The Explorer Islamabad: Journal of Social Sciences

ISSN (E): 2411-0132, ISSN (P): 2411-5487

Vol-1, Issue (7):255-263
www.theexplorerpak.org

GENERAL PROBLEMS FACED BY THE WOMEN POLICE

Adnan Jamil , Anwaar Mohyuddin
Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Corresponding Author:
Anwar Mohyuddin
Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
unwaar@gmail.com
Abstract: The present study aims to have an anthropological research on women who work as police officers
in Islamabad. These female officers face several social, personal, and psychological problems due to numerous
reasons, including insufficient transportation and infrastructure facilities. Furthermore, they are less in number
and new recruitment has also been stopped. Discriminatory behavior by low and high profile officers is also
witnessed among them. Such discriminations are visible in facilities, control over transportation, and
insufficient power in self-governing. These all factors are restrictions towards better performance as compared
to their counterpart. Beside these the women police are incompetent to meet the challenges due to lack of
physical and military training i.e. usage of weapons. In addition the women as police officers are incapable of
taking independent decisions in time due to their dependency on male seniors. This research was conducted in
Islamabad. In the territory of the Islamabad only one police station is operational. This police station is situated
in the sector G-7 Sitara Market. Qualitative anthropological techniques were used to collect empirical data.

Key Words: Police, Facilities, Problems, Transportation, Accommodation, Staff, Recruitment, Shelter,
Training, Authority
INTRODUCTION
According to the 7th UN survey in 2000, the
representation of women officers in the police
of 13 countries that provided data in the Asia
region vary between 2.2 to 19.1 percent. There
is no information concerning the ranks held by
these women or their duties (Natarajan 2012).
This quotation has raised concerns about the
availability of the data which is inadequate. On
the other hand, we have not enough literature
related to police women. A research study by
Natarajan (2012) indicated that an exhaustive
review of the research published in English on
women policing in Asia found relatively few
empirical studies which includes (Aleem 1991;
Banks 2001; Bhardwaj 1991; Boni and Circelli
2002; Natarajan 1996a, 1996b, 2001, 2003,
2005; Prenzler and Hayes 2000; Prenzler 1995,
1998, 2004; Vishnoi 1999; Wilkinson and
Froyland 1996; Amos-Wilson 1999; Yang 1985).
The term POLICE stands for Protection
Organization for Life and Investment in Civil
Establishment. The word police has been
derived from the Greek word POLITIA means
the condition of a state or Government. Police
is generally defined as the civil force
responsible for maintaining law and order
without which there can be no development of

civilization. The police organization, which at

present is known as the police department, is
meant and constituted for the proper
maintenance of law and order to perform the
different functions relating to criminal
administration.
Law
enforcement
occupations
have
traditionally been dominated by males.
However, with more and more females
entering the workforce and more emphasis
being placed on equal opportunity hiring, there
has been a vast increase in the number of
women becoming police officers.
Women faced discriminating behavior, not only
within their department, by their colloquies.
They also face discrimination by society as well.
This discrimination can be observed at all
places. It could be observed either by studying
institutions of high profile, or a in a small police
station in the developing country. In policing
gender integration and the opportunity for
women to participate in forming police policy
has been strongly resisted (Pagon 1996). An
article published 1996 on Polish women police
stated that "Sometimes it happens that they
(female police officers) are scarcely tolerated"
(Trzcinska and Pachlewski 1986) . In addition to
this, women also faced various other problems

255

during their services. Women police officers,

even in exclusively female stations, are unable
to register a case without clearance from their
Male superiors and have no powers of
investigation (Crisis Group Asia 2008) .
As our society has been male dominating,
women were influenced in each body of work,
and the same situation has been found in the
police profession also. As in comparing with
other societies, Pakistani society is more strict
regarding women, so in this context, it is very
essential for them, how they can work in such a
challenging atmosphere, where they have to
face this situation on a daily basis. Research
has shown that women in policing are not
easily accepted by their male peers, their
supervisors, or their own police department.
Women are viewed with skepticism or worse by
their male counterparts in spite of the fact that
women have been doing police work for over
one hundred years. The public is, however,
considerably more positive and frequently
welcoming of their presence. In recent years
acceptance by the public has grown as women
police have been seen more frequently on the
street on patrol and in uniform (Price 1996).
However, in policing, gender integration and
the opportunity for women to participate in
forming police policy has been strongly
resisted. Police organizations, typically inbred
and fraternal in spirit, emphasizing male values
of dominance, and use of force, assertion of
authority, generally are not hospitable to
women even if good-faith efforts are made to
integrate them (Fairchild 1987).
As talking about the police womans functions
during the job, a female police officer discussed
in an article as Indecently, you will find out,
that policewomen function with equal
competence in police community related work.
As a female representative, of the police agency
she is less burdened by public resentment of
her authority. As a woman, the female police
officer tends to project the social consciousness
and is hereby essential to the dialogue of the
police workforce community, and the
understanding of each other (Melchionne
1967).
The Police Service in Pakistan was still
overwhelmingly male in composition, even
after initial steps taken in 1976, but in the
October 1993 Benazir Bhutto took some bold
steps in response to international pressure of
Gender Equality and attempted to assist

Pakistani Women in their problems in an

efficient way. Thus it was in January 1994,
when Benazir announced the opening of
Pakistan's first all-female police station. The
objective was to provide a relief to the women
victims who were reluctant to approach the
male dominated police stations with their
complaints.1
On the other hand, female work is underpaid
and undervalued. It often involves emotional
danger and calls less for physical strength than
for physical stamina. Female work is an
extension of womens role in the home. Men
have traditionally not welcomed women who
want to work in masculinized occupations.
There have been a number of arguments
advanced for this (Niland 1996).
Women police officials do not have proper
accommodations/hostels. They even do not a
get pick and drop service, which make them
face a lot of problems. Women police officers
in Pakistan are not equipped with powers to
make self-governing decisions (Niazi 2013).
The police department in Pakistan has always a
lot of criticism from the society, due to
different reasons. The police system in Pakistan
is still working with a command and control
model, where the males are dominating the
overall structure (Niazi 2013).
There are also some reasons behind the factor
that female joins this occupation as one Indian
author described that, They work for a variety
of reasons, including the need to feel useful
and important. But they work mainly in order
to earn money which they do not absolutely
need. However, in India most of the women
seek outside jobs to a great extent due to
economic necessity, the female economic
empowerment is absolutely essential for raising
their status in society (Srinivasan and Ilango
2013).
METHODOLOGY
This research study is based on qualitative
research methods by using anthropological
skills. For the very purpose triangulation of the
research method has been adopted to create
the notion of reliability and confidentiality with
the data of this research study of women
working as a police. Sampling technique was
based on the systemic random sampling. A list
of 40 policewomen was arranged alphabetically
and the same quantity of chits was enclosed.
The selection of respondents was based on
1

"Islamabad Capital Territory Police". Retrieved 2009-10-03

256

chits without seeing the numbers in lottery

method. The data collection methods used
were participant observation and in-depth
interviews. Participant observation was used by
getting familiar with the pattern of women
police station and develop rapport among
them. This method helped to pave the way for
In-depth Interviews which are very essential.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study shows the inadequacy of data and
literature on women police in Asia. Available
evidences indicate discrimination against the
women in the police force in high and low
profile ranks. It was until 1994 in Benazir
Bhuttos regime when for the first time allfemale police stations were constituted to deal
with the women victims and prisoners. (IPGPK)
However, the women officers face several
problems due to poor facilities. Such poor
facilities are transportation problems, lack of
proper accommodations/hostels and so on.
Beside these problems they face discrimination
within and out of the department from their
colleagues and society. Such discriminations are
visible in facilities, control over transportation,
and insufficient power in self-governing
(Ahmad, et al. 2012).
The problem faced by the women police is the
co-police station who would share the same
office simultaneously. These women police,
especially married who reside with their
families often had problems on a daily basis
because they had no picked and drop facilities.
They often get late after the discharge of their
duties and as a result, they have to pay heavy
fares for their travels to and off their duties.
Furthermore, the late arrival of policewoman at
their residency often leads to doubt and
quarrels with husbands and senior family
members. It is further problematic for married
policewoman with children because they
cannot concentrate on their duties. Along with
this, it is observed that there is a lack of
schedule of duties and the police woman often
were called in an emergency.
General Problems
A proper transport facility was not provided to
the female police officials, except in
emergences or strikes, etc., due to which the
female police officer was facing great
difficulties, whilst coming to the police station
from far flung areas and back to their homes
late in the evening. The transport was provided
only in the emergency environment only for

their safety but very rare. The government

plans to evolve a national security plan with the
help of police to deal with terrorism, but the
majority of police stations in the city lacks even
the basic facilities such as sweepers, backup
power, drinking water and cooks, greatly
inconveniencing the staff (Asghar 2013).
During field duty that was usually in emergency
circumstances, the women police officials have
to arrange their own conveyance while
returning to the police station or to their homes
by paying heavy charges to the taxi or rickshaw
drivers from their own pocket without any reimbursement, that was an alarming situation
not only for the police station managers but
also for the higher police authorities. While
the relative financial status of the policeman
varies, he is economically working class
inasmuch as he is dependent on the sale of his
labour power (Reiner 1978).
Respondent shared: Hum nay duty kya khak
kerni hay emergency main anay janay kay hei
500-1000 denay par jaty hain (How can we
perform our duties, in case of emergencies we
have to pay Rs.500 to 1000 from our own
pockets).
Moreover, after completing their duties, they
were seen standing on the road looking for a
lift, which is a dangerous and threatening
situation for the women. They could lead to
having to face critical situations, due to security
compulsions. Similar was the condition whilst
the female police officers, were on night duty,
they have to travel alone in the late night to
their homes either by taxi or rickshaw or by
paying high conveyance charges from their
meager salary.
While talking to the researcher, few of the lady
constables told the researcher that they have
to face a lot of problems, whilst going home
after their late night duties. And this was clearly
caused by lack of public transport or other
means of transportation.
The second problem noted, was a shortage of
vehicles and fuel. At the G-7 police station,
there were only three vans for the
transportation purposes available, and these
vehicles were not properly utilized, due to fuel
shortage. The previous government was
providing 500 liters of petrol to the police
station, for running their vehicles per month.
The quantity of fuel was reduced gradually to
300 liters, which was not up to the
requirements of the police station. So therefore

257

the available fleet was not properly functioning,

and was creating several problems for women
police officials in discharging their duties.
Now we get less fuel, which has affected our
response time. We get 10 liter petrol for the
patrolling of 8 hour shift. We should also get a
risk allowance because we face and arrest
criminals, but we dont get it (Dawn 2013).
The third problem witnessed was the
buttering of male staff. The female officials
were not permitted to use official transport, as
it was used by the male officers and senior
staff. The buttering of male duty officers, ASI
and head constable was the only way out to
avail the transport even for private purposes. It
was observed by the researcher that the major
use of transport was availed by the male
officers and officials because they were
frequently seen coming and leave the police
station sitting in the official vehicles.
The fourth problem recorded was problems of
married policewomen. The police station,
though, was functioning well, but there were
some basic discrepancies as a result of the dual
presence of male and female police in a
combined police station, that had created many
problems for the women police especially the
married policewomen.
Women officials always give their kids and
household responsibilities as an excuse for not
doing their job properly. They get the same
training which is for men so they should
understand that they have to give proper time
to their jobs (Dawn 2013).
As there were two categories of women
inducted into the police force:
1. Married
2. Unmarried
The unmarried women were not facing that
many problems, as the married women do.
Unmarried women mostly have their residence
within the police station, while the married
women were residing outside the police station
even in the far flung areas, their coming and
going back to homes was a problematic daily
basis activity that was due to non-provision of
pick and drop facility by the police department.
The police women after discharging their duties
even in the late evening have to travel by public
transport, if available, or by costly taxi service
which was not easily available everywhere, they
have to wait for a reasonable time to get a
conveyance to reach their homes, which was
creating problems between the wife and

husband and also other senior family members

who kept on waiting for their arrival for hours.
Moreover, the rearing of children and many
important household tasks were affected due
to their absence from the households which
was another dilemma they were facing. Most of
them were observed fed-up from that kind of
department and were planning to change their
service structure or to leave the police
department.
There
were
numerous
misunderstandings and suspicion amongst the
family members, for their leaving early and
coming back home very late, which was
unbearable for them as it was affecting them
physically and psychologically. Moreover, they
were exhausting a major part of their salary on
their transportation, which was upsetting their
household economy.
The fifth problem observed, was the handling
of emergency calls, and a lack of proper
working schedules. A major problem that was
observed by the researcher during his frequent
visits to the female police station, was the lack
of proper planning of keeping a viable duty
schedule-the police force was supposed to be
ready every time as and when called on duty in
emergent circumstances. The uneven schedule
of the police station was almost upsetting not
only their households, but their personal life
too, while the unseen expenses of their
travelling were also disturbing their budget
limitations because of having no official
conveyance facility. According to the women
police respondents, they were losing their
authority, even on the children because of the
service upheavals, while their frequent mobility
was making them suspicious among other
family members.
The sixth problem these police women faced,
was the lack of proper facilities like shelters,
which would protect them from scorching sun
and heavy rain. Beside this, there was no facility
for washrooms for the policewoman, while on
duty. Policewoman Hostels were insufficient to
place them. There is complete insufficiency of
transportation, vehicles and fuel. As a result,
these women police officials often counter
several problems.
During research it was reported that women
performing their duties at out station faced
the issue of shelter. As, most of the time they
do not have proper shelter. A similar study
conducted in India, indicated that those places
where policewoman have no proper shelter

258

cannot perform their duty accordingly (Gupta

2004).
Lack of Facilities
There was a lack of several basic facilities to be
noticed. These included shelter, insufficient
accommodation, and even staff, because fresh
recruitment has stopped. They were not
provided with proper shelter at their duty
places to protect them from scorching heat and
rainfall. The female police officers did not have
official umbrellas whilst on duty, and therefore
they had to stand under the open sky, the
exposure to sun leads to different types of skin
problems, while in rainy season, the female
officers would suffer from different diseases.
Due to the poor conditions of their work places,
like for example the non-provision of
washrooms at the work place, most of them
could not concentrate properly on the work
that had to be done.
The proper accommodation for the persons
performing duties of sensitive nature is an
essential requirement for their physical and
mental stability, but the importance was not
kept in mind by the Islamabad police elite as in
the women police station, the accommodation
provided to the officials was consisting of small
two filthy and unhygienic rooms.
They have even to share the accommodation
with their needy police fellows in acute need
coming called for duty from far flung areas like
Attock, Jhelum, Gujranwala, Gujar Khan, Wah
Cantt, Faizabad that was creating problems for
all of them. The serving SHO admitted the fact
and said that she also has not given the proper
residence capable of accommodating the whole
family, she stressed that the female officials if
called for emergency duty should be provided
with proper accommodation. It was also told by
the constables that the due share of closed
holidays was also not allowed to them to take
care of their personal and household issues, but
in very emergent circumstances they were
permitted to avail 15 days leave against their
entitlement of 30 days leave per annum.
The female police station was facing acute
shortage of staff; the available staff was quite
insufficient to deal with the law and order
situation of the whole city of Islamabad under
the jurisdiction of the police station. The staff
strength was 41 including the SHO, admin
members and the constables, therefore the
staff was overburdened. There is not enough
recruitment of women as police officers and

therefore there is a lack of staff. These limited

staff has to perform various duties such as
patrolling, janitorial services and surveillance
and guarding in the station. For the last couple
of years the recruitment of fresh women police
officials has been stopped at all.
According to the SHO, the patrolling was
curtailed to the shortage of staff and
insufficient funding for fuel. For janitorial
services, there was a provision for a single
sweeper that was also not filled to take care of
the whole building consisting of two separate
setups, therefore, usually the detainees were
asked to clean the police station either by force
of by request. For extraordinary work, the
station was hiring the services of sweepers
working in other police stations.
In an informal discussion with the policewoman
staff, it was observed that the government was
not considering the fresh recruitment for the
policewoman in Islamabad, while thousands of
young and educated women were desirous to
join the profession. There was a dire need of
new recruitment to improve the efficiency of
the women police force to eliminate the
ongoing daily basis crimes within the capital
citys territory. The need for more and fully
functional female police stations and complaint
cells is especially acute (Crisis Group Asia
2008).
The researcher were also surprised, that the
police station was not very clean, and still there
were vacant positions for sweepers, that could
not be filled due to unknown reasons. When
enquired by the SHO, she replied that there
was an emergent need of a sweeper, but in
spite of repeated requests, the vacancy could
not be filled, they arrange sweeper from the
secretariat on personal request once or twice in
a week, while the constables told that they
were maintaining the cleanliness of the police
station by themselves.
Improper Patrolling Schedule
There was no pre-planned patrolling schedule
adopted by the women police station
authorities, therefore the patrolling was very
rare, but once in a month in some of the
specified areas like sector F-8/3 and the post
office area. The reason of insufficient patrolling
was explained by some of the responsible
police officials which were the outcome of
insufficient funding for procuring fuel. The
exact expression of the duties of policewomen,

259

in forms other than patrolling, has always been

somewhat vague and undefined (Higgins 1950).
Moreover, morally they were not able to patrol
very frequently, especially after the sunset
because of the criticism for travelling with the
male drivers. The prostitution, theft and car
snatching was growing day by day due to lack
of proper and frequent patrolling in different
areas of Islamabad.
The policewomen were not properly trained to
use the weapons in case of emergency, while
they even does not know to handle the
weapons provided to them. Their posting at
check posts has been discouraged by the higher
authorities for want of their security and having
no proper skills of using weapons, etc..
Moreover, the provision of the washrooms for
lady police constables was not possible for the
authorities, therefore they were denied to
perform check post duties.
Improper Physical and Military Training
Another important problem witnessed that
these women were not physically and militarily
trained properly, as a result, they are often
physically unfit and they lack the capability to
use the weapons. They are also not allowed to
carry their weapons while on duty. These
women who are recruited as police also face
psychological and mental depressions and their
social and personal lives are often disturbed
(Kern and Lundman 2012) .
The physical and military training for the police
force is the prerequisite of their induction into
a sensitive service structure; the women
recruited to the police were not provided with
proper physical training. Moreover, they were
also not properly trained to use the weapons at
the time of need, to keep them safe, while
encountering the criminals. Due to inefficiency
on the part of the higher police authorities, the
reasons were best known to them. But nonprovision of proper physical training on the
excuse of being women was not logical enough.
The lack of training has resulted that they were
not even capable of carrying their helmets and
protectors which they had to use during violent
protests, thus they were kept away from hectic
duties. During these years, little attention was
given to formal training; when such training did
appear, it had low priority and reflected the
department's
military
conception
of
organization (Haller 1976) .
The researcher was told that the women police
was not permitted to carry weapons while on

duty in spite of little weapon training. It was

witnessed during the visits to the police station
that there was no weapon seen as the part of
their uniform, which was probably not provided
by the authorities for the reasons best
explained as incapable to handle weapons.
Higher Authorities Pressure
Though the womens police station was an
independent entity, it was facing external
pressure of higher authorities in most of the
case, especially with regard to registering and
submitting the FIRs as it was not made
independent to deal with its affairs. The staff
was bound to follow the seniors instructions
otherwise they have to face consequences. The
SHO was agreed with the researchers
observation, but some of the sub-inspectors
denied the fact and said that they were working
independently without any pressure from their
seniors. However, the notion of pressure from
the senior seemed logical due to the prevailing
culture of favoritism and nepotism in the
government institutions.
Police women often complain of interference of
high pressures from their seniors in the matter
of their case and FIRs registration. As a result,
they are restricted to perform their duty
properly.
Disturbed Personal and Social Life
The staff at the womens police station was
leading a disturbed life, as it was complained by
most of the sub-inspectors and constables that
they were not enjoying a proper social life due
to hectic 24 hours duty, dealing with criminals.
It was obvious that they could not spare time
for their families. Moreover, the security
arrangement made to safeguard the police
workers was not adequate, for which they
always feel threatened and insecure.
According to the female police respondents,
they could avail four days leave after every two
months, but due to the burden of work, their
right to avail leave has also been denied, whilst
the maternity leave was not easy to avail. The
pregnant policewomen were compelled to
perform their outdoor duties as per the fixed
schedule without any relaxation endangering
their lives, while they perform their duties
under the open sun in scorching heat without
any shelter that also affects their health. While
talking to the respondents, they mentioned
that the SHO was kind enough and was taking
care of the pregnant women, but within her
official limits and provide maximum relief for

260

them but at organization level there was no

relaxation for them.
Wearing a veil was not permitted according to
the duty manual, on an enquiry made by the
researcher, the fact was established but
according to the respondents, they use veil or
gown during their traveling from home to the
police station and back to home, while some of
them were of the view that they were feeling
more comfortable in uniform without wearing
veil or gown as there was no external threat for
a uniform policewomen, while without uniform
and in veil they were treated as ordinary
women during travelling.
The staff of the women police station shared
the problem of menstruation with the
researcher, so that even during that specific
period they were bound to perform their
internal and external duties without any break,
while taking of leave was also not permissible,
because the policewomen feel uncomfortable
for performing their hectic outdoor duties
especially during the training and parade. One
of the respondents said once during the
physical training when she complaint to her
male senior he said ye khawateen k
khowamukhwa k chonchley hain and further
added when they were getting equal pay to the
male policemen, they have to work like a male.
Due to personal and social disturbance many
police women face symptoms of depression.
Most of the staff members told the researcher
that they become psychologically depressed,
when they counter household and societal
disturbances. Furthermore, accidents, and
terror activities mentally disturb the police
women on duty. When any major incident, like
bomb blasts, or terrorist attacks take place,
resulting in killing innocent civilians, and they
were confronted with having to look at blood
and body parts, these images throw deep
impacts on their minds and emotional stability.
But there were no arrangements at the highest
level to provide psychological counseling to the
affected police force to reduce the depression.
CONCLUSION
There are several problems these policewomen
are facing. On and off duty. And as a result,
they fail to perform their duties properly. If
these matters are taken seriously and problems
are resolved, then the chances to increase their
performance would be better. The first thing
that has to be considered, is a proper check,
and to create a balance by the higher law

enforcement
department.
The
second
consideration would be the allocation of
appropriate budget, so that female police
officers meet their transport (pick and drop
services), and infrastructure (accommodation,
shelter, washrooms and etc.) facilities. The
third consideration is recruitment of fresh and
energetic women who have passion and will to
join the department. The fourth consideration
which is important to be taken is the noninterference from their male seniors and they
get self-governing capabilities. The last
important consideration is a proper and fit
physical and military training, provided to
these policewomen so that they meet any
challenge in emergency same as on any
ordinary day.
It is suggested that when the above mentioned
considerations are taken seriously and resolved
on time, then there is more chance of
improvement
for
the
female
police
performance in the city.
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