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Volume 1, Issue 1, Sep, 2011, Pages 1-15.

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Indian Hot- Water Springs: A Birds Eye View

Satpal Singh Bisht1*, Nagendra Nath Das1 & N. K. Tripathy2

1

Dept. of Biotechnology, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Orissa, India760010

2
Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Orissa.
Abstract
Indian subcontinent atlas with respect to its geo-thermal domain and tectonomagnetic history
provides immense data on geothermal reservoirs in the term of Hot-water Springs. However
relatively less research exploitations are documented as compared to the other countries. The
research activities with reference to the Hot-water Springs are scanty from Indian Subcontinent. This review is an attempt to place the information on Indian hot water springs at a
glance to the wide range of readers.
Keywords: Hot-water Springs, Mythology, Geological Survey of India (GSI), origin of hot
water springs, geo-tectonic activities, Bioprospecting.

Author for Correspondence E-mail: sps.bisht@gmail.com

Introduction
The geo-tectonic setup of India, the fault
map zones and the epicenter of seismicity
indicate about the anomalous nature of
different types of geothermal distributions.
Geological Survey of India had identified
340 Hot-water springs which are
characterized
by
orogenic
activity.
Geothermal Studies in India taken place by
Schiagintweit who documented 99- Hotwater springs in India in 1864 (1). R. D.
Oldham in 19th century published an
inventory of three hundred thermal springs
India (2). La Touch published a list of
mineral springs in 1918 (3). Subsequently,
studies on the hot springs were carried out
by Heim and Ganssar (1938) (4),
Pranvananda (1949) (5), Ghosh (1954) (6),
Chatterjee and Guha (1964) (7).
The Ministry of Power and Irrigation of our
country constituted a committee on 'Hot
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Springs' in 1963 to explore the commercial

potential of thermal or Hot-water springs
which was comprised of members from the
GSI, NGRI (National Geophysical Research
Institute) and Jadavpur University (Kolkata)
(8).
All the Hot-water Springs of India were
classified on the basis of their geo-tectonic
setup and grouped into six Geothermal
Provinces as follows: (a)
Himalayan
Province - Tertiary Orogenic belt with
Tertiary magmatism, (b) Areas of Faulted
blocks Aravalli belt, Naga-Lushi, West coast
regions and Son-Narmada lineament. (c)
Volcanic arc - Andaman and Nicobar arc.
(d) Deep sedimentary basin of Tertiary age
such as Cambay basin in Gujarat. (e) V.
Radioactive
Province
Surajkund,
Hazaribag, Jharkhand, (f) Cratonic province
peninsular India (9).
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Fig. 1: Geothermal provinces of India (Hot-Spring occurrence area represented by cylindrical

boxes).

Fig. 2: Geothermal provinces and regional heat flow pattern in India showing black spots as
geothermal fields.
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A hot water spring or a hydrothermal spring
is a place where warm or hot groundwater
comes out from the earth on a regular basis
for at least a predictable part of the year and
is significantly above the ambient ground
temperature. The heated water can hold
more dissolved solids, warm and especially
hot springs also often have a very high
mineral content, containing everything from
simple calcium to lithium, and even radium
based on the geographical site and location.

Paper,
Leather,
Oil
refineries,
Pharmaceuticals, Dairy based industries. In
this modern era of biotechnology, the
enzyme
industry
has
undergone
comparatively with slower growth then
expected. This is due to the nonavailabilities of variety of thermostable
enzymes which are found in such extreme
environments; therefore this area of research
needs more attention from the industry and
academia.

The hot water bodies are been much more

noticed for folklore less for the proven
medical value and repository of the various
thermophiles, they are often popular as
tourist destinations, and locations for
rehabilitation clinics for those with dermal
problems. The Bioprospecting value of hotwater springs related to microbial diversities
is now growing importance in Textile,

The close link between the origin of Hotwater Springs with reference to seismicity
levels of earthquake frequencies in Indian
Plateau. Microbial life existences in such
extreme environments play a vital role in
studying the origin of earlier life during
initial periods of evolutions of Earth. (Fig. 1,
Fig. 14)

Fig. 3: Seismic zoning map of India (on lines of IS: (1893-1970))

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Fig. 4: Merged Photo of Figure 2 and Figure 4 (without colour).

Fig. 5: Merged photo of Figure 2 and Figure 4 (with colour for zonal identification).
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Importance of Hot-Water Springs
The change that reflects the diagenesis in
Hot-water Springs is critical factor to
distinguish the evolutionary trends of
archeal development in particular when
comparisons are made to modern
prokaryotes. The tectonic faults arise due to

seismic activity in Indian plateau which lead

to metamorphic changes in deep biosphere
of rocks, present under fault lines of
geographical map of India. Indo-Eurasian
collision resulted in the flexure of the Indian
plate which responsible for sporadic
earthquake occurrences within the Indian
plateau (10).

Fig. 6: Tectonic Fault Map of India indicating different zone-wise faults.

Major Hot-Water Springs of India
State-wise data of selected locations of Hotwater springs in India are as follows:
Jammu and Kashmir: Puga and
Chhumathang geothermal fields are located
at altitudes of 4000 and 4400 m in Ladakh
district, along Leh-Chusul road, about 180
km and 150 Km, respectively from Leh
town. Puga geothermal field `07`hot-water
springs (~840 C), Chhumathang geothermal
field:-`06`hot-water springs (870 C) (13).

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Himachal Pradesh: Beas Valley:`08`hotwater Springs (300-570 C), Parbati Valley:`06` hot-water Springs (210-1500 C), i.e., a)
Mannikaran (860-940 C) b) Khirganga (1500
C), c) Kasol (1000 C) d) Awas (580 C). Satluj
and Spiti Valley:- 12 hot-water springs (230
C-730 C), i.e., a) Tapri (Hot Water is NaCl
type), b) Chuza-Sumdo (230 C-59 0 C), c)
Tattapani (located at Mandi district and 51
km from Shimla), d) Garam Kund (Near
Bhatwari), e) Vasisht (1100 F -1230 F) (13).
(Figure 9)

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Fig. 7: North-Indian Region Hot-springs of India (Geothermal manifestations in Himalayas)

Uttarakhand: Yamunotri Spring Here,
traditionally, one can cook rice by packing it
in a cloth and dipping in the hot-water.
Pilgrims take this cooked rice as `Prasad`.
Another Surya Kund (Near Rudra Prayag),
Tapt Kund- Natural hot-water spring on the
bank of the river Alaknanda, where it is
customary to take bath before entering
Badrinath Temple Gauri Kund located near
05 kms to Sonprayag, during travel to
Kedarnath. Another Bhagirathi Valley
(Uttarkashi District)-06 hot-water Springs,
i.e., a) Gangnani (30``54` N, 78`` 41` E ),
(620 C); b) Bhukki (30`` 52` N,78`` 39` E),
(350C 450C), c) Songarh (270C) , Darma
Valley (Pithaurgarh District) 01 hot-water
Spring at (30``04`N, 80`` 30`E). Madhya
Maheswar Valley: hot-water springs have a
Maximum temperature of 940 C, (13) Uttar
Pradesh: Sastradhara -A cold sulphur
spring in Deheradun Valley (13). Sikkim:
(All hot-water Springs temperature above
500 C), a) Phurchachu b) Yumthang (135
km.from Gangtok), c) Borang, d) Ralang e)
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Taram Chu, f) Yumey-Samdong (13).

Arunanchal Pradesh: a) Dirang (West
Kameng District), b) Kitpi Hot- water spring
near Greng Vilage of Tawang District, c)
Bhalukpong Hot- water Spring 58 km from
Tezpur (Fig. 7) (13 and 17). Meghalaya:
Jarkem (64 km. from Shillong) (13).
Haryana:
Sohana Thermal Area near
Gurgaon (33 Bore Holes) (13). Punjab: No
Database on Hot-water Springs (13).
Gujarat: a) Tulsishyam (Junagarh District),
b) Tuwa hot water Spring c)Unani (Surat
District) (13), Rajasthan: Occurrence up to
14 hot-water Springs (contain Sulphur
amount more) (Figure 6) (13) Bihar: a)
Rajgir b) Munger District hot-water Springs
i.e., 1) Bharani. 2) Bhimbandth Group 3)
Hingania
Group
4)
RemeshwarLakshmiswar-Bhowarh Kund Groups 5)
Rishikund Group 6) Sitakund-Phillips Kund
Group 7) Sringrishi Group. All are not more
than 45 0C temperature range (13). Assam:
Gelepung (13).
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Fig. 8: Map showing the location of the hot springs in Arunanchal Pradesh

Fig. 9: Location of Marine Magnetotelluric stations deployed in Gulf of Kutch.

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Fig. 10: West Coast thermal springs covering Cambay Province.

Maharashtra: a) Unkeshwar (30 0 C 40 0
C) lies in Nanded and Yeotmal District, b)
Akoli (near Thane District), c) Vajreshwari
Hot-water Spring (34 km. from Thane), d)
Ganeshpuri i, e) Satvali, f) Sahada and
Chopda (lies near Nandurbar District), g)
Kundwa (440C), h) Unabdeo (60 0C), i)
Ramtalab (40 0C), j) Indave (41 0C), k)
Khadgaon (38 0C), (Fig. 10 and 11) (13)
Madhya Pradesh: a) Dhuni Pani (near
Amarkantak), b) Tattapani hot water Spring
situated in Surguja District (81 0 C 36 0 C /
km), c) Salbardi region of hot-water Springs
of Betul District (38 0 C 42 0 C), d)

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Chavalpani near Panchmarhi, e) AnhoniSamoni area hot-water springs situated in

Chhindwara-Hosangabad (30 0C to 420C but
in some cases 50 0 C to 53.2 0 C) (Figure 8
and 10) (13). Odisha: a) Atri (Sulphur
Spring near Khorda and 42 km. from
Bhubaneswar, mostly 55 0 C), b) Deluajhari
(Sulphur Spring near Athamalik in the
District of Angul), c) Taptapani (Sulphur
Spring and located 51 km. far from
Berhampur) (Fig. 15), d) Tarabalo ( Hotwater Spring far from 75 km. from
Bhubaneswar and favourite place for picnicspot) (13).

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Fig. 11: Map showing Hot water spring locations in Central India (Maharashtra+ +M.P.)

Fig. 12: Borehole discharge at Tattapani Geothermal field, Surguja district, M.P.
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water Springs (Palamu District, 61 0 C- 65 0
C), b) Jarom (50 0 C to 57 0 C), c) Surajkund
of Hazaribag District (880 C ), d) Lakshmi
Kund of Hazaribag District (53 0 C), e)
Brahma Kund of Hazaribag District (45 0 C),
f) Ram Kund of Hazaribag District (62 0 C),
g) Sitakund (53 0 C), h) Bagodar of
Hazaribag
District
(13).

West Bengal: a) Bakreswar Hot-water

Spring (690 C), (Table 1 and Table 2) b)
Tantloi Hot water Spring (660 C), c)
Kendughata Hot-water Spring (650 C), d)
Bholeghata Hot-water Spring (420 C), e)
Tantni (620 C) (Figure 5 ) (13 ad 18)
Jharkhand: Hot-water Springs contain high
concentrations of Fluoride. a) Tatta Hot-

Table 1: Percentage composition of type-II spring bubble gases from hot springs in the
BakreswarTantloi geothermal area.
Spring
(Temperature) 0C

Number of
analysis
He

Bakreswar (69)
Tantloi (66)
Kendughata (65)
Bholeghata (42)
Tantloi (62)

455
86
53
50
67

1.8
1.5
1.1
0.8
1.0

N2

Ar

CO2

90
26
2.0
92.5 1.4 0.2
92.7 1.3 0.6
68.1 0.8 17.9
94.8 2.6 0.3

CH4
27
28
21
0.6

O2

H2

0.8 50 ppm
0.9 0.7
1.7
0.5
12.4
0.3
0.4

Table 2: Average composition of type-I fault air during maximum helium emission at five
locations in the Bakreswar-Tantloi geothermal area.
Location

Bhabanipur

Measurement May 1999

Period
to
Nov. 2000
No. of
Analysis

38

He (ppm)
780 132
H2 (ppm)
822 54
Ar (%)
1.0 0.2
N2 (%)
77.82 1.64
O2 (%)
16.91 2.15
CO2 (%) 1.93 0.30
CH4 (%)
1.75 0.37

Bakreswar

Tarasol

June 1999
to
Sept. 2000

Sept. 1999
to
April 2000

47

19

Tantloi

June 1999 August 1999

to
to
June 2000 January 2000
23

562 128
367 110
342 39
694 61
482 18
1044 280
1.2 0.3
1.0 0.1
1.23 0.3
79.36 0.90 79.72 0.90 79.41 1.21
17.01 1.66 18.20 1.11 16.84 0.94
0.77 0.25
0.35 0.12 1.28 0.16
1.52 0.41
0.39 0.26 1.66 0.29

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Rameswar

06

634 65
521 15
1.0 0.1
78.60 1.22
18.13 0.87
0.94 0.36
2.22 1.54

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Andhra Pradesh: Ushnagundam (near
Bhadrachalam area) (13) Karnataka: a)
Bendruteertha (Sulphur Spring and lies 13
km. from Mangalore b) Irde (Located at
Puttur Taluk area, 37 0 C), c) Bandaru (near
Belthangadi Taluk area) (13). Tamil Nadu:
Godavari Valley contains near about 30 hotwater
springs.
a)
MannargudiThiruthuraipundi area of hot-water springs,
b) hot-water Springs along costal tract of
Arantangi (13). Kerala: Varkala (54
km.from Thiruvanthpuram) (13). Andaman
and Nicobar: Various Hot-water Springs
present with high abnormalities in their
temperature range of more than 200 0C
located near active Volcanoes (13).
Mythology of Hot-Springs
In India, Hot-Spring water has been used for
basic survival and medicinal purposes, In
Odisha state; Atri and Taptapani are the two
famous Hot water springs. Taptapani
thermal water is mainly used for treatment
of skin, stomach and Rheumatic disorders.
There are also superstitions in use of thermal
water in Atri that, women take bath in
thermal water on auspicious Mahashivaratri
and Makar Sankranti to heal the impotency
and get divine blessings for motherhood.
(14)
Ten Well Known Hot Springs in India
Vajreshwari (Maharashtra):
Vajreshwari located at the foot of Mandakini
Mountain has several Hot Springs strewn
across Vajreshwari, Akoli, Ganeshpuri and
Satvali. The temperature of the hot springs
here varies from 43 to 49 0C. At the hot
springs in Vajreshwari there is a provision
of hot springs baths in exclusive and closed

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baths known as "Kothawalla Baths" (15).

Bakreswar (West Bengal):
Bakreswar a famous pilgrimage spot is
located on the edge of the Chhotanagpur
plateau. It boasts of 10 Hot Springs,
naturally rich in therapeutic minerals. People
from far and near converge hear for a bath.
The natural springs of Bakreswar are also
sources of Helium gas. Important ones are
Paphara Ganga, Baitarini Ganga, Khar
kunda et al (15).
Taptapani (Odisha):
About 50 km from Berhampur, Taptapani
Hot water spring is located on a densely
forested hill. The waters of the natural
spring of Taptapani is said to contain
medicinal properties that cures skin
ailments. A pond is constructed next to the
Hot Spring for taking bath (15).
Atri (Odisha):
Atri located at a distance of 42 km from
Bhubaneswar and well known for its hot
sulphur springs. The Hot water springs with
sulphur, maintain a uniform temperature of
55 0 to 58 0 C throughout the day. A bathing
complex adjoining the hot sulphur springs is
there for all to try alternative cures or just
the fun of it (15).
Thingbu and Tsachu (Arunanchal
Pradesh)
Thingbu and Tsachu Hot Water Springs the
twin healing hotspots are on the Tawang
Jang road in Tawang District. Easy
accessibility makes the warm, sulphur-rich
water of the Hot water springs a favourite
for the tourists as well as those desirous to
cure skin diseases (15).

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Fig. 13: Location map showing hot springs and observation sites of helium escape from thermal
area with reference to Kolkata to the earth surface. (Inset) Location of Bakreswar Tantloi
Geothermal field.

Fig. 14: Taptapani Hot water Spring of Odisha.

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Fig. 15: Atri Hot water Spring of Odisha

Yumesamdong (Sikkim)
Yumesamdong near to the Chinese border,
in the picturesque north Sikkim is well
recognized for its Hot water springs. There
is not less than 14 sulphur Hot water Springs
in the region of Yumesamdong. North
Sikkim. The Hot Springs are not out of
bounds and offer a chance to take a dip in
any among the 14 of the area (15).
Mannikaran (Himachal Pradesh)
Mannikaran, at 1829 m above from sea level
is famous for its Hot water springs. The
water here is said to contain high dose of
Uranium and radioactive minerals besides
Sulphur. The temperature of the water is
above boiling point. One can have a bath
here within the premises of a Gurudwara
and two other privately-owned tanks.
Mannikaran is 70 km from Manali (15).
Vasisht (Himachal Pradesh)
Just 3 km. from Manali are located the hot
springs of Vasisht in a small village. The
natural sulphur Hot water springs are
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managed by the government. The sprouts

near the Sage Vasisht Temple fall into a tank
within the temple and there are separate
bathing areas for men and women (15).
Gauri Kund (Uttaranchal)
Gauri Kund is situated at an elevation of
1982 meters from sea level and is the
commencement point of the holy trek to
Kedarnath. The natural thermal springs here
is allowed to fall into a Kund. The Kund
itself has a mythological connotations
attached with it. A sacred dip is considered
auspicious here (15).
Panamik (Ladakh, J&K)
Panamik in Ladakh is around 9 km from the
beginning of the Siachen glacier. The Hot
Springs at Panamik with visible water
bubbles is very hot so there is no question of
getting near or touching it. The rocks around
the hot spring are very slippery because of
presence of green algae and sulphur coating
of the water (15).

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Conclusion
The geothermal fields are tectonically
controlled and often found in areas of block
faulting, grabens or rifting, collapsed caldera
structures, with reservoir depth within 1-3
km. (10). As regards to the origin of hot
springs in India, the photograph samples of
Indian Maps as provided i.e., Fig. 2 (9):
Geothermal provinces and regional flow
pattern in India and Fig. 4 (16): Seismic
zoning map of India (on lines of IS : (18931970)) are taken and merged together by
using Adobe Fireworks cs5 version. The
merger indicates that the hot springs are
originated near the high earthquake zones on
faults (Fig. 12 and 13), i.e., (Fig. 2.Encircled zones are marked as Green in
colour and Fig. 4.-Seismic zones are marked
as Red colour).In Shear zones as marked by
I, IV, V , VI , the presence of hot springs
are less in number. However, in the Thrust
zones the presence is moderate, e.g.,
Jwalamukhi Thrust line, Mishmi Thrust line,
Dishang Thrust line (as indicated by Fig. 3.
It also reveals that a very high number of
hot springs are found near to Son Narmada
Tapti Fault line, KMF (Kutch main land
Fault line), MDF (Mahendragarh Deheradun
Fault line ) MSRMF (Munger Saharsadhara
Fault line), Cauvery Fault line, Tamil Nadu,
KGF (Kinnersami Godavari Fault line),
Marginal Fault line in Gujarat, West Coast
Fault line (Maharashtra) (Fig. 3).
After analytical study and perusal reported
as above, it may be concluded that the Hotwater Springs originated due to tectonic
movements or collision of heavy rocks
during the course of Earthquakes. Indian
scientific research scenario based on Hot
water spring microbial diversities, reveals
much interesting data about salient features
of their surveillance and evolutionary
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adaptabilities towards extreme environments

and enhancing their Bioprospecting values
by using biotechnology and bioinformatics
tools and for this, much research inputs have
to be upgraded in the database of Hot-water
Spring ecosystems present in India.
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