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Conic Section
Definition .
A parabola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a
fixed point (i.e., focus) in the plane is always equal to its distance from a fixed straight line (i.e.,
directrix) in the same plane.
General equation of a parabola : Let S be the focus, ZZ' be the directrix and let P be any
point on the parabola. Then by definition,
Z
( e
PM
)2
(x
Ax
)2
(y
By
A
Or
(A 2
B 2 ) (x
)2
(y
)2
1)
C
B
( Ax
P(x,y)
M
Ax+By+C=0
Directrix
SP
By
C)2
S( , )
Focus
Z
a or
Now SP
(x
PM
a) 2
(y
(SP ) 2
0) 2
(a
(PM ) 2
y2
4 ax
Y
L
x )2
P(x,y)
K
Directrix
AK
A S (a,0)
L
Z
y =4ax
(a, 2a)
L
Q F(h, 2 ah )
Focal chord
x=a
Double ordinate
M
Directrix
Focal distance
Vertex
A
Focus
S(a,0)
F
Y
Axis
Latus rectum
x+a=0
L
(a,2a)
Q' (h, 2 ah )
4 ax ,
(1) Axis : A straight line passes through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called
the axis of parabola.
For the parabola y 2
Hence parabola y 2
4 ax .
(2) Vertex : The point of intersection of a parabola and its axis is called the vertex of the
parabola. The vertex is the middle point of the focus and the point of intersection of axis and the
directrix.
For the parabola y 2
(3) Double-ordinate : The chord which is perpendicular to the axis of parabola or parallel
to directrix is called double ordinate of the parabola.
Let QQ ' be the double-ordinate. If abscissa of Q is h then ordinate of Q, y 2
y
2 ah
4 ah or
L' S
2a
2(L' S )
4a .
(5) Focal Chord : A chord of a parabola which is passing through the focus is called a
focal chord of the parabola. Here PP' and LL' are the focal chords.
(6) Focal distance (Focal length) : The focal distance of any point P on the parabola is
its distance from the focus S i.e., SP.
Here, Focal distance SP = PM = x
l2
l2
, l and
, l .
4a
4a
Important Tips
4 ax
1
( y1 ~ y 2 )(y 2 ~ y 3 )(y 3 ~ y1 ),
8a
is
where
4 ax is 8a 3
(one
(3)
4 ax );
(a > 0)
(i.e. x 2
4 ay) ;
(a>0)
(i.e. x 2
4 ay );
(a > 0)
X
S(a,0)
L
x-a=0
Y
L
S(0, a)
A
y+a=0
X
P
X
L
S(0, -a)
Z M
Y
ya=0
P
Y
Important terms
y2
y2
4 ax
x2
4 ax
x2
4 ay
4 ay
Coordinates of vertex
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
Coordinates of focus
(a, 0)
(a, 0)
(0, a)
(0, a)
Equation
y=a
of
the
directrix
Equation of the axis
Length
of
the
0
4a
4a
4a
a x
4a
latusrectum
Focal distance of a
point P(x, y)
k )2
4 a(x
h)
Y
p) 2
4 b(y
x=ha
q)
Z A
4 a(x
a
(h,k) S
Directrix
X
h) or
A
Y
(x
p)
4 b(y
q)
Equation of Parabola
(y
K)2
4 a(x
h)
Vertex
(h, k )
Axis
Focus
(h a, k )
Directrix
Equation
Length of
of L.R.
L.R.
a h
4a
(x
p)2
( p, q )
4 b(y q)
( p, b
q)
y b q
4b
Important Tips
y2
4 a(x
a) is
the equation of the parabola whose focus is the origin and the axis is x-axis.
y2
4 a(x
a) is
x2
4 a(y
a) is
the equation of parabola whose focus is the origin and the axis is y-axis.
x2
4 a(y
a) is
the equation of parabola whose axis is y-axis and the directrix is x-axis.
The equation to the parabola whose vertex and focus are on x-axis at a distance a and a'
respectively from the origin is y 2
4 (a' a)(x
a) .
Ax 2
Bx
Ay 2
By
and
The equations x
parabola y 2
at 2 , y
The following table gives the parametric coordinates of a point on four standard forms of
the parabola and their parametric equation.
Parabola
y2
4 ax
Parametric
Coordinates
Parametric
y2
4 ax
( at 2 ,2at)
x2
4 ay
(2at, at 2 )
x2
4 ay
( 2at, at2 )
(at 2 , 2at)
at 2
at 2
2 at
2 at ,
Equations
Note
2at
2at
at 2
h) are x
4 a( x
at 2
at 2 and
2at
y12
4 ax1 , , or
Y
P
4 ax according
P
(Outside)
(on)
P(inside)
X
mx
.....(i)
4 ax
.....(ii)
c)2 = 4 ax or m 2 x 2
2 x (mc
2a) c 2
0 .....(iii)
This equation being quadratic in x, gives two values of x. It shows that every straight line
will cut the parabola in two points, may be real, coincident or imaginary, according as
discriminate of (iii) >, = or < 0
The line y
according as c , ,
mx
4 ax ,
a
m
mx
a
m
yy1
2a(x
x1 )
P(x1,y1)
T
Q(x2,y2)
4 ax at a point (x 1 , y 1 ) is
Note :
4 ax
x2
4 ay
x2
4 ay
xx 1
xx 1
2a(x
x1 )
2a(y
y1 )
2a(y
y1 )
replacing x 2 by xx 1 , y 2 by yy 1 , x by
x1
2
, y by
y1
2
and xy by
xy 1
x1y
2
2
4 ax at at , 2 at is
at 2
Parametric co-ordinates
parabolas
't'
y2
x2
x2
4 ax
4 ay
4 ay
Tangent at 't'
( at 2 ,2at)
ty
(2at, at 2 )
tx
(2at,
at 2 )
tx
at 2
at 2
y
y
at 2
a 2a
is y
m 2, m
mx
a
m
4 ax
Equation of
Point of contact in
Equation of tangent
Condition of
parabolas
in terms of slope
Tangency
(m)
y2
4 ax
y2
4 ax
mx
a
m
2a
m
mx
a
m
a
m
am 2
2a
m
x2
4 ay
(2am, am 2 )
mx
am 2
x2
4 ay
( 2am, am 2 )
mx
am 2
a
m
am 2
Important Tips
lx
If the line
y sin
x cos
my
0 touches
the parabola y 2
4 ax then l n
am
a sin2
0 and point of
If the line
x
l
y
m
1 touches
the parabola y 2
4 a(x
b) ,
then m 2 (l b) al 2 0
Q(at 22 , 2 at 2 ) on
the
parabola
y2
4 ax is
t 2 )) .
(at1 t 2 , a(t1
y2
parabola
(x
a) tan
(at1 , 2 at1 )
P
(at1t2,a(t1+t2))
4 ax
y
which
4 ax .
meet
at
an
angle
is
Q(at22 ,2at2 )
Y
Director circle: The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to a conic
is known as its director circle. The director circle of a parabola is its directrix.
Note : Clearly, x-coordinates of the point of intersection of tangents at P and Q on the
parabola is the G.M of the x-coordinate of P and Q
and y-coordinate is the A.M. of
P(at12 ,2at1 )
y-coordinate of
R [at1t2,a(t1+t2)]
P and Q.
The equation of the common tangents to the
parabola
1
a3
1
b3y
y2
2 2
3
a b3
x2
and
4 ax
Q(at22 ,2at2 )
is
4 by
1 2
a (t1
2
t 2 )3
4 ax 1
a
2
point
4 ax ; S '
y 12
to
4 ax 1 and T
parabola
yy 1
SS ' T 2
is
2a(x
x1 )
where
(x1,y1)P
R
Y
Note : The two tangents can be drawn from a point to a parabola. The two tangent are
real and distinct or coincident or imaginary according as the given point lies
outside, on or inside the parabola.
Important Tips
Tangents at the extremities of any focal chord of a parabola meet at right angles on the
directrix.
Area of the triangle formed by three points on a parabola is twice the area of the triangle
If the tangents at the points P and Q on a parabola meet in T, then ST is the geometric
Tangent at one extremity of the focal chord of a parabola is parallel to the normal at the
other extremity.
4 ax
3a1 / 3 b 1 / 3
2(a 2 / 3 b 2 / 3 )
y y1
y1
(x
2a
4 ax at a point (x 1 , y1 ) is
P(x1,y1)
x1 )
Tangent
Normal
y2
y1
y1
y1
x2
x2
4 ax
4 ay
4 ay
y1
(x
2a
x1 )
2a
(x
x1
2a
(x
x1
x1 )
x1 )
tx
4 ax at (at 2 ,2at) is
2 at at 3
Parametric
ordinates
y2
4 ax
( at 2 ,2at)
tx
2at
at 3
x2
x2
4 ay
4 ay
(2at, at 2 )
ty
2at
at 3
(2at, at 2 )
ty
2at
at 3
mx
2am
4 ax is
Equations of normal, point of contact, and condition of normality in terms of slope (m)
Equations of
Point of contact in
Equations of normal
Condition of
parabola
normality
y2
4 ax
(am 2 , 2am)
mx
2am
am 3
y2
4 ax
( am 2 ,2am)
mx
2am
am 3
x2
4 ay
x2
4 ay
Note
al(l 2
2a a
,
m m2
mx
2a
2a
a
,
m m2
mx
2a
: The line lx
2m 2 ) m 2 n
my
c
c
a
m
a
m2
2am
am 3
2am
am 3
2a
2a
a
m2
a
m2
4 ax if
4 ax is R [2a
Y
t 22
t1 t 2 ),
at1 t 2 (t1
P(at12 ,2at1 )
R
a(t12
Q(at22 ,2at2 )
Y
Relation between 't1' and 't2' if Normal at 't1' meets the Parabola again at 't2' '
t 2 )]
t1
2
t1
P(at12 ,2at1 )
X
Q(at22 ,2at2 )
Y
Important Tips
If the normals at points (at12 ,2at) and (at22 ,2at2 ) on the parabola y 2
then t1 t 2
4 ax subtends
2.
on the parabola
4 ax meet
1
tan
2
4 ax ,
makes an angle
4 ax at
4 ax intersect
8a 2
Co-normal Pointss
The points on the curve at which the normals pass through a common point are called conormal points.
Q, R, S are co-normal points. The co- normal points are also
Q
P(x1,y1)
0
R
parabola, then y 1
......(i)
mx 1
2am
am 3
am 3
(2a
x 1 )m
y1
Which gives three values of m. Let three values of m are m 1 ,m 2 and m 3 , which are the
slopes of the normals at Q, R and S respectively, then the coordinates of Q, R and S are
(am 12 , 2am 1 ), (am 22 , 2 am 2 ) and (am 32,
of the normals.
Now m 1
m2
m3
0 , m1m 2
m 2m 3
m 3m1
(2a
x1 )
a
y1
a
and m 1 m 2 m 3
am 12
am 22
3
am 32 2am 1
,
2 a for a
2am 2
3
2am 3
am 12
am 22
3
am 32
,0
2.
(6) Out of these three at least one is real, as imaginary normals will always occur in pairs.
Circle through Co-normal points s
Equation of the circle passing through the three (co-normal) points on the parabola
y2
y2
(2a
)x
(1) The algebraic sum of the ordinates of the four points of intersection of a circle and a
parabola is zero.
(2) The common chords of a circle and a parabola are in pairs, equally inclined to the
axis of parabola.
(3) The circle through co-normal points passes through the vertex of the parabola.
(4) The centroid of four points; in which a circle intersects a parabola, lies on the axis of
the parabola.
4 ax drawn from
Y
Q Chord of
contact
4 ax .
X
the parabola y 2
4 ax is yy 1
2a(x
(x1,y1)P
R
Y'
x1 )
Note : The chord of contact joining the point of contact of two perpendicular
tangents always passes through focus.
Q(at12 ,2at1 )
P(x1,y1)
1
(y 12
| a|
4 ax 1 )(y 12
4a2 )
R(at22 ,2at2 )
The area of the triangle formed by the tangents drawn from (x1 , y1 ) to
y2
(y 12
4 ax 1 )3 / 2
.
2a
S 1, where T
yy 1
2a(x
x 1 ) and S 1
y 12
2a(x
x1 )
y 12
4 ax 1
Q(x2,y2)
P(x1,y1)
R(x3,y3)
2at1
of
the
2
t1
t2
chord
joining
at12 or y(t1
t2 )
these
2x
points
2at1 t 2
is,
2at1
4 ax . Then, the
2at 2
2at1
at 22
at12
(x
at12 ) or
(1) Condition for the chord joining points having parameters t1and t2 to be a focal
chord: If the chord joining points (at12 ,2at1 ) and (at 22 , 2 at 2 ) on the parabola passes through its
focus, then (a,0) satisfies the equation y(t1
t2 )
2x
2at1 t 2
2a 2at1 t 2
t1 t 2
1 or
1
t1
t2
(2) Length of the focal chord: The length of a focal chord having parameters t1 and t 2 for its end
points is a(t 2
t1 ) 2 .
Note: If one extremity of a focal chord is (at12 ,2at1 ) ,then the other extremity (at 22 , 2 at 2 )
becomes
a
2a
by virtue of relation t1 t 2
,
2
t1 t1
1.
If one end of the focal chord of parabola is (at 2 ,2at) ,then other end will be
a
,
t2
a t
1
t
The length of the chord joining two point ' t1 ' and ' t 2 ' on the parabola y 2
is a(t1
t 2 ) (t1
t 2 )2
4
m2
4 ax
mx
4 ax
a(1 m 2 )(a mc ) .
Important Tips
y2
4 ax
making an angle
4 a cos ec 2 .
The length of a focal chord of a parabola varies inversely as the square of its distance from
the vertex.
If l1 and l2 are the length of segments of a focal chord of a parabola, then its latus-rectum is
4 l1 l 2
l1 l 2
4 ax is
Diameter of a Parabola .
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords is called a diameter and in
case of a parabola this diameter is shown to be a straight line
P(x1,y1)
4 ax of slope m is y
Note :
y=mx+c
P(h,k)
2a
m
Diameter
Q(x2,y2)
of parallel chords.
The tangents at the ends of any chord meet on the diameter which bisects the
chord.
direction of x-axis.
PT
PN cosec
PG
PN cosec (90 o
y1 cosec
TN
PN cot
NG
PN cot( 90 o
where , tan
2a
y1
m,
y . Then,
y 1 sec
X
T(x1,0)
y1 cot
)
(x1,y1)
P
Y
yy1=2a(x+x1)
A
S(a,0)
N G(x1,2a,0)
(x1,0)
y 1 tan
2at cosec
2at (1 cot 2 )
2at 1
t2
y =4ax
2at (1 tan 2 )
2 at sec
2a t 2
t 2 tan 2
1)
2 at cot
2at tan
2at 2
2a
x1 )
(h,k)
(h,k)
T
T
Polar
2a(x
T Q
Pole
P(x1,y1)
Pole
P
(x1,y1)
Polar
R
Q
T
4 ax is y . 0
2a(x
a)
4 ax .
(2) Any tangent is the polar of its point of contact: If the point
P(x1y1 ) be on the parabola. Its polar and tangent at P are identical. Hence
(x1,y1)
P
n
,
4 ax is
l
2am
.
l
my
0 with respect
Q
R
R
y1 y 2 y1 y 2
,
4a
2
Q(x 2 , y 2 ) goes through P(x1 , y1 ) and such points are said to be conjugate points.
Two points P(x1 , y1 ) and Q(x 2 , y 2 ) are conjugate points with respect to the parabola
y2
4 ax , if y1 y 2
2a(x 1
x 2 ).
a1 x
b1 y
by
0 , then the pole of the second line will lie on the first and such lines are said to
c1
be conjugate lines.
Two lines l1 x
parabola y 2
m1 y
4 ax , if (l1 n 2
Note :
n1
0 and l2 x
l 2 n1 )
m 2 y n2
2am1 m 2
The chord of contact and polar of any point on the directrix always passes
through focus.
The pole of a focal chord lies on directrix and locus of poles of focal chord is the
directrix.
The polars of all points on directrix always pass through a fixed point and this
fixed point is focus.
Ellipse
1 Definition.
An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in such a way that its distance from a fixed
point is in constant ratio (<1) to its distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the focus
and fixed line is called the directrix and the constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the
ellipse, denoted by (e).
In other words, we can say an ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that
the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant and is more than the distance between
the two fixed points.
Let S ( , ) is the focus, ZZ is the directrix and P is any point on the ellipse. Then by
Z
SP
PM
(x
e
)2
SP
e.PM
(y
)2
Ax
By
2
Ax+By+C=0
Directrix
definition,
C
B
P(x,y)
Focus
B 2 )[(x
)2
)2 ]
(y
e 2 ( Ax
S( , )
C)2
By
Note : The condition for second degree equation in x and y to represent an ellipse is
that h 2
0 and
ab
2 fgh af 2
abc
bg 2
ch 2
x2
a2
x2
a2
ae )
y2
b2
(y
0)
1 , where b 2
a
e
y2
a 2 (1 e 2 )
x
a2
1 , therefore a 2 (1 e 2 )
y2
b2
b:
Y
M
b2
a2
(0,b)
p(x,y)
MZ X
Z
C
S(ae,0) A Axis
A S (ae,0)
(a,0)
(a,0)
(0,b) B
x=a/e
a 2 (1 e 2 )
Since e
1, a
e 2 (PM )2
Directrix
(x
(SP )2
Directrix
SP
PM
then by definition
x=a/e
(1) Centre: The point which bisects each chord of the ellipse passing through it, is called
centre (0, 0) denoted by C.
M
X'
Y
B PL
L1
M
Z
C
Z A
N S
B P L
L1
Y
(2) Major and minor axes: The diameter through the foci, is called the major axis and the
diameter bisecting it at right angles is called the minor axis. The major and minor axes are
together called principal axes.
Length of the major axis A A
x2
a2
The ellipse
y2
b2
2b
(3) Vertices: The extremities of the major axis of an ellipse are called vertices.
The coordinates of vertices A and A are (a, 0) and (a, 0) respectively.
(4) Foci: S and S are two foci of the ellipse and their coordinates are (ae, 0) and (ae, 0)
respectively. Distance between foci S S
2ae .
(5) Directrices: ZM and Z M are two directrices of the ellipse and their equations are
a
and x
e
2a
.
e
a
respectively. Distance between directrices ZZ
e
we have b 2
a 2 (1
e)2
e2
b2
a2
x2
y2
a2
b2
4b 2
4 a2
1,
2b
2a
; e
Minor axis
Major axis
y2
b2
h2
a2
b
(a 2
a
h )
(For
first
(For
fourth
quadrant)
And ordinate of P is y
b
(a 2
a
h2 )
quadrant)
Hence coordinates of P and P are h,
b
(a 2
a
h 2 ) and h,
b
(a 2
a
h 2 ) respectively.
(8) Latus-rectum: Chord through the focus and perpendicular to the major axis is called
its latus rectum.
The double ordinates L L and L1 L1 are latus rectum of the ellipse.
Length
ae,
of
latus rectum
b2
, L'
a
b2
a
ae,
2b 2
a
LL ' L1 L1
and L1
ae,
and
b2
; L1 '
a
end points of
ae,
latus-rectum are
b2
a
(9) Focal chord: A chord of the ellipse passing through its focus is called a focal chord.
(10) Focal distances of a point: The distance of a point from
the focus is its focal distance. The sum of the focal distances of any
point on an ellipse is constant and equal to the length of the major
M
X
SP
ePM
SP
a
e
S' P
x1
x2
a2
a ex 1 and S ' P
(a ex 1 ) (a ex 1 )
y2
b2
M
Z
C
Z
Y
B
A
B
Y
ePM ' e
a
e
x1
a ex 1
2a
x2
y2
1, if a
b or a 2
b2
Y
y=b/e
Z
A(0,b)
b or a 2
b2
(0,be)
X
B
(a,0)
C (0,0)
(0,be)
ellipse lies along the y-axis and is of length 2b and the minor axis along the
x-axis and is of length 2a.
A (0, b)
Z
K
y=b/e
The coordinates of foci S and S are (0, be) and (0, be)
X
B
(a,0)
respectively.
The equation of the directrices ZK and Z' K' are y
the formula a 2
b 2 (1
e 2 ) or e
a2
b2
Difference between both ellipse will be clear from the following table.
Ellipse
x2
y2
a2
b2
Basic fundamentals
For a > b
For b > a
Centre
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
Vertices
( a, 0)
(0, b )
2a
2b
2b
2a
( ae , 0)
(0, be )
Foci
Equation of directrices
Relation in a, b and e
b2
a/e
a2 (1 e 2 )
b /e
a2
b 2 (1 e 2 )
2b 2
a
Ends of latus-rectum
ae ,
Parametric equations
2a 2
b
b2
a
a2
, be
b
(a cos , b sin ) (0
(a cos , b sin )
Focal radii
SP
a ex 1 and S ' P
ex 1
SP
ey 1 and S ' P
2a
2b
2ae
2be
Distance
2a/e
2b/e
x = a, x = a
y = b, y = b
Sum
SP
of
focal
radii
2 )
ey 1
S' P
between
directrices
Tangents at the vertices
x2
a2
y2
b2
a cos , y
b sin ,
h) 2
(x
k )2
(y
a2
b2
If we shift the origin at (h, k) without rotating the coordinate axes, then x
h and
k
(2) If the equation of the curve is
and mx
ly
(lx
n) 2
my
a2
(mx
p)2
ly
b2
lx
1 where lx
my
l
X,
my
mx
l
ly
2
p
2
0
Y
x2
a2
y2
b2
x 12
y 12
a2
b2
0,
0, 0
Y
P(outside)
P(on)
P(inside)
x2
a2
y2
b2
i.e., (a 2 m 2
b 2 )x 2
2mca 2 x
a 2 (c 2
b2)
x2
a2
c) 2
(mx
b2
mx
......(ii)
The
above
4m 2c 2a4
4 a 2 (a 2 m 2
equation
b 2 )(c 2
being
quadratic
in
x,
a2m 2
discriminant
b2)
b 2 (a 2 m 2
c2
its
b2
b2) c2
b2
c 2 in one point if
c2 .
c2
yy 1
b2
x2
a2
y2
b2
mx
a2m 2
mx
a2m 2
mx
a2m 2
x2
a2
y
b2
1 , then
the ellipse.
1 at the point (x 1 , y1 ) is
a2m 2
mx
a 2m
a2m 2
b2
x2
a2
y
b2
b2
a 2m 2
b2
x
cos
a
y
sin
b
a 2l 2
b 2m 2
my
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 , if
n2.
The
line
a 2 cos 2
(a cos , b sin ) is
Note
1 at
x cos
b 2 sin 2
y sin
touches
the
ellipse
x2
a2
y2
b2
a 2 cos b 2 sin
,
p
p
if
Two tangents can be drawn from a point to an ellipse. The two tangents are real
and distinct or coincident or imaginary according as the given point lies outside, on or
inside the ellipse.
corresponding directrix.
Important Tips
r2 b 2
a2 r 2
x2
a2
y2
b2
1,
The locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from centre upon any tangent to the ellipse
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is (x 2
y 2 )2
a2 x 2
b 2y 2
or r 2 a2 cos2
The locus of the mid points of the portion of the tangents to the ellipse
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 intercepted
The product of the perpendiculars from the foci to any tangent of an ellipse is equal to the
square of the semi minor axis, and the feet of these perpendiculars lie on the auxiliary circle.
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 and let a
y2
b2
x 12
y 12
a2
b2
xx 1
yy 1
where S
S1
T
b2
A
P(x1,y1)
Director circle: The director circle is the locus of points from which perpendicular tangents are
drawn to the ellipse.
Let P(x 1 , y 1 ) be any point on the locus. Equation of tangents through P(x 1 , y 1 ) is given by
SS 1
T2
x2
a2
i.e.,
y2
b2
x 12
y 12
a2
b2
xx 1
yy 1
a2
b2
x 12
y 12
a2
b2
a2
b2
x 12
y 12
a4
b4
P(x1,y1)
B 90
coeff. of y 2
C
B
0 or
x 12
y 12
b
y2
a2
b2
b 2y
y1
a2
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 at
b2 .
Tangent
P(x1,y1)
Normal
Q(x2,y2)
a2
by cos ec
b2.
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 , then the
equation of normal is
y
m (a 2
mx
a2
b2)
b 2m 2
a2
Note
c2
If y
mx
c is the normal of
b 2m 2
x2
a2
y2
b2
mb 2
a2
b 2m 2
m 2 (a 2 b 2 ) 2
.
(a 2 b 2 m 2 )
a2
l2
a2
b2
m2
a2
b2
n2
my
x2
y2
a2
b2
1, if
Important Tips
If S be the focus and G be the point where the normal at P meets the axis of an ellipse, then
SG
e .SP
, and the tangent and normal at P bisect the external and internal angles between
Normal
P(x1,y1)
Any point P of an ellipse is joined to the extremities of the major axis then the portion of a
directrix intercepted by them subtends a right angle at the corresponding focus.
With a given point and line as focus and directrix, a series of ellipse can be described. The
locus of the extermities of their minor axis is a parabola.
The equations to the normals at the end of the latera recta and that each passes through an
end of the minor axis, if
e4
e2
If two concentric ellipse be such that the foci of one be on the other and if e and e be their
eccentricities. Then the angle between their axes is cos
e2
e2 1
ee
Auxiliary Circle .
The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as diameter is called an auxiliary circle
of the ellipse.
If
x2
y2
x2
a2
y2
b2
a2
y2
b2
P(x,y)
X
C M
x2
y2
b2
ellipse and produce MP to meet the auxiliary circle in Q. Join CQ. The angle
is called
XCQ
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is equal
.
are the eccentric angles of three points on the ellipse, the normals at which
) sin(
) sin(
0.
(3)Co-normal points lie on a fixed curve: Let P(x 1 , y 1 ), Q(x 2 , y 2 ) , R(x 3 , y 3 ) and
b 2 )xy
b 2 kx
a hy
Q(x2,y2)
P(x1,y1)
T(h,k)
R(x3,y3)
S(x4,y4)
Note : The feet of the normals from any fixed point to the ellipse lie at the intersections
of the apollonian rectangular hyperbola with the ellipse.
Important Tips
The area of the triangle formed by the three points, on the ellipse
eccentric angles are
and
is
x2
a2
2ab sin
y2
b2
1 is
sin
sin
given by 2 cot w
y2
a2
b2
, whose
.
e 2 sin 2
(1 e 2 )
angles between the normals at the points whose eccentric angles are
Chord of Contact .
x2
and
If PQ and PR
ellipse
xx 1
a
x2
a2
yy 1
b
y2
b2
Y
Q
P(x1,y1)
1 or T
X
R
0 at ( x 1 , y 1 )
where T
xx 1
a2
yy 1
b2
0 , S1
x 12
a2
y 12
b2
x2
a2
y2
b2
S1 ,
Q(x2,y2)
P (x ,y )
1 1
R(x3,y3)
b sin
a cos
b sin
x2
a2
y2
b2
b sin
(x
a cos
1 . Then
a cos )
Thus, the equation of the chord joining two points having eccentric angles
the ellipse
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is
x
cos
a
y
sin
b
cos
and
Note : If the chord joining two points whose eccentric angles are
and
cut the
tan
If
tan
and
c
c
a
.
a
tan
1e
1 e
0.
on
Let P(x 1 , y1 ) be any point inside or outside the ellipse. A chord through P intersects the
ellipse at A and B respectively. If tangents to the ellipse at A and B meet at Q(h,k) then locus of
Q is called polar of P with respect to ellipse and point P is called pole.
Q(h,k)
Q(h,k)
A
Polar
P(x1,y1)
B
T
Pole
Polar
B
Pole
B
Q
P(x1,y1)
y2
b2
1 is given by
xx 1
a
yy 1
b2
(i.e. T
0)
y2
b2
my
1 is
P
Q
a 2l b 2m
,
n
n
R
Q
Note : The polar of any point on the directrix, passes through the focus.
Any tangent is the polar of its own point of contact.
Properties of pole and polar
(1) If the polar of P(x 1 , y 1 ) passes through Q(x 2 , y 2 ) , then the polar of Q(x 2 , y 2 ) goes
through P(x 1 , y 1 ) and such points are said to be conjugate points.
(2) If the pole of a line l1 x
m1 y
n1
m2y
n2
0 , then
the pole of the second line will lie on the first and such lines are said to be conjugate lines.
(3) Pole of a given line is same as point of intersection of tangents at its extremities.
Definition : The locus of the mid- point of a system of parallel chords of an ellipse is called a
diameter and the chords are called its double ordinates i.e. A line through the centre of an ellipse is
called a diameter of the ellipse.
The point where the diameter intersects the ellipse is called the vertex of the diameter.
Equation of a diameter to the ellipse
mx
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 : Let
x2
a2
y2
b2
Y
y=mx+c
X
1,
x2
y2
The equation of the diameter bisecting the chords of slope m of the ellipse
y
Y
x2
a2
y2
b2
b2
2
a m
1 is
b2
x , which is passing through (0, 0).
a 2m
A
90
C
P
90 o .
diameters are
m1 x and y
b2
a2
C
P
i.e.
(ii) The sum of the squares of any two conjugate semi-diameters of an ellipse is constant
and equal to the sum of the squares of the semi axes of the ellipse, i.e. CP 2
CD 2
a2
b2
(iii) The product of the focal distances of a point on an ellipse is equal to the square of the
semi-diameter which is conjugate to the diameter through the point,
P(a cos , b sin )
CD 2
i.e., SP .S P
S
P
S
D
Area of parallelogram
R
C
(v) The polar of any point with respect to ellipse is parallel to the diameter to the one on
which the point lies. Hence obtain the equation of the chord whose mid point is (x 1, y 1 ) , i.e.
chord is T
S1 .
b 2 sin 2
a 2 (cos 2
(a 2
a 2 sin 2
sin 2 ) b 2 (cos 2
b2)
(CP )
(CD)2
0,
(CD)
cos 2
(a 2
sin 2 )
0 . So,
b2)
b 2 cos 2
(a 2
or
b 2 )(cos 2
3
4
sin 2 )
Important Tips
x2
y2
1 and
a2
b2
x2
y2
1 be
at the extremities of
The sum of the squares of the reciprocal of two perpendicular diameters of an ellipse is
constant.
In an ellipse, the major axis bisects all chords parallel to the minor axis and vice-versa,
therefore major and minor axes of an ellipse are conjugate diameters of the ellipse but they
do not satisfy the condition m1. m2
b 2 / a2
diameters.
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is DA
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is
CA
CD
a2
x1
A
x1
Y
P(x1,y1)
X
BD
CD CB
x1
x1
b2
x1
a2
b2
x1
a2
(1
e 2 )x 1 .
Note : The tangent and normal to any point of an ellipse bisects respectively the
internal and external angles between the focal radii of that point.
Concyclic points .
Any circle intersects an ellipse in two or four points. They are called concyclic points and
the sum of their eccentric angles is an even multiple of
If
Q( )
P( )
R( )
S( )
, . ,
Important Tips
y2
cos
P CP
cos
(whose
cos
cos(
eccentric
and f
angles
b2
a2
4a
are
sin
sin
a, ,
sin
sin(
a2
b2
4a
and D CD are conjugate diameters of an ellipse and is the eccentric angles of P. Then
is
P, P , D again
SP S
B Tangent
Light
ray
aimed towards one focus strike the concave side of the mirror in
the shape of an ellipse then it will be reflected towards the other
focus.
X
A
Reflected ray
C
B
N S
Normal
Hyperbola
1 Definition.
A hyperbola is the locus of a point in a plane which moves in the
Z
plane in such a way that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point in the
same plane to its distance from a fixed line is always constant which is
M
Directrix
S(Focus)
When , abc
by 2
2 hxy
2 fgh af 2
2 gx
bg 2
2 fy
ch 2
0
0 and h 2
0 i.e.,
h)2
(x 1
(a 2
(y1
b 2 )[(x 1
k )2
h)2
e.
ax 1
by 1
a
(y 1
k )2 ]
(y
k )2 ]
e . PM
c
2
e 2 (ax 1
by
ab .
by 1
b 2 )[( x
c) 2
h)2
e 2 (ax
c) 2
by
(SP )2
e 2 (PM )2
Q
N
(x,y)
(ae,0)S
L1
Z A (a,0)
(a,0) A Z C
Directrix
Directrix
SP
PM
Y
L1
x=a/e
x=a/e
axis
S (ae,0)
(x
a.e )
x2
a2
(y
y2
a 2 (e 2 1)
0)
x2
a2
a
e
y2
b2
1 , where b 2
a 2 (e 2
1)
x2
a2
y2
b2
(1) Centre : All chords passing through C are bisected at C. Here C (0,0)
(2) Vertex: The point A and A where the curve meets the line joining the foci S and S
are called vertices of hyperbola. The co-ordinates of A and A are (a, 0) and ( a, 0)
respectively.
(3) Transverse and conjugate axes : The straight line joining the vertices A and A is
called transverse axis of the hyperbola. The straight line perpendicular to the transverse axis
and passing through the centre is called conjugate axis.
Here,
transverse axis = A A
Conjugate axis = B B
2a
2b
x2
a2
We have b 2
2b
2a
a 2 (e 2
1) , e
y2
b2
Conjugate axis
Transverse axis
h,
b
h2
a
a2
are
h,
b
h2
a
a2
and
respectively.
(6) Latus-rectum : The chord of the hyperbola which passes through the focus and is
perpendicular to its transverse axis is called latus-rectum.
Length of latus-rectum L L
L ae ,
b2
b2
; L ae,
; L1
a
a
ae ,
2b 2
a
L1 L1
b2
; L1
a
ae,
2a(e 2
b2
a
respectively.
(7) Foci and directrices: The points S (ae, 0) and S ( ae, 0) are the foci of the hyperbola
and ZM and Z M are two directrices of the hyperbola and their equations are x
a
and
e
a
respectively.
e
Distance between foci S S
2a / e .
(8) Focal chord : A chord of the hyperbola passing through its focus is called a focal
chord.
(9) Focal distance : The difference of any point on the hyperbola from the focus is called the focal
distance of the point.
From the figure, SP
ePM
e x1
a
e
ex 1
a, S P
e x1
eP M
a
e
= ex 1
The difference of the focal distance of a point on the hyperbola is constant and is equal to
the length of transverse axis.
| S P SP | 2a
AA
Transverse axis
Conjugate Hyperbola .
The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axis are respectively the conjugate and
transverse axis of a given hyperbola is called conjugate hyperbola of the given hyperbola.
Hyperbola
Fundamentals
Centre
x2
y2
a2
b2
(0, 0)
x2
y2
a2
b2
or
x2
a2
(0, 0)
y2
b2
2a
Length of transverse
2b
Y
axis
Length
of
2b
conjugate
S
(0,b)
2a
axis
Z B(0,b) y= b/e
Foci
( ae , 0)
Equation of directrices
(0, be )
a/e
Eccentricity
a2
b2
a2
b2
b2
Y
co-
2b 2
a
X
y= b/e
B (0,b)
b/e
a2
(0,b)
2a 2
b
(a sec , b tan ) , 0
(b sec , a tan ), 0
ordinates
Focal radii
SP
ex 1
SP
ex 1
a &
SP
ey 1
b & SP
2a
ey 1
2b
(S P SP )
Tangents
a, x
at
the
of
the
b, y
vertices
Equation
transverse axis
axis
Note : If e and e are the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate, then
1
e2
1
e 2
1.
If the centre of hyperbola is (h, k) and axes are parallel to the co-ordinate axes, then its
h) 2
(x
equation is
k )2
(y
a2
b2
X2
a2
Y2
b2
1 , where x
h, y
k.
x2
a2
y2
b2
90
( a,0)A
(x,y)
P
(0,0)C
N
A(a,0)
x2
a2
y2
b
y2
a2
QCN
Here P and Q are the corresponding points on the hyperbola and the auxiliary circle
(0
2 )
(1) Parametric equations of hyperbola : The equations x
x2
a2
y2
b2
a sec
and y
varies from
0 to
are
b tan
II
III
3
2
III
II
3
to 2
2
IV
IV
to
to
a cosh
and y
b sin h
equations of the hyperbola and the co-ordinates of any point on the hyperbola
x2
a2
sin h
y2
b2
e
2
e
2
and
x2
a2
y2
b2
1.
y2
b2
1 according as
x 12
a2
y 12
b2
A C
P (outside)
P
(on)
P(inside)
X
mx
a 2m 2
b2 .
mx
x2
a2
y2
b2
b2 .
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 , then
yy 1
b2
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 at (x 1 , y1 ) is
1.
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 at
(a sec , b tan ) is
x
sec
a
y
tan
b
a 2m 2
mx
a 2m
a 2m 2
b2
b2
and
b2
a 2m 2
b2
the
co-ordinates
b 2m 2
points
of
y2
b2
contacts
x2
a2
y2
b2
are
1 , then
n2 .
then a 2 cos 2
1 are
of
x2
a2
b 2 sin 2
y sin
x2
a2
p2
y2
b2
1,
Important Tips
is
x2
a2
For hyperbola
a2
2.
b2)
a2
b2
sin
and
y2
a2
x2
b2
1
a2
a2
b2
b2
a2
b2
.
a 2m 2
If the line y mx
then
b2
(a 2
y2
b2
b
am
b2
x2
a2
y2
b2
x2
a2
y2
b2
be drawn to it from P.
where,
x
a2
y
b2
1 , S1
x 12
2
y12
2
1, T
xx 1
a
T (h,k)
T2
yy 1
A C
b2
Q
X
P A
(x1,y1)
R
Director circle : The director circle is the locus of points from which perpendicular
tangents are drawn to the given hyperbola. The equation of the director circle of the hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is x 2
y2
a2
b2
Y
P (h, k)
o
90
X
b 2y
y1
a2
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 at (x 1 , y1 ) is
b2 .
(2) Parametric form: The equation of normal at (a sec , b tan ) to the hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
P(x1,y1)
1 is
by cot = a 2
ax cos
b2
x2
a2
y2
b2
then c
(5)
a2
Points
a2
a2
m (a 2
b 2m 2
b2)
m 2b 2
of
or c 2
b2
m2
m (a 2
a2
c is the normal of
b2)
b 2m 2
x2
a2
y2
b2
m 2 (a 2 b 2 )2
, which is condition of normality.
(a 2 m 2 b 2 )
contact
Co-ordinates
of
points
of
contact
are
mb 2
a2
b 2m 2
mx
mx
Normal
Tangent
(a 2
b 2 )2
n2
my
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 ,then
.
Important Tip
In general, four normals can be drawn to a hyperbola from any point and if , , ,
eccentric angles of these four co-normal points, then
If , ,
is an odd multiple of
) sin(
) sin(
be the
x2
a2
y2
b2
1,
the normals
) 0
If the normal at P meets the transverse axis in G, then SG e . SP . Also the tangent and
normal bisect the angle between the focal distances of P.
x2
a2
y2
b2
y2
b2
P (x 1 , y 1 ) .
xx 1
yy 1
a2
b2
A C
P
(x1,y1)
A
R
(At x 1 , y 1 )
Equation of the Chord of the Hyperbola whose Mid point (x1, y1) is given h
Equation of the chord of the hyperbola
x2
y2
a2
b2
1 , bisected
Y
xx 1
yy 1
1 =
x 12
y 12
Q (x2,y2)
1
X
P
X
A (x1,y1)
R (x3,y3)
S1
Y
(a 2 m 2
(b 2
x2
a2
y2
b2
mx
c is
b 2 )](1 m 2 )
a 2m 2 )
y b tan
x
cos
a
b tan
a sec
2
2
y
sin
b
b tan
a sec
(x
a sec
1)
cos
1,
b tan
1)
2 , b tan
2)
is
x2
a2
1 , b tan
y2
b2
1)
and (a sec
1 , then tan
tan
2 , b tan
passes
2)
1 e
.
1 e
xx1
a2
yy 1
b2
A
(h,k) Q
Polar
hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is (x 1 , y 1 )
a 2l b 2m
,
n
n
X
Pole
P
(x1,y1)
Q (h, k) B
A
Polar
X
A
Q
Pole
P(x1,y1)
0 then the
pole of the second line will lie on the first and such lines are said to be conjugate lines.
(iii) Pole of a given line is same as point of intersection of tangents as its extremities.
Important Tips
a4
x1 x 2
y1 y 2
x2
y2
a2
b2
b4
(x1,y1)
P
mx
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 for
Q
(x2,
y 2)
R(h,k)
b2x
, which is passing through (0, 0)
a 2m
Conjugate diameter : Two diameters are said to be conjugate when each bisects all chords
parallel to the others.
If y
m1 x , y
b2
.
a2
Note :
In a pair of conjugate diameters of a hyperbola. Only one meets the curve in real
points.
The condition for the lines AX 2
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is a 2 A
2 HXY
BY
0 to be conjugate diameters of
b2B .
Important Tips
x2
If CD is the conjugate diameter of a diameter CP of the hyperbola 2
a
y2
1,
b2
where P is
a l (sec
or
a2l 2
b 2m 2
tan
0.
) b m (tan
sec
(x1, y1)
P
0
X
Let the tangent and normal at P(x 1 , y 1 ) meet the x-axis at A and B respectively.
Length of subtangent AN
Length of subnormal BN
CN
CB
CA
CN
a2
x1
x1
(a 2
b2)
a
x1 =
x1
b2
a
(e 2
x1
1)x 1
TPS
LPM
M Light ray
Reflected ray
P
Normal
(ae,0)S
C T
S (ae,0)
Tangent
Asymptotes of a Hyperbola a
An asymptote to a curve is a straight line, at a finite distance from the origin, to which the
tangent to a curve tends as the point of contact goes to infinity.
The equations of two asymptotes of the hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
b
x
x or
a
a
1 are y
y
b
.
Note :
y2
b2
1 is
a 2 are y
x,
y2
b2
When b
x2
a2
0.
a i.e. the asymptotes of rectangular hyperbola x 2
y2
only
Asymptotes
2
x
a2
i.e.
Conjugated
2
y
b2
Asymptotes =
Hyperbola
x
a2
y
b2
x
a2
Asymptotes
B
hyperbola
2
y
b2
x
a2
or,
C
B
y
b2
1 .
x2
y2
a2
b2
x2
y2
a2
b2
hyperbola.
The bisectors of the angles between the asymptotes are the coordinate axes.
The angle between the asymptotes of the hyperbola S
2 tan
b
or 2 sec
a
0 i.e.,
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 is
e.
constant area.
RM
D
P
Area of parallelogram
QR Q R
4 ab
Constant
P
Q
C
R
x2
y2
to the asymptotes is
a2b 2
a2
b2
2.
ab
0,
x2
a2
angle
b
a
tan
b
a
b
a
b
a
between
2b / a
1 b 2 / a2
these
two
b2
a b
b
x.
a
1 are given by y
asymptotes
is
given
by
2ab
.
a b2
2
a2
y2
b2
/2
tan
tan
2ab
tan
b2
2a
y2
x and y
x i.e ., y
y2
..(i)
a2
The asymptotes of (i) are y = x and y = x. Each of these two asymptotes is inclined at an
angle of 45 with the transverse axis, So, if we rotate the coordinate axes through an angle of
/ 4 keeping the origin fixed, then the axes coincide with the asymptotes of the hyperbola
and x
X cos(
/ 4 ) Y sin(
/ 4)
Y
2
and y
X sin
/4
Y cos(
/ 4)
X
2
Y
XY=c
We obtain the
Y
2
X
2
a2
XY
a
2
XY
c2
Y
where c 2
a
.
2
c 2 can be written as
For rectangular hyperbola the coordinates of foci are ( a 2 , 0 ) and directrices are
a 2.
c 2.
(4) Equation of the chord joining points t1 and t2 : The equation of the chord joining two
c
c
and ct2 ,
t1
t2
c2
is
c 2 is
points
ct1 ,
c
t2
ct2
c
t1
c
t1
(x
ct1
ct1 )
on
y t1 t 2
c (t1
the
hyperbola
xy
t2 ) .
xy 1
yx 1
2c 2 or
x
x1
y
y1
x
t
xy 1
yt
yx 1
2c 2 we get
x
t
yt
c
t
to the hyperbola xy
c 2 is
c
on the equation of the tangent at (x1 , y1 ) i.e.
t
2c .
2 ct1 t 2
2c
,
t1 t 2 t1 t 2
(6) Equation of the normal in different forms : (i) Point form : The equation of the normal
at (x1 , y1 ) to the hyperbola xy
tangent, we have
dy
dx
( x 1 , y1)
c 2 is xx 1
yy 1
x 12
y1
x1
yy 1
y12
xx 1
x 12
xx 1
yy 1
x 12
y1
1
dy
dx
y12
(x 1 ,y1 )
(x
x1 )
y1
x1
(x
y1
x1 )
ct 4
yt
c
t
c 2 is
to the hyperbola xy
We obtain xx 1
yy 1
x 12
y12 ,
xct
yc
t
2 2
c t
c
t
c2
t2
xt 3
yt
ct 4
Point
c
t
c2
on the curve xy
.
of
intersection
of
normals
at
and
' t1 '
' t2 '
is
Important Tips
A triangle has its vertices on a rectangular hyperbola; then the orthocentre of the triangle
also lies on the same hyperbola.
All conics passing through the intersection of two rectangular hyperbolas are themselves
rectangular hyperbolas.
4 ax
c2
whose
y2
2 gx
2 fy k
c 2 in A, B, C and D
t1
t1 t 2 t 3
2g
c
2f
c
(ii)
t1 t 2
k
c2
(iv) t1 t 2 t 3 t 4
(v)
1
t1
2f
c
(2) Orthocentre of
ABC is H
ct 4 ,
c
t4
but D is ct 4 ,
c
t4
c
4
t1 ,
c
4
1
t1
i.e.,
g
,
2
f
2
Centres of the circles and rectangular hyperbola are ( g, f) and (0, 0); mid point of
g
,
2
f
. Hence the centre of the mean position of the four
2
points bisects the distance between the centres of the two curves (circle and rectangular
hyperbola)
(4) If the circle passing through ABC meet the hyperbola in fourth points D; then centre of
circle is (g, f)
i.e.,
c
t1
2
t2
t3
1
c 1
;
t1 t 2 t 3 2 t1
1
t2
1
t3
t1 t 2 t 3