asof2014ithasbecomethe
defaultglobalstandardformobilecommunicationswithover
90%marketshare,operatinginover219countriesand
territories.[2]
2Gnetworksdevelopedasareplacementforfirstgeneration
(1G)analogcellularnetworks,andtheGSMstandardoriginally
describedadigital,circuitswitchednetworkoptimizedforfull
duplexvoicetelephony.Thisexpandedovertimetoincludedata
communications,firstbycircuitswitchedtransport,thenby
packetdatatransportviaGPRS(GeneralPacketRadioServices)
andEDGE(EnhancedDataratesforGSMEvolutionorEGPRS).

TheGSMlogoisusedtoidentify
compatiblehandsetsandequipment.
Thedotssymbolizethreeclientsin
thehomenetworkandoneroaming
client. [1]

Subsequently,the3GPPdevelopedthirdgeneration(3G)UMTSstandardsfollowedbyfourth
generation(4G)LTEAdvancedstandards,whichdonotformpartoftheETSIGSMstandard.
"GSM"isatrademarkownedbytheGSMAssociation.Itmayalsorefertothe(initially)mostcommon
voicecodecused,FullRate.

Contents
1History
2Technicaldetails
2.1Networkstructure
2.2Basestationsubsystem
2.2.1GSMcarrierfrequencies
2.2.2Voicecodecs
2.3SubscriberIdentityModule(SIM)
2.4Phonelocking
2.5GSMservicesecurity
3Standardsinformation
4GSMopensourcesoftware
4.1Issueswithpatentsandopensource
5Seealso
6References
7Furtherreading
8Externallinks
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History
In1982,workbegantodevelopaEuropeanstandardfordigitalcellularvoicetelephonywhenthe
EuropeanConferenceofPostalandTelecommunicationsAdministrations(CEPT)createdtheGroupe
SpcialMobilecommitteeandlaterprovidedapermanenttechnicalsupportgroupbasedinParis.Five
yearslater,in1987,15representativesfrom13Europeancountriessignedamemorandumof
understandinginCopenhagentodevelopanddeployacommoncellulartelephonesystemacrossEurope,
andEUruleswerepassedtomakeGSMamandatorystandard.[3]Thedecisiontodevelopacontinental
standardeventuallyresultedinaunified,open,standardbasednetworkwhichwaslargerthanthatinthe
UnitedStates.[4][5][6][7]
In1987EuropeproducedtheveryfirstagreedGSMTechnicalSpecificationinFebruary.Ministersfrom
thefourbigEUcountriescementedtheirpoliticalsupportforGSMwiththeBonnDeclarationonGlobal
InformationNetworksinMayandtheGSMMoUwastabledforsignatureinSeptember.TheMoU
drewinmobileoperatorsfromacrossEuropetopledgetoinvestinnewGSMnetworkstoanambitious
commondate.ItgotGSMupandrunningfast.
Inthisshort37weekperiodthewholeofEurope(countriesandindustries)hadbeenbroughtbehind
GSMinarareunityandspeedguidedbyfourpublicofficialsArminSilberhorn(Germany),Stephen
Temple(UK),PhilippeDupuis(France),andRenzoFailli(Italy).[8]In1989,theGroupeSpcialMobile
committeewastransferredfromCEPTtotheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute
(ETSI).[5][6][6][7]
Inparallel,FranceandGermanysignedajointdevelopmentagreementin1984andwerejoinedbyItaly
andtheUKin1986.In1986theEuropeanCommissionproposedreservingthe900MHzspectrumband
forGSM.Theworld'sfirstGSMcallwasmadebytheformerFinnishprimeministerHarriHolkerito
KaarinaSuonio(mayorincityofTampere)onJuly1,1991,onanetworkbuiltbyTelenokiaand
SiemensandoperatedbyRadiolinja.[9]Thefollowingyearin1992,thefirstshortmessagingservice
(SMSor"textmessage")messagewassentandVodafoneUKandTelecomFinlandsignedthefirst
internationalroamingagreement.
Workbeganin1991toexpandtheGSMstandardtothe1800MHzfrequencybandandthefirst
1800MHznetworkbecameoperationalintheUKby1993.Alsothatyear,TelecomAustraliabecame
thefirstnetworkoperatortodeployaGSMnetworkoutsideEuropeandthefirstpracticalhandheld
GSMmobilephonebecameavailable.
In1995,fax,dataandSMSmessagingserviceswerelaunchedcommercially,thefirst1900MHzGSM
networkbecameoperationalintheUnitedStatesandGSMsubscribersworldwideexceeded10million.
Alsothisyear,theGSMAssociationwasformed.PrepaidGSMSIMcardswerelaunchedin1996and
worldwideGSMsubscriberspassed100millionin1998.[6]
In2000,thefirstcommercialGPRSserviceswerelaunchedandthefirstGPRScompatiblehandsets
becameavailableforsale.In2001thefirstUMTS(WCDMA)networkwaslaunched,a3Gtechnology
thatisnotpartofGSM.WorldwideGSMsubscribersexceeded500million.In2002thefirst
MultimediaMessagingService(MMS)wereintroducedandthefirstGSMnetworkinthe800MHz
frequencybandbecameoperational.EDGEservicesfirstbecameoperationalinanetworkin2003and
thenumberofworldwideGSMsubscribersexceeded1billionin2004.[6]
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By2005,GSMnetworksaccountedformorethan75%oftheworldwidecellularnetworkmarket,
serving1.5billionsubscribers.In2005thefirstHSDPAcapablenetworkalsobecameoperational.The
firstHSUPAnetworkwaslaunchedin2007.HighSpeedPacketAccess(HSPA)anditsuplinkand
downlinkversionsare3Gtechnologies,notpartofGSM.WorldwideGSMsubscribersexceededthree
billionin2008.[6]
TheGSMAssociationestimatedin2010thattechnologiesdefinedintheGSMstandardserve80%of
theglobalmobilemarket,encompassingmorethan5billionpeopleacrossmorethan212countriesand
territories,makingGSMthemostubiquitousofthemanystandardsforcellularnetworks.[10]
ItisimportanttonotethatGSMisasecondgeneration(2G)standardemployingTimeDivision
MultipleAccess(TDMA)spectrumsharing,issuedbytheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandards
Institute(ETSI).TheGSMstandarddoesnotincludethe3GUMTSCDMAbasedtechnologynorthe
4GLTEOFDMAbasedtechnologystandardsissuedbythe3GPP.[11]
Macauplannedtophaseoutits2GGSMnetworksasofJune4,2015,makingitthefirstregionto
decommissionaGSMnetwork.[12]

Technicaldetails
Networkstructure
Thenetworkisstructuredintoanumberof
discretesections:
BaseStationSubsystemthebase
stationsandtheircontrollersexplained
NetworkandSwitchingSubsystem
thepartofthenetworkmostsimilarto
afixednetwork,sometimesjustcalled
the"corenetwork"

ThestructureofaGSMnetwork

GPRSCoreNetworktheoptional
partwhichallowspacketbasedInternetconnections
Operationssupportsystem(OSS)networkmaintenance

Basestationsubsystem
GSMisacellularnetwork,whichmeansthatcellphonesconnecttoitbysearchingforcellsinthe
immediatevicinity.TherearefivedifferentcellsizesinaGSMnetworkmacro,micro,pico,femto,
andumbrellacells.Thecoverageareaofeachcellvariesaccordingtotheimplementationenvironment.
Macrocellscanberegardedascellswherethebasestationantennaisinstalledonamastorabuilding
aboveaveragerooftoplevel.Microcellsarecellswhoseantennaheightisunderaveragerooftoplevel
theyaretypicallyusedinurbanareas.Picocellsaresmallcellswhosecoveragediameterisafewdozen
metrestheyaremainlyusedindoors.Femtocellsarecellsdesignedforuseinresidentialorsmall
businessenvironmentsandconnecttotheserviceprovidersnetworkviaabroadbandinternet
connection.Umbrellacellsareusedtocovershadowedregionsofsmallercellsandfillingapsin
coveragebetweenthosecells.
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Cellhorizontalradiusvariesdependingonantennaheight,antennagain,andpropagationconditions
fromacoupleofhundredmetrestoseveraltensofkilometres.ThelongestdistancetheGSM
specificationsupportsinpracticaluseis35kilometres(22mi).Therearealsoseveralimplementations
oftheconceptofanextendedcell,[13]wherethecellradiuscouldbedoubleorevenmore,dependingon
theantennasystem,thetypeofterrain,andthetimingadvance.
IndoorcoverageisalsosupportedbyGSMandmaybeachievedbyusinganindoorpicocellbase
station,oranindoorrepeaterwithdistributedindoorantennasfedthroughpowersplitters,todeliverthe
radiosignalsfromanantennaoutdoorstotheseparateindoordistributedantennasystem.Theseare
typicallydeployedwhensignificantcallcapacityisneededindoors,likeinshoppingcentersorairports.
However,thisisnotaprerequisite,sinceindoorcoverageisalso
providedbyinbuildingpenetrationoftheradiosignalsfromany
nearbycell.
GSMcarrierfrequencies
GSMnetworksoperateinanumberofdifferentcarrierfrequency
ranges(separatedintoGSMfrequencyrangesfor2GandUMTS
frequencybandsfor3G),withmost2GGSMnetworksoperating
inthe900MHzor1800MHzbands.Wherethesebandswere
alreadyallocated,the850MHzand1900MHzbandswereused
instead(forexampleinCanadaandtheUnitedStates).Inrare
casesthe400and450MHzfrequencybandsareassignedin
somecountriesbecausetheywerepreviouslyusedforfirst
generationsystems.
Most3GnetworksinEuropeoperateinthe2100MHzfrequency
band.FormoreinformationonworldwideGSMfrequency
usage,seeGSMfrequencybands.

GSMcellsiteantennasinthe
DeutschesMuseum,Munich,
Germany

Regardlessofthefrequencyselectedbyanoperator,itisdivided
intotimeslotsforindividualphones.Thisallowseightfullrateorsixteenhalfratespeechchannelsper
radiofrequency.Theseeightradiotimeslots(orburstperiods)aregroupedintoaTDMAframe.Half
ratechannelsusealternateframesinthesametimeslot.Thechanneldatarateforall8channelsis
270.833kbit/s,andtheframedurationis4.615ms.
Thetransmissionpowerinthehandsetislimitedtoamaximumof2wattsinGSM850/900and1wattin
GSM1800/1900.
Voicecodecs
GSMhasusedavarietyofvoicecodecstosqueeze3.1kHzaudiointobetween6.5and13kbit/s.
Originally,twocodecs,namedafterthetypesofdatachanneltheywereallocated,wereused,calledHalf
Rate(6.5kbit/s)andFullRate(13kbit/s).Theseusedasystembasedonlinearpredictivecoding(LPC).
Inadditiontobeingefficientwithbitrates,thesecodecsalsomadeiteasiertoidentifymoreimportant
partsoftheaudio,allowingtheairinterfacelayertoprioritizeandbetterprotectthesepartsofthesignal.
AsGSMwasfurtherenhancedin1997[14]withtheEnhancedFullRate(EFR)codec,a12.2kbit/scodec
thatusesafullratechannel.Finally,withthedevelopmentofUMTS,EFRwasrefactoredintoa
variableratecodeccalledAMRNarrowband,whichishighqualityandrobustagainstinterferencewhen
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usedonfullratechannels,orlessrobustbutstillrelativelyhighqualitywhenusedingoodradio
conditionsonhalfratechannel.

SubscriberIdentityModule(SIM)
OneofthekeyfeaturesofGSMistheSubscriberIdentityModule,commonlyknownasaSIMcard.
TheSIMisadetachablesmartcardcontainingtheuser'ssubscriptioninformationandphonebook.This
allowstheusertoretainhisorherinformationafterswitchinghandsets.Alternatively,theusercanalso
changeoperatorswhileretainingthehandsetsimplybychangingtheSIM.Someoperatorswillblock
thisbyallowingthephonetouseonlyasingleSIM,oronlyaSIMissuedbythemthispracticeis
knownasSIMlocking.

Phonelocking
Sometimesmobilenetworkoperatorsrestricthandsetsthattheysellforusewiththeirownnetwork.This
iscalledlockingandisimplementedbyasoftwarefeatureofthephone.Asubscribermayusually
contacttheprovidertoremovethelockforafee,utilizeprivateservicestoremovethelock,oruse
softwareandwebsitestounlockthehandsetthemselves.
Insomecountries(e.g.,Bangladesh,Brazil,Chile,Germany,HongKong,India,Lebanon,Malaysia,
Nepal,Pakistan,Singapore,SouthAfrica)allphonesaresoldunlocked.[15]

GSMservicesecurity
GSMwasdesignedwithamoderatelevelofservicesecurity.Thesystemwasdesignedtoauthenticate
thesubscriberusingapresharedkeyandchallengeresponse.Communicationsbetweenthesubscriber
andthebasestationcanbeencrypted.ThedevelopmentofUMTSintroducesanoptionalUniversal
SubscriberIdentityModule(USIM),thatusesalongerauthenticationkeytogivegreatersecurity,as
wellasmutuallyauthenticatingthenetworkandtheuser,whereasGSMonlyauthenticatestheuserto
thenetwork(andnotviceversa).Thesecuritymodelthereforeoffersconfidentialityandauthentication,
butlimitedauthorizationcapabilities,andnononrepudiation.
GSMusesseveralcryptographicalgorithmsforsecurity.TheA5/1,A5/2,andA5/3streamciphersare
usedforensuringovertheairvoiceprivacy.A5/1wasdevelopedfirstandisastrongeralgorithmused
withinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesA5/2isweakerandusedinothercountries.Seriousweaknesses
havebeenfoundinbothalgorithms:itispossibletobreakA5/2inrealtimewithaciphertextonly
attack,andinJanuary2007,TheHacker'sChoicestartedtheA5/1crackingprojectwithplanstouse
FPGAsthatallowA5/1tobebrokenwitharainbowtableattack.[16]Thesystemsupportsmultiple
algorithmssooperatorsmayreplacethatcipherwithastrongerone.
On28December2010GermancomputerengineerKarstenNohlannouncedthathehadcrackedthe
A5/1cipher.[17]AccordingtoNohl,hedevelopedanumberofrainbowtables(staticvalueswhich
reducethetimeneededtocarryoutanattack)andhavefoundnewsourcesforknownplaintextattacks.
Healsosaidthatitispossibletobuild"afullGSMinterceptor...fromopensourcecomponents"butthat
theyhadnotdonesobecauseoflegalconcerns.[18]Nohlclaimedthathewasabletointerceptvoiceand
textconversationsbyimpersonatinganotherusertolistentovoicemail,makecalls,orsendtext
messagesusingasevenyearoldMotorolacellphoneanddecryptionsoftwareavailableforfree
online.[19]

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Newattackshavebeenobservedthattakeadvantageofpoorsecurityimplementations,architecture,and
developmentforsmartphoneapplications.Somewiretappingandeavesdroppingtechniqueshijackthe
audioinputandoutputprovidinganopportunityforathirdpartytolistenintotheconversation.[20]
GSMusesGeneralPacketRadioService(GPRS)fordatatransmissionslikebrowsingtheweb.The
mostcommonlydeployedGPRScipherswerepubliclybrokenin2011.[21]
TheresearchersrevealedflawsinthecommonlyusedGEA/1andGEA/2ciphersandpublishedthe
opensource"gprsdecode"softwareforsniffingGPRSnetworks.Theyalsonotedthatsomecarriersdo
notencryptthedata(i.e.,usingGEA/0)inordertodetecttheuseoftrafficorprotocolstheydonotlike
(e.g.,Skype),leavingcustomersunprotected.GEA/3seemstoremainrelativelyhardtobreakandissaid
tobeinuseonsomemoremodernnetworks.IfusedwithUSIMtopreventconnectionstofakebase
stationsanddowngradeattacks,userswillbeprotectedinthemediumterm,thoughmigrationto128bit
GEA/4isstillrecommended.

Standardsinformation
TheGSMsystemsandservicesaredescribedinasetofstandardsgovernedbyETSI,whereafulllistis
maintained.[22]

GSMopensourcesoftware
SeveralopensourcesoftwareprojectsexistthatprovidecertainGSMfeatures:
gsmddaemonbyOpenmoko[23]
OpenBTSdevelopsaBasetransceiverstation
TheGSMSoftwareProjectaimstobuildaGSManalyzerforlessthan$1,000[24]
OsmocomBBdevelopersintendtoreplacetheproprietarybasebandGSMstackwithafree
softwareimplementation[25]
YateBTSdevelopsaBasetransceiverstation[26]

Issueswithpatentsandopensource
PatentsremainaproblemforanyopensourceGSMimplementation,becauseitisnotpossibleforGNU
oranyotherfreesoftwaredistributortoguaranteeimmunityfromalllawsuitsbythepatentholders
againsttheusers.Furthermorenewfeaturesarebeingaddedtothestandardallthetimewhichmeans
theyhavepatentprotectionforanumberofyears.
TheoriginalGSMimplementationsfrom1991maynowbeentirelyfreeofpatentencumbrances,
howeverpatentfreedomisnotcertainduetotheUnitedStates'"firsttoinvent"systemthatwasinplace
until2012.The"firsttoinvent"system,coupledwith"patenttermadjustment"canextendthelifeofa
U.S.patentfarbeyond20yearsfromitsprioritydate.ItisunclearatthistimewhetherOpenBTSwillbe
abletoimplementfeaturesofthatinitialspecificationwithoutlimit.Aspatentssubsequentlyexpire,
however,thosefeaturescanbeaddedintotheopensourceversion.Asof2011,therehavebeenno
lawsuitsagainstusersofOpenBTSoverGSMuse.

Seealso
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Cellularnetwork
EnhancedDataRatesforGSMEvolution(EDGE)
HighSpeedDownlinkPacketAccess(HSDPA)
LongTermEvolution(LTE)
Personalcommunicationsnetwork(PCN)
NordicMobileTelephone(NMT)
InternationalMobileSubscriberIdentity(IMSI)
MSISDNMobileSubscriberISDNNumber
Handoff
VisitorsLocationRegister(VLR)
Uminterface
GSMR(GSMRailway)
GSMservices
CellBroadcast
GSMlocalization
MultimediaMessagingService(MMS)
NITZNetworkIdentityandTimeZone
WirelessApplicationProtocol(WAP)
NetworksimulationSimulationofGSMnetworks
Standards
Comparisonofmobilephonestandards
GEOMobileRadioInterface
IntelligentNetwork
ParlayX
RRLPRadioResourceLocationProtocol
GSM03.48SecuritymechanismsfortheSIMapplicationtoolkit
RTPaudiovideoprofile
EnhancedNetworkSelection(ENS)
GSMfrequencybands
GSMGateway(http://www.packetmedia.co.uk/telecomssolutionsproducts/gsmgateways)
GSMstandardfeaturescodeslistofforwardcodesworkingwithalloperatorsandphones

References
1. ^Sauter,Martin(21Nov2013)."TheGSMLogo:TheMysteryofthe4DotsSolved"
(http://mobilesociety.typepad.com/mobile_life/2013/11/thegsmlogothemysteryofthe4dotssolved.html).
Retrieved23Nov2013."[...]here'swhat[YngveZetterstrom,rapporteuroftheMaketingandPlanning(MP)
groupoftheMoU(MemorandumofUnderstandinggroup,latertobecometheGSMAssociation(GSMA))in
1989]hadtosaytosolvethemystery:'[Thedotssymbolize]three[clients]inthehomenetworkandone
roamingclient.'Thereyougo,ananswerfromtheprimesource!"
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roamingclient.'Thereyougo,ananswerfromtheprimesource!"

2. ^"GSMGlobalsystemforMobileCommunications"(http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?
fuseaction=page&sectionid=242).4GAmericas.Retrieved20140322.
3. ^EUSeeksToEndMandatoryGSMfor900MhzSource(http://www.cellularnews.com/story/25102.php)
4. ^Leader(7September2007)."Happy20thBirthday,GSM"(http://www.webcitation.org/5yRRJnMZw).
zdnet.co.uk.CBSInteractive.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/mobile
devices/2007/09/07/happy20thbirthdaygsm39289154/)on5May2011.Retrieved5May2011."Before
GSM,EuropehadadisastrousmishmashofnationalanaloguestandardsinphonesandTV,designedto
protectnationalindustriesbutinsteadcreatingfragmentedmarketsvulnerabletobiggunsfromabroad."
5. ^ab"GSM"(http://www.webcitation.org/5yRQjyd8W).etsi.org.EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandards
Institute.2011.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/Technologies/gsm.aspx)on5May
2011.Retrieved5May2011."GSMwasdesignedprincipallyforvoicetelephony,butarangeofbearer
serviceswasdefined...allowingcircuitswitcheddataconnectionsatupto9600bits/s."
6. ^abcdef"History"(http://www.webcitation.org/5yRQRGPgH).gsmworld.com.GSMAssociation.2001.
Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.gsmworld.com/aboutus/history.htm)on5May2011.Retrieved
5May2011."1982GroupeSpecialeMobile(GSM)isformedbytheConfederationofEuropeanPostsand
Telecommunications(CEPT)todesignapanEuropeanmobiletechnology."
7. ^ab"CellularHistory"(http://www.webcitation.org/5yRQXw2sv).etsi.org.EuropeanTelecommunications
StandardsInstitute.2011.Archivedfromtheoriginal
(http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/Technologies/Cellularhistory.aspx)on5May2011.Retrieved5May2011.
"ThetaskwasentrustedtoacommitteeknownasGroupeSpcialMobile(GSMTM),aidedbya'permanent
nucleus'oftechnicalsupportpersonnel,basedinParis."
8. ^"WhocreatedGSM?"(http://www.gsmhistory.com/createdgsm/).StephenTemple.Retrieved7April2013.
"BeforeGSM,EuropehadadisastrousmishmashofnationalanaloguestandardsinphonesandTV,designed
toprotectnationalindustriesbutinsteadcreatingfragmentedmarketsvulnerabletobiggunsfromabroad."
9. ^"MaailmanensimminenGSMpuhelu"[World'sfirstGSMcall]
(http://www.webcitation.org/5yRT5T3dC).yle.fi.YelisradioOY.22February2008.Archivedfromthe
original(http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=86&t=586&a=5126)on5May2011.Retrieved5May
2011."HarriHolkerimadethefirstcallontheRadiolinja(Elisa'ssubsidiary)network,attheopening
ceremonyinHelsinkion07.01.1991."
10. ^"GSMWorldstatistics"(http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/marketdata/market_data_summary.htm).
gsmworld.com.GSMAssociation.2010.Retrieved8June2010.
11. ^"MobiletechnologiesGSM"(http://www.etsi.org/technologiesclusters/technologies/mobile/gsm?
highlight=YToxOntpOjA7czozOiJnc20iO30=).Retrieved7November2013.
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(http://www.dsrt.gov.mo/por/News/special/PressRelease2gArrangementAndInvestigationRpt.html).Bureauof
TelecommicationsRegulation,TheGovernmentofMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion.Retrieved5April
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13. ^MotorolaDemonstratesLongRangeGSMCapability300%MoreCoverageWithNewExtendedCell
(http://www.allbusiness.com/electronics/computerelectronicsmanufacturing/68381691.html).
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ETSI.December1997.Retrieved5September2007.
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(http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/21/technology/21iphone.html).TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved2February
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16. ^"TheA5/1CrackingProject"(http://www.scribd.com/doc/7227619/Crackinga5THCWiki).
http://www.scribd.com.Retrieved3Nov2011.|first1=missing|last1=inAuthorslist(help)
17. ^KevinJ.O'Brien(28December2009)."CellphoneEncryptionCodeIsDivulged"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/technology/29hack.html).NewYorkTimes.
18. ^"A5/1CrackingProject"(http://reflextor.com/trac/a51).Retrieved30December2009.
19. ^Owano,Nancy(27Dec2011)."GSMphonescallthemunsafe,sayssecurityexpert"
(http://www.webcitation.org/64FzqeRV8).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.physorg.com/news/2011
12gsmunsafeexpert.html)on27Dec2011.Retrieved27Dec2011."Nohlsaidthathewasabletointercept
voiceandtextconversationsbyimpersonatinganotherusertolistentotheirvoicemailsormakecallsorsend
textmessages.EvenmoretroublingwasthathewasabletopullthisoffusingasevenyearoldMotorola
cellphoneanddecryptionsoftwareavailablefreeofftheInternet."
20. ^"cPanel"(http://www.infosecurityguard.com).Infosecurityguard.com.Retrieved30August2010.
21. ^"CodebreakerKarstenNohl:WhyYourPhoneIsInsecureByDesign"
(http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2011/08/12/codebreakerkarstennohlwhyyourphoneis
insecurebydesign/).Forbes.com.12August2011.Retrieved13August2011.
22. ^"GSMUMTS3GPPNumberingCrossReference"(http://webapp.etsi.org/key/key.asp?full_list=y).ETSI.
Retrieved30December2009.
23. ^"GsmdOpenmoko"(http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Gsmd).Wiki.openmoko.org.8February2010.
Retrieved22April2010.
24. ^"TheHacker'sChoiceWiki"(http://wiki.thc.org/).Retrieved30August2010.
25. ^"OsmocomBB"(http://bb.osmocom.org/trac).Bb.osmocom.org.Retrieved22April2010.
26. ^"YateBTS"(http://www.yatebts.com).LegbaInc.Retrieved30October2014.

Furtherreading
Redl,SiegmundM.Weber,MatthiasK.Oliphant,MalcolmW(February1995).AnIntroduction
toGSM.ArtechHouse.ISBN9780890067857.
Redl,SiegmundM.Weber,MatthiasK.Oliphant,MalcolmW(April1998).GSMandPersonal
CommunicationsHandbook.ArtechHouseMobileCommunicationsLibrary.ArtechHouse.
ISBN9780890069578.
Hillebrand,Friedhelm,ed.(December2001).GSMandUMTS,TheCreationofGlobalMobile
Communications.JohnWiley&Sons.ISBN9780470843222.
Mouly,MichelPautet,MarieBernardette(June2002).TheGSMSystemforMobile
Communications.TelecomPublishing.ISBN9780945592150.
Salgues,SalguesB.(April1997).LestlcomsmobilesGSMDCS.Hermes(2nded.).Hermes
SciencesPublications.ISBN2866016068.

Externallinks
GSMAssociation(http://www.gsmworld.com/)Official
industrytradegrouprepresentingGSMnetworkoperators
worldwide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoGSM
Standard.
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3GPP(http://www.3gpp.org/)3GGSMstandardsdevelopmentgroup
AnatomyofcontemporaryGSMcellphonehardware
(http://laforge.gnumonks.org/papers/gsm_phoneanatomylatest.pdf),HaraldWelte,April16,
2010
UnstructuredSupplementaryServiceData(USSD)(https://www.facebook.com/USSD2)
FreeOnlineGSMtoMP3Converter(http://www.coolutils.com/Online/GSMtoMP3)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSM&oldid=643288033"
Categories: Channelaccessmethods 1991introductions GSMstandard
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mayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
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