Echavez, Kristianne Mae R.

CE II

ME21 / C1
Engr. Aviso

Gasoline Engine

- This is a class of internal-combustion engines that generate

power by burning a volatile liquid fuel (gasoline or a gasoline
mixture such as ethanol) with ignition initiated by an electric
spark.
- Gasoline engines can be built to meet the requirements of
practically any conceivable power-plant application, the most
important being passenger automobiles, small trucks and
buses, general aviation aircraft, outboard and small inboard
marine units, moderate-sized stationary pumping, lighting
plants, machine tools, and power tools.

How do they work?

Internal Combustion
The principle behind any reciprocating internal combustion
engine: If you put a tiny amount of high-energy fuel (like gasoline)

in a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of

energy is released in the form of expanding gas.

As for cars they use a four-stroke combustion cycle to convert

gasoline into motion. The four-stroke approach is also known as
the Otto cycle, in honor of Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in
1867.The cycle consist of the following:
-

Intake stroke
Compression stroke
Combustion stroke
Exhaust stroke

Steps:
1. The piston starts at the top, the intake valve opens, and the
piston moves down to let the engine take in a cylinder-full of air
and gasoline. This is the intake stroke. Only the tiniest drop of
gasoline needs to be mixed into the air for this to work.

2. Then the piston moves back up to compress this fuel/air

mixture. Compression makes the explosion more powerful.

3. When the piston REACHES THE TOP of its stroke, the spark
plug emits a spark to ignite the gasoline. The gasoline charge
in the cylinder explodes, driving the piston down.

4. Once the piston hits the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve
opens and the exhaust leaves the cylinder to go out the
tailpipe.

Diesel Engine
- A diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition
engine and sometimes capitalized as Diesel engine) is an
internal combustion engine that uses the heat of
compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is
injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage
of compression.
- In contrast to spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine
(gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as
opposed to gasoline), which uses a spark plug to ignite an
air-fuel mixture. The diesel engine is modeled on the Diesel
cycle. The engine and thermodynamic cycle were both
developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1897.
- The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the
gasoline powered Otto cycle by using a higher compression
of the fuel to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug
("compression ignition" rather than "spark ignition").
Same with gasoline engine, they are manufactured in two-stroke
and four stroke cycle. The diesel is similar to the four-stroke, but
uses a different method to ignite the fuel.

Steps:
1.) Intake

The intake valve opens, and fresh air (containing no fuel), is

drawn into the cylinder.

2.) Compression

As the piston rises, the air is compressed, causing its temperature

to rise. At the end of the compression stroke, the air is hot enough
to ignite fuel.

3.) Injection

Near the top of the compression stroke, the fuel injector drives
fuel into the cylinder. The fuel immediately ignites upon contact
with the hot compressed air.

4.) Power

As the fuel burns, the gas in the cylinder heats and expands,
driving the piston.

5.)

Exhaust

The exhaust valve opens, and the exhaust is driven out of the
cylinder.

6.) Valve

The valves are operated by a variety of mechanisms on diesel and

four stroke engines. The engine illustrated here features dual
overhead camshafts, sometimes abbreviated DOHC. These are
usually driven by a chain or cog belt as shown here.

Diesel Engines vs. Gasoline Engines

- In theory, diesel engines and gasoline engines are quite
similar. They are both internal combustion engines designed
to convert the chemical energy available in fuel into
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy moves pistons
up and down inside cylinders. The pistons are connected to a
crankshaft, and the up-and-down motion of the pistons,
known as linear motion, creates the rotary motion needed to
turn the wheels of a car forward.
- Both diesel engines and gasoline engines covert fuel into
energy through a series of small explosions or combustions.
The major difference between diesel and gasoline is the way
these explosions happen. In a gasoline engine, fuel is mixed
with air, compressed by pistons and ignited by sparks from
spark plugs. In a diesel engine, however, the air is
compressed first, and then the fuel is injected. Because air
heats up when it's compressed, the fuel ignites.

* Remember that the diesel engine has no spark plug, that it

intakes air and compresses it, and that it then injects the fuel
directly into the combustion chamber.

Fire Protection System

What is Fire Protection System?
- It is a design features, systems or equipment in a building,
structure or other fire risk, to reduce danger to persons and
property by detecting, extinguishing or containing fires.
- The regular interaction of dependent and independent
sources of fire protection services, including both public and
private organizations, apparatus, equipment, fixed and
mobile, facilities, methods, human resources, and policies by
the authority having jurisdiction.

Types of Protection
Active fire protection systems such as water sprinkler and
spray systems are widely used in the process industries for
protection of storage vessels, process plant, loading installations
and warehouses. The duty of the fire protection system may be to
extinguish the fire, control the fire, or provide exposure protection
to prevent domino effects. For some applications foam pourers or
fixed water monitors may be a more appropriate method of
delivery than sprays or sprinklers. Other more specialized
systems using inert gases and halogen based gases are used for
flooding enclosed spaces.

Passive fire protection system can provide an effective

alternative to active systems for protecting against vessel failure.
This generally consists of a coating of fire resistant insulating
media applied to a vessel or steel surface. It is often used where
water or other active protection media supplies are inadequate,
such as in remote locations, or where there are difficulties with
handling fire water run-off. Fire walls are another form of passive
fire protection that are used to prevent the spread of fire and the
exposure of adjacent equipment to thermal radiation. An
important criterion in deciding which system is most appropriate
for fire exposure protection is the likely duration of the exposure
to fire as passive fire protection is only effective for short duration
exposure (1-2 hours).