DAFTAR PUSTAKA

D. S. Abheri, D.S., Anisur, R.M.,dan Ghos, A.K., 2010, Free Radicals and Their
Role in Different Clinical Conditions: An Overview, International
Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, 1 (3), 185-192
Alasalvar, C., Grigor, J.M., Zhang, D., Quantick, P.C., Shahidi, F, 2001,
Comparison of volatiles, phenolics, sugars, antioxidant vitamins, and
sensory quality of different colored carrot varieties. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2001, 49, 1410-1416.
American Association for Cancer Research, 2013, AACR Cancer Progress Report
2013, Clinical Cancer Research 2013, 19 (Supplement 1), S1-S88
Ames, B.N., Shigenaga, M.K. dan Hagen, T.M.,1993, Oxidants, antioxidants, and
the degenerative diseases of aging, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 90 (17), 79157922.
Ammerman, N.C Beier-Sexton, M., dan Azad, A.F., 2008. Growth and
Maintenance of Vero Cell Lines. Current Protocols In Microbiology,
Appendix:4E. doi :10.1002/9780471729259.mca04es11
Anggraeni, R., 2014, Uji Aktivitas Antikanker Payudara Kombinasi Ekstrak NHeksana Dan Etilasetat Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum
Acanthopodium Dc.) Dengan Doksorubisin Terhadap Sel Kanker
T47d
Secara In Vitro, Program Magister Fakultas Farmasi,
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan
Aseervatham, G.S.B., Sivasudha, T., Jeyadevi, R. dan Arul Ananth, D., 2013,
Environmental Factors and Unhealthy Lifestyle Influence Oxidative
Stress in HumansAn Overview, Environmental Science and
Pollution Research, 20 (7), 4356-4369
Birben, E., Sahiner, U.M., Sackesen, C., Erzurum, S. dan Kalayci, O., 2012,
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense,
World Allergy
Organization Journal, 5, 919)
Blois, M.S., 1958, Antioxidant Determination by The Use of A Stable Free
Radical. Nature, 181, 1199-1200
Carlsen, M.H. et al., 2010, The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods,
beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide, Nutrition
Journal 2010, 9 (3), 1-11
Chen, H.M., Muramoto, K., Yamauchi, F., dan Nokihara, K., 1996, Antioxidant
activity of designed peptides based on the antioxidative peptide
isolated from digests of a soybean protein, Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry, 44, 2619-2623
Damian, C. dan Oroian, M., 2013, Effect of thermal treatment on antioxidant
activity and colour of carrot pures, Ovidius University Annals of
Chemistry, 24 (1), 35-38

Devasagayam, T.P.A., Tilak J.C., Boloor, K.K., Sane, K.S., Ghaskadbi, S.S. dan
Lele, R.D., 2004, Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Human Health:
Current Status and Future Prospects, Journal of the Association of
Physicians of India, 52, 794-804
Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Baptista, P., Vilas-Boas, M. dan Barros, L., 2007. Free-Radical
Scavenging Capacity and Reducing Power of Wild Edible Mushrooms
from Northeast Portugal: Individual Cap And Stipe Activity, Food
Chemistry,100 (4), 15111516
Fisher, G. 2010. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defenses in Lymphocytes,
Desertasi,Graduate Faculty of Auburn University, Alabama
Flores, G., Wu, S.B., Negrin, A.,dan Kennelly E.J., 2015, Chemical composition
and antioxidant activity of seven cultivar of guava (Psidium guajava)
fruits, Food Chemistry, 170, 327335
Gilbert, D.L. (eds). 1981. Oxygen and living processes: an interdisciplinary
approach. Springer, Berlin ISSN 978-1-4612-5890-2
Gutierrez, R.M.P., Mitchell, S. dan Solis, R.V., 2008, Psidium guajava: A review
of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology, Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 117, 127
Halliwell, B, 2001, Free Radicals and other reactive species in Disease.
Encyclopedia Of Life Sciences, doi: 10.1038/npg.els.0002269
Handajani, A., Roosihermiatie, B., Maryani, H.., 2007, Faktor-Faktor Yang
Berhubungan Dengan Pola Kematian Pada Penyakit Degeneratif Di
Indonesia, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sistem dan Kebijakan
Kesehatan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Surabaya
Hassimotto, N.M. dan Genovese, M.I., 2005, Antioxidant activity of dietary
fruits,vegetables, and commercial frozen fruit pulps, Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53 (8), 29282935
Ito, N, Hirose, M., Fukushima, S., Tsuda, H., Shirai, T., Tatematsu, M., 1986,
Studies on antioxidants: their carcinogenic and modifying effects on
chemical carcinogenesis, Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (10), 1071-1082
Iwalewa, E.O. et al., 2005, Pro- and Antioxidant Effects and Cytoprotective
Potentials of Nine Edible Vegetables in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of
Medicinal Food, 8 (4), 539544
Campisi, J., Andersen, J., Kapahi, P., dan Melov,S., 2011, Cellular senescence: A
link between cancer and age-related degenerative disease?, Seminars
in Cancer Biology, 21, 354359
Kang et al., 2006, Cytoprotective Effect of Phloroglucinol on Oxidative. Journal
of Cellular Biochemistry, 97,609620
Kistner, O. et al., 2007, Cell Culture (Vero) Derived Whole Virus (H5N1) Vaccine
Based on Wild-Type Virus Strain Induces Cross-Protective Immune
Response. Vaccine, 25 (32), 6028-6036

Krimmel, B., Swoboda, F., Solar, S., dan Reznicek, G., 2010, OH-Radical
Induced Degradation Of Hydroxybenzoic- and Hydroxycinnamic
Acids and Formation Of Aromatic Products A gamma radiolysis
study, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 79, 1247-1254.
La Vecchia, C., Altieri, A,, dan Tavani, A., 2001, Vegetables, fruit, antioxidants
and cancer: a review of Italian studies. European Journal of Nutrition,
40, 261267
Lachman, J., M. Sulc, M., Sus, J., dan Pavlkova, O., 2006, Polyphenol content
and antiradical activity in different apple varieties. Horticultural
Science (Prague), 33 (3), 95102
Lampe, J.W., 1999, Health effects of vegetables and fruit: assessing mechanisms
of action in human experimental studies, The American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition, 70 (3 Suppl. ), 475S-490S
Mailandari, M. 2012. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Garcinia kydia
Roxb dengan Metode DPPH dan Identifikasi Senyawa Kimia Fraksi
yang Aktif. Skripsi. Program Studi Ekstensi Farmasi, Fakultas
Matematika Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Indonesia
Matei, N., Dobrinas, S., dan Radu, G.L., 2012, Spectrophotometric Determination
of Ascorbic Acid in Grapes with The Prussian Blue Reaction, Ovidius
University Annals of Chemistry, 23 (2), 174-179
Molyneux, P, 2004, The Use of The Stable Free Radical Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity, Songklanakarin Journal
of Science and Technology, 26 (2), 211-219
Moon, K.J. dan Shibamoto, T., 2009, Antioxidant Assay For Plant And Food
Components. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57 (5),
1655-1666
Nahapetian, A.T, Thomas, J.N., Thilly, W.G., 1986, Optimization of environment
for high density Vero cell culture: effect of dissolved oxygen and
nutrient supply on cell growth and changes in metabolites, Journal of
Cell Science, 81, 65103.
Nawaly, H., Susanto, A.B., Uktolseja, J.L.A., 2013, Aplikasi Antioksidan Dari
Rumput Laut,Seminar Nasional X Pendidikan Biologi FKIP UNS,
Surakarta
Noctor, G. dan Foyer, C.H., 1998, Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active
oxygen under control. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 49, 249279
Nor, Y.A., 2010, The Growth Study of Vero Cells in Different Type of
Microcarrier, Materials Sciences and Applications, 1, 261-266

Nugraheni, M., 2011, Potensi Kulit Buah Dan Sayuran Sebagai Sumber Senyawa
Bioaktif Pencegah Penyakit Degeneratif. Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik
Boga dan Busana, Fakultas Teknik UNY, Yogyakarta
Nugroho, Y.A., Nuratmi, B., dan Suhardi, 2000, Daya Hambat benalu teh
(scurulla atropurpurea BI Danser) terhadap proliferasi sel tumor
kelenjar susu mencit (Mus muscullus)C3H, Cermin Dunia
Kedokteran, PT Kalbe Farma, Jakarta
Oyaizu, M., 1986, Studies on products of browning reactions: antioxidative
activities of products of browning reaction prepared from
glucosamine. Japanese Journal of Nutrition, 44, 307315
Paran, E., Novack V., Engelhard, Y.N., dan Hazan-Halevy, I., 2009, The Effects
of Natural Antioxidants from Tomato Extract in Treated but
Uncontrolled Hypertensive Patients, Cardiovascular Drugs and
Therapy, 23 (2), 107-108
Pinela, J., Barros, L., Carvalho, A.M., dan Ferreira, I.C., 2012, Nutritional
composition and antioxidant activity of four tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum L.) farmer varieties in Northeastern Portugal
homegardens. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50, (34), 829834
Rai, P.K., Jaiswal, D., Mehta, S., dan Watal, G., 2009, Anti-hyperglycaemic
potential of Psidium guajava raw fruit peel, Indian Journal of Medical
Research, 129, 561-565
Rice-Evans, C.A. Miller, N.J., Paganga, G., 1996, Structure-Antioxidant Activity
Relationships of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids, Free Radical
Biology & Medicine, 20, 933-956.
Rohmatussolihat, 2009, Antioksidan, Penyelamat Sel-Sel Tubuh Manusia.
BioTrends, 4 (1), 5-9
Seyfizadeh, N. et al.,2012, Cytoprotective Effects of Arbutin Against Tert-Butyl
Hydroperoxid Induced Toxicity in Hep-G2 Cell Line, World Applied
Sciences Journal, 19 (2), 163-167
Sharma, P., Jha, A.B., Dubey, R.S., dan Pessarakli, M., 2012, Reactive Oxygen
Species, Oxidative Damage, and Antioxidative Defense Mechanism in
Plants under Stressful Conditions, Journal of Botany, 2012 (2012), 126
Sies, H. (ed.)1996. Antioxidants in Disease, Mechanisms and Therapy. Academic
Press, New York
Soeksmanto, A., Hapsari, Y., Simanjuntak, P., 2007. Kandungan Antioksidan pada
Beberapa Bagian Tanaman Mahkota Dewa, Phaleria macrocarpa
(Scheff) Boerl. (Thymelaceae). Biodiversitas, 8 (2), 92-95
Susilowati, E., 2010, Kajian Aktivitas Antioksidan, Serat Pangan, Dan Kadar
Amilosa Pada Nasi Yang Disubstitusi Dengan Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea

Batatas L.) Sebagai Bahan Makanan Pokok. Fakultas Pertanian,

Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta
Temple, N.J., 2000, Antioxidants And Disease: More Questions Than Answers,
Nutrition Research, 20 (3), 449-459
Toor, R.K. dan Savage, G.P., 2005, .Antioxidant activity in diffrerent fraction of
tomato, Food Research International, 38 (5), 487-494
Vyas, N, Mukul Tailang M., Gavatia, N.P., dan Gupta B.K., 2010 Antioxidant Potential Of
Psidium Guajava Linn. International Journal of PharmTech Research,
2 (1), 417-419
Wahono, H.S. dan B.R Setyohadi. 2011. The Effect of Apple (Malus sylvestris)
Varieties and Fermentation Time by Yeast Saccharomyces cerivisiae
as Pre-Processing Treatment on Syrup Characteristic. Jurnal
Teknologi Pertanian, 12 (3), 135-142
WHO.
2011.
Global Health
and
Aging.
diakses
dari
http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf
pada tanggal 22 Agustus 2014 pukul 09.12
Yoo, K.M., Lee, C.H., Lee, H., Moon, B., Yong Lee, C.Y., 2008. Relative
antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of common herbs .Food
Chemistry, 106, 929936
Zhao, X.H. dan X. Zhang ,2009, Comparisons of cytoprotective effects of three
flavonoids on human hepatocytes oxidative injury induced by
hydrogen peroxide or carbon tetrachloride in vitro. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research, 3, 776-784
Zulkifli, K.H., et al. 2012. Bioactive Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant
Activity of Selected Fruit Peel. 2012 International Conference on
Environment, Chemistry and Biology IPCBEE vol.49 IACSIT Press,
Singapura
Getoff, N., 2007, Anti-aging and aging factors in life. The role of free radicals,
Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 76, 15771586
Hunter, D.J. dan Reddy, K.S., 2013, Noncommunicable Diseases, N. Engl. J.
Med., 369, 1336-1343
Santulli, G., 2013, Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in the 21st Century:
Updated Numbers and Updated Facts, Journal Of Cardiovascular
Disease, 1 (1), 1-2
Nichols, M., Townsend, N., Scarborough, P., dan Rayner, M., 2014,
Cardiovascular disease in Europe 2014: epidemiological update, Eur.
Heart J., 35 (42), 2950-2959
Kammeyer, A. dan Lutein, R.M., 2015, Review Oxidation events and skin aging,
Ageing Research Reviews, 21, 1629

Valko, M., Izakovic, M., Mazur, M., Rhodes, C.J., dan Telser, J., 2004, Role of
oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence, Mol. Cel.l
Biochem., 266 (1-2), 37-56
Genkinger, J.M., Platz, E.A., Hoffman, S.C., Comstock, G.W., dan Helzlsouer,
K.J., 2004, Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intake and all-cause,
cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality in a community-dwelling
population in Washington County, Maryland, Am J Epidemiol.,160
(12),1223-1233
WHO, 2009, Global Health Risks. Mortality and burden of disease attributable to
selected major risks, Laporan Kesehatan, WHO Library Cataloguingin-Publication Data, ISBN 978 92 4 156387 1
Floyd, R.A., 1999, Antioxidants, oxidative stress, and degenerative neurological
disorders, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 222 (3), 236-245
Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin M.T.D., Mazur M., Telser J., 2007,
Review Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological
functions and human disease, The International Journal of
Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39, 4484
Sainz, R.M., Lombo, F., dan Mayo, J.C., 2012, Radical Decisions in Cancer:
Redox Control of Cell Growth and Death, Cancers, 4 (2), 442-474
Varadarajan, S., Yatin, S., Aksenova, M. dan Butterfield, A., 2000, Review:
Alzheimers Amyloid b-Peptide-Associated Free Radical Oxidative
Stress and Neurotoxicity, Journal of Structural Biology, 130, 184208
Wicken, A.P., 2001, Ageing and the free radical theory, Respiration Physiology,
128, 379391
Ryter, S.W. et al., 2007, Mechanisms Of Cell Death In Oxidative Stress,
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 9 (1), 50-89
Mates J.M., Perez-Gomez C., De Castro I.N., 1999, Antioxidant enzymes and
human diseases. Clin. Biochem., 32, 595603
Sugamura, K. dan Keany, J.F., 2011, Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular
disease, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 51, 978992
Brown, G.C. dan Borutaite, V., 2001, Nitric Oxide, Mitochondria, and Cell Death,
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Life, 52,
189195
Pizzaro, J.G., 2009, Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and cell cycle
regulation in B65 dopaminergic cell line, Free Radical Research, 43
(10), 985-994
Krysko, D.V., Berghe, T.V., DHerde, K. dan Vandenabeele, P., 2008, Apoptosis
and necrosis: Detection, discrimination and phagocytosis, Methods
44, 205221
Tsujimoto, Y. dan Shimuzu, S., 2005, Another way to die: autophagic
programmed cell death, Cell Death and Differentiation, 12, 1528
1534

Syntichaki, P., dan Tavernarakis, N., 2002, Death by necrosis Uncontrollable

catastrophe, or is there order behind the chaos?, The European
Molecular Biology Organization, 3 (7), 604609
Nanji, A.A., Sturmhofel, S.H., 1997, Apoptosis And Necrosis Two Types of Cell
Death in Alcoholic Liver Disease, Alcohol Health Res .World.,21 (4),
325-330
Duprez, L.,Wirawan, E., Berghe, T.V., Vandenabeele, P., 2009, Major cell death
pathways at a glance, Microbes and Infection, 11, 1050-1062
Golstein, P., and Kroemer, G., 2007, Cell death by necrosis: towards a molecular
definition, Trends Biochem. Sci., 32, 3743
Baines, C.P., 2010, Role of the mitochondrion in programmed necrosis, Frontiers
in Physiology, 1 (156), 1-8
Gutteridge, J.M.C., Halliwell, B., 1994, Antioxidants in Nutrition, Health and
Disease, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK cit Noori, S., 2012, An
Overview of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defensive System,
Open Access Scientific Reports, 1 (8), 1-9
Kulbacka, J.,et al., 2003, Apoptosis, Free Radicals and Antioxidant Defense in
Antitumor Therapy, DOI: 10.5772/50357 cit El-Missiry, M.A., 2003,
Antioxidant Enzyme, In Tech Open Science, ISBN 978-953-51-07897
Kar, A., 2007, Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology 1st Ed., New Age
International Publisher, New Delhi ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2915-2
Marais, J.P.J., Deavours, B., Dixon, R.A., dan Ferreira, D., 2006, The
Stereochemistry Of Flavonoids, cit Grotewold, E.(ed), 2006, The
Science of Flavonoids, Springer Science Business Media, Inc., 1-46
ISBN 978-0-387-28822-2
Majewska, M., Skrzycki, M., Podsiad, M., Czeczot, H., 2011, Evaluation of
antioxidant potential of flavonoids: an in vitro study, Acta Pol.
Pharm., 68 (4), 611-615
Kumar, S., Pandey, A.K., 2013, Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids:
an overview,ScientificWorldJournal, doi: 10.1155/2013/162750
Singh, R.P., Sarad, K. dan Kapur, S., 2004, Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress in
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Relevance of Dietary Antioxidants
Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine, 5 (3), 218-225
Amic, D., Davidovic-Amic, D., Beslo, D., Rastija, V., Lucic, B., dan Trinajstic,
N., 2007, SAR and QSAR of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids.
Curr. Med. Chem., 14 (7), 827-845
Han, R.M., Zhang, J.P., dan Skibsted, L.H., 2012, Reaction Dynamics of
Flavonoids and Carotenoids as Antioxidants, Molecules, 17, 21402160
Sherma, J. dan Fried, B.,2003, Handbook of Thin Layer Chromatography 3 Ed
Revised and Expanded , Marcell Dekker , NY, I S B N : 0 - 8 2 4 7 0895-4

Dickson, H., Kittredge, K.W., Sarquis, A.M., 2004, Thin-Layer Chromatography:

W The Eyes of the Organic Chemist, Journal of Chemical
Education, 8 (7), 1023-1025
Hahn- Deinstrop, E., Applied Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2nd Ed., John Willey
and Sons, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, ISBN:
978-3-527-31553-6
Gocan, S., 2002, Stationary Phases for Thin-Layer Chromatography, Journal of
Chromatographic Science, 40, 1-12
Spangenberg, B., Poole, C.F., Weins, C., 2011, Quantitative Thin-Layer
Chromatography A Practical Survey, Chromatographia, 73 (7), 823823
Barahuie, F., Hussein, M.Z., Fakurazi, S. dan Zainal, Z., 2014, Development of
Drug Delivery Systems Based on Layered Hydroxides for
Nanomedicine, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 15 (5), 7750-7786
Athmanathan, S., Bandlapally, S.R., dan Rao G.N., 2002, Comparison of the
sensitivity of a 24 h-shell vial assay, and conventional tube culture, in
the isolation of Herpes simplex virus 1 from corneal scrapings,
BMC Clinical Pathology, 2 (1), 1