CHOSEN

PROBLEMS
OF THE
LIGHT
TECHNIQUES
IN THE
TRANSPORT
Of more than 500.000 years
ago people
discoverd
howPiotr
to
Prof.
Dr. Ing.
use fire as a primaryTomczuk
light
source. Throughout the the
centuriesthe illumination it
has become increasingly
evolved today can illuminate
entire buildings and streets
just by pressing a button.

Students: Ptracu Andreea

Teodora
Timircan Dorin
Ene Ionu Adrian
Moroianu Gabriel
Mircea

SUMARY
Radiation spectrum
Luminous flux
Luminous intensity
Illuminance
Luminance
Photometeric Screen ISO
Measurements
1. Measurement of lighting
distribution of low beam lights in a
car;
2. Measuring distribution of
lighting and angle from the car
signal lights
3. Measuring of luminance and
contrast from different number
plates of a car,
4. Integrating spheres for
luminous flux measurements

RADIATION
SPECTRUM
Light usually refers to visible light, which
is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to
the human eye and is responsible for the
sense of sight. Visible light is usually defined
as having a wavelength in the range of 400
nanometres (nm), or 400109 m, to 700
nanometres between the infrared, with
longer wavelengths and the ultraviolet, with
shorter wavelengths.

Generally, EM radiation, or EMR (the

designation 'radiation' excludes static
electric and magnetic and near fields) is
classified by wavelength into radio,

microwave, infrared, the visible region that

we perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and
gamma rays.

LUMINOUS FLUX
Luminous flux is the amount of
electromagnetic energy emitted by a light
source per time unit. It forms the basis for
photometric system.
The luminous flux can be also defined as the
average of the radiant flux in the visible
spectrum (of the electromagnetic
wavelength from ).

The luminous flux value is proportional to

the luminous flux multiplied by spectral
relative luminous efficacy V() where Km is
the photometric equivalent to radiation (Km
= 638 lm/W).

LUMINOUS INTENSITY
Luminous intensity is an expression of
the amount of light power emanating from a
point source within a solid angle of one
steradian . For reference, a frequency of 540
terahertz (540 THz or 5.40 x 10 14 Hz ) is
specified.
The quantities used to express luminous
intensity are arcane to most non-scientists.
A frequency of 540 THz corresponds to a
wavelength of about 555 nanometers (nm),

which is in the middle of the visible-light

spectrum , and is generally accepted as the
frequency and wavelength at which the
average human eye is most sensitive.
A steradian is the standard unit solid
angle; a sphere encloses 4 p (approximately
12.57) steradians.

ILLUMINANCE
In photometry, illuminance is the total
luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit
area. It is a measure of how much the
incident light illuminates the surface,
wavelength-weighted by the luminosity
function to correlate with human brightness
perception. Similarly, luminous emittance is
the luminous flux per unit area emitted from

a surface. Luminous emittance is also known

as luminous exitance.
Illuminance was formerly often called
brightness, but this leads to confusion with
other uses of the word, such as to mean
luminance. "Brightness" should never be
used for quantitative description, but only
for nonquantitative references to
physiological sensations and perceptions of
light.
The human eye is capable of seeing
somewhat more than a 2 trillion-fold range:
The presence of white objects is somewhat
discernible under starlight, at 5105 lux,
while at the bright end, it is possible to read
large text at 108 lux, or about 1000 times
that of direct sunlight, although this can be
very uncomfortable and cause long-lasting
afterimages

LUMINANCE
Luminance is a photometric measure of
the luminous intensity per unit area of light
travelling in a given direction. It describes
the amount of light that passes through or is

emitted from a particular area, and falls

within a given solid angle. The SI unit for
luminance is candela per square metre
(cd/m2). A non-SI term for the same unit is
the "nit". The CGS unit of luminance is the
stilb, which is equal to one candela per
square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2.
Luminance is often used to characterize
emission or reflection from flat, diffuse
surfaces. The luminance indicates how much
luminous power will be detected by an eye
looking at the surface from a particular
angle of view. Luminance is thus an indicator
of how bright the surface will appear. In this
case, the solid angle of interest is the solid
angle subtended by the eye's pupil.
Luminance is used in the video industry to
characterize the brightness of displays. A
typical computer display emits between 50
and 300 cd/m2. The sun has luminance of
about 1.6109 cd/m2 at noon.

Photometeric

Screen ISO

ECE-Regulation No. 48
Distance 10m

Measurement of lighting distribution

of low beam lights in a car

Lamp:
Light source: TUNGSRAM
Voltage: 13.56 [V] Curent: 4.12 [A]

Point
and area
on the
screen

Illuminance E [lx] for the reflector with

bulb
H7 (25m)

H7 (10m)

Measurement

B50L

E0.3

E1.87

75L

E12

E75

15.3

75R

E12

E75

190.1

50L

E<15

E<93.75

90.7

50R

E12

E75

178.5

50V

E6

E37.5

199.4

25L

E2

E12.5

47.8

25R

E2

E12.5

50.1

Area III

E0.7

E4.375

2.5

Area IV

E3

E18.75

129

Area I

E2xE50R

E2xE50R

86.84

Lamp:
Light source: 6E
Voltage: 13.56 [V] Curent: 4.26 [A]

Point
and area
on the
screen

Illuminance E [lx] for the reflector with

bulb
H7 (25m)

H7 (10m)

Measurement

B50L

E0.3

E1.87

2.1

75L

E12

E75

28.2

75R

E12

E75

131.3

50L

E<15

E<93.75

74.9

50R

E12

E75

130.9

50V

E6

E37.5

133.7

25L

E2

E12.5

31.5

25R

E2

E12.5

37.3

Area III

E0.7

E4.375

1.68

Area IV

E3

E18.75

95.12

Area I

E2xE50R

E2xE50R

52.32

Lamp: Philips Night Guide

Light source: 197 H7
Voltage: 13.56 [V] Curent: 4.12 [A]

Point
and area
on the
screen

Illuminance E [lx] for the reflector with

bulb
H7 (25m)

H7 (10m)

Measurement

B50L

E0.3

E1.87

2.8

75L

E12

E75

19

75R

E12

E75

130

50L

E<15

E<93.75

87

50R

E12

E75

150

50V

E6

E37.5

186

25L

E2

E12.5

46.5

25R

E2

E12.5

55

Area III

E0.7

E4.375

23.6

Area IV

E3

E18.75

134.42

Area I

E2xE50R

E2xE50R

65.34

Lamp: Osram Ultra Life

Light source:
Voltage: 13.56 [V] Curent: 4.15 [A]

Point
and area

Illuminance E [lx] for the reflector with

bulb

on the
screen

H7 (25m)

H7 (10m)

Measurement

B50L

E0.3

E1.87

2.7

75L

E12

E75

28.2

75R

E12

E75

151.3

50L

E<15

E<93.75

69.7

50R

E12

E75

146.9

50V

E6

E37.5

162.6

25L

E2

E12.5

44.5

25R

E2

E12.5

48.1

Area III

E0.7

E4.375

2.42

Area IV

E3

E18.75

113.78

Area I

E2xE50R

E2xE50R

81.74

Lamp: Lucas
Light source: 30% brighter
Voltage: 13.56 [V] Curent: 4.05 [A]

Point
and
area on
the
screen

Illuminance E [lx] for the reflector with

bulb
H7 (25m)

H7 (10m)

Measurement

B50L

E0.3

E1.87

3.1

75L

E12

E75

19

75R

E12

E75

173

50L

E<15

E<93.75

70

50R

E12

E75

190.3

50V

E6

E37.5

146.5

25L

E2

E12.5

49

25R

E2

E12.5

56

Area III

E0.7

E4.375

2.18

Area IV

E3

E18.75

126.86

Area I

E2xE50R

E2xE50R

81.04

Lamp: Lucas
Light source: 50% brighter
Voltage: 13.56 [V] Curent: 4.08 [A]

Point
and
area on
the
screen

Illuminance E [lx] for the reflector with

bulb
H7 (25m)

H7 (10m)

Measurement

B50L

E0.3

E1.87

3.6

75L

E12

E75

19

75R

E12

E75

170

50L

E<15

E<93.75

71.2

50R

E12

E75

175

50V

E6

E37.5

180

25L

E2

E12.5

51.7

25R

E2

E12.5

56.9

Area III

E0.7

E4.375

2.44

Area IV

E3

E18.75

126.46

Area I

E2xE50R

E2xE50R

95.04

Lamp: Valea
Light source: 197 H7
Voltage: 13.56 [V] Curent: 4.13 [A]

Point

Illuminance E [lx] for the reflector with

and
area on
the
screen

bulb
H7 (25m)

H7 (10m)

Measurement

B50L

E0.3

E1.87

75L

E12

E75

39

75R

E12

E75

180.5

50L

E<15

E<93.75

85

50R

E12

E75

180

50V

E6

E37.5

175

25L

E2

E12.5

51.8

25R

E2

E12.5

57.5

Area III

E0.7

E4.375

2.26

Area IV

E3

E18.75

133.86

Area I

E2xE50R

E2xE50R

92.4

Lamp: Valea
Light source: Osram Lightbreaker
Voltage: 13.56 [V] Curent: 4.11 [A]

Point
and
area on
the
screen

Illuminance E [lx] for the reflector with

bulb
H7 (25m)

H7 (10m)

Measurement

B50L

E0.3

E1.87

3.4

75L

E12

E75

63

75R

E12

E75

177

50L

E<15

E<93.75

90

50R

E12

E75

149

50V

E6

E37.5

200

25L

E2

E12.5

54.9

25R

E2

E12.5

58

Area III

E0.7

E4.375

2.34

Area IV

E3

E18.75

129.52

Area I

E2xE50R

E2xE50R

90.05

Measurements

Measuring distribution of lighting

and angle from a cars signal lights
1.
2.
3.
4.

The following signal lights have been used for this

experiment:
Hazard lights,
Rear fog lights,
Warning flash lights,
Daytime lights

Brake light lamps may constitute an independent light, or

be the source for other lights.
Lighting requirements refer mainly to light distribution:
1. Luminous intensity within the axis of reference should
not be lower than 40 cd and not higher than 100 cd.
2. In each direction determined by geometric visibility
angles of the screen it should not be lower than 0.3 cd
and not higher than 100 cd.
3. If the light is a source of brake and position lights, then
within the range of angles (50 upward and downward,
and 100 leftward and rightward) the quotient of their
luminous intensity should be 5:1.
Driving direction lights and hazard lights 1
Required luminous intensity in given photometric
directions (apart from the axis of reference) should not be lower
than the product of minimum value of luminous intensity and a
proper coefficient for a given direction in %.

Measuring distribution of lighting and

angle from different cars stop lights

Measuring of luminance and contrast

from different number plates of a car
Visibility of registration plate surfaces should be provided
at the rear of a motor vehicle and it should be determined by
dihedral angles of geometric visibility.
(podpisy illuminated surface, visibility in vertical cross section,
visibility in horizontal cross section)

Measurement screens for testing luminance distribution of

registration plates
Luminance of the illuminated measurement screen by means of
a lamp in any of the measurement points of the screen should
at least have the value of 2.5 cd/m2 in the case of benchmark
devices, and 2 cd/m2 in the case of devices from serial
production.
Luminance gradient L1 and L2, measured in any two
measurement points determined on the screen should fulfil the
following relation:

Lighting devices illuminating rear registration plate

Number Plate: SDB 99 46

White
Target
Lp.

PL old one Black-

Object

luminance luminance

Contrast

LT
[cd/m2]

LO
[cd/m2]

9.98

0.69

93.09%

10.28

0.64

93.77%

5.44

0.18

96.69%

4.71

0.39

91.72%

10.15

0.17

98.33%

10.28

0.17

98.35%

16.49

0.13

99.21%

26.31

0.13

99.51%

7.21

1.35

81.28%

10

5.48

0.84

84.67%

Average

10.65

0.46

95.68%

Number Plate: W 433 RNA

Yellow
Target
Lp.

Object

luminance luminance

ENG Black-

Contrast

LT
[cd/m2]

LO
[cd/m2]

0.72

1.46

50.68%

0.57

11.04

94.84%

0.39

17.62

97.79%

0.24

9.1

97.36%

0.04

30.17

99.87%

0.17

5.87

97.10%

0.73

4.68

84.40%

3.07

2.6

15.31%

1.08

5.86

81.57%

10

1.47

6.06

75.74%

Average

0.84

9.44

91.10%

Number Plate: 0381 OBI

Target
Lp.

PL

Black-White

Object

luminance luminance

Contrast

LT
[cd/m2]

LO
[cd/m2]

0.09

8.99

99.00%

0.04

28.57

99.86%

0.15

6.72

97.77%

0.11

4.4

97.50%

0.2

5.36

96.27%

0.1

10.73

99.07%

0.07

15.44

99.55%

0.22

27.33

99.20%

0.39

5.53

92.95%

10

0.09

1.8

95.00%

Average

0.14

11.48

98.78%

Number Plate: 0381

Target
Lp.

OBI

PL Red-White

Object

luminance luminance

Contrast

LT
[cd/m2]

LO
[cd/m2]

9.2

15.78

41.70%

2.32

29.12

92.03%

3.31

15.66

78.86%

2.74

24.96

89.02%

1.39

5.4

74.26%

1.47

1.46

0.68%

1.43

4.34

67.05%

1.69

8.07

79.06%

2.6

4.28

39.25%

10

1.35

9.99

86.49%

Average

2.75

11.906

76.90%

Number Plate: H 04911

Target

GER Black-White

Object

Contrast

Lp.

luminance luminance
LT
[cd/m2]

LO
[cd/m2]

0.16

4.74

96.62%

0.26

3.91

93.35%

0.34

22.29

98.47%

0.22

4.92

95.53%

0.17

7.52

97.74%

0.27

2.42

88.84%

0.05

3.85

98.70%

0.07

10.18

99.31%

0.61

2.57

76.26%

10

0.24

1.64

85.37%

Average

0.23

6.404

96.41%

Number Plate: 0381

Target
Lp.

OBI

PL White-Blue

Object

luminance luminance

Contrast

LT
[cd/m2]

LO
[cd/m2]

13.59

0.13

99.04%

5.1

0.73

85.69%

18.34

0.52

97.16%

3.81

0.91

76.12%

4.97

0.93

81.29%

16.77

0.07

99.58%

4.24

0.61

85.61%

23.91

0.32

98.66%

5.63

0.84

85.08%

10

6.57

0.05

99.24%

Average

10.29

0.51

95.04%

Integrating spheres for

luminous flux measurements

The following light bulbs have been used for this experiment
1.
2.
3.
4.

Incandescent Lamps
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
LED Lamps

Object: Halogen

No.

Voltage

Curent

Power

cos

Luminance

[V]

[A]

[W]

[]

E [lx]

254

0.19

53

0.80735

245

0.19

50

0.73432

234

0.18

48

0.61506

222

0.18

43

0.56883

204

0.17

38

0.37587

176

0.15

32

0.2211

152

0.14

26

0.1407

132

0.13

20

0.06901

107

0.12

15

0.0268

10

97

0.11

13

0.01876

11

90

0.11

12

0.01139

12

85

0.1

11

0.00737

13

78

0.09

0.00335

14

51

0.07

0.000529

15

39

0.06

0.000041
54

Voltage

Curent

Power

cos

Luminance

[V]

[A]

[W]

[]

E [lx]

254

0.03

0.6231

241

0.03

0.61908

221

0.03

0.6164

205

0.03

0.61305

193

0.03

0.61104

181

0.03

0.6097

163

0.03

0.60836

148

0.04

0.60635

141

0.04

0.60434

10

131

0.04

0.603

11

112

0.05

0.60099

12

96

0.06

0.59898

13

84

0.07

0.5963

14

71

0.09

0.58558

15

53

0.08

0.44555

Object: Philips Led

No.

Object: Fluorecent bulb

No.

Voltage

Curent

Power

cos

Luminance

[V]

[A]

[W]

[]

E [lx]

239

0.09

18

0.8

0.97016

229

0.09

17

0.82

0.87435

213.6

0.09

16

0.83

0.82343

195

0.09

14

0.79

0.7906

187

0.09

14

0.83

0.76581

177

0.09

13

0.81

0.71288

164

0.09

12

0.81

0.67201

145

0.09

11

0.84

0.57285

134

0.09

10

0.83

0.5226

10

125

0.09

10

0.82

0.40669

11

115

0.09

10

0.92

0.32897

12

92

0.09

0.045225

13

75

0.08

0.000871

14

66

0.07

0.0003551

15

51

0.06

0.0000469

Object: Tungsram

No.

Voltage

Curent

Power

cos

Luminance

[V]

[A]

[W]

[]

E [lx]

252

0.32

87

1.20399

245

0.31

83

1.06262

233

0.31

77

0.8844

228

0.3

74

0.7973

211

0.29

66

0.60367

202

0.28

62

0.5092

189

0.27

56

0.39128

175

0.26

50

0.29547

166

0.26

46

0.23249

10

151

0.24

41

0.15544

11

139

0.23

36

0.10653

12

127

0.22

32

0.07035

13

104

0.2

24

0.02546

14

77

0.17

15

0.004288

15

51

0.14

0.0005829

Thank you very much for guiding

us!