Elec308: Engineering Optics

Tutorial 6
Zeng Yan
zydrean@ust.hk

Outline
Stops
Aperture stop
Field stop
Pupils and windows

Review of Geometrical Optics

Basic definition
Lens
Matrix method
Aberrations
Stop
Optical system

Typical homework problem

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ELEC308 Engineering Optics

Aperture Stop
AS is the element of optical system
(lens, diaphragm or whatever) that
limits the cone of light from object
point on the axis of the system

Field Stop
FS is the element of optical system
(lens, diaphragm or whatever) that
limits the field of view of the image,
formed by chief rays from the field.

Pupils
Pupil = image of Aperture Stop
EnP Entrance = by optics: O AS
ExP Exit Pupil = by optics:
AS I
Entrance pupil: The image of the aperture stop
formed by the optical elements (if any) that
precede it.
Exit pupil: The image of the aperture stop
formed by the optical elements (if any) that
follow it.

Windows
Window = image of Field Stop
EnW Entrance = by optics: O FS
ExW Exit
= by optics:
FS I
Entrance window: The image of the field stop
in all elements preceding it. Defines the lateral
dimension of the object that will be viewed.
Exit window: The image of the field stop in all
elements following it. Defines the lateral
dimension of the image that will be viewed.

Stops, Pupils, Windows,

Field of View

Example 1 about stop

5.46 Make a sketch roughly locating the aperture stop and
entrance pupils for the lens in Fig. P5.46, assuming the object
point to the beyond(to the left of )F01.

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Example 1 about stop

P2

P1

P3

F01

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Fi2

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Example 2 about stop

Diagrammatically locate the AS, FS
and respective pupils, windows

1 3
2

Since 1> 2 >3, the aperture stop is just the diaphragm.

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2
1

Since 1> 2, the L1 is the field stop.

Another view

1
2

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

(1)Basic definition: reflection, refraction, Fermats principle, optical path,
total internal reflection, paraxial ray approximation(spherical interface)
(2)lens: single interface, focal length, magnification, mirror,
thin lens(image equation), thick lens(cardinal points, power equation )
(3)Matrix method: definition, different matrix of optical elements,
System matrix: Special Cases, determinant, equations for cardinal points
(4)Aberrations: definition of aberrations, monochromatic,
chromatic aberration (doublet, correction)
(5)Stop: AS, FS, pupils, windows
(6)Optical system: eyes, hand magnifier, microscope, telescope,
binoculars
Image equation, graphical ray tracing, matrix methods
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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Basic definition

---Reflection & Refraction

n1 sin1 = n2 sin2

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Basic definition

--- Fermats principle & total internal reflection

Example:

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Basic definition

--- Paraxial ray approximation

lo = [ R 2 + ( so + R ) 2 2 R( so + R ) cos ]
OPL = n1lo + n2li
2
2
1/ 2
li = [ R + ( si R) + 2 R ( si R ) cos ]
Fermat' s principle d (OPL) / d = 0
n R( s + R ) sin n2 R( si R) sin
1 o

=0
2lo
2li

2 4 6
+

+
cos = 1
2
!
4
!
6
!
From :
3
5
7
sin = + +

3! 5! 7!
n n
1 n s ns
n n
n n
1 + 2 = ( 2 i 1 o) 1 + 2 = 2 1
lo li
R li
lo
so si
R

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1/ 2

Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Lens

--- single interface, focal length & magnification

single interface :

n1 n2 n2 n1
+ =
so si
R

focal length :

n1 n2 n2 n1 n1 n2
+ =
= =
so si
R
f
f'

magnification : m =
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si
so

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Lens

--- mirror & thin lens (image equation)

Lens maker' s formula :

Image equation :

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1
1
1
= (nL 1)( )
f
R1 R2

1 1 1
= +
f so si
ELEC308 Engineering Optics

1
R 1 1
= = +
f
2 so si

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Lens

--- thick lens(cardinal points, power equation )

Power equation : P1 =

n2 n
n' n2
, P2 =
R1
R2

P = P1 + P2 d
Pricipal planes : h =

d P2

n2 P

h' =

Lens maker' s fomular :

Image equation :

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P1 P2
n2

d P1

n2 P

1
1
1 ( nL 1)d
= (nL 1)(
+
)
f
R1 R2
nL R1 R2

1 1 1
= +
f so si

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Matrix method

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---Basic matrix definitions

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Matrix method

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---matrix applications

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Matrix method

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---matrix applications

ELEC308 Engineering Optics

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Matrix method

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---matrix applications

ELEC308 Engineering Optics

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Aberrations

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--- definition of aberrations

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Aberrations

--- doublet

1 1 1
Image equation : = +
f so si
correction :

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P1V2 + P2V1 = 0

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Stop

---AS, FS, Pupils & Windows

Using the image equation several times for different elements,

and considering the smaller angles to find the AS or FS

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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Optical system

---eye & magnifier

P = P1 + P2 dP1 P2
Myopia & Hyperopia

(a) at the near point is M =

25cm
+1
f

25cm
(b)at infinity M =
f
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Quick review on Geometrical Optics

Optical system

---microscopy & telescope

fo
fi

Magnification : M =
Dexit =
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Do
M

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Typical homework problem

4.25 A coin is resting on the bottom of a tank of water (nw =
1.33) 1.00m deep. On top of the water floats a layer of benzene
(nb = 1.50), which is 20.0cm thick. Looking down nearly
perpendicularly, how far beneath the topmost surface does the
coin appear? Draw a ray diagram.

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Typical homework problem

5.8 Locate the image of an object placed 1.2 m form the vertex of
a gypsys crystal ball, which has a 20-cm diameter (n=1.5). Make
a sketch(of the rays, not the gypsy)

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Typical homework problem

6.9 A thick glass lens of index 1.50 has radii of +23cm and
+20cm, so that both vertices are to the left of the corresponding
centers of curvature. Given that the thickness is 9.0cm, find the
focal length of the lens. Show that in general R1-R2=d/3 for such
afocal zero power lenses. Draw a diagram showing what happens
to an axial incident parallel bundle of rays as it passes through the
system.

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Typical homework problem

6.9 A thick glass lens of index 1.50 has radii of +23cm and
+20cm, so that both vertices are to the left of the corresponding
centers of curvature. Given that the thickness is 9.0cm, find the
focal length of the lens. Show that in general R1-R2=d/3 for such
afocal zero power lenses. Draw a diagram showing what happens
to an axial incident parallel bundle of rays as it passes through the
system.

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Typical homework problem

6.20 Compute the system matrix for a thick biconvex lens of index
1.5 having radii of 0.5 and 0.25 and a thickness of 0.3.Check |A|=1.
6.23 Considering the lens in Problem 6.20, determine its focal length
and the location of the focal points with respect to its vertices V1,V2.
first interface :
0 1
1
0
1

1
.
5
1
=
R1 =

0.5 1.5 1.5 2 / 3 2 / 3

transfer matrix :
1 0.3
T=

0 1
second interface :

1/ f = P1 +P2 P1P2d / nl
=1+2120.3/1.5= 2.6 f =0.385
D 0.6
A
0.8
= 0.23,V2F2 = =
=0.31
V1F1 = =
C 2.6
C 2.6

1
0 1

0
=
R 2 = 1.5 1

0.25 1 1.5 / 1 2 3 / 2
0.8 0.2
system matrix : S = R2TR1 =
, | S |= 1
2.6 0.6
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Typical homework problem

6.21 The system matrix for a thick biconvex lens in air is given by

0.6 2.6
0.2 0.8

Knowing that the first radius is 0.5cm, that the thickness is 0.3cm,
and that the index of the lens is 1.5, find the other radius.

1
M = n n'

Rn'

0
n

n'

0
1
R1 =

2
/
3
2
/
3

1 0.3
T =

0
1

0
1
R2 =

R
1
/
2
3
/
2

SystemMatrix : A = R2 T R1 R = 0.25cm

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Typical homework problem

5.42 Consider a thin positive lens L1, and using a ray diagram,
show that if a second lens L2 is placed at the focal point of L1,
the magnification does not change. Thats a good reason to wear
eyeglasses, whose lenses are different, at the correct distance
from the eye.
Method 1: Graphical ray tracing

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Typical homework problem

Method 2: Matrix method

1
1 s1
a R1 = 1
T1 =

f
0 1
2

0
1
a T2 =
1
0

1
a R2 = 1
f
1

0
1 s2 '
a T3 =
1
0 1

A B
SystemMatrix : M =

C
D

s f
ss '
Conjugate : B = s1 1 1 + f1 1 2 = 0
f2
f1
Magnification : m = A = 1
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f1 s2 '
f

= 1
f 2 f1
s1

f1
1

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