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Cyanide
Process
of
Gold
[Published
by
CimiLKa
Griffin
"
Co.,
Ltd.,
London
.]
THE
CYANIDE
PROCESS
OF
GOLD
A
EXTRACTION:
TEXTBOOK
FOR
USE
THE
CYANIDE
AND
METALLURGISTS,
MINING
OF
STUDENTS,
OPERATORS.
BY
JAMES
PROFESSOR
OP
OF
FELLOW
MINING
THE
AND
DIRECTOR
GEOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE
OP
MINING
MKTALLURGY,
[The
First
ENGLISH
English
published
itl) JTronttgpieee,
(Authorized
Text-book.
GRIFFIN
EXETER
MINES;
OF
SUPERINTENDENT,
WORKS,
AND
REVI8ED
in
and
New
ENLARGED.
enlarged from
the
Third
Australian
anb
Schools
Illtxgt ration*.
of Mines.)
"
STREET,
Edition
Zealand.]
opiate*
LONDON
CHARLES
OF
AMERICAN
GOLDFIKLD.
revised
was
THE
INSTITUTE
THE
METALLURGICAL
EDITION.
Edition
OF
; LATE
GOVERNMENT
SCHOOL
OF
MEMBER
MEMBER
LONDON
THAMES
THIRD
LONDON
OF
ENGINEERS;
ZEALAND
UNIVERSITY
OTAGO
OP
SOCIETY
MINING
AND
NEW
PARK,
COMPANY,
STRAND.
1904.
LIMITED,
Complete
Catalogue
of
Works
Engineering,
on
post
Metallurgy
and
Mining,
free
application
on
be
will
to
the
forwarded
publishers.
'
"o**'bOA
78161
APR
14
1904
MKWL
Pa.
PREFACE
TO
favourable
The
much
revise
old
the
gold-slimes,the
of
In
filter-press
practice.
pressing
of the
character
density
for
formed
the
value.
In
slimes
the
are
The
treatment.
Africa,
South
has
in all
for
gold
milling
the
where
been
a
cases
so
the
saline
The
purposes.
the
of
of
attention
secondary product
imperative
should
mills, and
question
engaging
and
ores
settlement
slimes,it
of the
filter-
the
water, and
almost
filter-presses
of
primary product
or
decantation
versus
fresh
of the
and
peculiar
of
the
use
lead-
to
adoption of
process
effective
first
the
combination
rendered
waters
add
sulpho-tellurideores,
tendency
available
couraged
en-
time
same
decantation
make
to
and
quick
the
in
imperfect as
by
has
part, relates
Australia,
natural
water
brackish
material
finer
only
the
of
of
editions
the
at
most
form
to
and
the
Western
earlier
to
treatment
for
determined
mainly
was
EDITION.
matter,
material, which,
new
smelting
accorded
reception
to
me
THIRD
be
noted,
of
were
high
filter-pressing
for
and
time,
some
of
low-grade
value.
been
Filter-pressinghas
Waihi
Company,
slimes, but,
on
in New
the
other
neighbouring companies
for
the
treatment
relative
merits
by
Zealand,
hand,
are
of similar
of the
exhaustive
two
trials
for
the
it should
be
satisfied
with
material.
processes
over
of
mentioned
that
is
in
a
by
success
treatment
the
It
must,
extending
much
with
adopted
ordinary
decantation
several
process
quite
clear
that
every
case,
be
period of,
the
say,
the
mined
deterfour
to
^PREFACE.
VI
mouths,
six
so
of
favour
in
costs
be
to
that
The
introduction
notable
the
in
the
in
short
New
obviously
of
Zealand
of
one
cost.
subordinate
is
cost
several
to
The
process.
this
and
is
American
chemists.
awaited
with
interest.
have
much
to
acknowledge
and
M.I.M.M.,
contributions
Waihi
on
the
B.
Allen,
and
slime
of
Australian
articles
In
these
and
are
made
in
Mining
Journal,
Mining
Standard
which
all
the
other
appeared
cases,
their
and
the
to
columns
at
acknowledgment
make
1903.
N.Z.,
prietors
pro-
extracts
different
and
Kal-
Journal,
times.
reference
text.
Dunedin,
September
special
for
to
be
Banks,
Engineering
permission
is
will
G.
E.
and
JAMES
University,
solutions
B.Sc,
M.A.,
cyanide
work
Mr
respectively;
for
due
the
have
investigation by
their
to
in
number
Africa
of
of
of
and
plants.
filter-press practice
Mining
in
of
cyanide
subject
indebtedness
treatment
investigation
literature
results
prehensive
com-
cyanide
South
foul
Mr.
of
more
acid-
researches
of
lead-smelting
and
in
the
to
my
by
chemical
chemists
The
Frank
Mr
verified
the
respect
claims
probable
special
present
several
the
smelting
regeneration
at
if
larger permanent
material
successful
still unsolved,
the
metallurgical
valuable
much
old
the
for
in
and
most
seems
marks
gold-slimes
are
process,
room
and
directions,
accomplished
the
all
in
rate
any
of
practice,
displace
is still much
There
from
of
question
indeed
as
time
at
processes,
and
is
chance
estimate
and
African
lead-smelting
of
reliable
problem
cyanide
author
trials
added
the
of
of
advance
Tavenor,
of
South
fortuitous
of
enable
thereby
solution
Australia,
element
expediency.
of
will
the
With
prepared.
Western
In
and
either,
the
conditions,
eliminate
to
as
PARK.
TO
PREFACE.
ENGLISH
FIRST
THE
EDITION.
The
favourable
work,
and
available
this
on
the
of
retained
in
England,
and
as
of
the
the
and
and
perplexing
most
Gold
of
this
due,
problems,
in
of
than
often
in
presents
the
to
ores
chemical
obvious
cases,
in
application
on
which
many
been
treatment
more
Extraction,
has
the
the
of
use
introduced
dependent
more
is
department
the
been
years
to
general
published
first
have
late
methods
and
The
operators,
changes
Of
more
no
Process
Cyanide
the
in
such
information
for
the
is
his
before
placing
intended
which
again
to
latest
cyanide
needful.
metallurgy
knowledge,
and
only
investigations
rendered
has
which
into
of
this
of
author
metallurgy.
was
edition,
present
considered
scientific
which
work,
the
the
of
metallurgists,
the
author
branch
Edition
Third
view
anticipated,
progressive
students,
mining
with
was
original
"
enabled
has
text,
than
earlier
readers,
plan
the
enlarge
the
to
Zealand,
New
in
published
revise
accorded
reception
simplest
causes.
In
the
been
the
greatly
and
while
added,
slimes,
closer
although
Since
treatment
edition
present
information
of
solutions,
setting,
the
the
text
revision
have
while,
the
has
the
by
been
of
largely
relating
and
considerably
these
cyanide
of
adoption
number
actual
pages,
superseded
and
illustrations
new
the
analyses
extended
several
of
pages
the
to
tables
has
of
treatment
poisoning,
slightly
have
has
smaller
been
been
type,
reduced,
enlarged.
wet-crushing
dry-crushing
and
and
cyanide
direct
PREFACE.
Vlll
cyaniding
attended
been
with
chalcedonic
associated
varying
The
complex
by
the
in
author
of
world-wide
mines.
The
both
The
varying
and
January
in
occurs
strengths
unremitting
of
care
large
mostly
are
ores
fine
separate
the
of
treatment
interest,
and
these
have
solution
part
1900.
comparatively
been
gold
constantly
the
on
embodied
appendix.
JAMES
Auckland,
the
coarse
silver
has
charge.
in
in
installation
notwithstanding
contain
and
obtained
are
the
sulphide.
extractions,
results
ores
and
requiring
proportions,
metallurgist
the
of
their
case
every
success,
some
silver
with
adequate
obtain
at
character,
in
in
complete
slimes
of
proportion
and
Zealand,
New
in
PARK.
to
of
OF
TABLE
CONTENTS.
I.
CHAPTER
PAGE
The
Process,
Forrest-
McArthur
CHAPTER
Chemistry
op
IT.
Process,
the
III.
CHAPTER
17
Experiments,
Laboratory
IV.
CHAPTER
Control,
Testing,
and
Analysis
of
Appliances
Extraction
Actual
48
by
Treatment
of
of
by
VII.
80
VIII.
98
Concentrates,
CHAPTER
Leaching
69
Slimes,
CHAPTER
Treatment
VI.
Cyanide,
CHAPTER
The
V.
Plant,
and
CHAPTER
The
22
....
CHAPTER
The
Solutions,
Agitation,
IX.
96"
ILLUSTRATIONS.
OP
LIST
CHAPTER
X.
page
Zinc
Precipitation
Treatment
and
Application
of
121
XII.
171
Process
Sibmens-Halske
XIII.
CHAPTER
Other
Cyanide
177
Processeb,
XIV.
CHAPTER
Antidotes
Process,
the
CHAPTER
The
.100
XI.
CHAPTER
The
Slimes,
Gold
op
184
Poisoning,
Cyanide
for
188
Index,
LIST
ILLUSTRATIONS.
OF
PLATES.
PAGE
Cyanide
Mammoth
Leaching
I. Wooden
II.
II
Steel
IV.
Zinc
IVa.
Zinc
VII.
Extractor
Slime
IX.
Discharge
Door,
58
.
,,
62
Box,
New
Box,
and
Plan
,,
,,
74
,,
,,96
Room,
Agitators
,,
74
Furnace,
Elevation,
and
64
Pattern,
Roasting
Plant
Roche's
52
to/ace
....
,,60
Distributor,
Precipitation
IX.
Bottom-
Distributor,
Tailings
VIII.
Door,
Extractor
Butters'
VI.
Supports,
54
Improved
Butters'
V.
and
Frontispiece
Side-Discharge
III.
Vat
Africa,
Vat,
Park's
a.
S.
Plant,
at
Waihi,
,,136
Waikino,
Bottom-Discharge
138
.
Door,.
,,
138
.
,,
WOODCUTS.
Fig.
1.
Showing
Turn-Buckle
Fig.
2.
Butters'
Bottom-Discharge
Fig.
3.
Irvine's
Fig.
4.
Side-Discharge
53
Bottom-Discharge
Door,
57
Door,
58
Door,
.59
.
THE
PROCESS
CYANIDE
FOR
EXTRACTION
THE
OF
GOLD
AND
CHAPTER
THE
It
has
been
of
alkaline
solutions
years
to
that
the
this
is
solvent
remarkable
the
and
mark
the
for
natural
the
in
epoch
an
the
The
cyanide
of
or
of
free-milling
tailings
copper-plate
It
refractory
a
process
and
in
ores
which
also
ores,
finely-divided
be
used
especially
form
or
for
those
that
with
even
the
most
metallurgical
in
of
for
in
occurs
the
all
fact
time.
the
amalgamation
fine
the
ment
treat-
particles,
and
wet-crushing
from
treatment
which
to
success
dry-crushing
in
potassium
among
extraction
gold
the
the
of
application
resulting
concentrates
amalgamation,
can
applied
be
can
ores.
century
gold
scale
PROCESS.
THE
OP
ranks
few
past
commercial
solution
successful
of
the
their
dilute
present
and
on
from
in
soluble
are
within
only
gold,
history
SCOPE
silver
applied
the
that
widespread
is
metals
preoious
of
it
been
fact
discoveries
science
but
has
the
and
gold
cyanides,
of
of
PROCESS.
that
knowledge
discovery
cyanide
must
known
extraction
The
I.
MAKTHUBrFOEREST
long
SILVER.
and
of
gold
tion.
pan-amalgamamany
so-called
in
occurs
in
such
fails
pans
to
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
in
of ores
of the
values; or
satisfactory percentage
the gold is coated
with
of metallic
which
oxide or sulphide,
a film
and
the gold is assoin
it
which
ciated
ores
rendering non-amalgamable,
matrix.
a
with, or entangled in, highly pyritic
recover
All
the
solutions
(AgCl)
common
and
the
abundant
most
is much
slower
the
rate
than
that
of
cyanide
of
treatment
condition.
less soluble
or
ores
When
dissolution
of
gold,
and
is
of
in
chloride
the
are
dilute
fortunately
silver
and
accompanied by
its
a
the
ores
higher
cyanide.
LIMITATIONS
The
more
most
; but
of
consumption
are
readilysoluble
sub-sulphide(Ag2S), and these are
Those
cyanide.
of
of silver
ores
OF
cannot
process
the
in which
an
ore
be
gold
contains
PROCESS.
THE
applied
occurs
a
with
even
success
in
proportion
to
the
fairlycoarse
of both
fine
and
fine
be
extract
to
cyanide process may
will
have
be used
to
to
supplementary treatment
a
gold, but
the
slowness
of the
the
dissolution
gold, since
recover
coarse
take
would
too long for a commercial
basis of working.
With
of the
latter
class
the
of the
free-milling ores
recovery
coarse
gold is generally effected by copper-plate amalgamation ;
the
of
in
case
and,
wet-crushing, this treatment
precedes the
of dry-crushing, it follows
it.
cyanide leaching, while, in the case
has
of the cyanide process
The experience gained during the use
when
that
of potassium cyanide, even
shown
solutions
very dilute,
all
the
and
carbonate
act most
ores
sulphide, oxide,
energeticallyon
of
and
also
the
and
bismuth
of
on
sulphides
antimony
;
copper,
these
of
is
in
small
hence, when
present, even
proportion,
any
becomes
of the ore
sometimes
the treatment
difficult,and
sible,
imposthe
of
account
on
great consumption of cyanide. In practice
that an unduly large consumption of cyanide is generally
it is found
of the
accompanied by a low rate of extraction
gold and silver
in the ore
contained
or
tailings.
the foregoing it is obvious
that
From
the process
will be most
the
which
the
in
of ores
in
in a
successful
treatment
gold occurs
and
in
which
the
base
fine
of
minerals
state,
or
quantity
very
to cyanide, is small.
metallic
salts,destructive
coarse
gold
Further,
the
the
the
used
author
ascertained
as
the
result
of
many
taneous
simul-
Government
working trials in the N.Z.
Metallurgical
which
amenable
that argentiferous gold ores
Works
to treatment
were
Washoe
in
the
most
cases
pan-amalgamation
by
process,
results
when
better
tained
cyanide
by
treatment, even
they conyielded
small percentage of zinc and lead.
a
MARTHUR-FORREST
THE
An
intelligent
widen
the
point
of
ores
of
the
scope
is
the
America
progressive
of
and
of
the
original
trend
of
cyanide
has
the
affords
important
rich
to
to
many
greatly
notable
case
sulpho-telluride
satisfactory
branch
experience
led
been
A
process.
of
which
this
which
of
by
has
requirements
treatment
Kalgoorlie,
backed
principles
tendency
successful
and
first
working
the
adaptations,
ingenious
in
details
working
of
knowledge
PROCESS.
of
evidence
metallurgy.
CHAPTER
THE
When
gold
cyanide,
CHEMISTRY
acted
is
by
(AuKCy2),
PROCESS.
solution
aqueous
when
which,
the
having
THE
an
obtained
is
crystals
cyanide
OF
on
solution
octahedral
II.
is
which
takes
double
potassium
evaporated,
of
composition
which
of
the
yields
auro-potassic
cyanide
and
gold
of
potassium.
The
reaction
exact
equation
required
the
rate
reaches
of
that
the
dissolution
of
maximum
character
determined
A
weak
rate
On
of
most
now
the
by
ing
follow-
is
Skey,
f Jour.
the
of
laboratory
always
N.Z.
Chem,
Soc.,
of
correct
shown
0*25
the
conditions,
it
per
was
cent,
varies
ore,
that
concentrated
maximum
and
can
tions
solu-
proved
solution
with
easily
the
be
experiments.
active
more
Mines
to
of
constituents
port
sup-
those
have
experiment,
with
scale
working
series
solution
reached
was
from
theoretical
dilute
actual
for
subject
Maclaurin
under
from
the
substantial
experimentally
the
on
and
is
oxygen
employed
and
1891,
proved
gold,
By
of
received
in
Skey
passing
mineral
the
by
gold.
one
ounce
cyanide
paper
pure
cyanide.
maximum
cyanide.
of
maintain
4KHO.
an
has
been
of
of
in
potassium
view
classical
his
AuKCy2
potassium
since
researches
valuable
The
the
experiments
has
t in
Maclaurin
by
the
is
represented
equation,
This
gold.
and
1892,
2H20
of
author's
the
in
the
on
1842
is
others
acts
subject
authorities,
some
while
in
It
above
pound
every
of
02
the
to
from
Skey*
8KCy
According
dissolution
Eisner
chemists.
by
to
then
still
by
4Au
for
and
dissolved
is
being
According
dissolved
is
by
gold
understood,
oxidized
suggested
accepted
generally
it
first
is
reaction
The
well
yet
before
cyanide
the
that
not
uncertainty.
oxidized
is
gold
the
and
doubt
much
of
is
cyanide
potassium
when
place
Report,
May
than
1894.
1893,
p.
724.
strong
one,
and
THE
that
considers
Maclaurin
OF
CHEMISTRY
fact
remarkable
this
PROCESS.
THE
accounted
be
may
the
of dissolution
of gold is partly
rate
by supposing
of cyanide molecules
in a unit
volume
dependent on the number
;
the
the
molecules
in
number
of
and
same
partly on
oxygen
volume.
One
of the
most
important results of his exhaustive
the
of the fact that
the demonstration
experiments was
solubility
with
in
solutions
of the
of oxygen
decreases
concentration
cyanide
that
for
solution.
Weak
action
gold
on
of
ores
solutions
aqueous
and
silver
and
copper
cyanide
when
This
marked
very
associated
are
with
becomes
circumstance
of
treatment
exert
metals
these
antimony.
the
during
prominent
of
cupriferous
ores
on
very
large
scale.
The
those
cyanides of
of the
alkaline
heavy metals,
insoluble.
are
the
The
metals
with
insoluble
the
soluble
are
exception
salts
are,
of
in
gold
and
mercury,
soluble
however,
while
water,
in
excess
of
potassium cyanide.
of an
use
oxidizing agent that will
in a cyanide solution
portion of its oxygen
The
feature
several
of
of such
gold
agent
an
contained
solutions
in
artificial
supply atmospheric
to
of
aeration
oxygen
with
essential
ment
employof
the
cyanide
with
the
object.
same
of
Consumption
about
in
The
ore.
is undertaken
the
The
processes.
accelerate
the
dissolution
to
serves
the
forms
cyanide
patent
new
readily part
lbs. of
4*5
Cyanide.
cyanide
dissolve
to
100
Eisner's
of
ounces
equation,
gold, but
that
nearly forty times
The
which
causes
quantity.
operate in the practice of the process
of cyanide, over
to effect so large a consumption
that required by
Eisner's
simple equation, are at present not fully investigated.
To dissolve
100
of silver would
oz.
require 7*5 lbs. of cyanide,
the
to
:
according
equation
it
practice
found
According
should
is
that
takes
it
4Ag
For
the
8KCy
dissolution
02
of
7*01
sulphide (Ag2S),
following equation':
lbs.
2H20
100
oz.
of
4(AgKCy2)
of
cyanide
silver
would
4KHO.
existing as the
be required by
subthe
Ag2S
The
4KCy
2(AgKCy2)
K2S.
of silver
potassium sulphide resulting from the dissolution
further
loss of cyanide by precipisulphide also tends to cause
a
tating
which
will
of
gold
free
to
excess
require an
cyanide
redissolve
it.
It is the
need
this
for
of
excess
cyanide which
necessitates
the
of
solutions
in
the
use
^comparatively strong
of argentiferous gold ores.
treatment
THE
CYANIDE
PROCESS.
Potassium
mineral
and
different
with
be
only
base
classes
of
unravelled
that
metals,
large
so
in
pound,
com-
number
of
the
of
presence
and
behaviour
reactions
under
and
ore,
its
organic
active
varying conditions,
much
can
tory
labora-
by
patient research,
conditions.
working
of ores
During the treatment
by the cyanide process, the most
with, requiring the constant
puzzling difficulties are continually met
and attention
of the metallurgist in charge.
care
of the
Causes
of LOSS
Some
of Cyanide.
principal and
loss
obvious
the
of
of
takes
more
enormous
causes
cyanide which
place in the working of the process are as follows :
1. Loss
tanks.
vats
or
by absorption in wooden
2. Loss by decomposition by atmospheric carbon
dioxide.
3. Mechanical
loss in residues, and
dilution
of
solutions
by
during washing.
4. Loss by decomposition due
of mineral
acids
to the
presence
both
the
in
under
and
and
salts.
5.
Loss
due
6.
Loss
when
7. Loss
exists
ores
soluble
of charcoal
in kiln-dried
ore.
presence
is
in
This
Vats.
Absorption
especially noticeable
by
the
At
Witwatersrand
Goldfields,
is said
cause
of
amount
the
"
below
cent,
per
rises
With
Loss
Dioxide.
the
theoretical, but
within
to
determined
by
iron
or
due
assay.
steel vats
to
the
liberation
prussic
acid
there
six
is
per
of
acid
the
first
few
cent,
of
from
of
pound
"
clean
monthly
to
is often
loss
twenty
months
the
more
or
it
ally
gener-
extraction
as
no
by Atmospheric
of
gas
formation
Carbon
the
atmosphere decomposes
potassium carbonate,
hydrocyanic (prussic)acid, thus :
with
2KCy
The
to
after
Decomposition
carbonic
The
three
potassium cyanide
and
cyanide.
amalgam.
as
to
by Mr. C. Butters
treated.
At
tailings
cyanide per ton
in
a new
plant, the actual extraction
up
this
in
the
to
plants.
new
of
presence
gold
due
Loss
in
to
thus
the
of
C02
H20
liberated
K2C03
would
be
2HCy.
neutralized
by
any
cyanide solution.
in Residues,
and
Mechanical
Loss
during
by Dilution
the
there
is
to
extract
an
During washing
inability
'Washing.
the
of
residual
dilution
whole
of the cyanide from
tailings. The
also occasions
loss of cyanide in washing.
the cyanide solutions
a
is formed,
A large quantity of dilute
a
cyanide solution
portion
utilized
make
be
to
can
only of which
up fresh solutions.
caustic
alkali
present
in the
THE
CYANIDE
PROCESS.
sulphate, insoluble
other
basic
react
upon
basic
sulphates, and probably also traces of
complex and variable composition, all of which
of potassium cyanide, thereby causing a loss
solutions
salts of
cyanide.
of
which
reactions
most
are
likelyto take place in acid
of cyanide are
tailingsin the presence
:
of hydrocyanic acid.
(a.) The liberation
of ferro- and
(b.) The formation
ferri-cyanides.
The
free acids
in the ore
shown
the cyanide as
react
on
by
equation :
The
or
ores
the
2KCy
Feldtmann
liberated
diffuse
itself
K2S04.
the
it
considers
to
2HCy
H2S04=
possible for
through the
ore
hydrocyanic
and
dissolve
acid
thus
appreciable
he
the
strongly condemns
quantities of gold.* For this reason
the
these
of
in
acid
must
washing
tailings
leaching vats, as
practice
which
residual
always contain
a
portion of cyanide from
prussic
acid would
be liberated.
Any gold dissolved by this gas would
carried
be
in
away
the
water
alkaline
or
which
of
he
loss,
possible source
mysterious discrepancy sometimes
the
actual
found
recommends
he
; and
wash
thinks
avoid
to
for
account
may
between
the
the
assay
this
the
and
of
washing in one
system
and
On
in
another.
the
other
cussing
disvat
hand,
leaching
Skey, when
this subject with
the author, stated
that
hydrocyanic acid
solvent
It is obvious, however,
for gold.
that
this
not
a
was
liberated
of any
alkali
residual
in the
HCy in the presence
vat,
alkaline
form
would
an
cyanide capable of dissolving and removing
and
this combination
Feldtmann
in his mind
gold,
probably had
of writing.
time
at the
Of the iron salts, the one
of most
in pyritic
common
occurrence
the
is
ferrous
soluble
ores
or
tailings
sulphate (FeS04), which
with
form
reacts
potassium cyanide to
potassium ferro-cyanide
and
sulphate, thus :
extraction,
FeS04
6KCy
K4FeCy6
K2S04.
is, in
potassium ferro-cyanide thus formed
still
ferrous
of
sulphate
excess
by any
present
blue
of Prussian
according to the equation :
its turn,
The
on
with
the
reacted
tion
produc-
3K4FeCy6
6FeS04
30
Fe203
6K2S04
surface
of
Fe4(FeCy6)3.
i
blue
in the
seams
colour
in the
of the
*
solution,
staves
Feldtmann,
of the
Notes
on
on
the
vats, indicates
Gold
Extraction, p.
the
tailings,or
large consump5.
CHEMISTRY
THE
PROCESS.
THE
OF
tion
and
loss of
tion
cyanide due to imperfect washing and neutralizaof the acidity in the preliminary treatment.
A white
the surface of
seen
soum
or
on
precipitateis sometimes
the
This
solutions
when
precipitate
they are
coming off acid.
into Prussian
turns
blue by exposure
to the air and
light.
ferric
in
The
normal
water,
sulphate Fe2(S04), is insoluble
It
and
be
removed
oannot
reacts
by ordinary water-washing.
with
loss
due
the
to
of
potassium cyanide, causing a
cyanogen
of prussic acid and
liberation
the formation
ferric hydrate,
of the
shown
as
by the two following equations :
Fe2(S04)8+ 6KCy
Fe2Cy6
3K2S04
and
Fe2Cy6
6H20
Fe2(HO)6
6HCy.
It is
and
probable that in most
partially oxidized pyritic ores
tailings the ferrous and ferrio sulphates exist together, the former
in large excess.
the
In this case
decomposition of the cyanide
result
in the production of ferrous
would
cyanide and potassium
thus
sulphate,
:
12KCy
In
the
the
3FeS04
the
of
case
metallic
weathering or
the production
in
of
the
hydrated
which
as
The
careful
to
All
reactions
preliminary
avoid
undue
the
iron
metals
insoluble
an
above
the
of
loss
alkaline
basic
ones
important
and
the
not
with
cyanide
solution.
cyanide
Loss
The
to
the
as
due
be
to
the
Presence
sulphide, oxide,
of
antimony
and
and
salts
these
precipitated
hydrate ; while
ferric
of
Ores
carbonate
bismuth,
ores
are
iron
is
applied before,
will
destroy
nearly neutral
only, alkali and
acid
in
copper,
acted
It
Soluble
of
alkali.
salts
in
as
the
are
of the
presence
alkali
should
be
cipitated
pre-
ous
innocuwith
treatment
to
strongly alkaline
the
free
tailings contain
applied together.
in
rendered
be
the
cyanide solutions, as
much
When
should
that
remember
in
iron
oxidizes
rapidly
oxidize
soon
soluble
be
solution
salts and
all the
the
of
would
pipes.
necessity of a most
pyritic material, in order
satisfactoryresults.
of
treatment
formation
the
clearly emphasize
by the
oyanide. By this means
ferrous
as
hydrate, which
the
in the
incrustation
these
on
question,
in
of
sulphates
sulphates is
cyanide with the
action
The
magnesia, lime, or alumina.
not
clear, but they most
likely react
very
liberation
of prussic acid, accompanied
by
oxide
of
of
oxidation
on
Cyanide.
and
the
phides
sul-
by potassium
10
CYANIDE
THE
PROCESS.
and
cyanide both in weak
a
strong solutions, and thereby cause
In
in the ore.
loss of cyanide in proportion to their abundance
the treatment
of an
ore
containing as little as 0*25 per cent, of
the consumption of cyanide will be doubled.
copper
It is during the treatment
the selective
of cupriferous ores
that
An
action
of weak
most
ore
cyanide solutions becomes
apparent.
solution
contain
1
sufficient
to
cent,
a
decompose
may
copper
per
0*35
of cyanide and give a low
extraction
of gold, whereas
a
per
solution
dissolve
would
cent,
proportionately less copper, and give
But
the
results
of the gold.
same
a fairlysatisfactoryextraction
would
obtained
be
shown
been
in
that
the
passing
from
solution,
a
weaker
the
maximum
of that
metal
notice
The
ore
free
from
bright
chemist
in
an
on
the
on
and
even
An
the
at
by
Crown
source,
from
or
and
any
Mr.
plant,
of
in charge, was
small
infinitesimally
zinc
turnings after
at
which
proved
gold.
pure
of
zincprecipitation
in
in which
ores
the
of
this
mines
at
of almost
could not
copper
of the mechanical
be
trace
no
under
came
Karangahake.
white
pure
a
the
chemical
rigid
most
impurities ; nevertheless,
coated
often
was
precipitation boxes
The
cent,
per
been
has
metallic
copper.
0*35
strength
which
instance
consisted
there
and
of copper
detected,
author,
cyanide
or
per
of ores,
large samples.
metallic
outside
cent,
than
the
nearer
occurs,
existence
be
treated
all
the
0*25
the
the
being
in
zinc
of
being
treatment
on
the
be
to
gold
more
mum
maxi-
Hence
solutions.
strong
extract
solution
could
examination
to
of dissolution
rate
experimentally
The
cyanide
gold, have shown
dilute
should
solution
cent,
per
of copper,
for it has
dissolution
of gold reaches
of
rate
already
absence
in the
even
quartz,
portion
with
of
film
derived
from
the
fittingsin
the
of
an
mill
the
treatment
of
hundreds
of
tons
of
ore.
peratures,
sulphate at low temCopper pyrites is oxidized to the soluble
and
this salt requires a greater heat
to
decompose it
that
It
than
iron
is, therefore, probable
a
portion, at
pyrites.
in kilns, preleast, of this mineral
present in an
ore, being dried
paratory
be
direct
would
to dry-crushing and
cyanide treatment,
an
appreciable loss of cyanide in
sulphatized, and thereby cause
that
caused
similar
to
manner
by the decomposition products of
a
iron
pyrites.
Malachite
and
azurite, the
and
blue
in
solutions
readily soluble
production of copper-potassic cyanide and
are
both
green
dilute
carbonates
of
of copper,
cyanide, with the
liberation
of
prussic
also
readily
acid.
Antimonite,
the
grey
sesqui-sulphide of antimony,' is
THE
acted
in
on
the
The
of
presence
to
have
small
of
THE
all
the
to
at
It
attempts
is
Beef
Creek,
them
large consumption
of
goldnelds.
the
large
ton
antimonite
treat
with
frequently met
and
Boatman's
to
11
PROCESS.
of
percentage
tailings
caused
chiefly owing
rate
OF
by weak
cyanide solutions.
of the
Thames
gold-bearing oars
accumulation
said
CHEMISTRY
in
is
Reefton,
near
end
to
cyanide
failure,
in
and
the
low
of extraction.
Loss
is well
of
Cyanide
known
most
Gold
when
millmen
that
Exists
It
Amalgam.
as
the
portion
gold in tailings,resulting from copper-plate amalgamation or panform
When
such
of
amalgamation, exists in the
amalgam.
treated
be
the
the
to
dissolve
to
tailings have
cyanide has
well
the
thus
as
gold,
as
causing a larger consumption
mercury
of the solvent
be
would
than
if the
gold existed in a
necessary
free
to
of
considerable
state.
According
Gmelin,
cyanide; but
potassium
process
has
to
shown
is
mercury
the
that
his
not
dissolved
is
the
of
practical working
conclusion
acted
or
contrary
by
cyanide
on
actual
to
experience.
At the cyanide works
Gold
of the
Cassel
Extracting Company,
at Waihi, where
from
residues
stack
of
and
a large
tailings
panof
in
75
collected
lbs.
amalgamation were
were
treated,
mercury
the condenser
attached
for roasting the zinc slimes.
to the furnace
The
thus
recovered
was
only a small prpportion of the
mercury
dissolved
precipitated in
by the cyanide, and afterwards
mercury
the
zinc-extractor
roasting of
the
volatilized
was
with
zinc
that
On
bullion.
slimes
pervaded
vapours
on
every
silver worn
cool
surface,
the
when
occasion
every
being conducted,
was
the
buildings, condensing
all objects of gold and
so
every
and
much
part
the
mercury
of
the
amalgamating
workman.
by
during the roasting of zinc slimes,
the
of tailings, was
noted
treatment
resulting from
by the
author
several
the
Government
occasions
at
on
Experimental
at the cyanide plants
Cyanide Works, and is of frequent occurrence
The
Kuaotunu.
at
circumstance
noted
same
was
by Dr. Scheidel
at the Sylvia Cyanide Works
at the
Thames, where
was
mercury
found
in the zinc-bullion
in considerable
quantities.
The
in
the
of
generally occurs
tailings in the form
mercury
amalgam in a very fine state of subdivision, and is dissolved
by
the cyanide, together with
It is
the
associated
gold and silver.
with
the
bullion
in
the
zinc
precipitated
precipitation boxes.
Whenthe
zinc
oxidized
the
slimes
are
greater portion of the
The
the
volatilization
mercury
Loss
the
Ore.
of mercury
is volatilized.
of
Cyanide
It
has
due
long
to
been
the
known
Presence
to
chemists
of
Charcoal
that
in
charcoal
14
CYANIDE
THE
PROCESS.
with
these
tion
sulphides, in addinecessarily occur
; but
will
there
be
of
to loss of cyanide,
loss
gold, and a still
a
in
the
of
loss
to
silver,
proportion
quantities present.
greater
that
This loss is brought about
the
is, the alkaline
sulphur
by
sulphide sulphurizing these metals to form sulphides with them,*
the sulphide film so formed
the metal
preventing, or greatly
upon
cyanide
will
action
of the
proper
does combine, and very
retarding,the
That
gold
the
both
already
alkaline
shown,
It is to
cyanide
sulphide
and
of
cyanide solution.
readily,with the sulphur of
hydrogen sulphide, Skey has
process
Mr.
that
has
McArthur
into
gets
the
proposed
salt dissolved
cyanide
in the
or
does
to
use,
use
in the
The
solution.
solution
the
rather
kind
order
in
so
Further
1 per
strong
to
effect
the
of
decomposition
of
the
auriferous
phide
sul-
formed.
experiments
of
solution
kind
different
dissolved
showed
that
while
pure
cyanide
minutes.
62
Trans.
N.Z.
t Trans.
N.Z.
% Trans.
Chromes."
N.Z.
"On
the
Preparation
of Artificial
CHEMISTRY
THE
seconds
sulphurized 54
Gold
in
15
THE
PROCESS.
K2S,
dissolved
OF
in
cyanide
in
50
in
cyanide
in
36
minutes.
second
sulphurized
Gold
in
dissolved
K2S
minutes.
clean, dissolved
Gold,
washed
well
gold was
before
being placed in
the
approximate times
The
minutes.
12
potassic sulphide
gold the unit,
adherent
clean
Making
dissolution
of
Sulpho-cyanides.
of
Action
from
cyanide.
the
in
cyanide
in
1:3:4:5.
are
It
held
been
has
by
some
of
solutions
of these
in working
metallurgists that the presence
As
the
cyanide is injurious,retarding the dissolution of the gold.
Bird
of
of much
result
Camp
research, Godfrey Doveton, formerly
tion
soluthat
that
he
has
found
informs
a
me
Mills, Ouray, Colorado,
containing potassium sulpho-cyanide up to a certain point
than
active
more
was
solution
in
corresponding strength
of
2-50
with
sulpho-cyanide present, and that even
KCy,
grams,
the
extraction
of
influence
in
solution
100 c.c.
did not
of KCyS
in
in
salt
The
solution
water, is a slow
alone,
unfavourably.
solvent for gold.
the same
much
result, and
Experiments on mill solutions show
he
has
quantities
of
of
the
Waitekauri,
near
the
in
of
presence
able
consider-
even
should
solutions
working
Oxides
Manganese
the treatment
During
salt
sulpho
of
Action
The
that
not
uneasiness.
any
cause
conclusion
the
to
come
parcel of
author
there
was
gold-mine,
Komata
the
from
ore
fouud
Cyanide.
on
unusual
an
tion
consump-
ore
mullqcky, friable
cyanide.
quartz, coloured quite black by a large percentage of pyrolusite^
and
cobalt.
of nickel
and wad, and
containing a trace
the
made
of
determine
afterwards
to
A series
experiments were
the
cyanide
with
more
to
Further
cobalt
cyanide.
was
It is
The
Action
in
ores
solution
of
is well
the
of
dissolved
copper,
that
that
the
of heat
loss
alone,
silver
the
due
was
on
found
to
ing
consum-
in
zinc
cobalt
the
with
interfere
the
to
dissolved
the
but
substance.
readily,thus
that
note
author
easily oxidizable
somewhat
tractor
ex-
the
gold.
Oxygen-bearing
or
containing copper
the
potassium cyanide,
in the
the
portion of
pyrolusite parts
oxidized
influence
an
was
led
first
at
known
the
interesting to
the
gold and
like
and,
precipitationof
that
which
precipitatedwith
box,
It
soft
oxides
manganese
showed, however,
ore,
of
these
of
under
of its oxygen
in the presence
of
research
in the
the
cyanate*
portion
readily so
results
the
that
conclusion
the
to
loss, and
of the
cause
consisted
The
of
ore,
Agents.
other
base
base
metal
necessarilyutilize
the
It
probable
seems
metal
would,
soluble
from
greater
in
its preponderance
amount
of
16
the
available
the
gold
that
of
the
chemists
of
the
That
special
and
author
in
South
use
seems
cases,
the
of
well
an
that
established
by
Western
reliable
would
ores
agent
the
the
supply
containing
by*
of
conclude
to
would
oxygen-bearing
and
dissolution
reasonable
gold
reported
America
is
agent
complex
results
Africa,
it
oxidizing
an
the
render
to
Hence
such
in
oxygen
beneficial.
in
imperfect.
employment
deficiency
be
and
tending
thereby
oxygen,
slow
the
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
is
fied
justi-
experience
metallurgical
Australia.
of
18
cyanide and
the cyanide
On
the
actual
gold,
coarse
extraction
an
containing
ore
results
The
from
ore
an
the
in
give
lower
cyanide works.
on
of
case
laboratory
extracted
those
author
made
Marlborough,
N.Z.
was
40
in
number
of
The
average
while
the
cyanide plant
60
over
At
sample
obtained
cent.,
per
tively
compara-
the
where
than
under
successful
are
confidence.
with
laboratory experiments
will
the
practice in
experiments
the
trials
working
adopted
be
may
in the
hand,
is hand-crushed
If the
extraction.
treatment
other
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
cent.
per
the
treatment.
ACTUAL
THE
1. Procure
When
bell-
about
four and
inches
in diameter.
bell-jars,
a half
clear
jars are not procurable, lamp glasses or
glass pint
six
bottles, with
well.
In
EXPERIMENT.
the
neck
the
the
off, will answer
jar fit a cork, perforated
bottoms
cut
of each
quite
purpose
with
one
hole.
short
Through the
which
place a
an
inch
of
hole
pass
inches
sand, and
coarse
above
this, half-an-inch
of
fine
sand.
of
place a piece of loose scrim, the diameter
the jar. This
completes the filter-bed.
of cyanide experiments are
When
a large number
being made, a
into three compartments,
the
three
divided
box
to hold
grades of
be
material
for the
filter-bed, should
kept well replenished and
Above
hand.
at
near
fine sand
the
Next
cent,
per
form
the
of the
basis
When
be
placed
value,
of the
hence
and
the
in
ore
a
fair
procure
jar
in
be
greatest
tested
the
should
assays
and
calculations
the
to
fresh
final
condition
the
that
The
made.
results
should
accuracy
is from
be
be
of
aimed
the
assays
ments,
experi-
at.
LABORATORY
when
except, of course,
fineness, which
would
washed
twice
19
EXPERIMENTS.
the
tests
degree
the
determine
to
are
of
extraction.
give the best economic
be
When
the ore
is hand-pulverized, a separate portion should
reduced
to
through, say, a 30-mesh, 40-mesh, and 60-mesh
pass
of each
sieve
grade,
respectively. Separate tests should be made
affected
determine
what
the
extraction
is
extent
to
to
by the
as
so
varying fineness of the ore.
and
of the powdered
into each
4. Introduce
jar 10 or 12 ounces
has
been
obtained
by careful
sampled ore, the value of which
6.
Mark
the jars 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and
assay.
In
the
of
5.
case
tailings or ores
containing iron pyrites, or
metallic
be
base
other
sulphides, the samples in the jars should
or
once
With
solutions
cyanide
used
solution
on
0*6 per
exceeds
antimony
the
All
cent.
series
of
clean
would
phates.
sul-
alkaline
dilute
very
soluble
any
wash
scale
for
of
ores
of
class
any
try
both
seldom
ore
arsenic, and
copper,
when
either
of these
and
will
the
have
latter
tried than
be
to
series
useful
of
tailings,or
compounds, the most
the
of
silver,
solutions
With
or
ores
of all
event
to
its
cyanide,
0-15%, 0-20%
advisable
Chapter IV.)
the
to
as
strength of the
will depend
this
the
much
as
on
gold value ; but the strength of
arsenic
the
as
the
ores.
contain
pyritic
or
used,
stronger
case
With
be
can
be
consume
005%,
those
of
cyanide.
containing
instructive
mony,
anti-
copper,
series would
be
being unsatisfactory,it
and
stronger
as
weaker
solutions
the character
of the
ore
would
than
be
those
material
or
suggest.
may
It is
necessary
experiments
to
remove
laid down
sample as on
a
working
on
solutions
In
to
tailings
and
act
present
in
to
of the
character
is
rule
general
No
6.
acid
very
water
be
may
clean
with
extract
7.
weight
used
will
each
of
to make
ore
new
a number
every
ascertain
the strength of cyanide solution
of the
adequate proportion
jar, already charged
of solution
as
of
ore.
The
gold
with
the
of
excess
and
laboratory
silver
ore,
required
contents.
add
solution
the
is
same
required
the
into
filterlarge portion immediately finds its way
and
numbers
the
the
the
of
Record
jars
strength of cyanide
the
that
in each.
the
Regulate
screw-clips so
percolation
A longer time
take
tried if the
be
at least thirty hours.
may
because
bed.
an
To
to
with
first trials
are
not
successful.
With
very
it may
dilute solutions, or
be
necessary
to
when
continue
20
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
leaching
alkaline
for six
days
or
even
reaction.
the
strength of the spent solution to ascertain
centage
perThe
and washings are
solution
collected
of cyanide used.
and
measured
together, then tested for cyanide.
The
by determining
consumption of cyanide can be calculated
solution
and
the strength of the combined
making
washings, and
the
Test
9.
allowance
an
the
for
in bulk
increase
due
to dilution.
of
cyanide is generally
consumption
shown
less than
that
much
by the laboratory experiments.
different
the cyanide and
Sometimes
washings are kept separate
with
and
the addition
of litharge (in the manner
evaporated down
described
The
under
Assay of Cyanide Solutions),and the gold
results
by each, calculated
separately. The
actually extracted
lesson
the
value
instructive
of
successive
afford an
on
washings.
and
washed
the jars,dry,
the leached
from
10. Remove
residues
As
the
will probably
residues
mix
thoroughly and again assay.
1200
1000
be excessively low-grade, it will be necessary
to take
or
determination.
calculate
the
Then
grains for the assay
age
percenteach
from
of extraction
jar by difference, recording the results
On
and
scale
working
values
assay
the
follow
as
Value.
Original
ozs.
Gold,
.10
Value,
.9
example
take
the
is
ozs.
83'9
18
89*8
simply
recovery
grs.
of
proportion.
dwts.
12
.0
12
Extracted,
.200
would
the
extraction
ton.
per
what
an
grs.
.2
ounces
As
gold.
Original gold,
After
leaching,
if two
89'9
12
of
matter
ozs.
Then
Percentage of
Recovery.
Leaching.
dwts.
12
calculation
After
grs.
Silver,
The
dwts.
extracted
were
be
from
100
from
1
ozs.
dwt.
12
grs.,
4 dwts.
ozs.
12
grs.
21
EXPERIMENTS.
LABORATORY
ozs.
100
89*9
cent.
per
100
=
89*9
cent.
per
2-225
of calculating the
percentages
expeditious method
the
in the
weights of the
of extraction
laboratory-test is to use
putation
bullion, gold, and silver (in grains or grams) as the basis of comAn
and
easy
instead
of
the
extended
same,
dwts., and
ounces,
as
grains.
Example
After
Original
Assay.
^Z*
Extracted.
Leaching.
per
cent.
900
'0020
'0002
-0018
Gold,
0018
0001
0017
94-4
Silver,
0002
0001
0001
50*0
Bullion,.
Value,
The
calculation
10
0018
For
'
For
94*4.
943.
100
50
9-1
0002
and
adopt
Compare the results obtained
extraction.
the
highest
gives
series of experiments
it
With
Remarks.
a
11.
percentage
Value.
8-587
100
=
the
100
0018
Silver.
x
90
002
0001
Gold.
0017
100
=
For
94-3
:-
Bullion.
For
11
of
extraction,
or
rate
of
solution
the
will
dissolution
strength
be
found
of
which
that
the
gold,
strength,
cyanide
a
this
the
of extraction
rate
strength
The
which
solves
disrapidly diminishes.
strength of cyanide solution
the
of gold will depend on
the character
maximum
percentage
of cyanide is not
The
action
of the ore.
so-called selective
in practice.
the
it
is
laboratory experiments as
so
apparent in
in the
On
becomes
evident
of
treatment
working scale it soon
a
of cyanide of potassium
that
base
sulphide ores
a
strong solution
and
small
dissolves
a
a
large proportion of the base metals
tion
proporsolution
dissolves
of the gold, while
weak
a
large proportion
a
metals.
small proportion of the base
of the gold and
a
reaches
and
that
maximum
above
with
and
below
of
certain
CHAPTER
CONTEOL,
To
the
of
operation
and
of
the
by
personal
of
supervision
standard
solution
of
silver
By
standard
solution
of
mercuric
3.
By
standard
solution
of
iodine.
Standard
the
of
The
depends
added
is
unites
with
forming
This
is
of
by
any
cyanide
shown
AgN08
KCy
that
as
cyanide
mination,
deter-
cyanide,
white
of
potassium
equations
AgCy
of
the
and
:
still
may
silver
cyanogen
precipitate,
which
KCy,
is
cyanogen.
solution
It
plants.
of
when
free
the
by
in
potassium
appearing
double
reaction
up
works.
the
for
estimation
fact
solution
silver,
the
on
dissolved
immediately
charge
made
the
Solution.
adopted
volumetric
Liebig's
to
the
be
of
chloride.
Nitrate
generally
modification
nitrate
accuracy
nitrate.
Silver
method
reaction
an
method
alwavs
used
be
is
By
is
with
volumetric
in
may
1.
This
chemist
methods
2.
By
by
should
the
This
performed
foreman
solutions
volumetric
namely
standard
The
Solutions.
be
can
intelligent
any
different
Three
and
SOLUTIONS.
OF
Cyanide
simplicity,
great
estimation.
ANALYSIS
of
Strength
expedition
under
AND
TESTING,
Test
IV.
which
be
is
sent,
pre-
silver.
KN08
and
AgCy
A
standard
molecular
solution
of
the
of
weights
KCy=AgKCy2.
silver
nitrate
constituents
AgN08
silver
to
-013
use
grams,
grm.
are
of
KCy.
the
130
13
decinormal
dissolved
from
17
nitrate
follows
up
2KCy.
saturates
170
With
as
made
be
can
in
solution
1000
c.o.
of
then
water,
if
1
c.c.
17
will
grams
be
of
equal
CONTROL,
To
Make
dissolve
works,
34
Standard
silver
of
grams
To
where
in
Test
Nitrate
23
SOLUTIONS.
OF
Solution.
17
Take
nitrate
KCy
of
burette
2. Measure
another
Silver
Solutions
Fill
1.
ANALYSIS
in
grams
AND
TESTING,
with
13
silver
of
c.c.
and
burette
nitrate
solution
cyanide
transfer
to
solution.
tested
beaker.
smaller
be
to
from
obtain
To
results
accurate
the
and
beaker
Bun
3.
add
few
till the
white
beaker
is shaken
by
KCy.
Suppose
that
reaction
off
divide
is
solution
The
For
to
of
result
of
burette
the
when
opalescence
permanent
complete.
standard
of
c.c.
will
example
c.c.
re-dissolve
to
ceases
faint
the
cautiously from
just
when
is,
number
10.
13
iodide
potassium
solution
AgN08
precipitate formed
the
of
shake.
in standard
appears
4. Read
drops
the
represent
used,
solution
able
avail-
of
percentage
and
KCy
sol. took
14*5
then
AgN08l
of
c.c.
1^-1-46%KCy.
of
If
measure
and
titrate
of silver
10
is
strong solution
off,say, 3 c.c.
or
standard.
silver
with
nitrate,
13
would
c.c.
if 4
Thus,
require
19*5
to
AgN03
save
instead
of
required
c.c.
; and
13,
c.c.
divided
19*5
by
1-95% KCy.
Even
obtained
tions,
be
in testing strong soluaccuracy
may
those
in the dissolving tank, together with
a
saving
greater
such
of silver
as
nitrate, by measuring
and
diluting
this
diluted
above.
with
water
solution
Note
the
the
130
to
and
off
of
reaction, and
c.c.
with
the
of
c.c.
Then
c.c.
titrate
number
13
off
measure
silver
nitrate
of standard
solution
strong
as
solution
13
of
c.c.
described
required
to
complete
represent
percentage of
KCy in the strong solution, for since the 13 c.c. of dilute solution
contained
only a tenth of the original 13 c.c. of strong solution,
there
is hence
need to divide the quantity of silver nitrate by ten.
no
To test the strength of very dilute
cyanide solutions, measure
off 130
the
c.c.
of the
number
will
give
130
c.c.
of
the
of
c.c.
this
solution,
of
cyanide
5+
100, and
100=0-05%
thus
KCy,
required
nitrate, and
silver
required by
of available
solution
the
with
titrate
standard
percentage
will
c.c.
KCy.
of
the
divide
result
standard, then
24
and
calculation
avoid
To
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
the
reduce
of silver
nitrate
solution
reading the burette, a standard
13
'07
.made
grams* of silver nitrate
by dissolving
up
with
of water.
To test a cyanide solution
this, measure
in
and
titrate
standard
required
will
result
silver
with
If 10
be
the
of
c.c.
cyanide
10=0-5%
the
Two
should
floats
always
addition
The
reaction
In
due
to
Solutions,"
and
t Mr.
Silver
in the
present
reduces
the
H.
the
the
solution,
The
cyanide
chemical
the
Erdmann
exact
reading.
per
tested
cent,
solution
renders
of
of
the
end
over-estimating
and
of
to
the
indicator
fulfils
the
silver
about
is
Cyanide
Mexican
copper
where
the
to
is
the
nitrate
attack
the
thereby preventing
an
example,
copper,
As
cyanide.
free
Use
where
that
iodide
with
of the
measure
standard.
the
shows
an
combination
over-estimation
gram.
Chemist
Chief
of indicating the
point
purpose
titrated
all the
free
cyanide, and
in
1-1 0th
danger
further
has
to
nitrate
Titration
of
use
nitrate,
solution.
Virgoe,
Company,
Recovery
the
; one
be
to
on
Walter
to
of
drops
"
and
silver
obtain
to
as
alkalinity of
the
the
solution
and
interesting paper
an
Gold
the
defined,
more
KCy
or
to
so
three
used
be
always
graduated
used,
of
c.c.
KCy.
for
one
be
be
of two
iodide
potassium
the
should
burette
gram
should
and
solution,
cyanide
The
burettes
c.c.
by ten,
of silver
c.c.
c.c.
off 10
of
thus
KCy,
required 5
solution
divide
reaction,
be
can
1000
in
number
the
of available
percentage
5hRemarks.
the
complete
to
Note
nitrate.
mistakes
make
liabilityto
of
cent,
and
containing
per
copper
alone, may
titrating0*52 per cent, of cyanide with silver nitrate
of KCy
titrate only 0*13
correctly if KI be used.
per cent,
finds
that
in
Virgoe
titratingpure solutions of potassium cyanide,
he
says
that
the
amount
when
with
is
solutions
To
1.
nitrate
present,
using
containing
grain
burettes
2.
Measure
off,from
be
tested.
Add
dissimilar
reason
addition
Solutions
by dissolving170
proportion,
very
but
whatever,
lie shows
that
percentages
he
points
of
KI
out
before
the
of
bility
advisa-
titration
of
copper.
Cyanide
When
this
difference
no
small
in
minimum
makes
indicator
For
obtained.
Test
used
even
of
amounts
are
of
0*3
of indicator
copper
different
cyanide
to
solution
few
Thus:
17:
Trans.
Inst.
are
with
used,
grains
in
burette,
drops
13 '08
Min.
and
Grain
make
Standard
up
solution
10,000 grains
130
grains
of
of pure
cyanide
of KI.
13:10.
Met., London,
Solution.
1901-1902.
of
silver
water.
solution
26
Remarks.
but
With
with
the
with
simultaneous
iodine
is added
colour
so
long
(2.) To
:
as
silver
obtained
results
Solution.
fact
that
when
solution
of
loses
its
Iodine
Solution.
the
Use
action
re-
21 +
KCy
254
saturates
254
Therefore, to
iodine, place
6*5
make
in
When
in
water, and
place
(b.)From
bottle.
c.c.
solution
c.c.
in
until
(d.) Read
off the
by 10, and
required.
Remarks.
of
presence
discoloured.
Make
of
This
the
making
to
water
up
6*5
add
will
do)
carbonic
to
when
yellow
not
be
the
all
in
cyanide
common
and
is
slowly,
produced.
employed,
results
is
solution
There
use
are
in
two
divide
KCy
of
percentage
reliable
give
Solutions.
in
colour
of standard
will
the
solutions
the
convert
bi-carbonates.
c.c.
does
acid
contained
iodine, cautiously
of
cyanide
of
c.c.
this
alkalis,
into
result
Cyanide
pure
off
permanent
method
sulphides, or
up
soda
standard
number
with
c.c.
iodine.
measure
tested, and
slight but
with
cyanide,
run
iodine
KCy.
mono-carbonate
commercial
1000
Then
grm.
burrette
and
the
grams
cient
suffi-
add
and
water,
to
up
25*4
out
dissolve
standard
the
ordinary
of
caustic
(c.)Now
'0065
with
be
to
of
c.c.
stoppered
another
(20
200
completely
to
burette
with
Determination
Actual
(a.) Fill
solution, weigh
make
(3.) The
solution.
dissolved,
is
in
decinormal
standard
ICy.
65.
beaker
iodine
the
KI
potassium iodine
frequent shaking.
methods
the
on
Standard
up
of
the
any
not
number
of
one
Make
the
so
do
alkalis
made
and
Iodine
depends
to
has
methods,
Standard
method
it is not
impurity,
Caustic
author
delicate,
is very
throughout.
same
By
reaction
much
chloride
mercuric
This
The
reaction.
practicallythe
To
this
method.
nitrate
tests, with
and
nitrate
(1.)
substances
pure
silver
the
as
interfere
were
PROCESS.
reliable
of
CYANIDE
THE
in
muddy
the
or
different
cyanide plants.
CONTROL,
OF
ANALYSIS
AND
TESTING,
27
SOLUTIONS.
of solid
cyanide salt is added
requisiteamount
the
in
others,
sump-solution ;
working strength is made
up
solution
the
tank
the
from
to
dissolving
by adding strong
sump
In
some
to
the
the
cases
solution.
The
exercises
following
render
will
methods
these
clear
1 lb. of pure
KCy dissolved in 100 lbs. of water gives a 1 per cent,
solution
have
a vat
containing 100 cubic feet of
; therefore, if you
make
to
water
up
lbs. of pure
to, say,
0*6
100
62
KCy.*
Thus
and
if 100
require
require 37*35
would
cent., you
per
lbs.
of
water
6225
lbs. of
0*6
require
water,
6225
KCy,
lbs.
lbs.
would
100
6225
0'6
6225x0-6
o7.q*iv0
35
37
lbs-
ioo
Commercial
to
use
cyanide is seldom
greater quantity to make
Suppose
the
crude
78
100
78
100
of
cent,
per
34*35
have
required strength.
the
up
contains
KCy
would, therefore,
; you
pure
then
KCy,
37-35
lbs. crude
KCy.
will do for
making
48
78
The
quantity
solution
would
of
were
Then
cyanide solution.
required.
if 100
4
of calculation
form
same
of water
ozs.
Suppose
require
^-^-5
=
to, say,
solution
proceed
have
0'5
per
from
to
ozs.
ozs.
of
of
any
0*5
required
per
cyanide, how
cent,
much
require ?
ozs.
100
If you
0*5
up
make
0*2
per
cent.,
0*5
cent,
subtract
0*5
480
as
directed
9-6
solution
and
the
0*2
per
up
002
in the
grains.
you
per
per
wish
cent,
cent,
to
make
already
required.
it up
in the
Then
preceding paragraph.
Exercises.
(1.) I
have
4000
lbs. of sump
*
See
Constanta
solution
at
end
of
containing
Chapter.
0*2
per
cent.
28
THE
of available
solution,
which
KCy,
how
wish
additional
much
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
100
4000
0*5
required
be
0-3
to
up
will
KCy
4000
make
to
cent,
per
-3
lbs. pure
12
KCy.
100
If
then
KCy
crude
your
salt
contains
only
82
of
cent,
per
KCy,
12xl00aaU.6
crude
lbs
KCy
required
82
(2.) How
should
be
lbs. of solid
many
used
to
solution?
Ans.
make
10
up
lbs.
119*46
of 75 per cent,
0*4
cent,
per
cyanide salt
of
tons
(3.)How
strength
working
strength
working
of KCy
cent,
cent,
cent,
(4.) How
should
be
many
used
Solution.
mixer's
rule
make
to
solution, using
14
per
cent,
10
tons
of
up
0*18
per
is easiest
This
of
of
lbs.
cent,
00
\S
"40
working
/\
'18
sump
*2 2
'40
13*60
Proportion of weak
Neglecting decimals,
=
then:
1360
of strong
22
lbs. of the
how
1382
have
we
strong
1360
of
be
give 1382
required for
22400
of
strong.
required mixture,
solution;
lbs. of
10
taining
con-
if 22
mixture?
of the
22
therefore,
required mixture,
the
tons
(10x2240)
1382:
proportion
the
weak
solution
will
lbs.
many
and
solution
1382.
lbs. of
or
solution
22
parts
cent,
for
"
by
per
thus
Strong solution 14
Working solution
Here
working
making up?
Alligation," the tea-
solution
sump
solution
cyanide
0*4
determined
proportion,
stock
: x
22
"x
356,58
1382
The
answer
(5.) How
used
to
make
0*12
sump
(6.) How
used
to
make
is,therefore, 356*58
many
lbs.
up
of
lbs.
22
per
cent,
9 tons
of 0*5
per
cent,
solution
for
making
up
many
lbs. of
up
10
tons
twelve
of
0*6
stock
solution
working
Ans.
per
cent,
per
cent,
solution, using
351*27
stock
should
be
a
lbs.
solution
should
be
working solution,using
CONTROL,
0*15
the
vat.
of
solution
6.
solution, thus:
'80
20
the
tons, thus
0*8 solution
much
4 tons
of
of 0*8
already
the
working
cyanide
cent,
per
45
*60
of the
4
65
working
'15
sump
of
'45
+
:
(0*8
already in
solution
solution
proportion
of strong.
mixture.
required
strong
tons
'60
/
"";'
/\
mixture,
how
out
the
'20
Proportion of weak
Neglecting decimals, then
if 45
drawing
Strong solution
solution
Working
Then,
of
tons
Before
up?
lbs.
find
from
up
29
SOLUTIONS.
OP
making
359*74
First
made
be
can
Ans.
No.
for
first utilize
solution
solution
Solution
solution
sump
stock
the
from
in
cent,
per
ANALYSIS
AND
TESTING,
cent.)give
per
the
65
of the
tank
solution
will
required
give 5*77
45
65
: x
4x65
577.
45
And
stock
10
5*77
solution,
4*23
thus
tons
made
be
to
from
up
the
12
cent,
per
Strong solution
Working solution
12*00
\/
'60
/\
*1 5 sump
working
solution
.
*60
1 1 '40
Proportion of weak
:
Neglecting decimals
-45
solution
proportion
of
strong.
1 140
if 45
Now,
lbs.
of the
lbs.
the
of
45
1 185
stock
how
required mixture,
1185:
of mixture.
solution
(4-23x2240)
4*23
2240
(12
will
much
:
45
per
4*23
cent.) give
tons
1185
require ?
: x
45
359.741bg
1185
,
TO
(7.) How
6 tons
of
dilution?
Solution
DILUTE
CYANIDE
of a 0*45
tons
many
0'8 per cent,
solution
Ans.
:
10*66
SOLUTIONS.
would
working solution
for
cyanide make, using water
cent,
per
of
tons.
45
*80
: x
8_0|_6
10.66.
=
45
30
THE
(8.) How
cyanide would
cent,
per
of
tons
many
8 tons
of
solution
cent,
per
Ans.
make,
13*71
of
solution
working
cent,
per
using
0*12
tons.
Strong solution
Working solution
of the
if 28
8 tons
"60
will
"40
working solution
"12
sump
""-:
"40
of weak
Proportion
Now,
0*4
0*6
PROCESS.
for dilution?
solution
sump
Solution
CYANIDE
/\
*20
*28
20
28
solution
strong
give 13*71
28
^i?
of mixture.
48
48
required
the
of
ture,
mix-
48
13*71
of strong
proportion
give
tons, thus:
solution
tons.
28
(9.) How
of
tons
To
for
Test
formed
of
0*7 per
solution
tons
many
cent,
dilution
of
0*6
solution
Ans.
10
Strength
the
make,
of Crude
KCy.
is very
is lixiviated
in a
impure, and
metallic
iron, yielding the yellow
finely-divided
product
which
is
as
KCy is
hoofs, clippings
This
carbonate.
vessel
containing
prussiate of potassium
all
of
starting-point
cyanogen
the
compounds.
Crude
cyanide of potassium
the yellow prussiate,thus :
sump
Commercial
(K4Fe6Cy6),
cent,
per
tons.
when
hides,
would
solution
cyanide
using a 0*2
cent,
per
is formed
the
by
of
action
heat
on
K4FeC6T6
The
chief
impurities
iron, alkaline
sulphides in
4KCN
in commercial
and
carbonates,
FeC2
N2.
cyanide
black
are
alkaline
sometimes
carbide
of
and
chlorides
small
quantities.
the strength of the solid cyanide salt, for the
it contains, proceed as follows :
free or available
KCy which
cake
of
Break
KCy in two, and select a piece,say, a pound
a
(1.)
the
whole
thickness
the
cake
in weight, showing
in
of
To
accurately
test
section.
this
(2.) Reduce
pound
pulverize to
f urthur
(3.) Weigh
(4.) Dissolve
out
(5.) Measure
nitrate
standard
described.
Note
of
1 gram
in pure
off 13
to
water
c.c.
and
of this
solution
number
coarse
make
solution
from
of
c.c.
to
up
and
100
c.c.
titrate
burette
of
and
standard
as
with
silver
previously
required to
CONTROL,
form
permanent
the
For
example
13
of
c.c.
and
10
by
of the
this
crude
will
give
salt.
solution
KCy
31
SOLUTIONS.
OF
; divide
1 gram
in
KCy
Suppose
then
ANALYSIS
p.p.
of
amount
of standard,
AND
TESTING,
7*5
required
c.c.
7*5
which
is
equal
75
to
Yi'orks where
be
effected
by
It
has
used
for
with
the
the
in
of
contents
cyanide
Method
I.
methods
II.
care.
over
of both
of
salt.
gold
and
and
silver
must
Several
reliable
give
very
III.
large
daily
which
of
in
accurate.
is in
and
solutions
made
are
expeditious
given below, all
are
crude
SOLUTIONS.
both
determination
is necessary
and III. are
in the
KCy
determinations
many
ordinary
advantage
the
1 gram,
CYANIDE
gold
method
methods
alternative
results
great
of
OF
of the
estimation
in
KCy
cent,
per
ASSAY
THE
The
*75
common
that
use.
it
be
can
which
contents,
Methods
II.
gold ores.
devised
F. Crosse,
by Andrew
processes
well
known
South
African
the
chemist.
Method
metallurgical
IV.
is a copper
H. Virgoe for
sulphate process used
by Walter
for the
is
It
some
rapid assaying of cyanide solutions.
years
Like
recommended
method
be
I. it can
used
for
by Crosse.
silver contents.
valuation
of gold and
silver
case
argentiferous
nitrate
I.
Method
(1.) Measure
half
small
bulk
flame,
or
the
rub
in
sides
furnace
lid.
so
the
solution
the
iron
down
at
solution
of
round
the
on
salts
(2.) To
pint
to
as
and
evaporate
slowly
to
drying-dish, over
a
As the evaporation proceeds,
Bunsen
collect
the
whole
of
solved
dis-
the
bottom.
add
600
fuse.
If the
bullion.
When
weight
of
the
end
of
the
ton
of solution.
and
and
contains
ore
the
per
the
pour
lead-button
the
(4.) Cupel
fused,
and
gold
chapter
resultinggold
is
allow
weigh
the
resulting
silver, part
of silver
to
cool.
to
; then
ascertain
weighed
with
so
as
refer
the
gram
to
to
bead
of
determine
the
quantity
weights,
table
of
at
each
refer
to
32
CYANIDE
THE
the
Gram
end
of
Table
when
and,
in
PROCESS.
grains
Grain
the
to
Table.
(See
chapter.)
of determinations
have
be
to
large number
form
efficient evaporatmade, ordinary enamelled
plates and mugs
ing
be
dishes ; in this case
also the
stirred
into
the
litharge can
solution
before
the evaporation begins.
At many
the
cyanide works
cyanide solutions
are
assayed by
evaporating a measured
portion of the solution in a boat of sheetlead and
then
the
scorifying the residue, and cupelling. When
solutions
are
cyanides the results are
charged with base metallic
the
solution
reliable
when
is evaporated with
not
as
generally so
fused in a clay crucible.
litharge and afterwards
Remarks.
When
Method
II.
(Crosse).
(1.) Measure
nitrate
solution
should
be
after
half
until
added
little at
addition.
each
All the
time,
gold
and
in
the
The
solution
the
add
and
solution
silver
well
is
silver
salt
shaken
precipitated
argentic-auric-cyanide.
clear
tion;
soluoff the
(2.) Allow the precipitate to settle ; decant
and
filter
with
200
dry the precipitate and mix
grains
100
and
48
100
soda,
litharge,
grains glass-powder,
grains
grains
of argol.
Fuse, pour, and cupel the lead-button.
bead
the
of bullion
the
from
(3.) Extract
cupel, flatten, and
weighing.
part without
the results.
(4.) Weigh the resulting gold and calculate
as
Method
(1.)
Put
III. (Crosse).*
Pour
it in
cyanide
cupboard with
500
c.c.
stink
(2.) Add
nitric
of
acid
till the
into
shows
dissolved
filter-paperand
flux;
evaporating
an
dish.
good draught.
solution
of silver
litharge, and
with
solution
then
acid
an
in silver
contained
cupel
and
reaction.
nitrate.
precipitate as
weigh resulting
bead.
Method
IV.
(1.) To
(Virgoe).
litre of solution
add
excess
of weak
sulphate
of copper
solution.
(2.) Acidify
(3.) Filter.
1902.
The
Journal
with
of
the
Chemical
and
May,
34
attention.
much
object
the
devoid
of
in most
THB
CYANIDE
Many
useful
The
"
"
method
This
been
used
much
is
tion
every-day applica-
of
laboratories
the
in
Cyanide.
of
Consumption
rapid and
cyanide with
affords
and
Cyanide Company,
for
methods,
reliable
devise
to
formulated,
been
have
yet capable
refinement,
cyanide works.
Test
Shaking
in
schemes
having
cases
much
too
PROCESS.
Cassel
the
of
fairly approximate
classes
of
different
consumption of
and
It is useful for comparative purposes,
as
a
preliminary
ore.
the
suitable
most
of
strengths of cyanide
determining
means
for laboratory experiments.
solutions
and
of the
ore
place in a stoppered bottle
(1.) Take 200 grams
with, for example, 100 c.c. of a 0'5 per cent, cyanide solution, and
shake
the
of
estimate
for
with
Ores
Test
(1.) Weigh
in
water
(2.) Fill
and
burette
grams
with
standard
the
jar
(litmus) paper.
(3.) Every c.c.
of the
soda
of caustic
be
wash
to
the
added
cyanide
Standard
Make
until
0*2
posed.
decom-
acidity by
shake
up
solution
of
the
with
250
of
c.c.
to
every
used
will
of
ton
soda, and
is neutral
reaction
solution
titrate
test
to
represent
0*1
(or tailings)in
ore
Solution.
soda
in
1000
c.c.
10
Dissolve
of
pure
(or
grams
water,
and
paper
should
place
bottle.
secure
Remarks.
the
During
Alkaline
for
titration,
from
water
so
that
the
Sulphides
litmus
the
time
in
time
to
reaction
to
be
may
Cyanide.
be
the
remove
clearly seen.
phides
sul-
Alkaline
is
lb.
treatment.
Soda
grains)of caustic
154*3
in
in
soda
before
To
or
for
ore
Acidity.
and
ore
consumed
the
test
portion of the
If it contains
KCy.
been
up,
for
off
glass-jaror cylinder.
ore-solution
the
has
cent,
of
; draw
for
test
Tailings
224
out
tall
0*3 per
settle
cyanide is used
given below.
method
Feldtmann's
To
then
much
(3.) When
to
pipette and
KCy,
of
cent,
per
of bottle
contents
solution
clear
minutes.
twenty
(2.) Allow
it
in
water.
First
Test
To
the
clear
cyanide solution
alkaline
be
sulphide
present, sulphur will
to the
solution.
a
cloudy appearance
an
Second
coin.
This
Test
It
and
will
the
In
become
the
clear
black
preceding
test
solution
place
and
tarnished
will
not
detect
if
add
be
little acid.
If
liberated, imparting
clean, bright
silver
sulphide be present.
minute
quantities.
CONTROL,
Third
Test
solution
The
solution.
If
the
quantity,
Fourth
the
of
solution
will
When
by
assume
acetate, is added
to
present,
solution
solution
of
nitro-
acid
nitric
the
to
cyanide
minute
in
even
colour.
purple
brilliant
dilute
is
the
of
means
nitro-prussideto
of
sulphide
alkaline
is
test
35
SOLUTIONS.
formed
solution
Test
as
or
an
OF
by adding a little
ferri-cyanideof potassium.
drops
few
ANALYSIS
delicate
most
are
of ferro-
Add
such
These
prussides.
AND
TESTING,
lead
soluble
containing an
lead sulphide soon
salt,
alkaline
forms.
precipitateof
of free
When
alkaline
in
the
the
sulphide exists
presence
will
and
carbonate
white
lead
of
cyanide, a
cyanide
precipitate
of lead acetate, thus
tending to
immediately form on the addition
render
the lead sulphide precipitateyellowish or nut
brown.
sulphide, a
blackish
brown
ANALYSIS
THE
OF
(Feldtmann
From
dissolved
The
lead
10
to
in
or
and
water,
solution
of
Bbttel.)
and
of
grams
the
insoluble
the
agitated
is
carbonate
more
SOLUTIONS.*
CYANIDE
with
slightly
course
in
filtered
if any,
matter,
small
cyanide
commercial
quantity
and
excess,
are
off.
precipitated
of
filtered.
The
and
ferred
sulphide, is transprecipitate,consisting of lead carbonate
of
with
few
c.c.'s of a solution
to
a
a
flask, and covered
sulphides, sulphocyanides, or
potassic or sodic cyanide free from
be prepared from
potassic
ferrocyanides. This solution may
pure
distilled
sodic
hydrocyanic acid.
or
hydrate and a solution of pure
add
beaker
the
To the mixture
in
hydrogen peroxide in slight
excess
i.e.,three
times
four
or
as
much
is needed
as
to
whiten
should
precipitate. (The hydrogen peroxide for this purpose
and
ether
be purifiedby agitation with
evaporation of the ether
in a water-bath.)
of manganese
A small
peroxide is then
quantity
say \ gram
two
the
mixture
minutes, after
agitated for about
added, and
with
solution
is filtered off, acidified
the
which
sulphuric acid,
the
and
titrated
potassic permanganate.
with
N
1
c.c.
of
potassicpermanganate
0*000182
or
grm.
The
potassic permanganate
potassic sulphocyanide.
1
*
Paper
read
c.c.
before
may
0*000053
potassic sulphide.
be standardized
by
-0001618
the
equals
Chemical
grm.
and
grm.
means
KCyS.
Met
Society
of S. A.
sulphur
of pure
36
CYANIDE
THE
Estimation
solution
of
add
carbonate,
Deduct
the
equals
of
this
of
amount
Estimation
soda
then
titrate
above
; the
The
HCy
AgN03
of
c.c.
with
KCy
0-0414
and
solution,
free
from
KCy.
for
as
The
the
difference
HCy.
here
Add
and
KCy
KCy*,
as
of
KI
pure
solution,
HCy,
found
as
calculated
is
of
excess
drops
few
Deduct
K2Zn(Cy)4
found
as
Titrate
found.
Cyanides.
AgN03.
is
soda,
or
of
c.c.
present.
double
difference
KCy
under
cent.
K2Zn(Cy4),
to
as
KCy
0-9493
organic
parts
of
Estimation
is
matter
Add
K2Zn(Cy)4.
92 -1
for every
or
50
to
amount
c.c.
of
acid.
of
50
-To
potash
of
carbonic
the
caustic
of bicarbonate
excess
or
from
Acid.
Hydrocyanic
solution
PROCESS.
add
7 '9 per
to this
total,
of
cent,
7*9 parts.
and
Ferro-
Sulpho-Cyanides.
shake
present,
with
powdered
When
quicklime
and
filter.
A
is filled
burette
10
into
run
with
until
H2S04
50
of the
c.c.
half
about
c.c.
the
then
x
x
(x) 1
(z) 1
be
y
c.c.
c.c.
with
the
Vioo normal
Vioo normal
In
Mr.
blue
is
required
KjM^Og
K^Mo^O^
ANALYSIS
scheme
(5.)
(6.)
Extracts
H2S04
shaking for
the
separated from
The
oxidize
0'003684
filtrate
is
ferro-cyanide,
M.
the
The
ferrocyanides
The
zinc
from
Paper
KCyS.
grm.
SOLUTIONS
Green,
following
K4Fe(Cy)6.
grm.
0*0001618
depend essentiallyon
used
Green's
A.R.S.M.)
alkalimetric
constituents
with
After
washed.
to
CYANIDE
OF
(by Leonard
tests
poured
in.
z.
THE
The
is acidified
K2Mn208.
permanganate
c.c.
chloride
precipitate
normal
1/100
analysis, and
strongly acidified
K2Mn208
Prussian
the
for
just discharged.
sulphate or
cyanide solution
minute
titrated
Let
is
solution
cyanide
1/100Normal
colour
liquid by filtration,and
next
the
of ferric
solution
A
and
20
or
with
determinations.
are
estimated:
=T.
hydrates
=p.
h.
=N.
=S.
=
read
before
the
Inst.
Min.
and
Z.
Met., London.
TESTING,
CONTROL,
The
methods
depend
(I.) Potassium
(2.)
That
ANALYSIS
the
on
facts
ferrocyanide
c.c.
solution
of
zinc
when
phenolphthalein.
potassium ferrocyanide precipitates
to
zinc
from
dilute
neutral
salt.
dilute
is neutral
decinormal
c.c.
37
SOLUTIONS.
OF
that
decinormal
of
0*75
(3.) That
AND
neutral
solution
of
salt
zinc
is
carbonate
of sodium
excess
precipitated by adding an
alkali
of
carefully
solution, the excess
being afterwards
neutralized
the
addition
of
to
phenolphthalein, by
decinormal
of
acid, a precipitate of basic zinc carbonate
The
almost
constant
tate
precipicomposition is obtained.
obtained
in this way
is the
normal
carbonate.
basic
with
treated
an
hydrate or carbonate, when
cyanide
ferroforms
zinc
excess
potassium ferrocyanide,
the
and
carbonate,
potassium hydrate or
alkalinityproduced being proportional to the precipitate
acted
This
reaction
does not
on.
immediately proceed
to the
end, as at first only a portion of the alkalinity is
(4.) That
zinc
of
formed
The
the
to
total
the
; but
if this
amount
of alkali
reaction
taking
Actual
Analysis.
This
cyanide.
solution
to
be
is
be
neutralized
formed,
little time
is
tested
and
so
the
of
excess
finish, the
is that
first estimation
an
to
on
further
the
completion.
for
(1.) The
performed in
acid
with
usual
nitrate
It
and
till
distinct
little
distinct,
noted
be
must
is
by adding
way
soda
caustic
of
that
yellowish
cloudiness.
much
Where
zinc
cloudiness, probably
is sometimes
and
due
produced
be
ferrocyanidesare
to
the
precipitation of
the
before
present,
true
"
faint, white
zinc-ferrocyanide,
end-point."
This
must
"
end point
the yellowish
disregarded, the true
occurring when
This
is the
cloudiness,due to silver iodide, is permanently formed.
solution, and
a
only definite end-point in titrating such
a
large
of sodium
excess
hydrate does not appreciably alter it.
In
the
second
the alkaline
and
alkaline-earth
test
(2.)
hydrates
half
the
the
plus
mono-carbonates,
viz.,
"protective alkali," is
determined.
This
of Clennel's.
is a simple alteration
test
Excess
the
of potassium
to
solution, and
ferrocyanide is added
then
"
twice
the
of silver
amount
total
some
cyanide
or
or,
if
ferrocyanide.
no
The
nitrate
to
not
precipitate
matter,
chlorides
zinc
all
to
necessary
are
occurs
the
indicate
whole
the
precipitates
sulphopresent, some
in the precipitate as
as
it
merely
of
the
38
ferrocyanide, and
the
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
hydrates and
alkaline
carbonates
left in
are
solution.
decinormal
greenish
The
than
and
identical
an
the
cyanide,
towards
of its
acted
the
titrated
with
the
faint
acquires
of ferrocyanide.
excess
alkali."
by only adding
nitrate
indicate
to
necessary
little
the
leaves
close
would
HCy, which
the end-point.
(3.) In
silver
of
this
the
being
third
acid
of the
alkaline
the
test
hydrates
is first added
chloride
of barium
excess
the
is obtained
result
amount
but
till it
or
indicates
Usually
total
colourless,
till
solution
the
tinge produced by
the
"protective
yellow
result
more
acid
nitric
and
added,
is then
Phenolphthalein
and
precipitate the
An
estimated.
are
solution
the
to
carbonates),and
(sufficient
ure
proced-
then
the
sulphates
The
result
obtained
is repeated.
indicates
only the alkaline
hydrate.
In the event
of no hydrates being present, bicarbonates
probably
exist
be
in solution.
estimated
They may
by adding a known
of standard
sodium
ing,
amount
hydrate, and repeating the test, allowin calculating the results, for the amount
of hydrate added.
is that of the total cyanide +
chlorides
(4.) The next estimation
+
sulphocyanides + ferrocyanides + any other salt precipitated
This
by silver nitrate before the precipitationof chromate.
test,
for
the
in
is
not
though
itself, necessary
subsequent
important
to
the
in
last
determination
The
test
of
drop
the
solution
to
neutralize
is titrated
reddish
Towards
goes
is due
to
silver
till there
nitrate
end
of the
again slowly
the
fact
reddish
titration,the
shaking
on
that
the
and
up
with
silver
ferrocyanide
when
the
(5.)
acid
reddish
The
Sufl"cient
for
zinc
is formed.
fifth estimation
faint
the
manent
per-
necessary
zinc
in the
to
silver
chromate,
appears,
few
seconds.
nitrate
consequently
end-point
The
is decided
to
in
Then
solution.
the
and
of the
is added
precipitate
indicate
standing
the
on
silver
some
when
however,
ferrocyanide,is decomposed,
is that
carbonate
basic
enough already
nitrate
the
colouration
sodium
the
is
colouration
of the
action
to
the
and
well
is first added
of
with
test
colouration.
the
only
This
in the
strong solution
second
used
sufficient
(viz.,
one
and
zinc.
of acid
amount
solution
the
of
total
therefore
only
and
occurs
permanent.
zinc
the
ferrocyanide.
supply enough carbonic
case
twice
there
the
cyanide
should
amount
is added
not
of
and
be
silver
the
CONTROL,
whole
is
TESTING,
well
shaken.
silver
cyanide,
precipitate some
The
the
slight
any
chloride.
will
zinc
All
and
ANALYSIS
AND
OB1
cyanide
is
now
of silver
excess
3d
SOLUTIONS;
precipitated as
will merely
nitrate
been
have
be
not
must
The
hurried.
colour
show
of the
of
trace
pink,
neutralization
of
acid,
at
above
the
precipitate must
standing a minute
frequently shaken.
apparently complete, it is best to
is
shake
solution
even
on
flask should
of the
contents
clear
well
up
and
add
then
from
In
add
burette,
aud
two,
or
be
not
the
when
fact,
another
c.c.
drop
or
so
time,
venient
solution
strength),till
sodium
of
the
carbonate
(roughly
con-
shows
again just
clear solution
is
pink
colour.
All
the
zinc
which
the
precipitateas
phenolphthalein.
added,
the
forming
basic
If
now
zinc
of basic
an
carbonate
and
end
of
in
now
to
be
ferrocyanide
ferrocyanide,
the
to
the
present.
the
again slightly,so
returns
reacts
with
alkalinity proportional
potassium
is
is neutral
solution
the
of
excess
carbonate
This
Towards
and
carbonate,
ferrocyanide
zinc
amount
basic
ferrocyanide
precipitated as
is not
that
been
has
titration
acid,
decinormal
with
the
little
result
precipitated by
colour
time
the
discharged
is
for
is necessary
the
and
the
determination.
last
(6.)The
added
in,
as
in the
well
same
shaken.
cyanides
whole
an
in the
will
of the
excess
determination
previous
amount
The
then
zinc
of alkali
is of the
test
as
was
; then
used
zinc.
silver
in
Sodium
solution
nitrate
test
No.
4,
is
carbonate
and
the
is
run
flask
remaining
in the
solution.
This
is naturalized
40
CYANIDE
THE
Summary.
the
with
described,
(1.) Take
and
50
little
till there
nitrate
of
c.c.
distinct
50
(2.) Take
c.c.
of the
Kun
thalein
with
and
titrate
then
50
c.c.
of
ferro-
potassium
Add
nitrate.
phenolph-
till colourless.
c.c.
Add
of solution.
of
excess
potassium ferrocyanide.
of
excess
drate
hysilver
with
Result
(3.) Take
acid
nitric
sodium
Titrate
excess
of silver
c.c.
c.c.
Add
solution.
in 2T
cyanide solution.
tests
yellowish cloudiness.
permanent
Kesult
of
excess
solution.
iodide
potassium
is
Add
solution.
the
the
of
following is a short
summary
solution
of
etc.
taken,
quantities
The
PROCESS.
Run
2T
in
c.c.
silver
of
N
add
nitrate,
and
phenolphthalein
with
titrate
nitric
till
acid
colourless.
Result
(4.) Take
50
c.c.
c.c.
Add
solution.
of the
2T
of silver
c.c.
nitrate,
N
then
of
of
c.c.
p.
is
faint
Result
(5.) Take
50
solution
of
silver
added)
nitrate,
well.
shake
with
silver
nitrate
Nc.c.
10
about
Add
Run
(roughly decinormal).
and
strong solution
colouration.
(Total AgNo8
of solution.
c.c.
titrating
reddish
permanent
of
drop
one
continue
and
potassium chromate,
till there
Add
acid.
nitric
in
of sodium
c.c.
2T
bonate
car-
(see Test
c.c.
Add
phenolphthalein,
clear
solution
1)
and
N
neutralize
with
well
Shake
during
intervals
at
till the
acid
nitric
the
neutralization.
up,
and
is colourless.
Add
about
N
1
c.c.
nitric
more
acid,
shake
then
add
solution
of
sodium
drop,
Add
(roughly
carbonate
till the
clear
excess
of
strongly
solution
is
--
is
convenient
potassium ferrocyanide.
to phenolphthalein.
alkaline
N
Titrate
with
nitric
acid
strength),drop by
till colourless.
Result
c.c.
The
solution
becomes
42
and
potassium,
of
nitrate
PROCESS.
CYANIDB
THE
(1-1).
sulphuric acid
dilute
of
c.c.
has
liberated
been
to
same
form
compound,
unstable
very
proportion to the
plus the quantity to be subsequently allowed for, and
oxygen
estimated
be
by the hyposulphite solution, using a starch
iodide
free
can
in
any
about
0*3
liberated
iodine
c.c.
ferrous
pure
shake
under
solution
of the
sulphate
lime,
coal gas
all the
free
in the
oxygen
add
examination,
and
the
filter into
up well and
is passing, the precipitated ferrous
caustic
the
estimate
to
and
400
grams
the
it is necessary
course
by the reagents,
nitrates
were
present in the cyanide solution.
in the following manner
made
is easily
:
correction
Take
is in exact
amount
Of
for
required
case
This
the
indicator.
an
as
correction
also
and
of cyanogen,
solution
it
all the
weight of
through which
same
flask
to
will
hydrate
sorbed
ab-
have
solution.
cyanide
method
test the above
good many
experiments were
and the following will be a good example :
A Winchester
partly filled with a sample of an
quart bottle was
well
shaken
for some
ordinary working solution, the bottle was
made
to
in order
time
The
to
determination
292
c.c.
required
to
unite
Then
400
c.c.
and
the
So
iodine
made
He
under
bottle
liberated
m'grams
In
13*4
that
solution,
with
oxygen
the
as
13*4
with
oxygen.
the
determination
oxygen
interestingexperiments on the
by sands and spitzluten concentrates.
200
I take, say, from
to 500
says :
some
of
amount
and
examination
a
and
oxygen
litre,and so
treatment,
but
cyanide
solution
then
determine
calculate
kilogramme
though oxygen
or
such
more
shake
ton
out
of
the
for
it up
of known
the
amount
sands.
absorbed
some
material
in
or
lost
required by
however,
large
saturated
and
absorbed
of oxygen
would,
hours
quantity
amount
sorbed
ab-
oxygen
of the
grams
has
Crosse
Mr.
"
with
was
liberated.
iodine
the
with
connection
full of
taining
con-
freed from
was
cyanide solution
oxygen
6*0 c.c.
of hyposulphite required was
7*4 c.c. of hyposulphite required for the
6*0 leaves
1*85
in 288
of solution
or
c.c.
by the free oxygen
in 288
6*4 m'grams
or
c.c,
oxygen
per litre.
of
amount
made
was
of
solution
the
saturate
remark
per
each
that
during
by
solved,
also
is
as
sulphides, etc., gold
being disif no
slowly and to a lesser degree than
oxygen
is
being
ferrous
certain
substances
absorbing
matters
present,
then
would
gold
gold
allowing some
is being absorbed.
that
no
gold would
through the sands."
no
almost
dissolved,
to
be
ZINC
OF
the
not
were
the
till several
AND
BASE
IN
oxygen
often
solutions
METALS
slowly,
that
it would
case
oxygen,
act
time
same
hydrate
the
up
substances
certain
at
dissolved
be
DETERMINATION
but
dissolved
If this
take
immediately
be
ferrous
have
we
43
SOLUTIONS.
OF
If
present.
were
would
which
ANALYSIS
AND
TESTING,
CONTROL,
happen
passed
had
CYANIDE
SOLUTION.*
Andrew
(By
The
following
zinc
iron,
Take
and
from
is
nickle
in solutions
500
1000
to
sulphuric acid,
of
sulphate
potassium, and
dish
and
The
metals
then
heat
obtained
are
estimated
in the
usual
the
solutions
than
anything more
is
ingredient
necessarily
often
be
300
Take
of
grams
in
dryness
to
order
in
and
sulphates
be
slight
acid
pure
platinum
melt
to
can
the
mass.
separated
and
ZINC.
OF
Rand,
with
would
copper,
way.
the
on
six
or
redness
ESTIMATION
In
with
solution, acidify
five
evaporate
as
determining
add
dull
to
for
of
c.c.
of
excess
method
accurate
an
Crosse.)
F.
where
trace
and
zinc
copper,
the
usually
not
are
we
of
the
chief
of
estimation
troubled
metallic
this
metal
useful.
solution,
of
c.c.
add
about
gram
caustic
of
cyanide of
potash or soda,
of
slight excess
be quickly precipitated
fill up
the
sulphate containing
bottle
or
flask
in
to
boiling point.
as
it allows
for the
*Jour.
bottle
5
to
bowl
The
7 per
cent,
of cold
water
reason
expansion
Chem.
with
and
for
the
of the
Met.
weak
of
solution
of
pure
ferric
raise
glass tube
the
will
liquid.
1902.
the
temperature
be
apparent
44
CYANIDE
THB
PROCESS.
a
decomposed and reduced
portionate
proof ferric sulphate to ferrous
amount
sulphate. When
nearly cold, filter off the solution
through a dry filter paper, and
with
bottle
take
half
titrate
and
the
in the
quantity contained
of potassium.
decinormal
permanganate
The
zinc
c.c.
"00325
weak
soluble
various
experiments,
per
as
in
it
c.c.
the
to
Sulphide
zinc.
zinc
is, however,
having made
that
one
milligram of zinc
be the
add
to
right amount
found
was
of
but
solutions,
cyanide
taken, would
of solution
correction
have
of
grams
slightly
100
will
sulphide
obtained.
results
quantities of
prepared containing known
the double
cyanide of zinc and potassium with ferro-cyanide and
were
sulpho-cyanide of potassium, and the results obtained
very
satisfactory.
Various
solutions
NOTES
ON
were
(By
cyanide
brought
acid.
into
Most
small
of
with
becomes
air, owing
African
ALKALI
Crosse.)
F.
Andrew
potassium
contact
South
PROTECTIVE
SOLUTIONS.*
CYANIDE
IN
Pure
OF
ESTIMATION
THE
if
rapidly decomposed
the
of
presence
slimes
contain
to
tailings and
carbonic
certain
accurate
other
such
lime
as
method
for
protective
Protective
acid
of free
percentage
it
becomes
the
determining
alkali
alkali
and
of
caustic
will
unite
amount
is the
alkali
pure
the
or
which
present
with
any
before
an
lime
in solution.
or
have
to
necessary
an
exact
cyanide
following
calculated
sulphuric acid be
potassium containing the
amount
of
be
reaction
of
added
latter
the
tive
protec-
for caustic
potash
to
solution
in excess,
or
98
pure
parts
we
of
have
Chem.
and
Met.
Soc,
H2S04
liberate
bi-sulphate of potassium,
Trans.
as
K2S04 + 2HCN
H2S04
54 parts of hydrocyanic acid.
Now, if instead of H2S04 we take
takes
the following reaction
place :
2KCN
out
the
determine
S.A.,
1899.
CONTROL,
KHS04
27
or
from
of
an
be
acid
grams
solution
and
neutralized,
proportion
of
cyanide
potassium
alkali
such
to
less
that
no
KCN
of
excess
of
is
"1985
of
excess
an
direct
in
liberate
cyanide
sulphuric
liberated,
is
If there
present.
the
that
liberate
parts KHS04
will
containing
alkali, the
acid
hydrocyanic
136
or
45
SOLUTIONS.
OF
KHS04
gram
however,
free
one
HCN
solution
potassium.
Supposing,
contains
K2S04
HCN
parts
HCN
KCN
ANALYSIS
AND
TESTING,
in presence
'1985
liberates
HCN.
grams
If
less
retained
HCN
by
is liberated
the
alkali, so
2HCN
54
The
500
parts
for
now
nitrate
Let
Let
A-B
add
HCN
the
of KHS04,
gram
flask containing
one
in
through
ordinary way
Liebig's Condenser.
potash solution
vapour
in the
in the
of silver.
of
excess
amount
liberated
HCN
of
amount
of
presence
collect
the
HCN
the
follows
being
Oxide.
parts Calcium
as
its
to
H20.
cyanide solution,
potash, passing
I estimate
with
Ca(CN2)
minutes, and
45
caustic
of
c.c.
practically amounts
the equation
if I take
of HCN=56
proposition is
Take
boil
CaO
it
that
without
cyanide
found
1*037
or
one
alkali.
with
of
amount
in
KHS04
gram
alkali.
any
experiment
in
by
calcium
oxide
present.
I made
series
of
c.c.
various
proportions
very
with
experiments
and
water
and
which
added
200
contains
as
I had
0*260
described
taken
c.c.
the
I obtained
liberated
by
HCN
liberated
in
2 grams
treating
results
KHS04
experiment
Cx
02461
oxide
Calcium
of
the
300
sium,
potas-
Cent.)
tion
solu-
0*3970
0*1509
1-037
grams.
2461
took
KHS04.
2 grams
case
HCN
following
On
fully
care-
obtained
18
(at
water
oxide.
calcium
grams
in this
lime
saturated
of
of
0-2552
found
0-255
taken
0-260
grams.
grams.
or
in
percentages
per cent,
lime
taken.
a
from
Of
0*051
the
course
and
correct
the
0-052
amount,
respectively
or
within
operation requires
or
only 10100 of
2 per cent,
of the
and
care
practice.
46
THE
CYANIDE
GRAM
Fob
the
Assay
TABLE.
op
GRAIN
Fob
the
Assay
PROCESS.
Cyanide
Solutions.
TABLE.
op
Cyanide
Solutions.
CONTROL,
AND
TESTING,
TABLE
FOR
OZS.
Some
The
cubic
cubic
of
ton
gallon
lb.
avd.
To
converts
lbs.
To
converts
lbs.
of
10
equals
equals
into
avoirdupois
in
vat
feet
=
feet.
62
contains
water
troy
circular
in
water
SOLUTION.
Constants.
depth
foot
of
content
*7854
Useful
OF
LB.
47
SOLUTIONS.
OF
ANALYSIS
lbs.
about
nearly.
36
cubic
feet.
lbs.
7000
grains.
lbs.
avoirdupois
into
lbs.
troy
-82286.
1-2153.
Dia2
in
feet
CHAPTER
THE
APPLIANCES
V.
AND
PLANT
CYANIDE
FOE
EXTEACTION.
The
in
appliances
plants,
but
endless
the
of
the
zinc
by
affected
be
In
advantages
vat,
leaching
and
gravitation,
as
as
all
his
at
disposal
should
be
of
permit
to
shown
cases
the
individual
the
designer
where
and,
the
in
should
possible,
tanks,
three
on
circulation
following
taste
storage
placed
the
separate
tions
solu-
the
of
diagram
to
the
conditions,
vacuum-cylinder,
vats,
sumps
so
and
cyanide
subject
are
local
by
all
at
arrangement
treated,
metallurgist.
platforms,
or
chiefly
to
nature
same
and
material
extractors,
tiers
the
shape,
being
natural
solution
much
of
are
size,
the
of
fancy
utilize
the
their
variations,
character
or
use
LEVEL.
FLOOR
Dissolving
Tank.
Solution
When
it
below
The
to
bottom
receive
the
the
the
solution
sumps,
tank
is
either
Sump.
Extraotob.
is
storage
arrangement
from
Vat.
Leaching
vacuum-cylinder
of
Whatever
pumped
Tank.
used,
when
adopted,
to
48
the
be
must
the
tank
storage
cylinder
above
the
solution
the
placed
becomes
full.
extractor.
solution
tank
be
must
has
B,
or
to
be
directly
50
THE
12.
and
of weak
Lines
with
vats
CYANIDE
PROCESS.
strong solution
extractors.
13.
for
vat
Tank.
Dissolving
and
made
When
steel.
when
of iron
2|
from
of
varies
4 ft. in
ft. to
the
wood,
size of the
size
is constructed
steel, the
or
the
according to
hoops. The
This
staves
from
of
are
stiffened
ft.
to
wood,
2 in.
from
plates are
vat, and
of
iron,
or
2|
pine ;
in.
thick,
in.
or
in. to
with
angle-iron
and
ft. in
diameter,
and
depth.
works
a
perforated tray, to hold the solid
large cyanide
the
tank
steel-wire
cyanide salt, is suspended over
by a chain
or
The
end
overhead.
a
pulley fixed to a beam
running over
rope,
chain
of the
second
the
a
over
or
pulley on
same
rope
passes
distance
to permit a balance-weight on
beam, fixed at a sufficient
In
end
the
In
of the
of the
tank.
of
out
the
original packing
cleaned, by removing
adhering particlesof sawdust
with
other
It is then
husk-broom.
broken
a
or
packing material
small
is
into
placed in the perforated tray, which
pieces and
into the solution.
The
allowed
to subside
rapid dissolution of the
be
effected
salt
the
to
cyanide
can
by imparting motion
tray by
end
the
the
of
at
weighted
pulling
rope.
should
the
The
from
always be
discharge-hole
dissolving tank
the
above
a
bottom, so as to allow
placed three or four inches
in the cyanide.
settlingspace for the impurities contained
contained
commercial
in
The
cyanide consist
pally
princiimpurities
and
case
all
carbide
of black
filter
of
webs,
and
in the
its presence
a
portion
the
solutions
to
from
ft.
14
depth.
dowelled
placed
to
They
sides
The
the
are
would
are
made
used
are
ft.
in
diameter,
ft.
for
They
and
cause
of
a
constructed
of 5 in.
6 in.
or
of
apart,
and
making
are
open
from
generally
gold ; hence
loss by tating
precipi-
of
the
cyanide
circular
tanks
up
ft. to
14
ft.
well-seasoned
are
in
pine.
3 in. thick.
planks, 2J in. or
planks 12 in. by 3 in., bolted
together independently
about
to
the
up
this,carbide
gold.
These
is constructed
bottom
tend
choke
Besides
solution
cyanide
potassium
which
matters,
pipes,
delays.
working strength.
20
insoluble
solution
the
solutions
other
vexatious
cause
of the
Vats.
Solution
The
thus
decomposes
iron
iron, and
permitted, obstruct
if
would,
of
of
made
the
sides.
of
in.
bolts
The
or
and
in.
are
round
THE
The
iron.
and
APPLIANCES
AND
and
washer
PLANT
nut
CYANIDE
FOR
well
are
51
EXTRACTION.
countersunk
the
into
plank,
of wood
apart
the
at
bottom,
the
where
hoop
extra
buckles
will
One
or
size of the
square
these
close
as
solution
more
vats
the
to
20
or
in.
bottom
the
the
at
hoop
distance
The
top.
the
as
turn-
may
be
required according
to
the
plant.
tanks
tight
wood
of
led
Vats.
Percolating
or
the
were
the
Africa
Zealand,
New
of
used,
but
favourite
steel
of
These
kinds
adoption
stronger.
In
Australia,
and
in.
greatest,
permit.
Leaching
different
placed
18
to
is
pressure
material.
the
circular
material
is
made
are
At
of
difficultyof
keeping
vats, which
wood,
many
first, small
but
are
in
also
South
preferred to
wooden
all the
in
recently erected
cyanide plants. In
ones,
America, both steel and iron vats are preferred to wooden
ones.
In
Victoria
and
New
South
made
of
Wales, leaching vats
wooden
with
bottoms
have
been
iron
used
ordinary corrugated
Mr.
used
with
who
them
W. Eddowes,
satisfactoryresults.
very
author
that
in Victoria, informed
the
they were
light, strong,
of large capacity, corrugated iron
For
vats
cheap and durable.
of No.
that
The
is said to be half
is employed.
16 gauge
cost
of
"When
value
steel vats
the
of
of the same
corrugated
capacity.
iron
becomes
better
will
be
doubtless
it
known,
more
largely
where
in
port
transoutlying mining camps
especially
employed, more
costs
are
heavy.
wooden
The
of
the
circular
construction
leaching vats is in
solution
the
that
of
vats
as
same
already
respect the
every
with
in
described, differingonly
discharge-doors.
being provided
The
first
and
Silver
vats
in
use
at
Mining Company
the
vats
cyanide
22 J
were
are
at
present
works
of
ft. in
diameter,
the
Waihi
and
Gold
4 .ft.
52
THte
bound
sides
The
deep.
in
in.
each
Five
ten
are
inches
4 ft.
the
by
for
consisted
Thames,
the
off
in two
three
in.
planks,
iron,
thick,
of which
were
turu-buckles
three
on
false
depth by the
new
Company's
tank
each
being
the
At
cloth.
the
rows,
of wooden
supports
or
author
kauri
in., having
taken
tanks
with
in.
mill,
50
ft.
deep.
foundations
The
is
PROCESS.
of round
two
concrete
ft. and
40
by
and
of
hoops
filter-frame, and
bottom,
there
five
diameter,
hoop.
built
were
with
together
CYANIDE
the
of
of 70
charge
vats, 20
15
mudsills,
in.
by
diameter,
tailings,designed
Mining
Company,
of
tons
Gold
Moanataiari
ft. in
in., laid
which
flat, on
or
pieces, 10 in. by 8 in., supporting the props
laid the bearers
of the
same
uprights, 8 in. by 8 in.,on which
are
the sole pieces. There
five rows
of
dimensions
two
as
are
props
of three, three rows
of five
rows
altogether,
twenty-one in number
with
ft.
The
the
4
bottom
of
centres
vat
rests
both
spaced
ways.
rest
sole
the
on
which
bearers,
their
between
detect
and
of the
vat.
ends
and
solid rock
the
dispensed with.
be
The
advisable
place
to
evenly
more
rests
the
on
At
the
tanks
diameter,
and
At
ft. inside
26
iron
see
steel
or
planks across
weight of the vat,
the
mudsills
can
I.)
it is
vats, but
bearers,
the
sides
the
Plate
to
bottom
so
of
to
as
which
constructed
are
14
Cyanide
Jack
ft.
deep
of
bound
Johannesburg, the
42
ft. in
pine. They are
fifteen
together with
hoops
Works,
The
staves
piers of solid masonry.
made
of 9 in. by 3 in. material.
are
Main
Reef
Works
there
six leaching vats, each
are
and
with
8
ft.
diameter,
staves,
holding 135 tons of
They
rest
on
"
"
the
drawings,
for
the
upon,
wide
in.
is left
space
round
place
3 in.
by
the
and
iron.
bottoms
used
space
planks.
leaching
and
9 in.
take
to build
This
planks.
may
detailed
be
can
distribute
Simmer
of round
that
exposed
is
(For
support
same
side
allow
to
as
so
the
leaks
repair any
Where
cut
are
tailings.
The
staves
wide
in.
by machines, and
edges. They are checked
level
the
6 in. below
chime
The
by
are
on
grooves.
apart
by
from
These
the
afterwards
in. to
fit
the
on
on
planed
the
bottom,
to
ting
abutwith
check.
is made
of 9 in.
in.
deals, planed
grooved f in. by \ in. by a saw, and is also handthe edges.
Clear-pine tongues, 1 in. by f in., fill the
The
the
the
tunnel, below
joistsacross
vat, consist of
and
in. deals, bolted
in
laid 2 ft. 3 in.
together
pairs,
vat
by
and
machine
9 in.
of
bottom
dressed
the
and
centre
joistsare
to
centre.
first laid
in
position,then
the
bottom
of the
vat
I
I
PLATE
NN
'
is laid
is
cramped
down,
now
for the
Six
places ; the
lowest
Each
1 in.
top pair
connected
circle
when
three
in
The
out.
all
round
bottom
is
ready
to
with
ends.
screwed
sections,
rolled
required
the
to
turn-buckles.
cast-iron
by
struck
bevelled
up as
used
diameter,
in
53
EXTRACTION.
tightly as possible.
in their
are
keep the staves
in diameter, the middle
pair 1^ in.,and
iron
pair If in.
hoop is made
and
curve,
round
of
hoops
the
driven
are
CYANIDE
FOR
and
up,
which
staves,
PLANT
circle, and
the
to
sawn
the
AND
APPLIANCES
THE
Q
Fig.
1.
Showing
Construction
Scale
The
each
screwed
is
hoop
Two
for
ends
being
drawn
carpenters, practised
it in about
erect
four
while
turn-buckles, and
with
hammered
a
sledgeheavy hammer.
it is
up
the
work,
the
at
and
ft.
=1
through
pass
in.
Turn-buckle.
of
in
deep,
ft.
dress
can
material
the
about
and
week,
days.
and
of brick
vation
excacement, in an
large vats, constructed
the
what
age
leakthere
of
in
is no
means
ground,
ascertaining
is going on;
in which
and, in a process
gold solutions are
of the
leak, in the course
being dealt with, an exceedingly small
With
would
year,
represent
construction
for
the
tanks
Langlaagte
round
are
Reef
10
deep.
ft.
constructed
At
the
jV
in.
At
deep.
Works,
Colorado,
in
where
material
and
ft. in diameter
also
16
steel, being
the
Cripple
the
vats
steel
of
10
ft.
brick,
Works,
vats
20
are
Gold
made
are
is
procurable
S.A.,
the
with
40
N.Z.,
hydraulic
deep. At the
ft. square
the
tanks
and
ft. in diameter
Creek
their
reason
Works,
Cyanide
brick, faced
of
are
this
vats.
Waihi-Silverton
mine,
the
For
Company's
tanks
the
Moanataiari
the
ft.
of
is 40
loss.
steel
or
constructed
size
Works
Crown
Estate
and
Their
cement.
At
of wooden
construction
the
At
recommended
be
cannot
considerable
4 ft.
ft. in diameter
and
are
deep.
and
Exploration Company's
iron, being 20 ft. in
of
diameter.
For
are
seldom
with
free
direct
the
from
of
deep, on
greater depth of ore
over
a
treatment
slimes
4 ft.
the
depth
dry-crushed
account
;
varies
of the
the
leaching vats
difficultyof percolation
tailingscomparatively
ore,
but,
with
from
8 ft. to
14
ft.
54
CYANIDE
THE
The
leaching vats,
built
be
must
and
the
they
built
often
are
Australia,
where
Whatever
the
the
bottom
firm
be
sure
of
stone
the
to
; and
tanks,
so
In
able
South
New
in
be
and
wood.
of
free
detect
to
Africa
Zealand
frames
always
be
to
as
to
as
massive
should
foundations, there
so
follow.
piers
is plentiful,on
on
timber
of
enormous
foundations,
would
which
leakage
of the
account
on
strong
on
PROCESS.
to
access
and
repair
leaks.
Each
are
as
is
follows
Vats, 20
ft. in diameter,
24
2432
ft.
32
40
for
one
medium
lines
of
with
pipe
and
in.
in.
in.
...
three
or
...
ft.
Two
mains,
two
three
with
the
for
one
the
strong;
for
the
and
running parallelwith
strong respectively)
the
mains,
one
economical, and
leaching vats, afford the simplest, most
solutions
of collectingthe
method
as
they percolate from
This
enables
system
and
the
readily,and
solutions
by
this
each
from
means
vat
to
mishaps
any
and
weak
weak,
line
of
effective
the
be
tested
can
at
vats.
separately
be
once
detected.
riveted
of
to
the
side
about
in.
from
the
bottom.
The
filter
vat
In
is
large
small
rope
steel
vats, the
omitted, and
in this
is the
case
best.
ring
the
for
the
reception
filter-frame
of
the
is constructed
filter-cloth
so
as
to
I V
V
THE
APPLIANCES
leave
AND
FOR
PLANT
CYANIDE
annular
an
the
permit
wide
inch
an
space
filter-cloth
be grouted
to
round
all
55
EXTRACTION.
the
between
the
vat
so
as
and
frame
to
the
vat.
Filter-Frames.
The
old
filter-beds
of
gravel and
sand
been
have
frames, over
entirely superseded by light wooden
are
filter-cloths
of
either
extra
placed
webs, consisting
or
strong
For
the
tion
filtraHessian, loose canvas,
cocoa-matting, or burlap.
of slimes, or dry-crushed ores,
which
a
always contain
large
fine sands, a webbing
of strong
Hessian
or
percentage of very
is
and
for tailings or
of
concentrates
used;
canvas
a
webbing
cocoa-matting or burlap.
In some
filter is laid over
plants a duck-cloth
cocoa-matting.
The
about
duck-cloth
for a 100
ton
vat
costs
2, 10s. ready made.
At the Waihi
the filter-frames,designed by the
Cyanide Works
of narrow
Mr. H. P. Barry, consist
laths placed
general manager,
which
and
parallel,
about
inch
an
On
apart.
these
transversely, narrow
moulding-like laths,
An
or
an
frame-
open
inch square.
At the Main
ends
their
wood,
less
inch
for
support
in
annular
passing
finds
author
that
than
has
the
of
top
the
the
used
in
the
its
the
slats
apart.
in.
apart
place by
about
an
leaves
permits
of
means
an
the
small
vat.
for
advantages
sections.
frame
vat, which
filter-frames
many
in
This
vat.
of the
circumference
such
possess
and
frame
the
of
that
firmly grouted
round
they
on
cocoa-matting.
constructed
for large vats
are
circular
fitted together, form
a
between
The
an
is thus
the
diameter
space
filter-cloth to be
rope
nailed
are
sections, when
The
inch
3 in.
filter-frames
The
nailed,
are
Reef
of
1 in. square,
form
to
grating
about
also
the
filter
Cyanide Works,
Johannesburg,
6
1
in.
in.
slats,placed on edge,
by
apart,
the
from
of
the
1
in.
sides
vat.
being kept
Strips of
is made
frame
work
laths
over
over
five
years,
old
the
and
gravel-
filters.
At
vats
plants where
provided
are
automatic
Vacuum-Cylinder
assisted
fillingis adopted,
intermediate
with
and
the
intermediate
distributors.
Air-Pump.
artificial
Filtration
below
is
the
generally
filter-bed.
by creating
and
Australia
Zealand
to promostly adopted in New
duce
with
is an
a
vacuum
air-tightboiler, or cylinder, connected
and
In
air-pumps
an
large cyanide plants two
air-pump.
cylinders and storage tanks should be provided.
of
The
in. boiler-plate,
generally constructed
cylinders are
of different
made
with
sizes, according to
They are
f in. ends.
and
3 ft. 6 in.
from
requirements, from 6 ft. to 13 ft. in length,
to
6 ft. in diameter.
They are provided with a solution-gauge,
The
means
an
vacuum
56
air-cock, and
vacuum-gauge,
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
man-hole,
well
as
the
as
necessary
connections.
pipe
has
air-pump
in. stroke.
22
the
All
is
and
and
cylinder, air, and solution
pumps,
be of black
cyanide solutions, should
When
the
vacuum-cylinder becomes
about
connections
tanks,
which
the
subject
are
to
iron.
charged
full, the solution is diswhich
it slowly drains
into a storage vat, from
through
the
In
when
order
the
zinc
to
extractor.
give timely warning
full, the following simple electrical contrivance
cylinder became
Gold
used
Cassel
at the
Wilson, the manager,
was
by Mr. Arthur
Extracting Company's tailingsplant at Waihi.
Erdmann
A small
float,with a platinum wire fused into the top
and coiled into a flat helix, was
placed in the solution
gauge-tube.
the
wires
also
into
fused
end
of the
Two
were
platinum
upper
tube, opposite to each
other, but
gauge- tube, projecting into the
The
small
with
connected
in contact.
not
platinum wires were
a
the float rose
in the
Leclanche
battery, and when
solution-gauge
metallic
contact
to the platinum
wires,
was
established, and an
bell
electric
in the
of
Discharge
method
sounded
water,
an
alarm.
Residues.
Leached
of
plentiful supply
with
good
Where
head,
there
is
easiest
the
and
the
discharging the residues from
leaching
side-door.
At
the
is to sluice
out
cyanide plant
by a
the
residues
Gold
Waihi
sluiced
out
Mining Company
are
head
150
of
2 in. hose-pipes under
a
ft.,giving a pressure
cheapest
of
them
tanks
of the
by
circuit
two
of 65
lbs. to
the
square
inch.
there
is a scarcity of
Goldfields,where
of fall for the
bottom
charge
dissludge, the
water, and often a want
the
residues
shovelled
is largely practised,
being
through
the
truck
hole
in
the
of
into
bottom
vat
a
a
immediately below.
the tailings are
At the Barret
shovelled
into
a
Company's Works
At
the
Witwatersrand
"
"
launder
At
New
the
below
the
vat, and
Woodstock
Crown,
the ore
Zealand, where
stream
and
the
residues
contains
sluiced
of water
Talisman
a
carries
them
Cyanide
percentage
of
away.
Works
coarse
in
gold,
over
slowly
amalgamated copper
below
the
discharge holes.
plates placed immediately
At the Langlaagte Company's Cyanide Works, near
Johannesare
extensive
PLANT
AND
APPLIANCES
THE
FOR
57
EXTRACTION.
CYANIDE
the
discharged from
large brick leaching
lower
the bodies
of steam
tanks
travellingcranes, which
by means
trucks
into the tanks, where
of the empty
they are filled by Kaffir
trucks
and
filled
raised
the
labour.
When
are
placed on their
to the dump.
carriages,to be wheeled
away
When
Doors.
side-dischargeby sluicing is used,
Discharge
outlets are
two
or
generally provided for each vat ; but in the
one
charge
of bottom-discharge there
are
two, four, six, or eight discase
openings to each vat, according to its size.
burg,
residues
the
are
Fig.
At
2.
Butters'
the
Bottom-Discharge
Witwatersrand
Scale
Door
Goldfields
J in.
=1
ft.
bottom-discharge is
When
wooden
employed
leaching vats.
discharging the round
fillinga deep tank with tailings,a length of wrought-iron pipe or
each
cylinder, three or four feet long, is placed over
dischargeThe
in.
hole, and then the tailings are
dumped
pipe raises the
the
for
outlet
within
few
feet
of
the
surface,
and
facilitates
thus
the
discharge.
On
these
used.
Fig.
The
side
of
fields, Butters'
2 shows
arrangement
the tank,
their
simple and
cast-iron
ring, A,
is very
a
bottom-discharge
doors
are
largely
construction.
effective.
is bolted
On
to
the
the
bottom
cast-iron
58
CYANIDE
THE
cylinder, B, inside
lug, C,
upon
screw,
E.
fastened
whole
and
The
Fig.
of
out
made
would
but
The
be
the
the
ring
good
designed
door,
and
construction
Mr.
by
likely
not
shallow
in
convenient
more
is
firmly
of
make
to
the
luting of clay.
-discharge
in
this
as
of
position,
in
faces
so
even,
projecting
part
placed
by screwing
tight by
bottom
is
forms
which
watertight.
It is simple
order,
G, and
planed perfectly
another
cylinder
when
F,
cover,
is also
joint
shows
Irvine.
F.
hanger,
D,
becomes
be
should
joint.
the
butterfly-nut,
arrangement
The
the
rests
cast-iron
the
by
cover
W.
which
Inside
tank.
the
PROCESS.
to
than
get
deep
vats.
Plate
II*.
handle.
to
in
It
Fig.
3.
Irvine's
construction,
originally designed
was
Recesa
for
R.
G.
Walker,
Door.
S"ale
Packing.
efficient, and
Mr.
by
improved
an
very
Bottom-Discharge
of
drawing
working
door, simple
bottom-discharge
easy
the
represents
in.
4 in.
'
improved
Mr.
by
by the
form
The
the
above
applied by
The
in
patent
door
is
at
an
the
the
iron
both
and
button
door,
is then
left
is
inserted
in
serves
tightening.
The
to
the
the
side
instead
loose
keep
the
the
discharge
hand
right
lugs
and
iron-button
the
door
and
the
turns
in
so
as
in
door
position
with
and
then
door
is
position.
wide
the
ring
door
turning
weight
the
carry
loose
The
of
dog
with
screwed
on
differs
the
swinging
hole,
easily
works.
centre.
faced
to
present
market
close
to
the
its
cyanide
the
in
by lifting, or
approximately
now
placed
of at
in
used
other
pressure
hinge,
the
over
with
which
hands.
that
It is closed
hand
and
recently
in
and
perfected
Moanataiari
door
on
swung
of rubber-insertion.
with
the
tank
only
screw
and
Price,
author
Koppel
from
A.
tightly
up
small
stud-bolt,
preparatory
to
the
final
?5.'
60
CYANIDE
THE
The
lug
the
on
the
on
side is
right
left with
notch
the
PROCESS.
placed with
in the
the
notch
that
upwards,
position.
reverse
The
is kept in
door, which
opening is closed
by a cast-iron
the
of
a
position by
screw
acting through a loose iron
pressure
the
of
which
fit into
the
dog, the ends
lugs so as to obtain
leverage.
necessary
The
of the
door is suspended in front
opening, preparatory to
round
of bent
is supported on
iron, which
fixing up, by a hook
the projecting bar on
It
the frame.
is rendered
watertight by a
of
fixed
rubber
with
insertion,
facing
on
tar, or by a luting of clay.
These
doors seldom
give any trouble.
They are easily opened
closed by a few
of the
The
different
turns
or
screw.
parts are
shown
scale
to
Steel
III.
Plate
on
for
Sumps.
There
bottom-discharge, designed by
Plate
Cyanide Plant, are shown
on
Moanataiari
the
the
with
leaching tanks
author
least
at
are
these
of
two
in
II.
cyanide
every
plant,
cyanide
passing through the
for the weak.
zinc-extractor,one for the strong solution and one
In
acid
is often
ores
an
plants dealing with
or
tailings there
washadditional
tank
these
for
besides
storing the alkaline
the
receive
to
solutions
after
solutions.
The
In
constructed
wood.
In
lower
plants
decked
they
cleaning.
are
of
The
leaching
bricks
faced
material.
The
of the
depth
solution
the
of
with
cement,
construction
vats.
or
level
the
such
in
the
of
for
cases
repairs
by the
indicated
is
plant.
They
vats.
tanks
storage
below
are
of the
size
placed
cyanide building, and
planks, having a man-hole
with
over
or
as
sumps
of the
floor
that
the
on
the
as
favourite
same
the
size
steel,concrete,
is the
is the
extractor
or
are
latter
sumps
many
sumps
the same
either
The
of wooden
depends
storage
plants they
most
are
or
size of the
tell-tale.
In
strong solution
in
up
storage
be
with
so
as
such
pulp
dry
requiring
advantage for
it is necessary
below,
the
from
ore
Zinc
to
as
for
one
works
treating
consist
formation
occur
the
were
of
could
not
in
dry-crushed ores
slowly from
strong solution
in
channels
of lumps and
of
treatment
the
method
This
sump.
construction
turned
solution
the
sands
There
strong
and
at
are
solutions
slimes
the
least
and
of
two
the
to
on
one
it is usual
for
to
these
the
in
weak.
provide
medium
for
namely
strong,
of
constructed
are
respectively. They
number
into
a
oblong boxes, each divided
extractors,
of
the
prevent
Extractors.
solutions
the
apply
to
would
extra
an
is made
solution
above.
plant,
three
working cyanide
thus
saving the
sumps,
vat, but
used
which
the
tailingsplants
some
and
wood,
every
In
of
set
weak
and
of compart-
loose
Dog
tr,
o
o
Q
id
V
Q
I
D
"
CO
!o
1
o
]!
o
V|
MMu\A
YtlW
!--
,j"iiyi"
^i
in
v?r
'
./
:.} i^"
^
^
5
i
\*i
n
ro
"?"
V
"i
Mi
!
.-
V..-,
.
.'
S
i^*.
**,,*
**
*fn*-'
"
****
t**"
-vrt**
*?*
'I
'
1.
T#E
APPLIANCES
AND
PLANT
ments,
baffle-boards
upwards
The
fixed
in such
the
through
as
The
shallow
round
The
enable
the
permits
and
gold
zinc
of the
bottom
Instead
are
with
be
slimes,
they
as
tow
to
the
in
matter
removable
often
when
up
screen
of
of the
solutions,
and
form,
to
circulation
free
wire
way
of slimes.
handles,
easily lifted
bottom,
its
or
provided with
convenient
to
the
at
escape
sometimes
sand
clayey
any
the
finds
compartment.
filled with
remove
partitions and
of
solution
each
61
EXTRACTION.
means
the
are
prevent
them
trays support,
which
to
wood,
of
trays
iron, to
to
one
divisions
remaining
that
way
compartments
filters,the upper
solutions, the lower one
act
twelve, by
zinc-turnings in
last
first and
or
CYANIDE
FOR
fall
of
bent
necessary.
mesh,
in.
enables
into
through
the
the
compartment.
"
"
sides of 1 J in.
well
dressed.
and
plant,
3 ft. in
depth,
It is
place
now
in the
to
of
six
extractor
into
or
late
are
shown
of
reduce
simply
compartments,
"
or
volumes
eight, and
is
that
to
without
periodical clean-up
"
each
bulk
box
in. boards,
of
their
or
side
The
the
precipitation takes
in cyanide plants handling
daily, the tendency has
divisions
trough
plugs or
divided
side
the
in
dimensions.
compartment
extractors
IYa.
of
solution
number
increase
long
in. in width.
and
boxes, and
cyanide
the
of
the
capacity of the
upon
20 ft. in length, from
2 ft. to
IV.
the
three
divisions
depend
Plates
on
known
first two
to
will
size
the
from
ft. to
12
vary
15 in. to 45
and from
well
large
been
The
will
used
mostly
or
this
by
baffle-boards
launder.
is cleaned
extractor
In
case
At
the
the
separately ;
or
62
CYANIDE
THE
sometimes
two
or
communicate
so
the
thus
set
or
that
run
often
all the
each
other
by plugs
the
slimes
construction
of the
design according
bearing in mind
to
solutions
upward
to
the
pass
Plate
the
at
IVa.)
permits
fancy of
extractor
the
object
through
the
zinc
variety of
engineer, always
is to compel the
the
at
tub
endless
an
attained
be
to
of
one
into
out
to
baffle-
of
lower
the
baled
be
made
are
bottom
into
thence
and
individual
that
compartments,
washed
be
can
communicating,
a bucket.
(See
into
The
more,
with
boards
PROCESS.
and
uniform
slow
rate.
the
At
Waihi
Company's
large mill at Waikino, the solutions
collected in a rectangular tank divided into three compartments
are
each
coir-filter
forming a
or
clarifying box, for the strong,
and
weak
medium
solutions
respectively.
Each
is provided with
false-bottom, 9 ins.
a
compartment
with
is kept in place by a
cocoanut
deep, covered
matting which
frame.
light wooden
From
the clarifyingboxes
the
solutions
or
run
compartments,
into the different
made
23
extractor
ft. long by
boxes, which
are
wide
3 ft.
have
flat bottoms
by 2 ft. 6 ins. deep. The extractors
into nine
and are
divided
for precipinamely seven
tation
compartments,
and
for settling,one
filled
with
which
two
each
is
at
end,
tow.
The
The
trays
slimes
holes
to
as
so
The
leading
into
the
end
each
the
over
other
is
with
drainage
The
from
small
this
the
extractors
to
In
Australia
and
of
A
is constructed
floor
shallow
to
well.
small
Zealand
New
cast-iron
funnel-shaped
furnace
with
pipe connecting
cement
consists
over
in.
The
furnace.
the
or
pan
hood
off* the
carry
is
suspended by
upper
and
or
chain
is balanced
end
narrow
the
the
steel-wire
or
of
zinc
to
rope
the
light
oxide
passing
end
weight on
of the hood
telescopes for
condensing flue, and by means
by
pipe leading
lowered
the balance
be
weight the hood can
roasting pan or plate as required.
The
first part of the
condensing flue is
of cold
stream
a
length of iron-pipe,on which
the mercury
allowed
to play, so as to condense
into
screens.
through plugged
compartment
by
Furnace.
placed
pulley overhead,
feet
mesh
in.
fumes.
hood
chain.
box
sumps.
cyanide plants
wrought-iron
The
to
all
convey
plate, built
and
covered
leave
Roasting
in small
and
boards.
baffle
solutions
main
deep
washed
are
in the
The
the
6 in.
are
raised
or
nearly
water
over
the
of
few
of
the
over
horizontal
is sometimes
vapours
and
zinc
fumes.
In
built-in
muffle-like
roasting
furnace
Plate
IV
64
CYANIDE
THE
air-lift
the
far
seem
erection,
not
continuous
several
it possesses
recommend
to
both
Australia.
in Western
shown
supersede
to
; but
employed
power
has
time
likely in
in
favour
PKOCESS.
The
Associated
Mine
complicated parts to get out of order.
has
in operation ; Kalgoorlie, six ;
Boulder
two
No.
1, four
Westralia
View
Mount
Consols, one ; besides
Morgans, two ; Lake
no
others.
many
deserving
append the
which
of
indebted
am
attended
has
the
the
to
lifts
air-
form
of
elevator
for
that
reason
construction,
Max
Mr.
of
courtesy
of
use
for
Bernewitz
von
Kalgoorlie.
He
which
success
in Western
the
from
Judging
is
height
the
on
the
the
has
pulp
be
be
start
the
up,
The
always in it a column
lifted,whereby the
to
of lifts to
put
sunk.
lifted.
be
to
number
size and
6 in. lift is to
should
In
"
says
well-hole
why
reason
of
be
erected
with
air meets
hole
is that
is sunk
lift has
the
height
to
be
to
required
resistance
necessary
the
3 ft. in diameter
pulp, equal
the
than
depends
example, if one
for
sinking
of
more
the
of
less than
hole
and
water
size
not
a
ft.
still,2
The
well-hole
is that
first work
in motion.
column
Next,
bottom
in
case
"
At
and
of
accident.
an
the
top of the
practice now
of the
pipe.
a
lift-pipe,
is to bolt
this
By
launder
bend
directly on
the
means
air,
as
fitted
be
may
to
on,
flange at
it reaches
the
but
the
the
top
top,
can
once."
at
escape
It has
also
the
better
duplicate
If
loss
in
the
pressure,
a
lift,and
a
is
that
efficiencyattained
case
air
a
found
been
is
of
larger
also,
that
and
air-
the
lift-pipes,
should
air-lifts
be
in
mishap.
taken
from
several
pressure
expanded
of power.
the
But
before
if the
receiver
times
greater than
doing its work, it
air is taken
direct
five
atmospheres
actually required by
at, say,
is found
from
the
that
there
compressor
is
-18
18
APPLIANCES
THE
AND
PLANT
65
EXTRACTION.
CYANIDE
FOR
to the
economical
more
Again, when
working of the
mill
the
method.
purposes
many
the
example,
running at a
Take,
for
the
Here
a
Kalgoorlie Mine.
compressor
air
to actuate
solution
two
high speed supplies
; also air to
pumps
agitate slimes ; to force the agitated slimes into filter-presses
; to
three
lifts pulp
of which
air-lifts,
one
dry the presses and work
20
sands
30
clear
feet, one
feet, and one
water, 15 feet high.
at
the
All
with
above
the
air
require
working
the
of
for the
at
different
air-lifts.
would
lifts alone
It
and
pressures,
is
that
certain
interfere
a
small
be
more
satisfactory.
costs
are
fuel, water, and wage
goldfields,where
high, the working of air-lifts is fairly expensive, but in countries
where
be driven
can
by water-power with little or
compressors
attendance, the cost should not be high.
no
Tn the Kalgoorlie Mill a little trouble
was
experienced with a 20
with
elevates
red hot roasted
ft. lift,which
ore
previously mixed
diem
lift elevates
salt water.
This
of
dense
700
tons
pulp per
with
The
raised
air
of
0*7
an
atmosphere.
pulp when
pressure
hard
is almost
at boiling point, and
a
deposit quickly sets around
the
This
them
the bottom.
at
pipes, and gradually chokes
up
the
is due
the
of
lime
from
to
and magnesia
ore.
deposition
In this mill a proportion of six parts of water
to one
part of ore
meter,
8
found
The
above
in. in diawas
lift-pipewas
necessary.
and
air-pipe 1 in.
compressor
On
the
In
W.
the
Hainault
months
with
hung
for
up
the
At
in
At
A.
no
Mill,
stoppages, whereas
latter mill
stamps, crushing
Height
Depth
Total
of
for
over
sand-pump
was
twelve
always
there
120
Mount
Westralia
and
is
tons
diem.
per
Its
dimensions
above
lift-pipe
well, about
20
below
top of well
22
length
Diameter
the
worked
repairs.
Associated
25
of
are
feet.
42
lift-pipe
6 inches.
of
,,
air-pipe
Air-pressure
....
0*8
atmosphere.
5
66
CYANIDE
THE
/At
Kalgoorlie,
the
bottom
from
sumps.
lifting
mercury
from
solutions
for
are
the
having
air-lifts
are
the
to
At
in
following
PROCESS.
employed to circulate
cyanide
and
of
to
leaching
vats,
top
Boulder
the
No.
connection
dimensions
the
and
of
capable
condition
air-lifts
two
Reicken
raise
process,
intended
the
capacity per
material
treated.
A
be
to
plant
of freely-percolatingtailings per
of the
2000
treating
would
Mill,
the
with
Air-pressure, 3 to 5 atmospheres.
size of the plant will depend on
The
month
tion
solu-
tons
able
half
that
than
to
treat
more
probably
quantity of dry-crushed ore or slimy tailings.
With
exceeds
dry-crushed ores the depth of the charge seldom
4 ft.,while
with
reaches
10 ft.
sharp tailingsthe depth sometimes
12 ft.
of dry-crushed ore
or
are
Cyanide plants for the treatment
therefore
with
of shallow
those
vats
a
provided
large number
; and
for tailingswith
number
smaller
of
vats.
a
deep
number
of
The
the
following gives
leaching vats required for
the
of
different
and
treatment
quantities of dry-crushed ore
tailings.
month
For
Dry
4 ft.
deep
For
Orb
;
be
not
or
charge
Slimy
30
Tailings.
charge
of vat
22J
ft. diameter,
tons.
Freely-Percolating
100
Size
Tailings.
Depth
of
vat,
10
ft. ;
tons.
1200
2 vats
.
tons
per
month.
2400
3600
6
j"
""
4800
In
case
small
of
plants
temporary
it is advisable
breakdown
to
in
have
one
of the
spare
vats
leaching
in
use.
vat
in
THE
APPLIANCES
PLANT
AND
OF
COST
The
67
EXTRACTION.
CYANIDE
FOR
PLANT.
of the
cost
New
Zealand,
of the
For
when
above
Ore
the
all
and
The
of steel
cost
The
steel
and
of
cost
the
ft.
At
about
the
Johannesburg
laboratory,assay,
the
10
cost
the
is about
vats
leaching vats at
deep, with central
foundations
wood
iron
or
struction
con-
below
buildings,is given
for
appliances
melting furnaces,
the
of a
cost
include
but
does
not
cyanide plant,
wheel
or
sand-pump for elevating sands, etc.
and
the
in
include
estimates
used
material
Dry-crushed
The
is the
wood
same
discharge,
that
as
16
56
cost
successful
bucket
Waihi-Silverton,
the
tailings
of
wood.
ft. diameter
each, and
the
each.
of
cyanide plant
month.
treated
Thus
is about
25s.
per
plant to treat
per
about
would
3000
of tailingsper month
cluding
cost
tons
4000, not inand
the
of tailings wheel
cost
or
smelting offices.
assay
smaller
in
the
is
cost
For
Hand
proportion. The
larger plants
be
roofed
should
not
it
noted, are
over
as
they
cyanide plants,
of
ton
are
tailingsto
in many
In
America
be
other
steel
countries.
leaching
vats
cost
about
cents
per
lb.
free
68
THE
board
on
67.
about
cost
Thus
oars.
100
CYANIDE
100
the
vats
9400
weighing
vat
ton
wood
red
For
PROCESS.
is
cost
200
F.O.B.
42
tons
follows
as
would
lbs.
80
500
120
The
American
They
which
(that
bottom.
40
is
red
are
gals.,
the
inside
wood
vats
coated
generally
costing
only),
8,
two
is
stated
are
with
sufficient
coats
to
P.
to
on
the
and
give
B.
coat
sides
every
Paraffin
500
and
tion.
satisfac-
paint,
ton
three
of
twice
vat
on
the
70
THE
In
the
the
to
flow
the
of
case
in
dry-crushed
from
mass
the
over
below,
surface,
solution
strong
but
from
two
to
for
contact
to
meate
perallowed
it
is
tailings
of
case
downwards.
soak
iu
is allowed
solution
iu the
takes
stand
to
the
ore
and
generally
tailingsit is allowed
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
The
four
fillingof
With
hours.
twelve
after
hours,
which
With
slow artificial
percolation is begun.
dry-crushed ores
at once.
percolation is commenced
The
takes
from
leaching with the strong solution
twenty-four
of the
to
forty-eight or more
hours, according to the character
bullion
in the
of ores
case
containing a proportion of fairly
; but
the
make
it
is
the strong solution
to
coarse
gold,
customary to
up
working strength and pass it through the charge till an adequate
extraction
The
is obtained.
weak
same.
it is sometimes
advantageous
pyritic ores
solution
the
before
solution.
to apply a weak
cyanide
strong
By
this means
and
a
a
larger extraction
saving of cyanide is effected.
is about
one-third
The
used
of
quantity of the strong solution
the
and
of
the
The
water-washes
each
weight
ore.
cyauide
are
about
one-sixth
of the weight of the ore.
of slimy tailingsit is found
During the treatment
advantageous
the material
to sometimes
and
turn
hand-labour,
over
by
thereby
effect a more
from
complete washing out of the cyanide solutions
the slimes, which
and
retain
always have a tendency to entangle
them
another
and
transfer
it
from
to
to
vat
or
even
one
subject to
second
a
leaching.
In
the
treatment
of
Discrepancies between
are
often
but
source
in most
of much
cases
imperfect sampling or
weighs considerably over
At
the
the
Witwatersrand
theoretical
annoyance
they will
incorrect
2240
and
and
be
actual
extractions
perplexity
found
tonnage.
to
At
be
to
the
due
most
lurgist,
metal-
either
mines
to
ton
lbs.
Goldfields,
in
South
Africa,
the
tailings
ACTUAL
THE
subjected
sometimes
are
cyanide
treatment
the
again
treated
vats, and
white
labour
with
of
difference
would
first
the
other
leaching
will
extraction
the
cover
of
cost
this
extra
Rand
the
on
amounts
where
about
to
is raised
to 85
72
said
high-priced
cent., and
per
With
tailings
cent.
per
is,however,
recovery
only
leave
to
margin
profit.
The
be
the
i.e.,after
cyanide.
treatment
of fair value
treatment
charged into
cyanide. A higher
available,
was
double
71
CYANIDE.
are
if the
extraction
average
BY
double
with
and
handling
extra
The
to
residues
it is doubtful
result, but
the
EXTRACTION
tabulated
follows
as
1.
Filling the
2.
The
3.
Leaching
different
the
which
in
sequence
operations
applied
are
may
leaching
vats.
with
preliminary treatment
water
alkaline
or
washes
if
necessary.
cent,
4.
to
First
5.
per
Second
6. Third
7.
Fourth
8.
Fifth
The
solutions
same
in the
carried
through
the
most
generally carry
the
through
strong
weak
from
sump,
containing
from
KCy.
cent.
dissolved
ore
are
out
by
allowed
the
the
the
by
and
first
tion,
strong solu-
second
washes.
flow
to
box.
the
ors,
through the zinc extractthe
weak
strong box, and
The
first
dissolved
washes,
two
bullion,
which
conducted
are
extractor.
FIRST
of
containing
water.
weak
of
sump,
KCy.
cent.
from
through
solutions
per
last.
clean
are
strong
per
as
same
0*3
second.
as
with
or
from
per
0'1
from
containing
KCy.
cyanide
to
solutions
strong
0'26
to
with
silver
removed
cyanide
the
wash,
wash,
of
cyanide
cent,
wash,
gold
and
cent,
per
and
per
solution
strong
cent,
with
wash,
0*02
The
0*6
wash,
0*1
the
with
STAGE.
with
Dry-Crushed
Filling the Vats
the
charging of the vats
dry-crushed ores,
clouds
Ore.
is
In
the
case
simple operation,
to
be
dust,
seem
only disadvantage being
At
Waihi
inseparable from the handling of dry-pulverized ores.
generally charged by trucks
90-8tamp mill the vats were
running
to a traveller,provided with
hand-traversing gear so as to enable
on
In
order
the sand
to
to be tipped in different
parts of the vat.
the
from
trucks
the
sand
to
discharged
on
was
prevent packing,
below
the
fixed
main
traveller
the platform of a small
traveller.
the pulverized material
was
dispersed in a gentle
By this means
the
the
shower
over
the
whole
vat.
of
which
72
At
by
vats
the
plants
some
screw-conveyors
methods
of
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
to
the
efficient
transport.
N.Z., the
Cyanide Works, Kuaotunu,
Kapai- Vermont
the
situated
filled directly from
dust-bin, which
vats
was
were
of a chute, provided
in an
elevated
overhead
position. By means
with
was
evenly spread over
canvas
joint,the material
a universal
At
the
the
vats.
When
the
smooth
method
the
workmen,
Filling the
disadvantages
All
One
of
the
stamp-mill
the
even
ores,
rake
or
advantages
the
it.
over
hand-
over
healthier
serious
most
is the
tion
produc-
silicious,form
most
; and
wet-stamped
when
slimes
made
was
dust.
with
wet-crushing
of fine slimes.
ore
expeditious,and
Tailings.
with
Vats
the
hoe
many
less
it raises
of
wooden
wide, shallow
as
of
surface
fillingpossesses
It is cheaper, more
of
trucks.
fillingby
the
charged
was
by passing
This
for
vat
when
clayey
portion
pro-
earthy
oxides are associated
with
country-rock, iron or manganese
excessive.
the ore, the proportion of slimes
is often
slimes
In many
valuable, sometimes
are
even
places the
very
In
than
the
sands.
they prove
more
so
leaching processes
very
with
interfere
the
percolation and
refractory, as they seriously
both
to be
costly and
washing, thereby causing the extraction
the slimes
are
irregularly distributed
through
imperfect. When
channels
the sands
form
the cyanide solutions
through them, and
result.
the
natural
imperfect leaching is
At
the Witwatersrand
Goldfields, where
wet-crushing, followed
by copper-plate amalgamation, is at present universal, there are
the tailings before
in use
for dealing with
methods
treatment
two
with
the
pulp from
cyanide. The
copper-platesis lifted by a
bucket
wheel, run
through a launder, and then classified by vpitzkasten
or
products, namely:
spitzluteninto two
and
80
Sands
slimes,
(a.)
per cent.
sands, 20 per cent.
containing some
(b.) Concentrates
The
collected in a storage tank, and kept under
concentrates
are
of
or
matter,
to
water
cyanide vats
Filling
the
"
the
extensive
the
Company,
and
then
now
means
off
The
the
by
from
of two
process
works
by
or
sands
and
by
what
either
treatment,
into three
tons.
free
the
"
the
slimes
pass
is known
Intermediate
as
Filling
Estate
to
on
the
"
process.
Gold
Langlaagte
Mining
the
are
concentrated,
leaving
plates,
ing
large settlingdams, each capable of holdof
the
tailings,after
run
7000
carried
for
"
Direct
At
while
prevent oxidation,
sands
overflow,
slimes,
endless
are
settle
and
in the
allowed
hauled
steel-wire
ropes,
dam,
to run
from
and
while
the
away.
the
dams
run
up
slimes
The
in
to
an
are
tailings,
by
trucks
overhead
ACTUAL
THE
tram-line,
ready
for
from
which
mines
32
73
CYANIDE.
the
into
leaching
vats
are
and
shape,
the
of
there
feet
square
these
From
11
mill.
are
ft. in
per
Princess, and
Robinson,
many
into
run
the
the
Johannesburg,
in
requirements
tons
per day,
diameter, and
At
at
circular
are
dumped
are
Filling1.
concentration,
to
they
BY
treatment.
Intermediate
other
EXTRACTION
wooden
circular
six
This
depth.
24
vats, each
gives
ft. in
of
settling surface
stamp.
intermediate
the
buted
distritailings are
When
the
slope of the ground
the
leaching vats,
placed above
settling vats
the
leaching vats.
permits it,the settling vats are
the tailingsbeing discharged from
when
holes in the bottom
; but
level
the
the
of
below
the
they are
leaching vats,
tailings are
actuated
hauled
trucks
wire
endless
in
by
up
ropes.
the
To ensure
of
in
and
distribution
sand
slimes
a
fairly even
the leaching vats, a simple and
distributor,
ingenious automatic
in use
" Mein, is now
in all parts of
invented
by Messrs. Butters
the world.
It consists
of a central casting, with a vertical
spindle
conical
the
in
and
a foot-step,
carrying a
hopper at
revolving
top,
from
radiate
twelve
iron
with
bent
which
sixteen
ends.
or
pipes
To
These
in.
in
size
from
to
1
2 in. in diameter.
pipes vary
their
attached
flattened
in
nozzles
assist
to
discharge ends are
wide
A coarse
is placed
a
area.
screen
spreading the tailingsover
the
to
central hopper, or bowl, so as
over
or
pieces
prevent stones
the
The
of wood, or other
from
distributor
debris,
choking
pipes.
to
is fixed
on
reaction
an
the
of
iron
column
insure
before
water
with
settle
the
the
success,
similar
machine
vat
is
to
the
V.,
the
carry
sand
off the
and
the
until
running,
the
there
fine
takes
be
must
be
of
filled
place
the
water
continual
The
slimes.
the
VI.)
overflow
must
of
vat, and
it to
pipes causes
an
ordinary garden
otherwise
pulp,
the
bent
that
to
Plate
the
of
centre
collectingvat
admitting
the
the
from
pulp escaping
in
with
slimes
would
began.
While
overflow
discharge, or
all
clean
of
from
overflow,
the
ference,
circumpoints
annular
into an
ring, surrounding the top
it to the
of the
of
slime-pit. The overflow
vat, which
conveys
the
until
is full of sand, therebe
continuous
vat
fore,
slimes
must
should
the
when
battery stops, a regular quantity of water
from
still be
The
water
six
settling vat
being received
hours
before
to
drain
at
filters,and
off for
fifteen
discharging, holes
are
when
full of
tailingsthe
or
twenty-four hours, while
the
to
dug down
discharge
74
doors
let
to
discharged into
doors, or
the
"
where
house,
At
the
in
the
claimed
for
leaching vats.
(quicklime ground
that
way
it
intermediate
(The
quantity
and
tanks,
slimes
of
of
size
bulk
the
condition
the
the
are
slimes
of
nature
on
sands
during
thus
being
in
that
little
the
the
for treatment,
pyrites
extraction
fine
contents
(e.)The
sands
is very
slight, so
cyanide
consumed.
be
(d.) A higher
of
battery-box. )
the
of
of
depends
best
will
gets distributed
intermediate
(c.)Oxidation
be
can
which
sands, from
be
can
obtained
cost
extracted
owing
85
the
to
of
cent,
per
presence
the
gold
by cyanide,
small.
is very
principal disadvantage is the
The
the
of lime
tank
the
into
run
into
fillingare
distributor, nearly all the
the
of
in the
size of screen,
(6.) When
emptied
amount
such
in
then
are
mass.
escaping.
ore,
vat
are
required
ball-mill)is added
which
trucks,
contents
time
When
out.
leaching
into
their
same
flow
water
more
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
of treatment
City
Filling.
This
and
Suburban,
and
Witwatersrand,
method
Crown
is
Reef,
in
and
the
at
use
other
works
companies
pulp, as it
of
the
at
the
leaves
conducting the
the copper-plates,into a classifier or spitzlute. In this the pulp is
and
the overflow, carrying slimes
divided
into two
streams
: oue,
fine sands
other, carrying the coarse
sands, together with
; the
sand
and
fine
which
slimes,
some
are
conveyed by an india-rubber
hose
to the
leaching vat, where
they are distributed
by moving
the
hose
carried
over
off
the
area
of
and
the
fitted
The
vat.
inside
of
excess
the
water
is
it
slimes.
The
1.
whole
in
by adjustable gates
fine sand
some
consists
That
the
minimum
of
oxidation.
2.
3.
second
handling of
rough preliminary
the
The
1.
the
tailingsis
classification
avoided.
is
effected,thus
ing
separat-
fine slimes.
are
prevents
complete
'
76
THE
The
generally used
at the Thames,
author
Works
soda,
zinc,
be
must
attended
it is not
as
which
fouls
the
when
extraction
lime
sulphides
not
are
it
On
extractor.
addition
the
that
mental
Experi-
preferable to caustic
production of ferrocyanide of
found
the
in the
Government
the
at
and
with
zinc
remembered
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
in
present
hand,
other
it
lime
of
the
treated.
When
the
is certain
to
cyanide contains
sulphide, the extraction
the
slow and unsatisfactory. The
on
sprinkling of lead acetate
the
tank
of
will
the
the
sulphide as
precipitate
sulphur of
top
lead sulphide, thus
the
from
free
sulphide.
leaving
cyanide
In the case
of very acid tailings,Feldtmann
strongly condemns
ing
the practice of conducting the
preliminary washing in the leachof the
account
vat, on
possibilityof the acid acting on the
residual
cyanide in the vat, and thereby liberating sufficient
an
hydrocyanic acid to dissolve
appreciable quantity of gold,
which
would
he says
be lost, as
it is not
precipitated by zinc.
He
be effected
in one
vat, and
suggests that the washing should
the
that
the
of
costs
extra
leaching in another; and considers
made
than
handling would be more
up by the higher extraction.
if hydrocyanic acid has any
It is doubtful
action
on
gold ; but
it is probable that the ascending acid
by uniting with any alkali
alkaline
form
would
at once
react
an
cyanide which
present would
on
gold to which it had access.
any
be
STAGE.
THIRD
Solution
Strong
solution,
strong
Leaching.
about
one-third
stop-cock is
then
In
After
the
shut,
off, and
drawn
generally
through.
stands
solution
the
takes
case
from
of
the
0*2
per
allowed
and
the
nitration
tailings,the
to
drawn
off to
assist
lying
diffusion
below
The
solution
allow
hours,
standing
of
lumps
slimy material, the
passed through the zinc extractor.
to
solution
the
of
and
to
to
the
ore
filter
the
is
solution
percolate
added
is
on
top.
permeate
drained
slowly
off,
are
sionally
occaquantities
solution
through the
is
Small
of
strong
solution
the
charge,
surface
thirty-sixhours
strong
all the
and
the
commenced.
the
ore,
able
of availcent,
per
the vat from
below.
into
pass
above
solution
twenty-four
twelve
to
0 5
to
the
of
weight
cent,
inches
two
dry-crushed
With
mass.
It is
sump
very
common
practice to apply
containing,say, 0*05
the intention
being
to
to
0*10
before
allow
the
weak
solution
applying
acids
and
the
from
the
strong
tion,
solu-
foreign
matters
THE
destructive
ACTUAL
EXTRACTION
BY
77
CYANIDE.
the weak
solution,
cyanide to expend themselves
on
before applying the strong solution.
the ore
When
contains
from
a
large proportion of silver
say,
five to eight parts to every
found
it will be
sary
necespart of gold
to adopt one
obtain
of two
in order
to
courses
a satisfactory
to
extraction.
Either
used
to
be
that
greater bulk
much
leach
of the
the
taken
ore
ore
say,
else a
solution
potassium cyanide
a
quantity equal
or
of
in
weight
to
must
be
stronger solution
much
must
used.
The
the
these
former, only, of
contained
two
would
courses
be
applicable
if
small
oxide, carbonate,
proportion of copper
the
bility
soluof
of
since
or
sulphide
sulphide, or
antimony,
of cyanide, but
of these
in all solutions
especially in the
render
fair extraction
a
strong, would
impossible, besides causing
a
ore
heavy
The
than
more
loss of cyanogen.
sulphide
gold, and
expensive
On
ores.
even
the
of silver
ores
this
for
than
other
of
hand,
the
silver)is more
readily acted
80
exceeding
per cent.
In the practical treatment
of the
the
first anomalies
fact
that
speak, yet
and
the
does
second
to
carry
cyanide
It is found
on
of
attract
treatment
ores
and
the
notice
strong solution,
not
soluble
in
cyanide
always
ordinary tailings or gold-bearing
of silver
chloride
(kerate or horn
than gold, the extraction
generally
the
reason
that
slowly
more
are
while
this
it away,
of
such
is
washes.
to
strong
It will
in
that
be
first
extractor.
found
dissolving gold
the
the
in
than
used
become
zinc-extractors
fresh
practice that
solutions
charged
with
solutions
which
the
in
inert
are
more
active
passing through
zinccompound
potassic-cyanide.
Strong
has
Sump-Solution
completely
drained
Wash.
off, the
strong
After
the
strong
sump-solution
is
solution
applied
78
CYANIDE
THE
from
above, being
in
run
0*1
PROCESS.
the
on
top,
one-third
from
0*25
to
cent,
per
to
the
of
surface,
or
of
cent,
per
of
one-quarter
Its
ore.
KCy, and
the weight
ore.
weak
This
solution
is sometimes
allowed
it is drawn
often
more
to
slowly percolate
off as
rapidly
solutions
rapidly the wash
off the
effective
is the
The
nitration
more
washing.
the
the
bottom
of
stop-cock connecting
by opening
with
the vacuum-cylinder.
vat
The
percolation of the weak solution generally takes
to twenty
hours, the time depending on the condition
forming the charge.
Weak
Water
and
Cyanide
Washes.
will
of these
is assisted
the
leaching
of
and
sump,
wash
cyanide
and
from
one
quantity of each
strong cyanide solution.
effect
of
the
by assaying
other
; in
of
the
wash
in
is
most
washes
residues
and
ore,
necessary
the
from
whole
followed
by
the
from
weak
washes.
water
different
pulp
the
the
cases
strong
final
The
The
wash
water
cyanide leaching
a cyanide wash
strong sump,
the
two
or
final
of the
consists
treatment
sump,
then
the
number
character
depend entirely on
strength
In some
it is found
cases
or
tailings,being operated on.
three
four
weak
to apply as many
or
as
cyanide washes,
weak
twelve
from
The
the
drawn
are
one-half
cases
should
that
of
be
mined
carefully deterafter
each
washing, and also the
from
the
the
vat.
By this means
they drain
number
of washings will soon
be ascertained.
necessary
The
of the charge
sample should
represent a fair average
assay
in the
is easily and
reliably obtained
vat, and
by taking a large
number
the full depth of the charge, by means
of cores,
of a tube
like
cheese
be
should
a
shaped something
sampler. The
scores
down
dried
for
and then
sampled
assay.
aim
the
of
the
different
solutions
which
Briefly summarized,
have
in
the
been
applied to the material
leaching vat is as
solutions
wash
follows
as
(a.)
Alkaline
of
waste
wash,
with
different
The
and
the
direct
method
and
to
Dry
2.
Cyanide
acidity
solution
effect
prevent
so
to
as
prevent
water
of
washes,
cyanide
from
gold,
to displace cyanide
being thrown
away
residues.
operations
to
of treatment
crushing.
1.
to
and
solutions
solution
neutralize
cyanide.
to
treatment.
be
undertaken
may
be
in
summarized
the
dry-crushing
as
follows
THE
ACTUAL
3.
Copper-plate
4.
Concentration
5.
Treatment
With
EXTRACTION
of
amalgamation
tailings
of
of
79
CYANIDE.
tailings.
from
plates.
concentrates.
the
wet-crushing
different
1.
Wet-crushing.
2.
Copper-plate
3.
Concentration.
4.
Treatment
of
concentrates,
5.
Treatment
of
tailings
6.
Treatment
of
slimes
operations
are
amalgamation.
When
Remark.
BY
by
by
by
leaching
cyanide
other
or
means.
cyanide.
cyanide.
sands
slimy
the
successive
solutions
and
should
washes
samples
assay
to
subsequent
so
as
of
sand,
its
easy
said
replacement
partially
drained,
If
fine
taken.
very
drained,
Hence
solutions.
leave
the
be
thoroughly
be
slimes,
to
to
be
only
cushion
or
jacket
jacket
preventing
by
the
solution
is
of
sands,
become
they
it
sufficient
just
to
and
allow
ing
contain-
impervious
partially
round
solution
following.
sands
almost
important
packing
or
to
thereby
each
drain
particle
permitting
CHAPTER
TBEATMENT
THE
With
of
all
methods
certain
ore
of
valuable
the
on
of
attention
been
has
much
is
the
thought
and
and
the
at
is
certain
generally
has
engaged
wet-crushing,
of
number
the
slimy
the
years.
culty
diffi-
the
in
consisting
one,
author
the
which
to
for
permit
attempts
many
from
one
from
to
the
are
process,
experiment
as
slimes
resulting
subject
cost
matter,
years.
cyanide
solutions
such
the
treatment
many
when
containing
the
gold,
mechanical
earthy
ores
slimes
and
separating
effectively,
for
the
the
principally
or
successful
of
scale,
problem
low
their
leach
to
economic
of
of
and
metallurgists
made
devoted
The
or
other
formation
and
inevitable,
In
'
float
introduction
the
an
fine
very
clay,
the
pulverizing
seems
large.
very
product,
Since
have
often
is
proportion
oxides,
SLIMES.
and
slimes
of
metallic
production
OF
wet-crushing
of
proportion
contains
VII.
rapidly,
mass,
slimes
of
treatment
value.
Up
the
to
tried,
with
present
force
filtration,
by
an
is
battery
that
be
leached
can
by
ores
slimes
have
these
presses
and
be
may
;
been
tioned
men-
and
agitation
with
agitation
vacuum.
attended
always
of
proportion
material
of
other
decantation
artificial
dry-crushing
The
and
and
agitation
aided
devices
Among
success.
hydraulic
by
compression
different
many
of
degrees
varying
centrifugal
great
the
with
only
Californian
production
shallow
in
the
of
means
depth
direct
the
of
of
stamp
large
so
the
pulverized
method
cyanide
of
treatment.
The
stands
a
battery
stamp
unrivalled
the
no
In
New
mill,
all
dust
better
Zealand
the
best
all
for
unscientific
most
invented
was
classes
machine,
when
reduced
has
and
known
yet
for
been
of
For
ore.
of
account
on
to
the
which
for
dry-crushing
its
requisite
inability
to
fineness.
it
is
it
charge
dis-
theless,
Never-
invented.
Australia
roll
wet-crushing,
every
machines,
80
variety
and
of
pan
pulverizers
and
of
ballmany
TREATMENT
THE
different
designs have
soft and
friable,and
discarded
which
the ore
tried,but, except where
was
is to produce slime, all have
very
been
object
for the
known
at present
stamp, which is the only machine
with
the
hard
to cope successfully
quartzose ores.
depth of dry pulverized material
placed in the leaching
is able
The
seldom
vats
silicious
exceeds
This
ores.
small
for
ton
been
the
81
SLIMES.
OF
feet,
the
favourable
most
a
large plant
correspondingly greater
to
and
of ore,
output
with
even
treat
tively
comparacost
per
treatment.
Author's
Experiments
of
parcel
The
three
necessitates
from
ore
consisted
ore
of
Early
hard
mine,
bluish
treated
the author
in 1893
Monowai
the
and
in
large
district.
Thames
the
grey-coloured splintery
battery, which
These
slimes
produced
rendered
percolation,even
water,
I
the
forming
The
it
with
the
aid
when
slimes,
only
impervious bed,
an
to
draw
pulp
was
off the
of bullion
of
the
it
slimes.
leaching by
mixed
the
on
which
through
finest
When
vacuum.
thick, settled
4 in.
with
filter-cloth,
found
was
possible
im-
solution.
subjected
then
the
large quantity of
impossible to effect
effected
which
agitation,by
to
in six
the
tion
dissolu-
The
hours.
separation
a
long and tedious
pulp, however, was
over
operation, and extended
eight days. It was effected,but not
satisfactorily,
by agitating the ore, allowing the slimes to
very
The
settle,and then drawing the clear solution off by a syphon.
of the
was
solution
weak
solution
from
and
In
order
wash-
waters
reduced
was
with
and
it
With
A.
C.
With
A.
"'
L.
D.
when
crushed,
found
that
60-Mesh
18%
the
o/0
of
an
fineness
to
on
were,
in each
case,
...
on
...
....
....
which
the
ore
of
remained
the
made
experiments were
ordinary battery-punched screen,
number
results
22%
/o
succession, and
remained
40-Mesh
in
each.
degree
added
were
after
the
ascertain
to
seven
the
operation performed
same
or
as
follows
82
With
THE
CYANIDE
Punohed-Sorebn,
equal
the
Taking
that
found
values
the
received
also
dust,
in all
finest
confirmation
The
From
The
nearly
9,
1893
patent
be
gold
the
for
described
in the
material
silver
in
the
from
ton.
per
13
pulp from
platform 1
the
to
dust-bin
thus
12,
was
showing
contents.
author
obtained,
with
agitation and
follows
during
bin.
dust
fine
silver
to
combined
as
dry
follows
platform
in the
and
of the
increase
In
of
1 to
as
elevated
an
the
was
This
the
that
.550
platform,
ratio
than
were
dust-bin,
an
values
relative
on
values.
highest
gave
the
circumstance
from
products separately,it
the
cases
collected
had
which
30-Mesh-
to
different
the
of
PROCESS.
his
of
two
leaching
assistants,
which
process,
may
the
in
shallow
of a
operation consist
appliances used
The
and
is
circular
vat
an
vat, a vacuum-cylinder,
air-pump.
soft rubber
which
to
brushes
provided with four revolving arms,
The
is provided with
false
bottom
of the
attached.
vat
a
are
with
bottom, consisting of a wooden
wool-packing
grating covered
The
The
follows :
other webbing.
as
or
operation is conducted
is
the
first
leaching solution, made
required strength,
ducted
conup to
The
then
in
into the vat.
set
are
motion,
revolving arms
and
introduced.
The
the dry pulp or fine slimes
tinued
agitation is conA
is complete.
for six hours, or until the extraction
cock,
stopthe
of the
false-bottom
and
in a pipe connecting the
vat
The
vacuum-cylinder, is then opened, and the air-pump started.
clear
solution
is
The
immediate.
effect
at
once
begins to drain
the
the
into
the
brushes
over
vacuum-cylinder,
on
revolving arms
the
and
slimes
from
choking up the filter-cloth.
preventing
settling
The
When
the
first wash
as
slimes
been
down
to
thick
and,
when
the
leached
and
slimes
are
sluiced
washing takes
was
adopted
process
leaching
drained
is
before.
This
have
from
by
out.
The
eighteen
the
author
to
paste,
slimes
the
drained
same
is
manner,
opened, and
whole
operation
twenty-four hours.
of
for
of
the
treatment
84
CYANIDE
THE
Acting
on
obtained
author
thrown
suggestion
Mr.
from
Wichmann,
of
number
of
the
experiments,
different
degrees
are
instructive.
fineness
of
relative
values
degree of fineness and
reduced
ore
was
by stamping through
to
of
results
very
of
Value
0-36%
2-16%
9*29%
B.
C.
remained
on
74-28% passed
(1600 holes)
60-mesh
(3600 holes)
(6400 holes)
Similar
Experiments
0*3% remained
7-8%
14-7%
85'3% passed
C.
40-mesh
80-mesh
25-72%
D.
(900 holes)
E.
B.
30-mesh
D.
A.
Waihi
30-
Screens.
mesh
A.
the
showing
"Martha"
which
the
C.
metallurgistto
Banks,
results
Mr.
by
out
G.
E.
Gold
Experiments
PROCESS.
on
40-mesh
2
3
18
11
10
2
Screens.
40-mesh
(1600 holes)
60-mesh
(3600 holes)
(6400 holes)
80-mesh
12
11
19
11
showing
Experiments
with
Ton.
per
value
Dust
of
rising from
stamp
Dry -crushing.
Value
obtained
Dust
A.
floor
from
B.
""
"
j"
"
""
""
C.
Average
different
The
be
classified
processes
follows :
as
Decantatiotl,
1.
high
10
ft. to
20
ft.
20
ft. to
30
ft.
30
ft. to
40
ft.
40
ft. to
60
ft.
which
from
ore
10
ft.
high
Ton.
per
16
19
13
11
""
E.
of
to
)"
D.
value
of mill
of slime
this
dust
came
treatment
at
present
in
use
may
practised
as
in
Africa, America
and
New
Zealand.
New
and
3.
4.
Sun-drying.
Rand
the
features
as
practised
in
Western
Australia
Zealand.
Electro-chemical
Central
Robinson
of the
precipitation.
In
Decantation.
at
method,
Filter-press
2.
Ore
1896
Reduction
mine,
treatment
at
Mr.
C. Butters, then
Company,
erected
the
cost
of
are
the
classification
nearly
" 6
manager
large
0,000.
of
the
of
slime
The
the
plant
salient
slimes
into
TREATMENT
THE
three
fine
fine
85
SLIMES.
OF
consist
of
products, which
while
the
treated
in
sands, are
vats;
by ordinary leaching
slimes
with
leached
in
vats
revolvi
are
agitators, by a proug
cess
The
author
1893.
Zealand
the
in
patented in New
early
by
products.
agitators
The
about
are
second
first and
10
ft. in
provided
and
diameter,
nnd
filter-frame
with
is drawn
solution
webbing.
During agitation the
with
an
a
vacuum-cylinder.
by means
air-pump connected
A fuller description of this process
is given further
on.
On
the Rand, the treatment
of slimes
has naturally been
a very
and
serious
much
time
problem, to the solution of which
money
have
been
The
of
devoted.
treating slimes,
following method
off
of
known
the
as
Crown
the
Reef
the
by
Robinson
slimes
from
being
is regulated by
the
ft.
slimes
automatic
an
it
with
carrying
of
the
milk
lime
the
slimes
supply
much
too
the
lime,
The
It
adopted
water,
form.
feeder, as
interferes
into
first two
The
vats
conical
slimes
a
two
of
lime
as
bad
is
precipitation of
efficient
are
More
by allowing
jet of cyanide
0*1
About
filled with
percent,
80
32
per
been
and
solution,
drawn
slimes
are
then
90
the
and
ft.
pumped
of the
cent,
per
10
deep, having a
the
separated from
10
are
transferred
and
40 ft. and
bottom
been
ft.
sluiced
to
strength
into
of which
pump
series
second
is
of
brought
KCy.
of
the
gold is dissolved
agitation is continued
but
through the pumps,
hours
by withdrawing the solution at the
it in oblique jets at the top and
through
The
the
and
settle,they
to
ft.
of them
two
separated.
having
water
40
vats, about
ft. in diameter
solution
of
off at
treatment
having
them
cent,
third
the
drawn
are
in them
and
deep,
eight
each
bottom.
vats
to
in three
slimes
of
contained
water
10 ft.
settled
The
the
settled
are
ft. and
20
deep.
up
flocculent
at
use
gold.
The
20
precipitated in
afterwards
and
the
To
in
satisfactory results.
little,since
too
as
Works.*
been
has
process,
1896, with
R. Williams,
J.
Slime
the
thus
Mr.
by
"
settlement
August
since
first devised
was
by
natural
"
allowed
to
in
from
bottom
the
settle, and
and
the
one
passage
to
two
discharging
sides.
the
clear
off
solution
is
Chem.
and
Met.
Soc.
86
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
is run
the
series
of vats
second
"strong" solution from
and
into two
5 ft. deep, where
settling tanks, 15 ft. in diameter
From
it is allowed
to clarify. Electrical
precipitation is used.
of
'5
6643
tons
actual
extraction
cent,
60
was
treated, an
per
of
at
3s.
cost
9d.
ton.
a
obtained,
per
concentration
of the solution
The
as
regards its gold contents
when
first successfully introduced
decanted, was
by Mr. J. R.
Williams
the amount
Reef
at the Crown
plant, in order to reduce
of solution
boxes.
Naturally,
passing through the precipitating
the
when
solution
from
in
obtained
of
is
amount
a
gold
given
be
slimes
of gold can
centrated
conper twenty-four hours, if this amount
volume
into
small
of solution, a small
a
precipitating
Williams
introduced
Mr.
capacity is required. For these reasons
the system
of double
washing ; that is to say, the first solution
clarified and
that
the
is not
is applied to
slimes after decantation
what
is
into
passed through the precipitation boxes, but is run
called
intermediate
tank," and then pumped
an
again
up for use
fresh
second
it
slimes.
this
After
of
decantation,
a
charge
upon
is run
through the clarifyingapparatus to the boxes for precipitation.
The
settled
slimes
then
re-pulped with an equal volume
are
which
of solution
from
the
is, solution
precipitated sump
; that
has passed through
the
Theoretically, the
precipitation boxes.
of the unprecipitated solution
enrichment
could
be carried
on
until it was
equal to the value of the slimes, but in practice it has
The
"
been
found
and
the
that
the
second
wash
make
altogether),
South
the
African
wash
Practice.
1.
2.
Spitzkasten
3.
Collection
Rand
the
1901, is based
the
from
the
A
slimes
of
the
some
of the
Company
best
slimes
in
collecting
vats
vided
pro-
solution.
of
for
solution
tation.
precipi-
the
in
follows
as
slimes.
decantation
Practice.
Waihi
on
separation
the
but
are
tion
decanta-
of the
features
of slimes.
and
slimes
Zealand
adopted by
and
sands
settlement
mines,
centrifugal pump,
New
Africa
decanting syphon.
with
cyanide
of
5. Settlement
the
main
of slimes
Agitation
At
South
not
perfect system.
most
The
been
precipitated,
precipitated (two washes
been
and
concentration
and
with
4.
has
simplest
practised in
Spitzluteseparation of
has
which
which
as
process
at
first
South
The
at
method
their
African
of
mill
new
at
treatment
in
Waikino
practice,differingonly
gold-containingsolutions
instead
by filter-presses
slimes
of
which
repeated
are
in
separated
decantation
as
Rand.
detailed
description of
the
methods
of slime
treatment
at
the
THE
Company's
Waihi
E.
Filter-Press
that
The
application.
the
oxidized
past
scarcity
of
found
be
in
process
has
years,
but
few
received
has
it
will
This
the
during
by the company's
Chapter XII.
stamps, furnished
Banks,
Practice.
Zealand
Australia
G.
87
SLIMES.
OF
of 320
mills
metallurgist, Mr.
New
TREATMENT
widest
its
and
water
successful
most
clayey
in
Western
it is in
and
the
revived
been
character
of
of
ores
that
and
the
last
valued,
is most
perfection in roasting.
analysis of typical ore from the
appended :
cost
its
of
account
on
lowness
in
its
Lake
The
View
Consols
mine
is
These
usual
of the
pyrites.
greatest
roasted
flowing
that
the
and
gangue
is not
the
over
sulphides, and
slimes
*
are
Clark,
of this
is
favour
finding most
a
hydraulic separator,
into
ore
top,
the
led
The
while
coarse
into
the
sands
coarse
are
to
ore.
Mining
the
pass
the
drawn
the
Standard,
gold
partly
at
away
50
whole
and
fine
gold,
spitzkasten,where
Australian
'11
of
presence
difficulties
in the treatment
The
method
The
The
show
results
(undecomposed)
per
Dec.
the
cent,
5, 1901.
of
the
slimes
roasted
bottom.
of
the
88
CYANIDE
THE
flows
water
dried
cent,
of
with
cyanide
sands
from
then
which
sand
The
treated
concentrates
from
table
the
slimes
; the
sent
plates,
copper
is
are
into
run
vat,
The
solutions.
slimes
in
mating
amalga-
an
agitators,thence
the
to
coarse
concentrates
cyanide
to
per
agitated
it is
over
these
ground
are
are
run
with
way
50
containing
coarser
from
escapes
usual
in the
are
the
where
tables,
mud,
filter-pressed. The
afterwards
hydraulic separator
there
pan
the
agitators,where
into
run
and
solutions
percussion
extracted.
is
slimes,
the
over
and
the
off at
PROCESS.
the
to
filter-presses.
The
Dehne
given great
in the
market
The
slimes
and
Martin
is worked
press
follows
as
has
in use
and
press
has lately been
placed
favourite
the
The
in
forced
and
through the slime valve
passage,
their way
through the ports or side openings of
which
they fill up, the liquor escaping by the
are
frames
open
drain
and
find
thence
the
is
filter-press
satisfaction.
cock.
When
the
these
plates
full
of
fairly
cyaniding
then
forced
in through
the
be, are
or
washing, as the case
may
find their
These
into
the
solution channels.
solution
plate,
way
the
the
and are
forced from
corrugated plate through
perforated
slime
the
the
the
then
cake,
through
through
filter-cloth,
one,
the
of
corrugated surface
perforated plate, and down
air-plate
the
zinc
whence
should
led
It
be
to
boxes.
stated
they are
away
first
air
rid
that
is
of
the
air
imprisoned
by opening
got
any
escape
the
air
the
the
and
solution.
When
displacing
cocks,
by
liquid
starts
to run
through the air-cock, the solution
plate is closed.
When
is clear
cyaniding in presses, the escaping water
enough
the
led
back
the
be
to
to
separators ;
cyanide solutions are forced
90
lb.
of
inch until
the gold is
at
a
through
pressure
per
square
caked
is
on
ready
cocks
It takes
gold, and 90
displace any
to
for
minutes
are
the
solution
to
passage
The
cakes
50-cake
tons.
closed.
press
Messrs.
for
3-inch
the
for
few
Martin
as
agitators, as many
through in twenty-four hours, or, in
tons
day. According to Mr.
per
without
grinding power
pressing
any
1 -95 dwt. per
residues
being
average
of
Co.
other
J.
ton.
are
80
are
words,
Moss,
is
slime
the
air
is
press
usually
cubic
feet,
now
50-cake
12
to
and
to
making
press holding
in conjunction with
be
charges may
put
the
used
are
order
compressed
contains
"
cakes,
In
minutes,
slabs
2 ins. thick
presses
from
10
of
the
extract
to
presses.
current
or
for
minutes
such
are
Solutions
fill,90
empty three
solution, a
or
opening.
a
run,
then
minutes
to
water
in. square
presses
When
nearly six tons.
the
90
wash
and
3 ft. square,
three
about
or
42
to
ceases
The
slime
extracted.
turned
water
10s.
The
the
10'2d.
as
much
cost
per
total cost
as
for
60
filter
ton, the
of treat-
THE
the
from
ment
put down
The
mine
and
in labour
35s.
at
9'4d.
material
tailings dump,
suitable
allowing
repairs and
in
cost
if necessary,
the
channels
all
withstanding
for
first cost
for
is
renewals,
ton.
constructed
be
can,
with
89
SLIMES.
OF
second
per
machines
wood,
or
the
to
supplies and
Dehne
metal
TREATMENT
and
the
corrosive
of gun-
lined
valves
with
of
effects
any
particular material.
Details
of the
Diehl
and
Riecken
of which
slime
both
processes,
found
in Chapter
XIII.
operation at Kalgoorlie, will be
With
to Cyaniding.
trates
previous
Roasting
pyritic concenand
even
high grade pyritic ores, a higher percentage of the
gold contents
always be obtained
can
by roasting previous to
and
the
Colorado
in
of
cyaniding, and
Cripple Creek
camp
this
Australia
is largely adopted
Kalgoorlie in Western
process
for the treatment
of sulpho-tellurideores.
soluble
the
By roasting,
cyanide solutions are kept freer from
salts than
of gold can
when
ore
treating raw
; a higher percentage
in
are
be
extracted
and
at
smaller
is found
it
that
; the
cost
in
the
The
Only
found
author
30
In
90
per
order
should
to
values
cent., with
ensure
them
in
it is
success
roasting
ores,
and
causes
filtration
making
which
yielded
raw
state, yielded, when
consumption of cyanide.
essential
the
that
sulphides
concentrates,
smaller
is shorter
treatment
clayey
porous,
Moanataiari
their
of
cent,
per
roasted,
that
of
case
of
time
the
be
roast.
subjected to a "dead"
and
if the
is dead
quick
ore
satisfactorytest to determine
amenable
is described
to
roasted, and
cyanide treatment,
by
*
Wallace
follows
:
Macgregor as
Take
of
the
roasted
at
ore
samples
discharge end of furnace,
200
cool,take from 100 to 250 grams,
place in a beaker with
c.c.
of water
then
filter into
a minute,
; stir this by shaking for about
"
beaker
flask, and
or
the
to
cyanide
used
in the
regular work
cyanide solution
slowly and
quantity
of
cloudiness
solution
all
at
cyanide
"
salts
If
will
brown
of iron
consumption
of
be
made
up
the
in
the
to
is dead
is best
by cyanide solution,
and
as
that
add
the
If
least
at
or
the
to
result.
the
roasted,
small
strength
same
the
ore
add
beaker
plant. It
carefully,noting
of
the
appears
filtrate
consumption
no
well
of
normal.
coloration
left in
the
ore,
cyanide, and
ferro-cyanide in
of
Engineering
and
Mining
takes
which
place
will
there
cause
may
lead
to
the
zinc
boxes.
Jowrnal,
and
are
still
soluble
some
somewhat
higher
pounds
precipitation of com-
Mineral
If,
on
Industry
addition
1898.
,
of
90
CYANIDE
THE
cyanide
greenish
the
to
blue
roasted, and
As
from
economy
individual
mills
stamp
cyanide.
for
will
made
be
There
a
pay
of
foul."
that
ores,
are
fair
a
becoming
badly
very
oyanide, and
is
ore
high consumption
roasting
case.
which
soon
profitby
determined
be
must
oxidized
and
ores
direct
tailings
with
treatment
be so low-grade that
ing
roasttailingsmay
be out of the question, although if used
would
it would
increase
the
extraction
of the
with
gold on subsequent treatment
cyanide
There
phuretted
of heavy sulare
cases
by probably 10 per cent, or more.
and
where
concentrates
ores
roasting interferes with the
extraction
of the
a
gold, and causes
heavy consumption of
very
cyanide.
The
advisabilityof roasting ores
previous to cyaniding should
determined
both
in each
be carefully
by laboratory experiments
case,
and
small
where
1
10
roasted
of
dead
to
tons
plant tests,
ore
These
look
of
the
to
each
for
coloration,
the
formed, then
precipitate,is
may
circulating solution
the
blue
filtrate, a
one
PROCESS.
could
The
and
ores
worked.
be
features
main
of the
cyanide
for the
treatment
the
process
sulpho-tellurideores
used
process
at
the
Company's
The
has
without
on
with
mill,
simultaneous
the
manipulation,
carried
consist
have
shown
that,
with
is delivered
to
The
the
ore
ore
there
is
fed
solution
stock
careful
be
can
cost.
special interest.*
drying. With
with
slimes
the
of
treatment
little extra
very
in
cyanide
the
into
of
about
solution
rock-breaker
the
mortars
'1
cyanide
per
The
of
the
boxes.
rate
near
strength, regulated by stop-cocks
and
35 cwt.
2 tons
flow is kept between
hour, being gauged
per
As
the stamps, which
lbs. with
at the supply-tanks.
weigh 1000
constant
stream
of
Thorpe,
Auct.
Min.
Standard,
Jan.
19, 1899.
cent,
92
THE
in
the
is
reduced
third
20
the
slimes,
to
to
half.
slimes
of
tons
original
of
amount
so
In
four
reduces
this
it
to
from
or
the
15
vat
quarter,
about
instance
particular
washes,
in
solution
gold
wash
on.
given
are
PROCESS.
second
and
eighth,
an
CYANIDE
20
to
tons
The
of
of water.
extraction
each, and
cyanide solution
one
90
few
to
exceptions being
gold usually amounts
cent., a
per
the
the
the
due
from
of
slimes
to
probably
imperfect decanting
which
sand
material
of the
some
might easily
vat, from
coarser
of
descend
method
The
this
in
three
days
of
a
four
the
of
lime,
(1)
are:
four
crushing
of
be
to
the
stamp
of
duty
The
15
labour
expense
in
economy
off,
tons
per
boxes
is
slimes
vat,
each
and
five
gives
decant
with
the
day.
The
far
very
so
dry-crushing
(2)
ore;
over
drying
of
the
one
This
For
vat.
allows
into
20
to
each
in
put
washes
from
the
(3)
"
days.
six
employed
There
days.
being
during Sunday,
up
This
vats.
the
in
Elimination
in
increase
three
in
-head
ten
"
are
rate
gold
precipitating
chief advantages
of
this
method
The
good.
at
of
extraction
The
being
hung
sand
the
treating
for
half's
the
sand
with
being filled in
washing, etc.
for
follows
as
stamps
there
a
vats
days
half
aid
and
day
the
slimes
is
vat
one
available
are
the
treating
vat.
working
of
fills
process
sand vats, and
seven
from
slime
the
into
the
cyanide
of
consumption
mill
In
the
of dust.
filling; (5) absence
and
the
review
increased
under
from
a
one
stamp duty has been
half
of
tons
to
two
tons
day per stamp ; the consumption
per
formed
decreased
about
The
in
half.
cyanide
"cyanides"
by
used
the strength of the
roasted
in
solution
are
absent, while
ore
is too
weak
the boxes
loss by agitation.
Crude
to suffer much
as
of the appliances used
the results
in this
some
justify
are
process,
be
the
expectation that dry-crushing with
cyanidation will soon
entirely displaced by wet-crushing with cyanide.
mine
At
the
Slime
Process.
at
Sun-drying
Try Fluke
(4) saving
of
Kuaotunu
in
broken
and
in
up,
slimes
of
part
New
the
Zealand,
mixed
then
to
two
but
only
can
in
the
This
sand.
of
dried
were
sands
with
parts
satisfactory results,
slimes
the
sun,
of
proportion
method
gives
carried
be
in
in
on
one
very
dry
very
climate.
This
at
the
dry
running
plant,
is
mixed
solution
of
in
adequate
is in
process
Dexter
slime
0*20%
an
slime
at
the
with
extraction
India,
in
part
one
cyanide
as
in
Tuscarora
at
top
use
fast
has
as
been
it
the
in
sand
to
runs
obtained.
five
out
United
where
Nevada,
of
three
for
and
and
leached
days,
at
one
the
the
bottom
States
part
of
with
solution
until
CHAPTER
TREATMENT
With
low-grade
close
all
In
OF
and
of concentrates
treatment
is
'rather
the
oases
by agitation
with
cyanide,
ordinary tailings.
Both
methods
At
Watersrand
the
by cyanide
has
been
Goldfields
the
largely adopted
in
chlorination.
preference to
the
From
with
of concentrates
treatment
leached
be
Percolation.
by
CONCENTRATES.
generally more
advantageous to omit
to
ment.
classifyprior to cyanide treatthe
from
best results
obtained
are
cyanide
the pyrites and
exist
sand
in the
when
it
ores,
concentration
VIII.
concentrated
the
storage
leaching tanks, and
vats
solution, containing
from
subjected
0'4
to
per
cent,
twelve
is taken
material
action
the
0*6
to
of
per
the
cyanide
cyanide,
strong
of
cent,
to
In
eighteen days.
practice,
solution
is allowed
to
the
slowly percolate through the concentrates,
it is then
and
passed through the zinc precipitation boxes.
the
It is again made
to
allowed
to
original strength, and
up
This
is
until
continued
factory
satisoperation
percolate as before.
a
the
Crown
is obtained.
Reef
At
extraction
Cyanide
periods varying
for
Works
the
2000
of
per ton
Mr.
C. M.
method
of this
cost
17s.
from
P.
of treatment
is
said
not
to
exceed
lbs.
Wright
of concentrates
cyaniding
to
useful
the
details
of
Choukpazat
the
gold
mines.*
"
60
iron
The
to
consist
concentrates
70
cent,
per
pyrites,
copyrite, and
*
coarse
per
very
Wright,
cent,
of
30
sands
Min.
40
of
the
of
consists
little altaite.
Inst.
to
and
Of
cent,
franklinite, galena,
these
Met., London,
93
sulphides and
than
sulphurets, other
per
minerals
Nov.
the
20, 1902.
chal-
franklin-
94
CYANIDE
THE
PROCESS.
ton
ton
to
"
0*10
0*3
follows
wash,
water
per
and
over,
0*3
the
days
comes
solution
strong
wash,
"
vat
the
passes
check
careful
The
and
check
that
and
the
ment
treat-
strength
by
followed
by
final
water
percolation
the
same
is
taken
from
to
tailings
thrown
on
kept
constant
solution
and
exchanged
is
box.
zinc
solutions
of
solution
tonnage
zinc
be
in
days;
24
zinc
cyanide and
charged monthly,
of
box
at
for
made
and
found
to
box
is
not
necessary
1,000-ton
eight compartment
is
complete
17
to
20
84
tons
wasteful
of
per
; this
This
zinc.
till the
and
ment
treat-
it is
clean-up:
box,
zinc
the
of
commencement
each
cent.
mid-monthly
up
month
per
zinc
extraction,
was
was
and
the
are
through
passes
strong
consumption
treatment,
the
now
per
special sump
loaded
Usual
of
Formerly
cent.,
washes,
of strong
of the
upon
automatic.
duration
two
solution.
weak
cleaner
"
and
somewhat
the
time
same
0*25
sump
of
kept
is
sump,
the level
that
so
successive
solutions, catch
through
cyanide used,
same
solution
weak
wash
and
solution
Every
per
for
of
turned
carefully
cent., when
per
more
cent,
washes
nine
are
until
0'26
to
or
plain
strength
required.
if
two
or
into
vat
0*07
solution
weak
two
vat
follow
complete. Two
usually
sump,
is considered
of
down
then
ton,
per
oz.
(catch-sump
and
of
contents
solutions
alkaline
an
wash
KCN)
cent.
the
cent,
per
effluent
solution
per
strength
cent,
per
0*12
to
cent,
weak
and
upwards
chalcopyrite and
per
the
an
ment
compart-
is filled."
Mr.
Wright
all the
concentrates,
after
treated
12s.
wooden
the
vats
shaft
derives
and
The
became
into
10d., and
The
the
provided
which
in the
of copper
presence
immediately
with
that
metal
cost
extraction
are
with
the
to
coated
use.
concentrates
its motion
suitable
owing
by Agitation.
Leaching
steel
zinc
being put
was
Zealand,
that
states
At
84
the
in New
mine
fixed
is actuated
from
by bevel-gearing, which,
shaft
intermediate
by means
an
vertical
on
small
in
agitation
stirrers
in
of
turn,
a
belt
pulleys.
concentrates
of the
have
value
value
of
in silver
30
for
40
large
sulphide (argentite). They
being
with
a
thirty-sixhours
agitated
are
of
lime
added
Two
pounds
are
cyanide.
The
The
charge weighs 1 tons.
proportion
by
concentrates
cent.
per
Woodstock
treated
mechanical
of
ton
per
to
4
for
per
per
ton,
cent,
every
actual
ton
solution
of
recovery
of
trates.
concen-
is said
to
and
labour
The
in
where
and
90
from
vary
of
Zealand
the
treatment
94
cent,
per
at
of
cost
18s.
for
ton
per
material.
leaching
New
to
95
CONCENTRATES.
OF
TREATMENT
at
results
will
by
concentrates
were
be
the
Sylvia
mine
satisfactory.
very
found
agitation
in
the
next
by
Dr.
Scheidel
Details
chapter.
introduced
first
was
in
of
the
1891,
plant
CHAPTER
IX.
LEACHING
The
first
scale,
for
by
Zealand
Gold
under
plant,
the
leaching
by
method
of
The
and
At
zinc
of
small
other
pyrites.
was
classified
in
pyramidal
cyanide
slimes
said
is
94*59
classes
by
treatment
have
to
cent,
of
concentrates
for
iron
A.
used,
and
in
Scheidel,
6
necessary
1891,
ft.
solution
cyanide
deep;
tanks,
treatment.
occasionally
and
pyrites,
and
galena,
Calif
10-stamp
Gold-
Thames
and
argentiferous
copper
battery,
ornian
concentrated
subsequently
in
buddies.
grades
were
The
agitation.
amounted
the
of
per
the
with
in
four
of
concentrates
barrels,
or
seldom
diameter
in
appliances
boxes,
and
contained
tubs,
mine,
Dr.
by
with
wet-crushed
slime-tables,
pany,
Com-
Mines
were
Sylvia
ft.
zinc-blende,
of
It
The
years
favourite
tanks,
wooden
the
charged
heavily
was
proportion
jiggers,
and
Crown
the
agitators
erected
was
agitators,
and
sixteen
at
-filters, together
vacuum
ore
first
percolation.
to
plant
of
twenty-four
The
plant
three
extractors,
The
given
agitation
consisting
three
the
later
in
general
more
of
of
paddles.
concentration
an
operations
In
McConnell.
works
plant
consisting
revolving
being
the
the
cyanide
percolation
plant
with
preference
became
New
the
at
The
but
made
was
Glasgow,
feature,
prominent
extensive
a
agitation
field,
formed
J.
ores,
1889.
in
Mr.
of
their
of
working
on
treatment.
new
fitted
from
Karangahake,
percolation
besides
an
silver
process
Company,
supervision
agitation
cyanide
and
gold
mines,
AGITATION.
the
Extracting
Crown
were
of
recovery
Cassel
the
introduce
to
attempt
the
BY
96
to
The
silver.
amounted
to
afterwards
subjected
extraction
'45
of
cent,
per
the
the
extraction
average
82*67
from
per
best
gold,
from
of
cent,
the
to
and
all
assay
value.*
The
to
of
strength
per
cent.,
*
and
The
the
the
Cyanide
solutions
cyanide
time
of
Process,
agitation
by
06
Dr.
A.
varied
from
from
six
Scheidel,
p.
0*5
to
79.
per
cent,
twenty-four
98
the
On
the
the
of
nature
a
causes
excessive
an
few
loss
There
tons.
acid
belief
and
from
cases
that
prevalent
agitation
cyanide by decomposition by
of
; but
gas
exaggerated,
much
is
consumption
carbonic
atmospheric
PROCESS.
other
exceeding
of
CYANIDE
THE
the
author
less than
certainly much
is
this
thinks
source
it
was
when
early attempts at cyanide treatment
agitation was
from
hours
to
prolonged
thirty-six forty-eight
continuously.
author
has
that
six to eight
from
The
found, by many
trials,
of the gold in
hours' agitation is sufficient
to effect the
dissolution
the
when
reduced
to
sufficient degree of
most
refractory ores
a
in
the
fineness.
that
shown
The
the
of
rate
the
treatment
will
be
found
From
the
of
the
Director
the
in
it will
gold
was
of
mineralized
Western
of the
different
sulphide
hour-periods,during
is
ore,
given below,
be
that
seen
This
copper,
the
was
portion by Mr.
Australia
School
extraction
complex
zinc, iron,
maximum
and
lead.
sulphide ore,
An
analysis
F. B. Allen, M.A.,
of
Mines,
the
gave
Insoluble
gangue,
.90*15
.
Copper pyrites,
Iron
pyrites,
4-40
Galena,
0-25
Zinc-blende,
0-26
Alumina,
0-13
Water
and
loss,
and
hours.
four
sulphides
the
at
Monowai
the
above
more
results
extraction
instructive
obtained
containing
of
agitation have
dissolved
during
of
progress
first hour.
the
was
the
experiments during
the
greater portion of
Numerous
3-78
1-03
100-00
B.Sc,
ing
follow-
LEACHING
The
bullion
silver
14
for
oz.
leaching
by
with
cent.,
per
of
extraction
The
following
with
"
was
Martha
metallurgist
per
amount
cent,
ore
and,
for
the
"
on
were
of
and
extracted
KCy
consumed.
per
supplied
ore,
by
0'45
to
amount
the
on
zinc,
bullion.
the
of
showing
0*25
experiments
'per
cyanide
cent,
Mr.
by
Mining
"
used
was
large
very
deposited
instructive
0*33
Gold
cyanide
The
cent.
per
and
Martha
and
dwts.,
oz.
amounted
cent.
per
becoming
70
Waihi
of
precipitation
kindly
were
solution
consumption
92
the
interesting
0'25
Experiments
metals
of
below
"
the
gold
were,
cent,
and
dissolved,
in
ore
per
extraction
trouble
much
actual
0*6
agitation,
an
was
copper
caused
ton.
per
this
of
contents
99
AGITATION.
BY
Company
rate
cent,
at
at
which
solution
tion
agita-
solutions
G.
E.
by
on
Banks,
Waihi
the
of
the
precious
KCy,
and
CHAPTER
ZINC
X.
PRECIPITATION
AND
GOLD
The
this
as
bullion
for
zinc
form
be
should
gives
free
advantage,
an
voltaic
gold
Zinc
on
zinc
in
from
the
In
and
it
is
of
zinc
by
turnings
in
has
It
lead
is
forming
therefore
tate
precipi-
hours.
precipitated
advisable
and
is
the
the
moving
adding
more
replace
to
by
compartments,
will
twenty-four
been
compartments
upper
lower
the
85
the
per
The
than
95
to
three
first
fresh
zinc
zinc
to
in
Zinc,
per
of
grains
form
the
that
afford
they
and
dust
the
separate
in
once
good
gold,
fact
as
shown
be
"
that
should
but
flow
found
is
that
precipitated
the
possess
applied
in
in
in
more
for
use
in
zinc
to
advantage
solutions
whereas
collected
extractor-boxes,
little
cipitation,
pre-
likely
seems
precipitation,
charges
very
is
important
of
the
fequire
contain
not
neither
method
order,
working
principle
the
generally
will
zinc-fume,
former,
Furthermore,
vats.
periodical
The
of
rate
drain
ton.
and
which
be
to
the
to
continuous
have
fume
gold
boxes,
zinc-dust
of
turnings,
zinc
the
leaving
particularly
supersede
bullion
the
of
is
slowly
to
The
It
experience.
cent,
after
eight
or
precipitating
actual
allowed
is
boxes.
boxes.
solution,
six
the
by
cent,
solution
cyanide
in
zinc
determined
soon
on
foot
bullion
of
the
the
practice,
through
the
weight.
little
latter.
the
in
turnings,
least
precipitation
solution
of
tons
zinc,
pure
dissolved
forward
cubic
one
film
thread-like
the
although
rapid
more
two
which
than
active
from
for
zinc.
rule,
general
the
in
antimony,
or
causes
the
with
pair
As
it
as
used
is
surface
most
arsenic
from
OF
SLIMES.
precipitation
the
TREATMENT
attention
when
at
except
clean-up."
of
cyanide
by
of
precipitation
the
2AuKCy2
has
stronger
following
+
Zn
gold
equation
ZnK2Cy4
100
by
metallic
affinity
:
2 Au.
zinc
for
zinc
is
than
based
for
ZINC
PRECIPITATION
By the above
precipitate 6 oz.
AND
TREATMENT
it will
reaction
be
OF
GOLD
that
seen
101
SLIMES.
of
oz.
zinc
should
4
gold, but in practice it is found that from
to 12 oz.
of zinc are
oz.
required to precipitate 1 oz. of gold. The
reactions
which
take
at
are
place in the zinc precipitating boxes
times
varied
and
ment
most
perplexing, especially during the treatof pyritic tailingsor acid mineralised
ores.
Part
doubt
due
of the
zinc
excessive
of
is no
to
consumption
be
ascertaineddecomposition by free cyanide, as may
by testing
the solution
ing
leavfor available
after
cyanide before
entering and
the zinc precipitating boxes
the consumption
and
quent
conse; but
loss of cyanide by this cause
is much
less than
generally
and
all
insufficient
in
the
for
to
account
supposed,
cases
great
of
of zinc.
waste
Zinc
soluble
in
solution
of
cyanide
without
In
evolution
of hydrogen.
the
extractors, the cyanide
in contact
that
with
extensive
surface
of zinc
a
comes
a
so
large
that
metal
but
of
into
must
solution,
quantity
curiously
pass
the
of
does
free
the
in
extractor
not
enough
cyanide
consumption
correspond with the consumption of zinc, and we
only concan
clude
that
takes
the
in
of
extractor.
a
regeneration
place
process
It is quite certain
that
the fouling of cyanide solutions
with
that
troublesome
alkaline
takes
inert
substance, zinc-potassium-cyanide,
the
the
solutions
iii
of
place
through the extractors.
passage
It might naturally be expected that
would
accumulate
zinc
in
the cyanide solutions
in
to a detrimental
extent, but this is found
The
zinc
accumulate
does
not
to
practice not to be the case.
all
result
in
of the
probability due to the action
extent, a
any
the
and
in
which
contained
its
sulphides
ore
cyanide
cause
precipitationas a sulphide of zinc.
The
from
electro-chemical
precipitation of the gold, doubtless
is always more
rapid and complete from moderately strong
causes,
than
from
weak
all circumstances
cyanide solutions, but under
very
the solutions
be
alkaline
must
factory
satisto ensure
distinctly
a
precipitation.
It
has
been
chemists
that
this is due
to
suggested by some
the
nascent
hydrogen, liberated by the action of the free KCy
on
zinc, taking the place of the
gold, according to the following
equations :
is
an
aqueous
potassium
KCy
Zn
2H20
ZnK2Cy4
2KHO
H2
and
2
The
any
free
liberated
alkali
AuKCy2
H2
hydrocyanic
present, and
2KCy
acid
thus
2HCy
is
capable
there
would
Au2.
of
be
with
combining
no
loss
of
the
102
CYANIDE
THE
combined
cyanogen
with
following equation
surface
in
the
NaHO
is
of
boxes,
NaCy
evolved
always
action
zinc
is shown
reaction
by
the
the
is
H20.
when
gold
bubbles,
gas
indication
an
is
precipitated,
as
of
the
satisfactory
unpyritio tailings at Kuaotunu,
of
time
the
for
a
source
some
precipitation
gold was
trouble
of much
in charge of the
to the chemists
works,
cyanide
this difficulty
but
was
overcome
by making up the strength of the
before
solution
to
something like the
entering the extractor
original working strength.
In
trouble
effected without
extra
by
practice, this was
any
barrel
solution
of
at
a
a
cyanide
simply placing
containing
strong
the
of the
head
allowing a steady drip into the
extractor, and
filled with
which
a
cyanide solution, in the top compartment,
was
and
filter of sand
solution
few
a
gravel. By testing the cyanide
the
of
the
it
rate
to
times,
required strength was
drip
bring
up to
determined.
easily
During
The
the
This
gold.
HCy
Hydrogen
gas
and
the
gentle
the
PROCESS.
author
cupriferous
of
treatment
used
this
the
from
ores
method
with
Monowai
in
success
mine
in
the
the
of
treatment
Gold-
Hauraki
fields,in 1895.
It
more
one.
the
was
found
rapidly
In
order
that
from
to
the
weak
overcome
dissolved
solution
copper
of
this, the
was
cyanide
solutions
precipitatedmuch
than
were
from
made
strong
up
to
been
has now
original working strength. This method
seded
superby the lead acetate
pickling process.
In the
of slimes
and
in filter-press
treatment
by decantation
but
formed
large
especially in the former, there are
processes,
volumes
of excessively weak
solutions
cyanide
containing gold.
It was
zinc precipitation
matter
of early cyanide experience that
a
such
weak
solutions
from
was
imperfect, in fact far inferior
very
electrical
to
precipitation.
The
made
for the
that the lead-couple used
soon
discovery was
precipitationof gold from solutions containing copper was also very
the
effective
for
extremely dilute
precipitation of gold from
and
elsewhere
Africa
cyanide solutions, and the practice in South
in slimes
in
a
plants is to pickle the zinc, before
trough
use,
until
all
10
the
solution
lead
of
cent,
containing a
acetate,
per
black
zinc is covered
with
a
precipitation effected
coating. The
a
by this lead-couple is almost
perfect, only a trace of gold, as
rule, finding its way into the sump.
Bird
At the Camp
in the
following page, a
mines, as described
PRECIPITATION
ZINC
AND
zinc-mercury couple
is used
solutions
copper,
than
containing
TREATMENT
with
GOLD
OF
103
SLIMES.
for
satisfactory results
very
is stated
results
to give better
and
the
lead-couple.
It is the practice at some
plants to allow a dilute solution of
lead acetate
into
the
head
to
of the
zinc
drip slowly
extractors,
the
but
is
be
to
the
of
not
account
commended,
practice
on
difficultyof regulating the rate of flow.
Besides, by this method
excessive
an
lead
of
amount
is certain
find
to
its way
the
into
bullion.
It is
the
now
lead
sprinkle
practice when
the
the
cyanide
of
sulphides
contains
this
tank.
the
on
By
top
the
sulphide is decomposed, and
cyanide
sulphide by the precipitationof lead sulphide.
acetate
alkaline
When
with
and
metallic
bright
gradually
a
coated
with
in the
is present
copper
coating,
encroaches
the
on
it
solution,
which
soon
ones.
upper
from
the
covers
lower
When
the
in
begins
means
freed
the
to
the
zinc
boxes,
zinc
is
the
the
keep
becoming
10
turnings be placed in
strength, they will
per cent,
lead.
of
effect
energy,
the
copper,
the
perfect
weak,
very
method
of
in
mercury.
soon
useless
obtained
case
their
in
for
gold
mills, Ouray
value, and
weak
The
this
acetate, of,
with
porous
electro-chemical
solution
mercury
of
contain
which
mercuric
coated
Colorado,
in
much
tried without
mercury-couple
zinc, by
its
precipitationof
by
lead
the
lead.
of poor
was
of
covered
become
weakest
the
from
even
resulting bullion
highly charged with
Bird
At the Camp
zinc
such
result
thus
solution
lead-coated
This
The
favour
and
copper
In
constant.
would
purposes.
will
acetate
with
zinc
coating
are
solutions
solutions
the
overcharged
extraction
If the
in
copper
the
of
contents
copper
to
say,
copper,
zinc
some
success
is obtained
cyanide
is stated
the
solutions
waste
The
copper.
and
abandoned
by immersing
until
to
it is coated
give
very
lead
in
the
with
fair
104
precipitation,while
into
CYANIDE
THE
bullion
the
as
the
PROCESS.
is the
case
does
and
is recovered
mercury
not
pass
lead.
with
not
are
ores
containing much
Experience
copper
undue
of the
firstly,on account
adapted for cyanide treatment,
of the
consumption of the cyanide ; and, secondly, on account
difficultyof precipitating the gold in the presence of the base
solutions
the stock and
metal
by continued
use,
sump
; moreover,
all
useless
for
become
charged with copper, and thus rendered
of
such
as
washing, or forming the basis
practical purposes,
working solutions.
precipitate
Occasionally an inert gritty, greyish-white, porous
The
the zinc in the precipitating boxes.
of zinc cyanide forms
on
shown
has
lead
which
reactions
that
its
to
have
formation
not
factorily
satis-
been
yet
is
be, its presence
explained, but, whatever
they may
always accompanied by loss of cyanide and imperfect precipitation
ment
of the gold. This
excepting in the treatprecipitateis seldom seen
and
of pyritic ores
generally be prevented
tailings. It can
lime
instead
with
by a careful preliminary washing, and treatment
soda.
of caustic
On
the
reduce
thus
hand,
other
acidity,an
prevent
when
free
too
of
incrustation
lime
will
satisfactory precipitation.
there
be, in the
may
of
use
form
lime
is
the
on
made
zinc
to
and
pounds,
organic comand
excessive
of hydrogen.
an
During
injurious evolution
Great
the
of
the
treatment
pyritic tailings at
decomposing
the evolution
of hydrogen gas
Mercury Cyanide Works, Kuaotunu,
was
so
vigorous that it lifted the zinc out of the precipitation
On
this occasion
the
boxes, forming a thick froth.
precipitation
the
bullion
of
was
imperfect and unsatisfactory, and suggested
very
polarization.
In
cases
some
When
forms
scum
the
on
presence
the
of
surface
of
solution
in
the
its cause
should
removed
it and
be
precipitation boxes, both
without
delay. In the case of accumulated
tailingsit will generally
caused
be
of decomposing organic
found
to be
by the presence
the application of an
a
matter, and
oxidizing agent often exerts
beneficial
In
practice
solution
thence
effect.
the
box, and
to
the
zinc
shavings
afterwards
strong.
In
are
first
transferred
the
weak
placed
to
and
the
in
the
medium,
medium
weak
and
solution
106
CYANIDE
THE
PROCESS.
60
Borax,
in
lure,
J. /
solutions
same
solutions
would
actual
, ,
double
the
oocia,
11*5
Sand,
The
cent.
per
would
lead
time
become
in
it is
practice
found
the
to
this
the
in
that
belief
with
is not
the
of
formation
continual
the
charged
that
,,
use
of
the. working
to
case
In
salts.
zinc
great
any
extent.
Feldtmann
potassic cyanide
He
ores.
on
the
considers
that
the
where
be
may
To
formed
prevent
suggested
metallic
alkaline
contains
avoid
the
salt
to
the
considerable
its
sulphides
cyanide
of alkaline
quantities
formed
zinc-
from
dissolving gold
of
action
by
precipitatea portion
or
the
conditions,
of
zinc
of the
of
proportions
as
metallic
in
loss
any
addition
of
in
this
of
excess
the
possible complications
be determined
required can
direction, Mr.
to
of
form
practiceis
this
In
sulphides.
this
solution
is known
which
solutions, and
an
to
contain
ores
sulphides, soluble
capable
cyanide,
sulphides, serve
insoluble
sulphide.
cases
favourable
small
metallic
In
to
itself
is of
in commercial
present
under
that,
states
in the
case,
lead,
or
insoluble
when
general
however,
extractor.
in the
an
now
lead
soluble
some
other
it
would
salt,
The
so
exact
Mc Arthur
S.
J.
other
sulphide in
the cyanide
advisable
be
as
or
to
amount
prevent
of salt
laboratory.
The
The
or
periodical clean-up takes place once
Clean-up.
twice
The
first operation is to pass
of clean
month.
current
a
a
the
the
water
zinc
to
boxes, so as
cyanide
through
remove
is injurious to the
often
solution, which
workmen,
causing their
covered
with
to become
arms
painful red boils.
and
The
moved
down
then
in
trays holding the zinc are
up
the
fine gold precipitates,and
to allow
their compartments
as
so
fall
the
and
settle
in the
sieve
fine particlesof zinc, to
through
The
of the box.
of the trays are
then
contents
bottom
placed in
false bottom
easily removable
a
large trough, provided with an
The
zinc
is gently teased
and
out
of finely perforated iron.
is partly tilled with
clean
in this trough, which
rubbed
water,
much
this
in
and
as
manner
as
possible of the adhering gold
After
all
the
has
removed.
is
settled, as a slimy mass,
gold
The
in the
is syphoned off,
the
water
remaining
gold slimes
sluiced
extractor
are
through plugholes into the side launder, or
and
collected
The
in a trough.
fine
into the bottom
compartment
ZINC
slimes
PRECIPITATION
of
dried
discoloured
The
107
SLIMES.
addition
the
precipitates are
vacuum-filter.
returned
GOLD
OF
rapidly settled by
precipitatesare
or
TREATMENT
AND
zinc
in
the
shavings are
being put in
the
to
small
now
lower
1.
2.
3
little
zinc
is
fluxes.
adherents.
and still has many
is the oldest
smelting method
loss of bullion.
with
attended
is,however, laborious, slow, and
It is gradually being superseded by the
sulphuric acid method,
lead
which
in its turn
seems
likely to be superseded by the
smelting process.
1. Smelting
Process:
Roasting the Precipitates. The dry
The
of air.
precipitatesare roasted at a low heat, with free access
object of the roasting is to oxidize the zinc in the slimes, and thus
it to combine
with
the
fluxes
in the
smelting,
cause
subsequent
The
It
and
thereby
leave
the
Australia
In
furnace
and
often
edges.
light sheet-iron
zinc
The
must
as
Zealand
of
over
is
possible.
the
roasting
cyanide works
plate, with raised
large flat cast-iron
fine
as
New
consists
It is built
the
bullion
small
placed
grate
the
over
and
furnace,
or
roasting place, so
as
to
hood
of
carry
off
fumes.
roasting
should
rise
above
never
be
conducted
dull
red,
at
and
the
heat, i.e.,it
moderate
be
must
precipitates
action
the
surfaces
fresh
to
continuously so as to expose
of
the
the
early part of the
atmospheric
During
oxygen.
white
zinc
oxide
of
are
given off, but
roasting, dense
vapours
and
diminish
the
observed
to
as
operation advances
they are
is complete.
reaction
the
Time,
finally to cease
entirely when
stirred
from
to
one
Mr.
facilitated
to
hours.
two
Feldtmann
10
per
slimes
by
the
found
addition
He
cent.
a
as
has
strong
of
that
a
solution
little
that
suggests
oxidation
the
the
zinc
drying,
so
as
is
cent,
per
to
the
to
get
applied
be
it should
the
3
from
nitre, say
before
of
with
the
whole
only
mass.
thoroughly mixed
the
oxidize
assist
the
also
said
to
subsequent
zinc, but is
helps to
of
ziucate
the
and
with
zinc
a
oxide,
forming
fluxing by uniting
is not
readily reduced
so
potash, which
by the plumbago of the
The
crucible
dried
as
slimes
the
in
oxide.
a
At
powdered
many
form
works
;
of
the
course
nitre
less
nitre
is added
nitre
not
to
must
the
be
108
CYANIDEf
THE
used
than
any
free
oxidize
is necessary
to
nitre
remaining would
crucible
during
bullion
fine,
hastens
the
When
the
and
fusing
base
metal
present,
as
the
rapidly destroy
the
the
removing
avoid
to
loss
plumbago
rendering the
slag and greatly
Besides
cleaner
on
mixtures
precipitates, care
in the
have
Clean
Much
Precipitates
Little
Zinc.
Zinc
Very
Sandy.
100
100
20
50
50
30
15
Soda,
of
and
Little Sand.
100
Precipitates,
of dust.
form
roasted
Precipitates. The
precipitates
with
iron
mixed
the
a
large, shallow
tray,
fused
in plumbago
The
crucibles.
following
alway given satisfactoryresults :
fluxes, and
Bicarbonate
roasted
of bullion
Oxidized
placed
necessary
the
smelting process.
roasting gives a
nitre
exercised
now
all
fusion.
Smelting
are
the
stirring
be
must
PROCESS.
6
50
Borax,
Sand,
Fluor-spar,
The
essentials
chief
corrosion.
last
by
The
is conferred
that
the
avoid
necessarily
so
dioxide
slag.
that
in
loss due
of
is
now
Messrs.
basic
H.
E.
state
to
the
nitre
of
used
"
and
bulk,
"
fused
of
non-
and
borax
it is
acid
an
the
W.
even
flux
used
the
charge.
slimes
are
be
must
metals
active
more
less available
The
the
slag. Manganese
Caldecott
A.
moisture,
flux
base
carrying
and
much
from
steam
hence
for
although
following is the basis of
proportions being varied, within
required :
it contains
free
non-corrosive
or
Johnson
be
through
Acid-treated
gold
character,
fusion
should
escape
Slimes.
produce a neutral
generally added
to
as
the
by
fluxes
Acid-Treated
Smelting
used
small
fluidity,
are
sand.
the
to
as
slag
first
It is desirable
so
in
into
have
the
shown
oxidizer
than
oxygen.*
by
limits,
as
these
authors,
varying
the
conditions
Slimes,
Fused
100
borax,
Manganese
20
.
soda
unnecessary.
is found
to assist
should
be
made
*
40
15
of
to
Jour.
to
When
the
already
and
the
Met.
few
best
Soc.
40
sulphates
fusion
ascertain
Chem.
an
35
20
addition
to
dioxide,
Sand,
The
parts.
....
are
basic
material
present,
was
preliminary trial
proportions of the
S.A., July
1902.
sidered
con-
little
spar
fluor-
fusions
fluxes.
ZINC
The
PRECIPITATION
quoted
authors
bullion
AND
indicates
above
little
too
dioxide
manganese
much
silver.
in fusion
commercial
as
values
the
for
for
in
this
or
silver,it
must
much
too
containing
one
dioxide
manganese
reason
fusion
in
smelting
be
used
slimes
with
clay-liners are
Crosse
of these
charges.
clay-lined crucibles
of silica aud
source
removable
with
crucibles
Plumbago
used
silver,and
slag
that
known
been
whilst
care,
all.
at
not
yields
long
base-looking
or
dioxide,
109
SLIMES.
matte
manganese
infusible
an
has
off
carries
containing
or
It
that
state
GOLD
OF
TREATMENT
generally
silicate
uses
instead
of
soda
of
removable
clay -liners.
In
works
where
have
slimes
large quantities of
plumbago crucibles
be
to
smelted,
required.
Fusion.
crucible, previously annealed, is
brick
A
flat
placed on a
resting on the bars of the furnace.
this a
placed in the crucible, and over
priming of borax is then
of precipitates are
made
charge of precipitates; fresh additions
When
the crucible
is two-thirds
subsides.
'as the charge fuses and
fresh
off and
full, the slag is skimmed
portions of precipitates
Nos.
50, 60,
70
or
Actual
The
added
until
The
is
removed
now
be
bullion.
full of molten
it is three-fourths
crucible
will
The
from
furnace) and
the
the
contents
have
which
been
poured into ingot moulds
previously well
and
oil.
All
best
olive
the
excess
carefully oiled with
should
before
be wiped out
of the mould
pouring the metal.
hold
constructed
The
be
to
two
or
melting furnace
may
crucibles
the
at
same
It
should
built
be
of
of
oil
three
the
best
is higher
required to melt the slime mixture
than
that for ordinary smelting.
Works
At the Langlaagte Cyanide
with
the slimes, mixed
the
and
50
in
melted
fluxes, are charged into No.
plumbago crucibles,
which
22
crucibles
furnace
holds
the
hearth
at
a
reverberatory
The
and
time.
time
one
required for melting varies from
same
of the
half to three
materials
hours, according to the character
a
materials,
and
the
The
in
as
heat
of the
temperature
furnace.
small
a
works
for
The
alloy
treatment.
ingots
re-melted
the
time.
heated
with
with
zinc, this
temperature
uniform
The
from
bullion, obtained
borax
gold forms
; and, since
of
bar
as
second
melting
possible so as
should
to
the
first
but
be
obtain
smelting, are
very imperfect
conducted
an
at
as
low
approximately
of bullion.
zinc slimes
generallycontain
from
30
per
cent,
to
65
per
110
CYANIDE
THE
varies
fineness
bullion, the
of
cent,
600
from
to
PROCESS.
melting, generally
after
of which,
900.
the bar
19
2.
used
in
yet
been
The
acid treatment
in America
cyanide works
adopted
to
any
extent
2d. per
method
This
and
South
in
Australia
fine
oz.
is
commonly
has
Africa,but
not
Zealand.
New
or
gold.
of the
small
tubs,
vats.
or
strong acid
The
zinc
six
well.
answers
dilute
quantity of
present
in the
of the
parts
required; and
acid
will
depend
precipitates.With
acid
with
mixture
to
zincy
very
one
the
on
50
per
of the
cent,
proportion of
of
zinc,about
will
precipitates
from
precipitates,
ten
to
be
twelve
parts.
The
allowed
to
hydrogen
When
the
clear
tub,
and
this means
in
mass
the
settle.
should
tub
Heat
is
be
stirred occasionally,
and then
generated, and large quantities of
liquidshould
thence
any
be
removed
after
finally,
fine
an
of
particles
by
decantation
interval,into
bullion which
have
into
third
second
tub.
escaped in
By
the
ZINC
decantation
first
which
as
PRECIPITATION
has
will
bullion
water,
to
Then
vacuum-filter.
the
with
mix
of
amount
crucible
As
the
until
added,
be
To
permit
time
to
the
protect
described
The
crucible
in
the
the
is used
from
over
slag
preceding
generally
be
in the
any
free
acid
melted
of
metal.
skimmed
be
can
flux
it will
by
off from
can
be
to
necessary
using a clay-liner
the heading devoted
under
pages
as
to
Slimes."
from
850
900
to
fine, but
with
little
worked
method
hot
and
up to 950.
suitable
appliances, this process
possesses
It occupies less
the smelting process.
With
When
clean
and
full
parts
corrosion
of acid-treated
is
trouble
finer
with
glass, according to
fuse
in a plumbago
has already been
placed.
should
portions of bullion
is three
done
being
crucible
bullion
extra
tubs
found
be
the
dry on
an
oxidizing roasting on a
oxidize
base
sulphates
any
priming of borax
and
subsides, fresh
dioxide
Smelting
"
to
so,
will
that
time.
If manganese
the
to
and
of borax
cent,
per
still present, and
oxide
the
the
Ill
SLIMES.
tub
slimes
this
of
10
second
sulphates
bullion
or
GOLD
decantation
in
soluble
hour
or
zinc
fuses
charge
washed
the
an
which
in
be
dry, subject
for
pan,
the
second
tub.
remove
When
iron
present.
Next,
the
base
OF
in
third
now
all
remove
remaining.
shallow
in the
should
TREATMENT
secured
be
escaped during
fine sediment
The
AND
quantities of
large
of settlingthe
time, produces
less.
costs
precipitateshave
and
slimes
tages
advan-
many
be
to
is too
dealt
slow
with, the
and
decanting
sive.
expenof
the
slimes
from
the
acid
separation
case,
be effected
in a
solution, as well as the subsequent washings, must
and
South
vacuum-filter, or a filter-press,
as
practised in America
In
the
this
Africa.
The
feet
filter used
for
the
is
purpose
It is provided with
wooden
box,
two
or
three
filter
vacuum
Care
boiler.
must
be
taken
to
draw
off
they rise
by a plug-hole before
which
is
placed immediately
pipe,
When
the
acid
solution
webbing lasts
does the washing
filter-press
filtering,the
the
to
acid
the
before
is diluted
for
well
to
several
and
solution
level
the
half
of
and
the
washings
air-exhaust
filter -frame.
its
strength before
operations. A Johnston
expeditiously.
112
Acid
Treatment
abstract
an
CYANIDE
THE
of
South
in
Africa.
read
paper
PROCESS.
by
E.
The
H.
following descriptionis
Johnson
the
before
and
Chemical
describes
It
the
Africa.
Metallurgical Society of South
the
slimes
Works, where
are
employed at the Princess
process
will
be
submitted
before
and
to acid treatment
especially
smelting,
results
and
for
its
of
costs
:
metallurgical
interesting
figures
At
the
separated
Princess
Works
the
from
vacuum-filter.
the
solution
slimes
drawn
from
off
the
zinc
by
the
until
the
them
with
boxes
are
aid
of
slimes
passed through
are
cyanide.
weight of the slimes, including
gross
slime
of moist
moisture, is then
taken, by weighing the buckets
to a large sheet-iron
during transference
tray placed alongside the
acid tank, to determine
to
the amount
of sulphuric acid necessary
destroy the zinc.
the approximate weight of slimes
treated,
to be
Having found
sufficient
acid vat
addition
is run
the
the
to
water
into
form, on
of the acid, a 10 per cent,
One
solution.
pound of acid for every
This
would
be equivalent
pound of moist slime gives good results.
acid is
1 J lb. of acid to the
to about
pound of slimes, dry. The
then
the
closed
down
vat
added, and
tightly.
The
is
stirring apparatus
kept continually moving during the
fed
time
of feeding in the
in gradually in the
slimes, which
are
taken
It is
in which
from
the filter-vat.
condition
same
they were
beneficial
to keep up
a continual
stirringfor at least half an hour
has apparently ceased.
after the action
into
After
all the slimes
in the acid, a jet of water
is turned
are
down
wash
the hopper
adherent
to
slimes, and
everything
any
that
has
used
the
been
in the
of
boxes, etc., is well
cleaning-up
filled
washed
in the
The
is then
vat
same
jet during removal.
a
free
with
water
The
and
litmus
allowed
with
within
vat
acid,
more
is done
middle
paper
and
vat, and
difficult.
repeatedly with
not
When
by syphoning
usually
at each
refillingby means
being given to the water.
to
settle.
hour.
an
much
was
to
dilute
washing
fillingthe
is
The
Working
takes
place
settlement
wash
water
from
water,
four
of
or
a
long
This
reduces
five
until
the
the
clear
liquor, and
solution
is neutral
washings. It is well
paddle, a rotary
wooden
causes
the
off
risk
the
slimes
to
stirred
motion
collect in the
of loss
during syphoning
A sample of the washings
at the side.
syphon being let down
taken
continually during syphoning off showed, on careful
assay
of solution.
of a large sample, 13 gr. of gold per ton
The
on
drying of the resultant gold slime is conducted
an
open
enamelled
hearth
cast-iron
dishes.
The
in
cakes
are
large
drying
and
broken
transferred
small
sheet-iron
to
subsequently
trays
up
the
of the
114
allowed
settling is
for
houi*s
twelve
to
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
hour.
one
first
the
remove
washes,
two
from
it takes
Usually
the
as
eight
do
slimes
to
not
so
"
The
"
first two
10
from
20
to
wash
three
or
cents
found
are
assay
washes
subsequent
but
ton,
per
waters
on
yield
to
from
contain
to
trace,
"
and
safe
"From
into
mixed
parts:
the
and
The
feet.
square
furnace
purpose
required, and
graphite crucibles, and smelted, having been
viously
preof the following
of a flux composed
50 per cent,
with
slimes
the
furnace
removed
are
as
Soda,
parts.
....
Sand,
1*5
Borax
powder,
Sulphur,
required.
as
....
Thus
require
frequent skimming
with
lbs. of
100
slimes
lbs. of
200
smelted
in from
flux.
ten
The
sixteen
to
charge
hours
is
for
crucible.
each
slimes
The
"
contain
considerable
little zinc,
we
double
the
serves
furnace-doors
calciner.
the
charged
of 36
area
an
securely padlocked,
are
of
has
of furnace
hearth
instead
use
consequently
certain
quantity
the
readily converts
bullion
comparatively
usually
from
found
to
15
to
contain,
on
25
assay
Copper,
Zinc,
...
Gold,
contains
Copper,
Zinc,
flowers
oz.
of
per
ton.
60%
3%
the
from
bullion
melting
is
ruby
red
oz.
Assayed
shots
265
Silver,
sulphur, which
matte
or
regulus, leaving the
is
by the way
regulus, which
the weight of the
bullion, was
of
15
.
no
or
408*0
slag resulting
and
of
little
23*4
.
Silver,
colour,
The
cent,
per
Gold,
"The
to
copper
fine.
quantity
6 to
.
12
8%
16%
without
or
removing
prillsof bullion.
in
800
about
to
averages
with
zinc.
little
a
entirely copper
almost
A
sent
shipment
to
the
made
first
Mines,
netted
850
of
use
Mr.
by
it has
been
P.
fine,
regulus
Method.
S. Tavener
the
impurity
mixed
lately
was
This
process
1899.
in
August
operation at the
and
already the process
The
at Johannesburg.
in continuous
Limited, Johannesburg,
115
SLIMES.
120."
us
Lead-Smelting
1901
August
slag and
lbs. of
and
smelter
Tavener
3.
3000
of
GOLD
OF
bullion
"The
"
TREATMENT
AND
PRECIPITATION
ZINC
was
Since
Bonanza
been
has
adopted by many
leading mines
adoption
notable
in
of the
marks
advance
lead-smelting of gold slimes
a
old
is laborious, and
smelting process
cyanide practice*. The
losses
where
entail
serious
of
gold
large quantities
always likely to
have
the
of slimes
is
to be handled, while
sulphuric acid method
slow, and costly.
cumbersome,
The
obvious
with
the
advantages of lead-smelting compared
be brieflysummarized
follows
as
sulphuric acid process may
:
of slimes.
1000
The
of every
essence
year.
lead-smelting process
Tavener
and
other
with
is
with
some
compared
processes,
be
is
to
universally adopted.
likely
practice
The
following working details of lead-smelting
the
Bonanza
before
the
mine
are
Chemical
extracted
and
from
efficient
modifications
read
paper
Metallurgical Society
in
as
practised
by
Mr.
of South
at
Tavener
Africa
last
October.*
Mr.
comparing
for
the
he
that
says
it to a scorification
Tavener
that
reason
Jour.
the
Chem.
zinc
and
best
can
assay
slimes
Met.
Soc.
describe
lead-smelting by
conducted
are
on
melted
S.A., Oct.
1902.
large scale,
the
gold
and
116
THE
recovered
to
use
in lead
better
"The
way,
with
from
the
side
for
the
cakes
'
the
sufficient
fine
into
the
the
is then
'
zinc
half
to
'
tub
in
trays
into
allowed
to
get
the
holes
the
"
to
to
zinc
the
on
all
When
also to have
of
the
the
with
been
the
slime
and
out
keep
one
ready
the
there
both
oven,
and
minutes
the
for
fine
zinc
should
account
they
in the
slime
in
is first dealt
with.
After
rubbed
through a sieve,
roughly weighed for fluxing,
previously mixed.
fluxes and
passed through a sieve
at
once
then
It is then
mixing.
the filter-press
slime
with
is dealt
top
having
is mixed
thorough
furnace.
inch, and
linear
fluxes
necessary
slime
The
ensure
fine
the
on
up
is then
and
fifteen
to
which
mixed.
furnace, the
charging
warming in the drying oven, it is
four
pumped
zinc
drying
no
ordinary
once
fine
cleaned
through,
warm
the
furnace, and
to the
Care
is taken
tray being sufficient.
slime, and on
separate from the filter-press
"In
cupelled, or
heaped
hour,
an
each
be
is
is
filter-press
put
are
in
precipitateis at
clean-up
condition
moist
conducted
filter-press.The
for about
is allowed
time
bullion
"is
all the
The
room.
in their
and
lead
that
of
drain
to
smelting
taken
slimes
bottom
allowed
and
The
up,'"he continues,
exception
clean-up tub
at
PROCESS.
refined.
the
remains
bullion.
term,
clean
CYANIDE
same
order
way,
to
shovelled
direct
is fluxed
and
put
and
into
loss
prevent
into
charged,
the
the
the
furnace
by dusting, and
greater portion
of
of
"
forgotten,
since
none
is obtained."
of
of
ZINC
Mr.
Tavener
slimes
gives the
OF
TREATMENT
AND
PRECIPITATION
following proportions
gold
for
of fluxes
slimes,
Litharge,
Assay slag,
Slag previously used,
.
parts by weight.
100
Gold
60
...
Sand
(Si02),
fine
zinc
Fine
10
to
15
5 to
10
1%
following proportions
of
weight
of
litharge.
parts by weight.
100
zine,
Litharge,
Slag,
15
the
uses
to
he
10
Sawdust,
For
117
SLIMES.
GOLD
150
.
20
....
the
and
will necessarilyvary,
products of different mines
mined
easily be deterslag can
proportions to give a clean, well-oxidized
crucible
tests.
scale with
by experiment on a small
assay
that
Mr. Tavener,
considerably less assay, or
however, mentions
than
other
will
effect
fusion
in
a
a good
slag,
reverberating furnace
The
in
crucible, and
cent,
less
slag
The
should
cent,
the
at
quantity
reduce
success.
is added
litharge
on
has
with
be
to
30
use
than
per
found
was
of
cent,
per
gold,
make
preferable
in gold contents.
to
10
or
a
lead
per
larger
rich
it too
the
the
proportioned that
so
found
was
have
to
is used
safe
reverberatory
than
more
It
maximum.
sufficient
ensure
carry
than
be
trial.
litharge should
not
reducer
No
in the
smelting
of
of lead
it would
that
states
crucible
quantity
bullion
of
when
in the
necessary
he
fine
is relied
which
zinc,
to
on
been
used,
an
then
of
excess
from
to
per
cent,
of sawdust
is necessary.
The
furnace
"When
is banked
the
up
possibilityof
work
entire
from
is described
charge
the
follows
as
of zinc
sides
to
and
the
slime
centre
is in the
so
as
to
furnace,
avoid
it
the
slag level
as
charge
litharge is
covering
the surface, and
this again a light covering of easily
spread over
on
fusible
furnace
is charged the
slag is spread. The
day previous
to
of the
fire
smelting, and one
lights a slow
night-shift men
about
3
At
which
5
to
serves
a.m.
dry the charge.
a.m.,
the
half
hour
in
damper is opened and the fire urged, and
an
the furnace
is at a smelting heat.
the
9
10 a.m.
or
By
charge is
reduced, then sweepings from
cyanide works, smelting room,
or
the
particles remaining
reduces
and
settles
on
the
down.
sides
A
above
the
of
118
CYANIDE
THE
PROCESS.
any
the
molten
the
slag become
is thrown
is
bath.
When
fluid,it is well
in to reduce
repeated
all this
until
the
has
and
been
stirred
excess
of
with
is
quickly absorbed
fed in and
a
in
melted, and
rabble, and
litharge in slag.
This
sawdust
tion
opera-
the
remains
the rabble
when
slag, which
on
withdrawn
from
the
to be
furnace, is judged by its appearance
olean.
The
is
off
into
the
slag
now
run
pots through
slag-door,
the
level
bath
of
of
which
12,000
is 4 in.
of lead
above
bullion
the
almost
centre
of the
lead
this
bath
occupies
space.
about
slag-door is built
up
12 in.
cast-iron
in fireclay,
plates, in. thick, bedded
of
and
in
front
of
bank
these
of
one
on
another,
top
plates a
In
the
order
to
fire-clayis also made.
run
slag off,all that is
is to break
this bank, plate by plate, and
allow
so
necessary
away
the
into
the
the
slag to flow over
pot. When
pot is full it is
and
wheeled
is put in its place. The
another
filled pot is
away
after
and
minute
is
run
outside,
standing a
or
two,
tapped, and
the molten
the ground to cool ; that
out
slag allowed to run
on
which
remains
the sides and
the bottom
of pot is brought back
on
for further
When
no
use.
more
slag will flow from the furnaces
the
bath
down
level
of the
to the
owing to
being
slag-door,it is
off by rabbling. At first sight it would
waved
difficult to
appear
draw
this remaining slag off without
lead, but
dragging out some
little practice enables
it to be done
a very
closely that there is
so
little but a thin
In the
of a
event
skimming of slag remaining.
little lead being pulled out into the pot, it is recovered
from
slag
It
is
for
this
that
the
about
in.
2
reason
pots.
tapped
pots are
the bottom.
from
By opening the fire door this last skim on the
lead bath
A shovelful
of lime
is thrown
in to
quickly thickens.
This
assist.
skim
is easilypulled off,and
of course
is held
over
until next
clean
smelt.
surface
of lead is exposed,
a
By this means
and
zinc
would
rid
be
of, for at this stage
quickly got
present
any
the lead is at a bright red
of air due
the
free access
to
heat, and
the open
fire door
quickly oxidizes it. So far, lead recovered
by
this method
has always been
and
clean
soft, a proof that no zinc
could
be present, since
of
zinc
cent,
one
gives lead a distinct
per
makes
be rolled.
The
and
it
that
it
hard
cannot
silvery colour,
so
lead bullion
is tapped by driving a \ in. steel bar, tapered to a
is closed with
a
point, into the tap-hole,which
fire-clayplug. The
into
it to the
lead is run
iron
moulds
an
trough, which
conveys
the
floor."
placed together on
the
Before
the
is well
lead-bath
furnace
stirred,and a
tapping
sample is taken out with a ladle and granulated.
The
described,
cupelling or refining of the lead bullion is next
with
the making of the
useful
hints
on
particular details and some
"Before
oz.
fillingthe
by placing flat
furnace,
the
ZINC
PRECIPITATION
bone-ash
details
minor
be
not
and
test
The
AND
regulation
from
the
specializedin
costs
smelting
the
at
for
TREATMENT
this
of
operation
Bonanza,
Limited,
for
loss
12%
1832
20,
estimated
output
in
It is claimed
lbs.,say
were
need
cupelling
as
follows
10
lbs.
ton
at
0
373d.
10
2-837d.
20
period, 12,810
the
than
for
that
in
and
2-463d.
at
151
Gold
only
and
lead-refining,
(June-Sept. 1902)
15,269
on
differs
process
stores
131
Lead
119
SLIMES.
work.
months
four
The
of blast.
usual
GOLD
OF
oz.,
lead-smelting
acid method,
fine.
recovers
and
this
followed
the
of
gold
justified
identical
gold
larger amount
claim
be
sulphuric
seems
large experiments on equal weights of
slimes
In six trials the lead
10*5
by both processes.
gave
process
results
than
the acid treatment.
These
higher recovery
per cent,
much
could
than
be
in
continuous
obtained
are
probably
higher
evident
but
that
it
is
if only one
two
more
working ;
or
per cent,
be
the
recovered, the lead-process has fully established
gold can
by
to
several
claims
In
of
Mr.
Tavener.
discussion
less troublesome.
which
He
further
stated
that
with
zinc
present,
120
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
the
of
amount
acid-treatment
it is not
evidence, but
recovered;
thus
quite
that
is, to
established
be
to
seems
to
easy
so
show
pretty conclusive
on
point
the
to
the
loss
method
of
where
of
source
takes
gold
place
in
acid-treatment.
Zinc
Precipitation.
Dust
agitate
cyanide
certain
decant
the
of
in
allow
During the
adopted
be
mentioned
the
Montana
past year
at
of
or
method
this
two
of American
number
Homestake
the
Company,
vats,
application is to
the
with
dust
gold-containing
the
precipitate to settle, and
solution.
clear
been
the
quantity
solution
The
Company,
Nevada
; and
the
precipitation has
which
mills, among
Mining
Mining
of
Company,
Montana
De
; the
Consolidated
may
Dakota
;
South
La
Mercur
Mar
Mining
Company, of
Utah.
At
the
carried
Company's
Homestake
cyanide
works
Precipitation is
dust
of zinc
in five tanks
25 ft. in diameter
by means
and
20
ft. deep, built
of California
The
red-wood.
bottoms
are
inclined
is provided in order
to
to
one
side, where
a small
sump
No
drain the tanks
gold storage solution tanks are used,
perfectly.
the solutions
from
the
leaching vats directly into the
draining
The
out
precipitating vats.
are
pumped
precipitation vats
by
the solution
to filter
made
duplex Prescott
going
pumps,
presses
in the
Homestake
shops. The
pulp treated by the mill is of a
highly siliceous nature, often however
hornblende,
carrying some
the sulphides being mainly pyrite and
The
extraction
pyrrhotite
made
is in the
of 90
cost
neighbourhood
cent., the
being
per
between
and
45
50
of
material
cents
ton
treated,
probably
per
the
latter figure."!
nearer
In America
the
25s. to 29s. per
price of zinc dust varies from
the
of dust
used
amount
for precipitation varies
from
cwt., and
6
on
to
oz.
Charcoal
Precipitation.
charcoal
solutions.
packed
The
use
process
in
handled
is
being
The
with
charcoal
The
of solution.
ton
per
toria
cyanide plants in Victhe
to precipitate
gold from
cyanide
is passed through
series
barrels
of
a
the gold is deposited.
charcoal, on which
solution
finely broken
is afterwards
is too
burnt
and
slow
where
Jour.
Chem.
and
Fulton,
The
Met.
many
to
cumbersome
large plants
in the twenty-four hours.
t C. H.
At
used
hundreds
an
ash,
to
of tons
and
the
recommend
of solution
ash
fluxed.
itself
have
to
Soc.
June
4, 1902.
for
be
122
THE
CYANIDE
PROCESS.
Hours.
Filling vats,
wash, if necessary,
Preliminary alkali or water
Strong solution, 0'2% to 0'4% solution, to J
ore
12
12
.
of
In
with
contact
12
tailings,
Percolating,
Dry or air- leaching,
12
4
solution, 0-15%
Weak
of ore,
to
0*2% solution,
\
12
........
air-leaching,
weak
cyanide washes, 0*05%
Dry
about
or
Two
Two
about
each
clean
to
0*1% washes,
12
of ore,
each
washes,
water
about
12
of ore,
Discharging vat,
100
Total,
...
about
total
40
The
cent.
per
percolation vats
top, and
of the
inches
solution
covered.
allowed
then
is
The
the
penetrate
of the
vat
settle
of
of
the
actual
varying
extraction
from
4s.
amounts
10s.
to
70
to
The
inches,
some
the
and
vat
12s.
20s.
to
75
or
they
the
the
are
amount
ton, and
per
the
to
few
percentage
at
cent.,
per
cyanide
strong
tailings until
ton, according
per
within
tailingsto
is levelled.
surface
to
contents
with
charged
are
their
size
cost
of
the
plant.
The
the
Deep
Jumpers
newest
the
on
Hand,
up-to-date practice.
their
African
in the
next
described
The
works
Mr.
John
the
works
of the
modelled
are
be
Yates
and
as
unnecessary
practice,
in
slime
represent
cyanide
and
and
the
experience ;
it will
African
and
Waikino
and
pages,
by
engineering on
The
at
practice
South
of
mill
new
cyanide plant
his
recent
works
Waihi
they
all
give
of
South
latest
further
which
on
details
lucidly
metallurgical
are
Rand.*
John
at
fully described
are
work
and
Company
the
on
among
advanced
most
to
are
on
the
Rand/'
1898,
OF
APPLICATION
New
of
gives
2
and
"direct
the
slime
or
deep.
Of
The
and
each
from
battery
the
is
it is
is saved
filled
cent,
per
resulting
The
the
when
the
as
the
are
of
per
the
of
fine
cent,
per
which
pulp
are
viously
pre-
another
vat,
the
that
so
race,
the
200
but
small
days,
of
275
and
of
tons
the
ores.
alkaline,
the
top,
of
of
course
used
cyanide
soon
solution
The
solution.
in
treatment
of
its
during
water,
acid
As
strengths
cyanide
amount
of
free
pyritic
receiving
vat
the
neutralize
Various
each
drained
being
slightly
is
away
the
of
foot
vat.
decomposition
vat,
to
within
to
after
to
is commenced.
length
is
lbs.
tailings.
following
table
works
the
vat,
solution
the
by
is six
treatment
The
in
Each
draining
into
of
from
remaining
contain
vat
another
into
alkaline
formed
from
ton
is diverted
solution
treatment
the
15
filling the
slimes
the
tailings (sand)
with
an
solution
pumped
in
the
the
launder,
quantity
vats,
of
into
with
by cyanide
treatment
treated
be
to
and
solutions
slimes
About
away.
worked
into
The
race.
leaving
after
is
solution,
of
pumps
wheel
whereby
and
slimes
strong
or
ft.
vat
tons
tailings,
course
overflows
Treatment.
of
tailings
the
636
separators.
flow
the
In
each
the
spitz-
capacity,
of
into
and
and
top
tons
top
of
separators,
into
water.
stream
is treated
the
ordinary
200
of
consists
says,
the
at
tailings
second,
tailings
the
medium,
would
of
centrifugal
slime
the
in
slimes
is filled
Method
of
he
of
the
or
Pengilly
slimes.
of
vat
pulp
the
launders
tailings
proportion
The
otherwise
with
of
weak,
into
eliminated
are
the
well
boxes,
of
are
Card
extraction
square
three
means
to
pass
that
through
run
10
conveyed
separator
slimes
by
Institution
the
treatment
capacity
the
vats.
is lifted
plates,
first
sand
of
treatment
which
pumps
F.
overflow
total
with
that
Mr.
are
13
the
away
have
before
Around
each.
connected
motor
ft.
vats,
carries
tanks
is
the
to
style,
capacity
solution
vats,
read
plant,
separators
treatment
which
by
19
tons
launder,
on
the
slime
box
pointed
130
of
The
123
COUNTRIES.
successful
the
of
treatment
The
tanks.
kasten
London,*
details
19
DIFFERENT
paper
filling process."
separators,
solution
In
Metallurgy,
interesting
some
IN
PROCESS
Mine.
Kleinfontein
Mining
by
THE
Trans.
in
Inst.
shows
the
treatment
Min.
and
method
exact
of
Met.
vat
London,
of
of
procedure
tailings
vol.
vi.
p.
113,
1898.
adopted
124
Vat
I.
Amount
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
Charge
of
KCy
I.
Capacity
used,
5*9
207
lbs. per
Tons.
ton.
OF
APPLICATION
PROCESS
THE
125
COUNTRIES.
DIFFERENT
IN
The
in the Extractor
Boxes.
tion
precipitaPrecipitation of Gold
is
the
of gold from
treatment
vats
the solution
coming from
A
certain
of zinc shavings.
effected,he says, by the means
portion
of the ore
the
mine
is
of
rebellious
from
a
nature, containing
coming
sufficient
metals
if
not
to
retard,
foreign
prevent, the precipitation
of gold by zinc.
To counteract
the effects of these
foreign metals,
it has
been
proved efficient in practice on these fields to set up a
lead couple, and
this is effected by dipping the zinc
at these works
weak
solution
of
of lead, preparatory to being
acetate
shavings in a
the
in
boxes.
extractor
placed
In all cases
that
zinc containing from
1 to 2 per cent,
it is found
of lead
gives the most
satisfactoryprecipitation. By the use of
of lead
acetate
a
only
perfect precipitation is brought about;
after passing through the
of gold remaining in the solution
traces
boxes.
extractor
The
actual
It
with
been
shown
classes
certain
of
advantageous
more
treatment.
crushing
White
the
at
has
country
nevertheless
favour,
certain
the
Western
local
Australia
conditions,
never
made
Wei
Estate
be
it may
to
preparatory
Dry-
with
Mr.
by
mine
that
universal.
viewed
been
experiments
Luipaards
ton, including
per
wet-crush
dry-crush than
Africa
wet-crushing is
to
that
in
and
ore
South
In
and
America
in
Is. lid.
to
much
Franklin
interesting and
are
instructive.*
few
days
double
the
in the
placed
and
away,
steel,
close
the
to
and
bottom
Mr.
and
The
ore
in
mine
the
lower,
does
in
treated
was
to
White
and
discharge
mill
transferred
then
obtained.
thus
and
bottoms
diameter
ft. in
25
little below.
tanks
upper
being
treatment
of
filter
usual
were
distance
some
made
were
tanks
Three
doors.
with
deep,
ft.
row
used
tanks
The
not
sider
con-
advantage
dealing
drymixed
the
in
first
instance,
material, as
properly
ore
of air entangled in the
is
He
is abundance
and there
dry sand.
is transferred
the damp
rather
of the opinion that when
to the
ore
is a tendency to pack closer and
of tanks, there
second
to
row
double
treatment
added
was
to
varying
thoroughly mixed
broken
the
in the
at
ore
the
rock-breaker
lbs. per
different
floor,in
this
By
ton.
machines,
and
any
tions
proporit
means
lumps
was
were
up.
actual
procedure,
K.
with
is
1 lb. to
from
W.
of
filtration.
Lime
The
to
the
crushed
retard
be
differed
cyanide treatment
followed
and
lines
first
little from
suggested
to
the
the
author
ordinary
by Mr.
Feldtmann.
*
Trans.
Inst.
Min.
and
Met.
London,
126
CYANIDE
THE
As
soon
as
solution,
0'25
0*15
being
this
the
tank
per
cent.
cent.,
per
would
treatment
allowed
not
were
was
obtain
to
access
about
27
The
having
short
The
the
the
to
tons
was
lost
about
time.
tank
then
ore
67
followed
but
filled,a
was
by
this
of
sand.
transferred
that
its
the
last
given
to
solutions
The
when
tank
the
fresh
air
to
would
solution
be
tons).
170
second
the
to
of
cent,
per
It is
Each
to
time
allow
to
was
(165
ore
off
strong
the
others,
two
drained
were
object of
of damp
mass
row
The
it.
to
on
pumped
sixty-sixto seventy hours.
stand,
to
filled.
once
KCy,
was
first
the
in
be
PROCESS.
original
value
assay
abundance
tanks,
of
row
this
in
probable
entangled in
what
with
would
held
be
in
tank
of
dry sand, as compared
a
sand
settled with water, materially assisted
the solution
of the gold.
Also
the finer grains of the free gold would
be quickly taken
up.
A solution
of 20 to 25 tons, not
exceeding 0*20 per cent. KCy,
then
sands
and
drained
was
pumped on to the transferred
off,the
allowed
remain
for
about
to
mass
damp
being
ninety-six hours,
solutions
when
weaker
0*10
to
cent,
(0*15 per
cent.) were
per
used in continuous
washes, making up a total of 75 tons
per tank
wash
of 20
30
tons
(second treatment). A water
or
completed
of air
the
this
of the
part
careful
the
total
per
tank.
per
cent.,
be
and
loss
of
The
or,
would
of moisture
the
during
sumps
which
process,
series
liquid in
the
moisture
in the
20
say,
and
tests
of four
treatment
tons
275
some
the
in
form
of
96
was
solutions
dwt.
4 dwt.
to
moisture
from
when
the
0*8
Summary
Trial
Tanks
Clean
and
up
extractor
and
the
tons,
of
fresh
of
ton
from
dwt.
to
that
24
or
tons
house
and
sumps
3 tons
of
from
of
the
tanks
second
the
21
carried
per
mill
tons
row
from
3 dwt.
dwt.
Costs.
per
ton
smelting, etc.,
Discharging residues,
Sundries,
FT*
Total
Actual
water
liquid equals
(Coarse).
work,
tanks
ore.
row
of Cyanide
Crushing
of
delivered
first
; those
per ton
final wash
showed
per
dwt.
32
; and
running
solution
of
(680 tons)
treatment
hours.
measurements
tanks
surfaces
represented by evaporation from
As
the ore
contained
about
by leakages.
tank,
13
last
extraction
68*91
3*30
5-15
8-36
1-05
5-86
per
cwt.
to
APPLICATION
OF
PROCESS
THE
ZEALAND.*
NEW
principalgold-bearing
The
and
everywhere
prolonged leaching
and
accompanied by steam
stages of decomposition or
hard
andesite
blue
gradations
rock,
altered
be
can
into
acid
the
and
by
found
are
in
sible
insenblue
or
been
propylite has
name
all
the
of almost
distinctive
in
mines
many
series
doubtless
waters,
They
vapours.
pass
tertiary age.
subjected
been
having
thermal
of
to
seen
lower
of
of
alteration;
soft, or
which
to
evidence
action
the
to
of andesitic
great accumulation
agglomerates
bear
rocks
These
Goldfields
Hauraki
of the
formation
origin, consisting of
is of volcanic
127
COUNTRIES.
DIFFERENT
IN
applied.
It
The
occur.
but
altered
is in this
veins
The
distance.
yet,
adjoining
vary
extension
in linear
is the
andesite
vein
same
from
they
ore
or
that
values
lode
few
can
the
inches
seldom
are
also
worked
veins
be
traced
irregular,and
with
able
consider-
for any
payable
in
no
results
case,
in
as
two
mines.
sula,
peninportion of the Hauraki
of whitish-grey chalcedonic
consist
the
or
cryptopay-ores
banded
of
structure
crystallinequartz, often possessing a wavy,
and
blue
paratively
comThey are
flintyquartz.
alternating layers of grey
base
free from
sulphides.
*645
with
The
is
about
silver
fine, and usually associated
gold
tremely
sub-sulphide (Ag2S) in varying proportions. It is generally exvisible to the
finely divided, being seldom
eye, and in the
it is impossible to raise even
colour
ore
a
great bulk of the Waihi
by panning.
of the cyanide process,
these
Prior to the introduction
ores
were
and
hot
with
treated
chemicals,
pan-amalgamation
by dry-crushing
65
of
effected.
which
cent,
a
was
by
recovery
per
When
was
adopted, dry-crushingwas naturally
cyanide treatment
different mills,the dry pulverized material
at the
continued
being
and
treated directlyby cyanide.
From
charged into shallow vats
the
65
bound
at
to
rose
a
recovery
per cent, by pan-amalgamation,
Ores,
Cyaniding
In* the
southern
85
were
few
possessed
*
cases
to
Excerpt
so
years,
many
principalbeing
American
some
satisfactorythat
possible.
considered
In
in
from
Institute
however,
90
no
per
cent., and
further
it became
apparent
with
disadvantages compared
the
paper
of
cost
of
drying
by author read at
Mining Engineers.
the
ore,
California
the
the
results
improvement
was
that
dry-crushing
wet-crushing, the
low
duty
of
the
128
CYANIDE
THE
and
stamps,
1897
mine
and
the
large number
began to
owners
PROCESS.
of
their
turn
attention
the
to
different
1898,
beginning
been
have
adopting wet-crushing, until at the present time
two
crushing is the exception and not the rule, as it was
by
one
since
leaching. In
wet-crushing,
for
required
vats
one,
of
mills
the
dryyears
ago.
Practice.
Wet-crushing
"float
or
gold
"
and
with
(a.) Crushing
containing
ores
able
free, easilyamalgam
of
of fine
For
A.
with
gold,
sulphide, the
silver
large proportion
proportion
practice is :
a
small
mill
water.
(b.)Plate
amalgamation,
(c.)Spitzlute separation of
of
(d.) Cyanide treatment
A
typicalexample of an
Estates
at
Opitonui,
Gold
started.
"
The
"
double
has
pay
made
been
worth
it, they
for
the
for the
will
ore,
containing
large proportion
small
but
method
but
of
of treatment
almost
of
the
order
ore
so
the
So
fine
far
slimes.
with
proportion
amalgamable
fine cyanide gold, with
little or
no
the
at
Crown
of
Mines
could
be
is
just
the
provision
If they are
decanting.
above,
gold, and
slimes,
the
solution.
of mixed
free
exceptionally
of treatment
Kauri
no
described
that
colation.
per-
additional
if the
by agitation and
identical
the
of
of free
percolation,
Plate
amalgamation
(c.)
an
involved.
treated
With
is that
new
labour
be
class
by ordinary
it is doubtful
treatment
probably
clean
For
B.
slimes
slimes
heavy
extra
slimes.
and
this
where
cyanide treatment,
will
saving
and
sands
of
ore
and
sands
sands
sands
and
slimes
by
gold^
free
from
reversed
slimes,
it
seems
that
with
advantage, both
as
regards stamp duty
efficiencyof amalgamation on the plates.
The
Crown
Mines
the first to adopt wet-crushing
was
Company
for these
occurred
gold and silver-bearing chalcedonic
ores, which
and
in
1897,
and
much
credit
is due
to
Mr.
F. R. W.
Daw,
the
tendent,
superininauguration of the method.
and
The
is hard
splintery,clear and pure from all impurities,
ore
the
unlike
of
from
the neighbouring mines, contains
most
and,
ores
silver
little or
is alloyed with
the
no
gold. It is
except what
in the Company's
crushed
in
60-stamp mill with cyanide solution
the mortars,
about
2 tons of solution being used to 1 ton of ore.
A 2 5 -mesh
is
2 tons
used, and the duty per stamp is about
screen
in crushing are
formed
The
slimes
said to amount
to
per day.
for the
less than
5 per
successful
cent.
i36
which
copper-plates,
amalgamated
the
87
all
actual
from
recovery
cent., but the costs
per
For
G.
of
proportion
certain
associated
used
is
is said
sources
to
84
from
vary
to
obtainable.
not
are
containing some
with
pyrites
ores
gold
and
sulphides,the
silver
fine
gold, and
easily amalgamable
treatment
(a.) Crushing
with
water.
(d.) Vanner
(e.)Cyanide
(f.)Cyanide
of fine
concentration
of
treatment
of
treatment
of
practice at
the
if necessary.
slimes,
sulphurets.
by percolation.
slimes by agitation and decanting.
concentrates
by agitation.
of sands
treatment
(g.)Cyanide
The
catch
gold.
free
The
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
mill
Woodstock
is
this
of
typicalexample
treatment.
The
a
and
and
the
1100
the
for
The
ore
the
per
is about
June
tons
mill
the
month,
value
equal
is
the
of
1000
1901,
which
1362,
The
the
of rich
concentrates.
tank,
passed
vanner
led
are
end
spitzlute.
slime
are
over
of which
The
the
slimes
while
the
bullion
tons
of
of
ore
to
varies
2240
were
value
of
from
8s.
from
over
amalgamated
by a wheel
the spitzlute are
ducted
conheavy
carrying some
pulp
sands
is raised
about
collect
which
vanners,
per
cent,
distributors.
automatic
through
being principallycomposed
ounce,
is crushed
and
with
water
passed
slimes
slimes,
output
colour
of silver.
to
to
The
monthly
duty being slightlyunder
ton.
from
copper-plates,
elevator
It is
pyrites.
presence
of
return
stamp
For
day.
little
the
Company's 40-stamp
tons,
lbs. per
crushed
and
oxides.
manganese
ing
contain-
finelycrystalline quartz,
of iron
to
chalcedonic
small
stained
At
is
ore
The
of the
construction
is of
distributors
those
to
simplest character, being similar
formerly used at
of a
central
Waihi.
wooden
a
They consist
box, pivoted on
which
the
in
and
from"
wooden
fixed
of the
centre
pillar
vat,
extend
and
wooden
launders
of light make
seven
narrow
or
arms
different
of the
distribution
lengths, so as to effect an even
pulp.
At
of each
zinc
to
there
the end
is fixed a piece of sheet
arm
the
divert
The
stream
the
stream
whole
and
to
of the
diverted
one
pulp
into
side.
from
the
one
vat
ends
vanner
at
time
is collected
until
the
in
one
charge
is
AMPLICATION
filled.
During
the
slime
vats.
the
into
OF
THE
PROCESS
IN
DIFFERENT
overflow
fillingthe
131
COUNTRIES.
the
carries
lighter
slimes
with
treated
are
cyanide by
heavy slimes
ordinary percolation.
those
from
the sand vats, are
The
slimes
the spitzlute,and
from
slowly revolving
provided with
agitated with
cyanide in vats
the
lime
is added, and
slimes
the gold is dissolved
When
arms.
The
and
sands
allowed
are
The
off.
slimes
and
of water
The
which
settle,after
to
washed
are
with
by agitating
is decanted
solution
clear
the
successive
portions
decanting.
have
concentrates
value
of 30
,40
to
ton,
per
large
silver
the
of 18s. per
cost
The
able
very
gold,
usual
varied
recovery
for
from
vary
For
D.
the
to
ton
in
and
silver
82
and
labour
86
to
per
sulphides,the
of sands
(c.) Treatment
(d.) Treatment
method
94
to
cent.,
per
at
material.
sources
cent.,
at
of
per
ton
cost
of 4s. 9d.
ore
milled
treatment
This
90
from
all
from
by cyanide
recovery
is said
the
that
author
value
the
as
solution.
sands
and
slimes.
by percolation.
by agitation and
of slimes
follows
decanting.
modifications
subject to various
as
of application, but
regards mechanical
appliances and methods
the general principles are
the
everywhere
same.
the
The
Waitekauri
at
40-starap mill is as follows :
procedure
contains
which
The
a
good deal of oxidized
products, is
ore,
is
of treatment
crushed
the
with
cyanide
is conducted
pulp
in the
solution
direct
to
sand
the
distributed
from
of revolving wooden
by means
The
slimes, of
secondary shaft.
cent.,
per
through
movable
in the
are
allowed
fixed
a
pipe
joint,and
to
in
drain
the
is raised
into
inside
by
screw
of
box
as
launders
there
screens
which
vats, into
which
the
the
From
mortars.
are
it is
actuated
about
33
vat.
which
collectingvat is provided with revolving arms
keep
this
the fine slimy pulp from
From
the
slimes
vat
are
settling.
with
into
which
the
slime
are
a
leaching vats,
provided
pumped
rakes
double
the lower
set of slowly revolving arms,
ones
having
The
132
CYANIDE
THE
and
them
on
the
the
pulp.
decanting,
through
and
loose
ones
upper
In
these
lime
PROCESS.
the
vats
being
which
pieces of sacking
slimes
added
treated
are
each
with
wash
drag
by agitation
facilitate
to
settlement.
The
sands
solution
cent,
per
treated
are
of
first
and
water
0*5
washes.
There
each
vats
2 2 '5
value
per
The
ft. in
slime
diameter
and
output
is about
cent., at
per
cost
ounce.
of 5s.
vats, and
4
of
tons
than
valued
deep.
ft.
2200
larger
was
of bullion
ozs.
1 8s. 9d.
of
14
vats,
40-stamps
monthly
yielding 7220
90
sand
of the
output
June
12
are
slime
collecting
monthly
The
2240
lbs.
The
at
The
actual
6d. per
ton.
recovery
is said
to
be
enumeration.
With
known
effect
reference
that
to
silver
its dissolution
the
in all
than
large consumption
its forms
requires a
gold ;
and
the
third
circumstance
its
that
of silver.
the
free
to
stronger
the
is
well
to
Goldfields
presence
worth
generally
gold is alloyed
weight
According to Eisner's equation for
potassium cyanide, 4 lbs. of cyanide
that
gold, but in practice it is found
it is
solution
cyanide,
Hauraki
in the
due
of
with
of
the
silver
saving,
about
aud
one-
^
the
dissolution
should
it takes
dissolve
of
100
gold by
ozs.
of
OF
APPLICATION
PROCESS
THE
that
quantity. To dissolve
lbs. of cyanide, according to
4Ag
For
the
8KCy
dissolution
IN
100
the
of
100
silver
of
ozs.
would
cyanide
lbs. of
4(AgKCy2)
require 7*5
would
silver
equation
2H20
02
of
ozs.
133
COUNTRIES.
DIFFERENT
4KHO.
Ag2S
4KCy
2(AgKCy2)
K2S.
of silver
potassium sulphide resulting from the dissolution
shown
loss of cyanide.
It has been
a
sulphide also tends to cause
of alkaline
by Crosse and others that a trace
sulphide in cyanide
but
the
solutions
does
not
act
injuriously,
large quantity of K2S
of the silver-bearingores
of the Hauraki
liberated in the treatment
the precipitationof a portion of the dissolved
Goldfields must
cause
of this
Much
precipitated gold is doubtless
gold in the vats.
redissolved
of free cyanide present in the solutions,
by the excess
obtain
but
it always requires this excess
to
adequate extractions,
the
thus
of
comparatively strong solutions.
use
necessitating
with
the
One
connected
ment
treatof the most
perplexing features
is the constantly varying proportion of silver,
of these
ores
solutions
which
the
of varying strength to.
necessitates
of
use
of anxiety
obtain
source
adequate extractions, thus adding another
the
the
which
the use
of cyanide entails on
worries
to
even
many
successful
cyanider.
of the Hauraki
At many
was
mines, cyanide treatment
adopted
but
the author's
recommendation,
by the owners
only after he
on
careful
of the
had
made
a
investigation of the constituents
ore,
lurgical
MetalGovernment
and
repeated trials on a working scale, at the
The
Works
experimental
In
mine.
no
the
at
trials
case
made
were
was
In
Thames.
the
the
by
process
The
ores
of
Te
Aroha
and
Monowai
cases,
author's
until
adopted
doubtless
precaution which
promoting the popularity of cyanide
assured,
other
has
been
treatment
are
the
necessary
assistants
had
success
a
in
potent
this
generally
the
at
been
factor
in
country.
very
tory,
refrac-
fine, associated
containing free milling gold, mostly very
with
lead, zinc, and often
cury.
mersulphides of silver, iron, copper,
them
to treat
Many attempts have been made
by cyanide,
it
but
without
and, so far as our
present knowledge
success,
goes,
doubtful
treated
the
if
in
is
be
raw
they can
ever
successfully
that
state
by
process.
from
For
the
of cupriferous ores
and
treatment
concentrates
be
could
Monowai
the
not
Jubilee, Sylvia, and
mines, which
obtained
treated
successfully by ordinary cyaniding, the author
good results by first subjectingthe ore to a chloridizing roast, and
134
then
leaching
alkaline
and
the
out
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
chlorides
copper
with
After
water.
an
were
tracted
exgold and silver contents
by cyanide by ordinary percolation. Daring the roasting
the
silver
chloridized, the chloride
sulphides present were
being
dissolved
easily
by cyanide.
From
Monowai
of the
cent,
a large parcel of
gold
ore, 92
per
and
85 per cent,
of the
silver
extracted, the composition of
were
the ore
being (F. B. Allen, M.A., B.Sc.) :
wash,
water
Insoluble
the
90-15
gangue,
Copper pyrites,
Iron pyrites,
3-78
Galena,
0-25
4*40
Zinc-blende,
0-26
Alumina,
013
.
and
Water
103
loss,
10000
bullion
The
silver, 14
The
of
Co.'s
construction,
equipment,
consists
of
and
in
were
Gold,
situated
at
Works,
of
point
completeness
the
finest
dwt.
oz.
in
Thames,
and
Zealand.
New
are
modernThe
plant
matic
rock-breakers, grizzlies,autobattery,
Berdan
21
a
complete cyanide
vanners,
pans,
among
60-head
24
feeders,
ore
ton.
Moanataiari
of recent
ness
per
oz.,
this
of
contents
two
9
Cornish
buddies
for
concentrates,
plant for treating vanner
all up-to-date
and
the vanners,
concentrating the tailings from
The
and
for
consist
retorting.
cyanide works
appliances
assaying
steel vats, 20 ft. in diameter
and 7 ft. deep, each
of three
provided
with
each
with
of 200
two
doors,
a
bottom-discharge
capacity
of
tons
concentrates
length ; and
Wet-crushing,
three
works,
supervision.
in
New
concrete
were
The
interesting
designed by
cyaniding of
each
extractors,
sumps,
concentration,
the
are
which
zinc
; two
and
the
features
the
50
1 1
15
x
ft.
ft.
over
cyanidation of
the
practice
of
author
and
is
concentrates
erected
in.
the
at
under
comparatively
in
all.
centrates
con-
these
his
new
Zealand.
Mine.
Talisman
In
the
Ohinemuri
Goldfields,the practice
has been
of dry-crushing
cyanide treatment
superseded
and
of sands,
treatment
cyanide
by wet-crushing, concentration,
and
slimes, and
mill, the ore
being dumped
Blake
Marsden
in
was
some
direct
cases
the
concentrates.
At
the
Talisman
the
mine
conveyed from
by an aerial tramway
stuff
to a grizzly,which
to
on
a
passed the coarse
the
ore
crusher, whence
passed to a revolving
,
APPLICATION
The
drying furnace.
provided
were
PROCESS
THE
OF
and
drying
12
about
This
by
vats
tons
of
to
a
was
for
ore
every
dry-crushing mill
place
sands
and
ore-bin, from
line
a
ton
has
the
mortars
which
it
of
very
was
revolving screw^
machine,
efficient
of firewood
consumed.
dismantled, to give
wet-crushing plant. Wire
gamation,
plate-amalconcentration, separation of slimes, cyaniding of
vanner
slimes, the latter by agitation and decantation, has been
company's
a
new
50-stamp
to
an
long
drier
mechanical
The
135
COUNTRIES.
front
elevated
The
DIFFERENT
stamps
back
with
IN
been
introduced.
Waihi
lode
Martha
this
Mine.
at
the
It
district.
The
Waihi
in the
ore
mine
is
upper
levels
typical of
celebrated
the
of
of
most
the
in
ores
that
when
consists
roasted
and
pulverizedthe
colour
of
the
dust
is
pinkish-grey.
value
"4
"
precious metals
to
oz.
oz.
gold. The
proportion
35
about
free
of
cent,
silver, being
gold is alloyed with
per
The
about
53s.
valued
at
oz.
greater proportion of the
per
silver exists in the form
of the bluish-grey sub-sulphide known
as
In
thin
the
surface
levels,
argentite.
leafy plates of gold were
the
not
surface
of large cuboidal
to
infrequently seen
adhering
lower
levels
of quartz, but
in the
is rarely seen,
colour
masses
a
the gold existing in an
Such
extremely fine state of subdivision.
is theoreticallyperfect for cyanide treatment,
and
actual
an
ore
has
it
be
old
to
the
proved
so.
By
experience
stamp battery, and
amounted
to only some
copper-plate amalgamation, the recovery
4 dwts. per
15
cent,
of the value.
ton, equal to about
By
per
raised to
was
dry-crushing and pan-amalgamation the extraction
actual
60 per cent., but
the
extraction
at present
by the cyanide
The
varies
from
existing in the
process
The
amounts
to
of about
to
over
90
per
per
cent,
ton, the
silver
of the
assay
value.
of
treatment
following particulars of the dry method
the Waihi
mills were
at
formerly in use
supplied by Mr. H. P.
for the
annual
Barry, the general manager,
report of the New
Mines
for
1894
Zealand
:
Department
The
is
Ore.
trucked
the
to the
ore
drying kilns which
Drying
consist
of
open
circular
holes
excavated
in
the
solid
rock,
their
the
at
being 37 ft. in depth and 20 ft. in diameter
the
kiln
is capable
Each
at
bottom.
top, and tapering somewhat
of ore
at
lower
of holding 100
The
tons
a
charge.
part is lined
with
bricks, and finished off with a brick arch, having a door
dimensions
136
CYANIDE
THE
and
iron
an
which
chute
have
dried
discharging the
the kiln by means
for
to
access
PROCESS.
of
into
ore
tunnel
trucks,
in
cut
the
rock.
and
necessary
wood,
of
withdrawn
ore
are
ore
The
are
alternate
charged with
being about 5 ft. apart.
is lighted, and, after
it
layers of wood
the kiln is fully charged, the wood
half the charge, that
burned
up, about
withdrawn
raw
kilns
The
and
method
the
another
are
wood
of
50
the
placed on
third
every
is added.
drying
of
tons
the
ore
ore,
raw
top.
day,
is about
After
while
50
together
this
about
similar
is very
expensive, as
of ore.
The
cost
tons
tons, is
the
with
50
tons
quantity
one
ton
of
of
of firewood
only dry about three
of
the
and
mill
ton
is
2s.
total cost
at
dried,
ore
big
per
of drying, including labour, is 2s. 6cL per ton.
From
the
is
kilns, the dried
ore
Pulverizing.
Crushing and
it passes
trucked
to the
rock-breakers, whence
by gravitation to
of a
The
self ore-feeders.
the
pulverizing machinery consists
Otis
an
ball-mill,having a capacity of
90-stamp battery and
about
The
is passed through a 40-mesh
10 stamps.
screen.
ore
the
Vats.
From
the
the
Leaching
dry
Filling
Cyanide
screens,
dust
falls into
trough running parallel with the
a
long, narrow
the dust-bin
it is conveyed
to
at
one
stamp-motors, along which
From
end
of an
Archimedean
the
of the mill
screw.
by means
elevator
and
the pulverizedore
is lifted by a bucket-belt
dust-bin
provided with rope edges,
discharged on to an 8 in. rubber-belt
and
the
is
dust-hopper, which
by this conveyed to, and across,
110
ft. long, running the entire length of the cyanide-plant house.
The
dust-hopper has twenty doors for discharging the dust into
the
the trucks, which
are
straight out over
leaching vats on
run
travellers
The
to travellers
are
provided with
running on rails.
hand
be
to
tipped at
traversing gearing, thus enabling a truck
This
is an
important feature, as the finely
part of the vat.
any
about
has a tendency to pack if moved
or
pulverized material
the
touched
into
after
vat.
in any
being tipped
way
is a
small
As a further
preventative against packing, there
traveller
fixed below
the main
traveller, provided with a platform
All
the
trucks
has to be filled up
to.
at the height the ore
are
the
breaks
fall of
the
this platform, which
dust, and
tipped over
all
in
it
around.
throws
a light shower
The
The
Treatment.
Cyanide
following particulars of the
cyanide treatment
were
kindly supplied to me by Mr. E. G. Banks,
of the cyanide operations.
the chemist
The
plant consisted of thirty-eight circular leaching vats, each
22 J ft. in diameter
and
the necessary
4 ft. deep, together with
wood
will
the Waihi
OF
APPLICATION
dissolving and
and
solution
PROCESS
THE
solution
vats,
air-pumps,
etc.
IN
extractors, vacuum-cylinders,
sumps,
137
COUNTRIES,
DIFFERENT
Hours.
6 tons, with
wash,
water
2
30
.
15
24
vacuum,
36
Second
...
.114
Total,
of 20
vacuum
The
results.
the
actual
extraction
and
been
at
abandoned
of the
value
average
original value, at
Dry-crushing
in. is maintained
23
in. to
to 92
cent,
per
per cent,
7s. 6d. per ton, not
including
of
direct
all
the
slimes.
and
The
South
of the
treatment
African
subsequent
and
Western
Mr.
G.
slimes
is
of
the
some
of
treatment
effected
essential
the
royalty.
pulverized ore
cyaniding
Waihi
Company's mills in favour
combining
tilter-pressing,
both
of
the
of
above
ton, and
90
from
cost
the
obtain
4 per
about
was
ore
to
has
of
sands
by agitation
features
of
Australian
practice.
Banks,
company's metallurgist, for
am
Waihi
notes
the following clear and succinct
on
cyanide practice
The
is pulverized by
mills.
different
Victoria
mill.
at the
ore
and
wire
steel screens,
200
wove
stamps to pass through 40-mesh
launders
of plunger sand
is then
to
elevated
by means
pumps
the
where
of
which
nests
the
spitzluten
pulp to
tion
separaconvey
slimes
and
takes place.
of the sands
I
indebted
to
the
Treatment
of
Sands.
sands
The
flow
to
the
intermediate
sand
meter
five built of steel, 38 ft. in diathere
are
collectingvats, of which
the outside
launder
on
by 8 ft. deep, fitted with an annular
the
overflow
times
containing a little
water, at
top edge to convey
The
sands are charged
to the slime
slime, away
thickening boxes.
tributor,
automatic
into the percolating vats
of an
revolving disby means
which
as
is moved
on
an
overhead
traveller
from
vat
to
vat
required.
The
bottom-discharge doors.
filter-bed is arranged by a wooden
grating covered with wool-pack.
After
250
of sands.
holds from
vat
Each
to 300
tons
draining to
is given with
get rid of surplus water, a preliminary treatment
weak
cyanide solution, followed
by a strong (0*35 per cent, to
and usual washes,
Q*45 per cent.) solution
The
vats
are
fitted
with
Roche's
138
THE
The
on
side.
Slime
Each
4 lbs. of lime
mixed
are
which
off in
The
slimes
thickened
The
14
by
clear
ft.
In
deep.
from
the
nest
bottom
the
to
collected
slimes
it is stored
to
V-shaped
then
are
the
of
boxes.
stamps.
the
these
overflows,
water
(about
of 36
a
conveyed
quickly settle, and
is returned
are
lime-water
to
state
with
sliinea
the
fairly thick
overflowing clear water
drawn
rectangular concrete
vats, five
40
ft.
and
ft.
4
by
deep.
from
the spitzluten and the overflow
slime) and
of
in
ft.
slimes
vats
ton
per
boxes
thickening
The
sand
the
ten
is 50
vat
Treatment.
from
the
contains
old vat-house
each
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
meter
ft. in dia-
32
for
the
in
re-use
as
and
mill
spitzluten.
the
When
the
top,
settle
is
1
for
is filled with
vat
inflowing slimes
the
about
hours.
24
syphoned off,and
of water) is ready
The
the
for
slime-pulp
off and
Whatever
clear
treatment
of
the
or
may
1
ft. from
allowed
charge
water
thickened
built
within
to
cut
are
be
of
to
top
on
slime
to
ft. in diameter
by 6 ft. deep,
and
25 tons
of slime
hold about
(dry weight),together with about
40 tons
of cyanide solution.
The
strength of the solution is about
The
is
O'l per cent.
pulp
agitated by paddles, secured to a vertical
The
shaft, actuated
by overhead
worm-gearing.
speed is 8
agitators are
revolutions
After
and
24
per minute.
hours'
agitation the
the
where
filter-presses,
The
work,
method
zinc
on
even
Vanners
of
dilute
very
to
can
of 85
extraction
be
recovered
recovery
In
the
crushed
bullion
Waihi
of
The
ore.
or
by
costs
are
month
of
12,968
valued
Union
40-stamps
for
steel vats
cent,
to
90
but
process,
per
no
through
pass
of
cent,
heavily
more
will
vanners
be
the
mixed
course
the
ore
value
of
the
actual
particulars
yet available.
January
of
tons
at
per
this
the
concentrate
the
tailings from
and
with
the lightly mineralized
ore-pulp,
of treatment
just described.
An
to
run
solutions.
erected
being
are
mineralized
tank,
a
pressure
6-ton
by compressed air into Johnson
gold bearing cyanide solution is extracted.
precipitation is used and does very good
is
pulp
is forced
thence
from
steel,20
of
which
ore,
this
year,
the
Waihi
yielded by cyanide
Company
treatment
29,055.
and
Mill
sand
circular
for
treatment
i1
/
I.
z\
ELEVATWH
SECTIONAL
\TATOR
J
ARMS
10
Scale
II
.2
T"
by
of Feet
111"1"""1
APPLICATION
OF
breakers,
used
spitzluten,
40-mesh
are
25
ft. and
Sand
by
Treatment
of
means
automatic
an
run
The
on, and
total time
0*07
of treatment
through
away
The
Treatment.
Slime
(about
3 lbs. of lime
vats
and
part
of slime
with
there
are
to
one
The
automatically.
to
boxes.
that
This
even
grain
from
water
6d.
the
used
are
8d.
or
allowed
were
From
drawn
equal
with
to
mills.
to
run
to
25
Mill.
the
off
provided
syphon
one
clear
top
the
water
settling vats
in
the
mortar-
ton
of ore,
of
tons
loss would
the
shillingsper
several
as
be
from
if the
water
waste.
at
slime, and
dry
thickened
the
settling vats,
for
ore
about
to
are
lower
some
years
Washoe
was
; and
slimes
in
level,
agitated
the
lime-water
large collecting
the
ton, and
per
it is evident
of ore,
three
of
tons
of 0'1
Here
gold
agitators, situated
the
1 J tons
Waihi
or
to
appears
of
collecting or
to
20
two
to
the
off
ton
per
to
up
water
2 grains
to
strong.
be
to
0*6
of
the
to
overflowing from
for re-use
pumped
up
is found
course
when
cyanide,
to
addition
water
be
to
sump-
of
The
vats,
drains
weak
cent,
settlement
these
In
joint
clear
reservoir
natural
by
water.
ball-and-socket
is sent
of
days.
tailings
discharge-door.
the
after
distributed
six
ore), flow
of
per ton
thickened
are
per
solution
0*4
central
slimes,
by
and
O'l
to
five to
bottom
vats
screens
passing the
a height of
spitzluten.
to
four
distributor.
cent,
by
slimes
the
to
is from
sluiced
are
and
flow
per
is followed
this
revolving
about
wash, containing
is
sands
after
pulp
wheel-elevator
sands
into
The
by
the
The
etc.
compressors,
steel, and
139
COUNTRIES.
DIFFERENT
air
is elevated
classified
is here
IN
pumps,
wire-wove
tables
amalgamated
PROCESS
THE
for
are
charges
24
hours
dry slime.
Company's
dry-crushed and panafterwards
dry-crushed,
of
amalgamated by
process
and
the dry pulp cyanided by the
direct
in the
manner
process
Of
the
described
Mr.
in
the
Barry
preceding pages.
by
present
Mr.
Banks
in April of 1903
treatment
follows
writes
:
as
old
At
the
stopped at the
90-stamp mill dry-crushing was
end
and
of 1902
for wet- crushing rapidly
alterations
necessary
the
of
middle
1
restarted.
903, the mill was
completed.
By
January
The
ore
(about 220 tons
per day) is stamped through 40-mesh
wire- wove
steel screens
amalgamated tables, of which
; passed over
there
fifteen,each 12 ft. by 6 ft. ; and then over
are
thirty union
"
vanners
After
to
which
passing
series of sand
f"
the
vanners,
to
pulp
boxes.
separating
being taken
separated, care
slime as possible.
Treatment
of the
are
about
extract
the
Sand.
This
to
of concentrates.
4 per
cent,
is elevated
elevators
by wheel
Here
keep
the
the
and
sands
sand
as
is effected in circular
free
vats
slimes
from
4J
ft
140
deep
and
40
tons
of sand
the
sand
is then
dealing with
of
capable
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
and
charge.
per
The
in
through
overflow
The
water
revolving distributor.
(carrying
annular
into
and slime) runs
launder
and
is
an
a little fine sand
wheels
and
joins the pulp flowing
conveyed back to the elevating
When
sufficient
sand
has
been
boxes.
the
into
to
run
separating
the vat a 2 in. draw -off pipe, passing through the side of the
vat,
vat
water
run
automatic
an
is lowered
and
and
little slime
"
wash
After
the
by
charge
washed
then
sluiced
"
Treatment
water
0*08
per
solution
the
five
KCy)
cent.
testing
by
solution
weak
hours,
is
0*5
of the
bottom
with
also
water
for several
circulated
solution
contains
on,
weak
sump
and
this
is
KCy
charge, percolation
means
water.
; when
cent.
per
solution
and
run
of
an
is drawn
The
air-lift
off
is
inside
and
the
tailings are
away.
of
pulp (about
and
drained
has
This
off.
elevating wheels.
the
reached
the
After
vat.
slime
to
strong
has
stopped and
the
flows
charge
solution
drawn
water
(testing about
followed
this
the
the Slime.
20
of water
conducted
over
After
to
nest
slime-pulp
per cent, of
in the mortars.
in a clear state
to be re-used
passing over
of two
The
collected in one
slime-pulp is now
collecting vats,
ft. in diameter, and
which
fitted with
14 ft. deep by 32
are
an
the
The
of the
centre
overflow
and
launder.
to
vat
pulp is run
chute
several
vertical
box
below
feet
extending
discharged through a
little
the top of the vat, so as to cause
disturbance
as
as
possible.
the
show
clear
until
the
the
The
in
slimes
at
water
runs
pulp
top,
The
collectingvats thicken
overflowing to a reservoir for re-use.
the pulp to about
to 1 of slime.
2 J of water
still further
thickened
is
The
slime
pulp
now
separated from
of
of which
the
contained
water
two
filter-presses,
by means
40
are
required for drying the slimes, each dealing with about
tons
(dry weight) of slime per day.
"
The
slime-cakes, now
containing only 25 per cent, to 35 per
the
from
to
cent, of moisture, drop
on
a
presses
screen-conveyor
This
into
which
a
disintegrator.
disintegrator is 7 ft.
discharges
in diameter
by 14 ft. deep and fitted with three sets of revolving
driven
shaft
bolted to a centre
by overhead
arms
gearing at the
revolutions
of 20
minute.
rate
(0*12 per
Cyanide solution
per
the
such
flows
in
the
of
in
bottom
at
disintegrator
proportion
cent.)
that
the overflowing pulp contains
1 of slime
of
solution.
to
1
14 ft. deep
This pulp flows through a series of four agitators each
by 20 ft. in diameter, fitted with
stirring gear
making three
to about
10
"
"
revolutions
per
minute.
'
142
wis
of thd
cost
"The
work
probably
to
out
CTAHIM
MtOCftSS.
siime
treatment
is
about
ton
Waihi
of the
Company
given, but
not
of slimes
it will
treated.
is about
The
output
with
identical
almost
is
that
in
is almost
which
Waihi
Tailings.
final
stages
the
from
universal
The
Glencairn
at
use
of
60-mesh
and
screen,
discharged
were
The
cyanide process.
pan-amalgamated
of the
allowed
from
the
settlers
into
the
adoption
instead
Waihi
ore
was
of
Company's
residues
crushed
charges.
large dams,
ing
result-
before
ore
in
consisted
settle.
the
Reef,
Africa.
The
the
tailingsare
tailingsis very instructive.
the pan-amalgamation of the dry -crushed
from
introduction
in
slimes
in South
treatment
Main
the
through
The
residues
where
they
They mostly
a
contained
base
metallic
no
They
good
impurities,
and
the gold existed
principallyin the form of amalgam.
Some
25,000 tons of these tailingswere
successfully treated by
Gold
whose
works
the Cassel
have
Extracting Company,
recently
Waihi
Gold
and
the
Silver
been
acquired by
Mining Company,
of the
the remainder
who
their
treated
account.
tailings on
own
The
plant consists of eight leaching vats, each 22 ft. in diameter
all the
4 ft. deep, together with
and
appliances.
necessary
The
details of the cyanide treatment
adopted for the treatment
in
tabulated
below
of these
form
:
tailingsare given
were
deal
to
of fine
sands
and
of slimes.
Treatment
Cyanide
Waihi
op
Tailings.
Hours.
Fillingleaching vat,
Preliminary lime or
Leaching
Strong
Weak
30
tons, three
water-
wash,
men,
tons,
8
...
with
vacuum,
solution,
solution,
8 tons,
4 tons,
0*6% KCy,
0*2% KCy
.30
.
12
APPLICATION
Washing,
First
OF
Vacuum
using
weak
PROCESS
THB
IK
DIFFERENT
143
COUNTRIES.
(from weak
wash
cyanide
sump),
4 tons,
Second
,,
,,
Third
Fourth,
wash,
water
Discharging
vat,
4 tons,
sluicing,
man
one
Total,
Remarks.
The
lime
solution
four
hours
value
stand
to
the
before
Fluke
75
Mine.
commenced.
percolation was
tailings
about
extraction
wash
water
allowed
the
of
tailingswere
or
was
.108
.
per
At
about
was
24s.
the
cent., at
works
the
The
ton,
per
of 8s. per
cost
of this
Company,
and
average
the
actual
ton.
Kuaotunu,
and
through a 40-mesh
passed
screen,
over
amalgamated
copper-plates. The tailings were
run
directly
from
the plates into
the
full, the
settling-pits. When
pits were
from
slimes were
removed
the lower end, and
out
to dry in
spread
the sun.
broken
and
When
then
filled
were
dry, they were
up,
into] the leaching vats
together with sand, in the proportion of
Try
the
ore
one
truck
of slimes
and
solution
author
at
wet-crushed
was
sand
The
the
that
slimes
put
was
the
trucks
two
to
The
mixed
in
the
before
vat
time
average
sand.
thoroughly
were
on.
of
was
follows
as
the
Hours.
Filling vats, 20
tons,
Strong solution,
in contact
with
Percolating,
Weak
solution,
tons, 0*6%
tailings,
.
containing
five
Totals,
consisted
8 to
12
standing
0*2% KCy,
cyanide washes,
0-1% of KCy,
ore
24
.
5 tons,
Weak
The
KCy,
6 to
of grey
considerable
of
to
5 to
.
each,
tons
30
25
to
30
68
to
86
and
oxides,
the
latter
"
144
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
found
that
it was
the extra extraction
again. In this case
labour.
than paid for the extra
more
At the Kapai- Vermont
mine, which
adjoins the Try Fluke, the
same
ore
was
dry-crushed in a ball-mill, and then
subjected to
direct cyanide treatment
with
the most
satisfactory results, the
actual
85
extraction
of the
generally exceeding
per cent,
assay
value.
In this mine, shoots
have
been
of very
rich ore
frequently
met
with, containing a considerable
proportion of comparatively
the
such
coarse
gold. With
ores
was
strong cyanide solution
circulated
through the leaching vats until an adequate extraction
washed
obtained.
was
Waitekauri
Mine.
Gold
Waitekauri
Golden
the
At
Cross
section
of
the
Waihi,
Company's Special Claim, near
the ore, before
the introduction
of wet-crushing at the
new
mill,
dry-crushed with stamps to pass through a 40-mesh
was
screen,
and treated
directly with cyanide. As a small
proportion of the
the
gold was
tailings were
amalgamated
passed over
coarse,
and
with
fall
30
ft.
ft.
3
of 1 in 12.
set
wide,
a
copper-plates,
long
of this ore
The
details of the
cyanide treatment
may
prove
statement
useful, and are given in the following tabulated
:
Mining
Hours.
22
men,
tons,
3^
....
45% KCy,
Strong solution,
Weak
9
solution, tons, 0'2%
First weak
cyanide wash, 5*5 tons, 0*05
9 tons, 0
Fourth,
.18
3*0
wash,
.18
sluicing,
man
one
Total,
value
average
ton; and
at
the
a
of the
actual
cost
Kalgoorlie,
in
occurs
unoxidized
In
all
cases
chief
oxidized
the
ores
in
it exists
during
1894
from
91
per
15s.
4,
was
cent,
to
93
ton.
mining
surface
ores
combination
in
Sulpho-Telluride
of
the
AUSTRALIA.
WESTERN
Treatment
varied
extraction
.156
treated
ore
14
The
18
.18
water
Discharging vat,
At
0*15%,
5'5
cent.,
to
Third
per
.18
.
5*5
per
...
"
Second
48
an
in
centre
in
with
extremely
Ores.
the
free
state,
tellurides
fine
State,
and
condition
the
and
in
gold
the
sulphides.
in
talcose
APPLICATION
OF
calcareous
that
ores
successful
The
difficult
possesses
The
climate
and
the
But
these
the
to
tropicaland
was
distance
difficulties
have
supply,
provides an abundance
distance
exceeding 300
telluride
ores
of the
slimes.
and
proportion
The
mines
Diehl
and
with,
it is
will
of them
In
of the
some
be
the
difficulties
ore
slimy
many
often
kind
the
plains.
State
in
in
railway
consequently
into
the
of
the
ore
mills
larger
sands.
led to
the
of
the
treatment
filter-press
the
State
the
world,
pipe-line for a
than
ore.
brackish,
arid
over
capital,and
the
slime
as
high
installed
at
several
is to
possible.
as
have
processes
been
in
Chapter
mills the
slimes
detailed
said, satisfactoryresults.
found
rebellious
and
character
and
of
the
overcome.
water, carried
process
Riecken
of the
early
brittle,and
very
into
the slimes
goes
cyanide
object at
The
respects
the
are
of the
adoption
some
great, and
been
now
of pure
miles.
gold
circumstance
in
scarce
with
mining centres
greatest .undertaking of
the
water
that
of
distant
the
proportion
dry,
seaboard
the
from
water
presented a
repeated failures
after
treatment
mere
slimes.
form
to
first
at
ores
and
metallurgists,
was
developed
process
And
peculiar features.
confined
not
This
these
of
145
COUNTRIES.
great propensity
possess
DIFFERENT
lines, a
were
The
IN
to
some
connects
PROCESS
treatment
problem
old
along
THE
description
XIII.
drained
are
partiallydried in
cyanide solution, and
or
disintegrated and
agitated with
In
in presses.
other
mills, the
pressed and washed
of the
dissolution
gold is effected directlyin the presses.
F. B. Allen, M.A., B.Sc, Director
of the
I am
indebted
to Mr.
Kalgoorlie School of Mines, for the following interestingdetails of
the
of
treatment
adopted at that mining
general methods
presses,
afterwards
centre
General.
essential
The
of
features
the
treatment
dry-
are
fine
circumstances,
according
sliming,
crushing, roasting or
with
and
filter-pressing.
cyanide,
leaching
Brown
The
or
roasting is generally effected in Edwards
The
former
from
14
16
roast
to
tons
straight-linefurnaces.
per
and
6d.
30
of
4s.
4s.
to
ton
at
cost
tons
Brown,
a
day,
;
per
per
for
7s.
0*1
to
9s.
ton.
to
cent,
as
sulphur
sulphide
day
per
per
is dried before
of moisture
3 per cent,
Ore
drycontaining over
ball-mills.
No
5 Krupp,
running at 25 revolutions
crushing in
crushes
with
15
25
minute
tons
H.P.,
through a 40-mesh
per
not
to
for
screen
pass
mesh,
a
Is. 2d.
100-mesh
will form
100-mesh
Great
of this from
65
per ton, and
The
sieve.
Griffin mill, when
of
which
product
an
approximate
sieve, at
Boulder
Proprietary.
75
per
cost
The
cent,
to
75
crushing
will
of 2s. per
will
cent,
per
to
15-
through
pass
ton.
sulphide
ore
is
10
partly
146
CYANIDE
THE
crushed
with
wet
Griffin
partly dry-crushed in
in Wheeler
amalgamated
and
stamps
PROCESS.
fed
mills, roasted,
and
pans,
which
mixers
into
the
with
is further
ground and
pulp, which
supply Wheeler
pans
without
with
of copper-plates.
the use
amalgamated
mercury
the continuous
of the
The pulp from
overflow
Cyanide Process.
of sulphide ore,
is led into settlers, first passing, in the case
pans
tables
canvas
over
the
gold
they
roast
and
2*0
the
per
of
recovered
are
Edwards
are
one-third
About
concentrates.
*
The
furnaces
by amalgamation.
(16 tons per day), fed with producer gas, and
down
0*11
to
cent,
sulphur as sulphide,
per
used
are
sulphur as sulphate. Push
conveyors
taken
is
samples are
automatically as the ore
contents
used
eliminate
to
ore
cent,
throughout, and
discharged from the elevators.
The
slimes
fine
settler
the
from
to
go
and
lifted up
passed through
they are
the
The
to
slimes, 1
particles being returned
pans.
and
to
montejus or pressure-tanks, and
agitated
passed
filter-presses.
The
Dehne
four
hold
presses
3J tons, forming
hydraulic pressure.
presses
solutions
The
three
boxes, and
in.
by
tons
cakes.
each;
the
They
are
Excelsior
presses,
with
treated
the
gold-slimes
tiltingfurnaces.
residues
dumped by a Ledger wood
are
zinc
melted
and
clarified
are
The
whence
settling tank,
spitzluten, the
heavier
1,
to
are
then
to
Martin
five
worked
by
passed through
sulphuric acid
in
hoist
to
on
60
ft.
heap.
Mine.
KalgOOrlie
Part
of the
is dried
ore
in
White-Howell
drier, the
15
tons
The
drier
ore
24
hours.
per
falls
roasted
ore
bucket-elevator,
separated by
on
through
water
several
removed
copper-plates
100-ton
steel
vats
weeks, and
*
The
mixer.
into
spitzkasten
pyramidal spitzkasten
while
the
sands
and
and
of
pans.
water, and
Ordinary
cyanide
cyanide solutions as they
Three-hearth
Merton
to
pulp
slimes,
have
from
The
are
are
now
off
being
are
used.
is
surplus
over
the
centrates
con-
sent
bottom-discharged
occupies
come
pass
run
which
treatment
furnaces
which
the
sands
to
this
from
concentrates
Halley tables,
Wheeler
vats, drained
the
is carried
and
push-conveyor
lifts it to
long
ground in
below.
of conical
ft.
10
are
three
which
series
to
on
to
into
three
returned
to
APPLICATION
OF
the
PROCESS
THE
IN
DIFFERENT
sands
which
by an air-lift,
constantly circulating.
the spitzkasten thickened
slimes
from
The
the
of
top
tanks
five pressure
compressed air and
5|
of
set
with
13
cyanide
147
COUNTRIES.
keeps
to
up
J ft.,where
they
solution
four
for
the
solutions
1 in
1 flow
to
agitated
are
hours.
One
tank
is
crushers,
trucked
and
Challenge
to
1000-lb.
broken
the
wire-screen
woven
the
feeders
ore
The
stamps.
stored
ore
is
ore
the
at
200-ton
supplying
wet-crushed
of
rate
passing
in
or
100-mesh
whence
it
is
50-stamp battery
through a 24-mesh
of
bin,
tons
24
per
hours,
Free
gold is
on
amalgamated both inside the boxes and outside
copper-plates,
followed
which
of the
are
by concentrators
Wilfley type. The
sands
in a series
of
are
ground and amalgamated
coarse
pans
and
fine
sands
thus
followed
by settlers
spitzkasten. The
obtained
42
ft.
lifted
with
fitted
are
by a
tailings-wheel to vats
distributors.
Butters
tables
of
The
fine
The
slimes
nine
washed
Excelsior
then
are
slimes
elimination
concentrates,
etc.,
pumped
are
screen.
30
ft.
over
pass
of fire concentrates.
sands, occupying
the
nine
or
collected
direct,
and
ten
days,
sent
to
of
is
the
canvas
Double
practised.
smelter.
without
agitators or montejus,
carrying fifty 3 in. cakes, pressed,
presses,
and
with
and
cyanide solution
discharged.
water,
for clarifyingthe
used
which
are
solutions,
gold
presses
are
each
Dehne
passed
to
acid
Sulphuric
treatment
The
further
the
for
treatment
to
part
greater
of
four
treatment
zinc
the
zinc
slimes,
boxes.
extractor
with
which
filter- pressing
are
is
finallymelted
adopted for
in a tilting
furnace.
with
Ore.
cyanide
for
The
24
new
hours, pressed
in
six
5-ton
presses,
and
the
148
THE
Rich
Great
feeder
the
The
ore
with
lower
floors.
it is crushed
is
No.
30
floors,and
eleven
Sulphide
3 Gates
Robins
to
is roasted
ore
for
conveyors
The
removal.
belt,
-mesh,
is treated
ore
crusher, deliveringit
and
then
Krupp
large portion,especially
to
two
100-mesh.
schistose, passing
crushed
high,
on
to
belt
smelters.
Reef.
in
drying by breaking
ball-mills,where
when
Main
Boulder
Challenge
the
to
PROCESS.
Robins
to
on
is sent
sulphide ore
without
by
dropped
material
waste
CYANIDE
in
Richards
shaft-furnace
65
ft.
rabbled
this
furnaces.
Hours.
Dehne
fillingin,
Leaching and washing
Discharging,
.
Four
the
ore
tous
per
ft.
10
Sulphides,
400-ton
There
bin.
65
day,
by
is led
Ore
to
passes
ball-mill
\
2|
in,
tons
View.
Lake
per
are
cent,
conveyors
ft., roasting
30
roasted.
ore-bin,
four
to
tons
and
four
per
thence
mills
Krupp
of which
Gates
From
will
Brown
day
pass
No.
by
with
a
aerial
crusher
tram
capacity
150-
mesh
of
to
0'2
per
130
screen.
straight-linefurnaces
down
to
cent,
180
of
roasted
is elevated
into
50- ton
ore
sulphur as sulphides. The
and
is running,
the
0 15
cent.
KCy
agitators into which
per
transferred
the
while
into
ten
leaching vats,
resulting sands are
slimes
to three
on
agitators for further agitation,before being
pass
Then
follows
zinc
passed through montejus and Dehne
presses.
precipitationand sulphuric acid treatment.
150
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
After
In
recent
Mr.
mine,
report
R.
the
on
Hamilton
Riecken
gives
at
process
the
costs
the
South
follows
as
d.
8,
2
crushing and transport to mill,
2. Fine
pulverising,including proportion of
.53
general charges and power,
3. Roasting and conveying ore, including proportion
7
of general charges and
power,
4. Agitation with cyanide, and
ejectrical
precipitation
1.
Kalgoorlie
Coarse
per
J"
treatment,
5.
Filter-pressingand
was
average
3, 17s.
of
gold, equal
extraction
of
6d.
to
ton, and
per
value
88 '4
JE1
value
lOJd.
for
10,318
of
ozs.
Diehl
at
an
11-81
per
ton.
43,800.
Mine.
s.
d.
5-6
17
.
development,
Additions
to plant,
46s. per
ton
11
6*3
30
10*9
working
1 3*9
approx.
Mine
Kalgoorlie Mine,
dwt.
....
process,
General,
2*125
1903.
gold, valued
View
Lake
Stoping,
March
ton, representing
per
38
tons
and
residues
of
cent.
per
Costs, February
11-098
7J
the
8s.
of
January, February,
for
ore
5|
""
.63
charges,
of the
value
Of
8
.
washing,
Total
The
ton.
4*9
.
(higher
than
usual).
costs.
application
of
New
process
the
Wales
South
different
in
Filter-Press
The
1.
are
day.
of the
summary
dry slimes
The
ground
up,
into
discharged
cyanide solution
are
while
storage tank,
of
whence
The
200
into
paper
these
dry
slimes
which
to
of
tons
follows
as
from
plant
with
is
process
Practice.
extracted
are
151
countries.
mixer, in which
added, the mixture
they
is
it is elevated
2.
flowing
out-
into
agitator
agitated for a
Mixture
centrifugal pump.
by means
mechanical
period ascertained
by experiment, by some
means,
thus
between
the metallic
and
chemical
contact
ensuring intimate
iuto montejus, which
consist
of cylinrun
particles. 3. Contents
drical
with
inlet
and
and
vessels
also
outlet
valves,
provided
air compressor.
4. Forcing the
connections
of an
to the receiver
the montejus into filtermixture
of compressed air from
by means
the gold-bearing solution
escaping through the filter-cloths
presses,
vats
of
the
solid
the
while
presses,
material
remains
in
the
frames,
these
further
5.
cakes.
forming large
cakes
by "washing"
or
forcing, at a high pressure, a weaker
of
solution
cyanide through them, and, if found
a
necessary,
second
washing with water
only. 6. Getting rid of the exhausted
and
slimes
discharging the cakes into
by opening the presses
them
7. Clarifying the
to
dump.
a
tracted
extrucks, which
convey
the
from
them
solutions
flowing
by running
gold
presses,
thence
them
sand
into
into
and
tanks, pumping
through
traps
obtain
and
elevated
to
tanks, in order
regular pressure,
passing
in order
them
retain
to
through a finer class of filter-presses,
any
which
would
foul the zinc extractor
boxes.
impalpable solid matter
the
the
into
boxes
8. Passing the outflow
from
extractor
presses
the
outflow
usual
and treating therein
in the
being of
manner,
for strengthening and
returned
to sumps
re-use.
course
article
These
made
standard
Mixers.
are
a
by the
as
meter
engineering trade, and consist of a steel cylinder 6 feet in diainserted
has
which
an
by 5 feet deep, lined with
cone,
outside
the
and
the
in
it
of
the
at
shell,
near
openings
top
vertical
mitre
four-bladed
bottom
a
shaft, with
a
propeller on
The
wheels
and
driving gear.
propeller not only cuts up the
thin
extraction
from
slimes
and
upwards
the
through
overflows
into
Agitators.
diameter, open
the
Rock,
at
solution,
tank,
consist
the
connect
The
the
openings
storage
These
which
openings
with
them
mixes
on
of steel
top, and
with
Australian
and
with
both
Mining
up
it drives
but
to
its way
the
to
the
the
mixture
outlet, whence
it
agitators.
vats
16
Standard,
feet
Dec.
12, 1901.
152
To
THE
sole
whose
With
or
arms
it into
and
the
them
bringing
efficient
the
draw
to
redeliver
particlesand
highly
is
duty
and
bottom
is connected
agitators there
of these
each
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
in
paddles adopted
mixing
time
the
found
been
has
contact
compared
agitators previously
regard
to
horizontal
in
of
the
from
vat
mode
This
intimate*
economical
the
of
contents
top.
into
centrifugalpump,
as
adopted.
Centrifugal Pumps.
These
the
into
elevating the mixture
with
material
for dealing
gritty
usual
as
chambers
water-pressure
would
water
dilute
the
and
the
have
glands, but
proportion, they
from
pressure
used
ones
the
the
upset
for
one
They
process.
with
in connection
mixture
the
only
the
in
with
fed
are
and
circulatingpumps,
agitators, are the
elevated
an
These
each
are
there
such
the
drip trays,
as
minor
others
several
are
Of
trucks
Solution
drive
the
course
have
discharge
of the
here
washthat
contents,
out
any
for
This
with
cast-iron
the
montejus
water
100
at
both
added,
other
several
and
launders,
be
to
for
snoots
delivering
into
in
the
the
them.
Pump.
pressure
pump
the presses
from
the
leak
and
Wash
noted
necessary
of
building prepared
that
are
and
slimes
accessories.
cakes
which
be
may
be
air
The
at
up
and
presses
to
inch.
square
admitted
for
pressure
reckoned
lbs. to the
is
descriptionof high-
of any
fittings.
fillingthe
after
compressed
may
for
filling
80
lbs.,
It may
washing
after
short
be
period
to
moisture.
These
also
but
of
are
a
Clarifying Presses.
filter-presses,
much
the frames
of wood.
lighter description,
being usually made
flow
of the
They are supposed to be self-cleansing,by reversal
with
materials, but other slimes
through them, and are so
some
it
is
of
that
found
to
have
set
are
so
gluey
a
spare
necessary
can
be
substituted
for
the
foul
ones
in
APPLICATION
PROCESS
THE
OF
DIFFERENT
IN
153
COUNTRIES.
and scrubbed.
minutes, the latter being taken away
the
delicate, and
are
pulsation of a pump
very
few
presses
their
efficiency.
solution
into
through
the
The
It
tank
of
specified,and
18
thence
hardly be
compressed
power,
whence
high,
the
to
destroys
the
gold
pump
it flows
quietly
to
necessary
feet
boxes.
extractor
etc., need
it need
steam
therefore
and
presses,
items
is
about
added
These
be
not
particularly
cient
suffi-
the
adjuncts of
supply of water
that
air, and
are
necessary.
Practical
Work.
the
ordinary work,
tipping trucks
If
plant
would
routine
are
delivered
of the
agitators
described
above
as
be
further
as
doing
is
described.
its
Side.
regular intervals
alongside the
mixer, and the contents
dipped bodily out, the fall being broken
to
by a shoot, sufficientlyflat to require the attendant
use
a
shovel
and
in some
the
feed.
He
also, through
degree regulate
knows
much
how
in from
solution
to
run
practice,
a
cyanide
that
flow
of
mixture
into
constant
cock,
so
supply
a fairly
escapes
the
at
storage tank.
When
and
one
the
elevated
storage tank,
is
empty,
centrifugaldoes
this
is
signal
in
minutes
few
the
given
all
refill,
to
the
from
time.
circulating pump
running
the
the
in
of
man
agitation,
charge
machinery room
the
inlet
valve
and
the air
of
the
fills
one
montejus,
opens
escape
the
cock being open.
When
in he closes
the
charge is all run
inlet valve
and
the little agitation cock
until
he
receives
a
opens
be
that
is
When
he
that
he
filled.
to
closes
a press
signal
gets
the above, opens
the
the
outlet
and
then
valve,
compressed air
After
the
sufficient
cock
; the
of the
contents
room
one
pressure
In
the
water
time
into
thereafter
then
at
once
Notice
matter.
open
wash
been
the
room
the
start
outlet
the
stopped,
wash
main
the
on
until
to
gold
sump
in the
press
given when
any
reclosed, ready for
press
valves
taps
are
directed
re-use.
and
open,
the
solution
for
the
the
are
close the
to
pump;
flow therefrom
as
leading
and
the
the
was
half
minutes
to
frames
them
given
the
launder
fill
emptied
water
few
transferred
from
is then
opened,
same
into
flows
in
signal to
had
presses
the
cocks
outlet
filling.
gold solution
and
this
has
been
All
solid
montejus
above.
of
rises, and
gauge
ran
the
is full
of
previously
closed,
for
the
little
into,
Pumping
and
is
154
CYANIDE
THE
through
flow
PROCESS.
the
its final
siderable
alteration
Other
and
in
States
the
Queensland,
for
the
except
purposes
of the
m
charcoal
the
cyanide
of
has
Victoria,
instead
them
suit
Australia.
treatment
tailings. Nowhere
in
make
to
any
where
This
process
sands
is
above
requirements.
Victoria,
is
and
distinctive
precipitationprocess
chlorination
In
charcoal
of zinc.
the
South
employed
old
feature
Australia,
almost
accumulations
ively
exclusof
been
developed
used
is much
for precipitation
survival
and
really a
adaptation
Victoria
in
formerly employed
process.
UNITED
STATES.
The
in the states
cyanide process has been successfullyintroduced
of California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
New
Utah,
Nevada,
and
and
Black
Hills
Dakota.
Mexico,
district, South
Washington,
the
the
of
in
the
has
States
Generally speaking,
adoption
process
been
for this
the
due
to
slow, the primary cause
being doubtless
The
of the ores.
of the
ever,
howcomplex character
process,
progress
during the past year or two has been very marked.
The
is one
difficulties,
presenting many
especiallywith
process
base
and
the
time
to
ores
sulphides,
containing
present
up
American
have
been
feel
their
safe
content
to
metallurgists
on
way
ground.
The
the same
lines as
where,
elsecyaniding of tailingsis conducted
on
while the slimes problem seems
have
been
to
successfully
solved by the adoption of agitation followed
by decantation.
of the
The
treatment
of
sulpho-telluride ores
Cripple Creek
districts by cyanide after roasting has
much
been
with
attended
silccess.
precipitation of
Up to the present time, the electrical
has had
little or
gold from cyanide solutions
application on a
no
For
the treatment
of high-grade slimes, there
working scale.
may
be
for the filter-press
practised in Western
possibly
scope
process
Australia.
The
day,
and
largest in
in the
read
Homestake
new
the
the
States
with
much
tons
a
plant, with
capacity of 1200
per
the
of 600
tons
Smuggler-Union
are
day,
among
per
States.
Actual
working details of cyanide treatment
seldom
will be
available, and the following notes
are
interest.
APPLICATION
OF
Colorado.
Godfrey
cyanide
small
for
of
treatment
155
COUNTRIES.
DIFFERENT
I am
indebted
to
Mills, Ouray,
of
the
instructive
particulars
following
this
The
mill.
at
a
tailings contain
tailings
Bird
Camp
Doveton
IN
PROCESS
THE
the
led to
of copper,
has
which
of the usual
interestingmodifications
percentage
the
adoption
of
some
Doveton
practice. Mr,
says
of the
treatment
and
conducted
are
preferred to
is
to
the
circular
effected, a
sizing test
following results
dam
slime
launder,
better
of
as
somewhat
of
ore
wire-wove
On
to
bullion
are
the
showed
99-05
in
batteries
stamper
through
35-mesh
screen.
the
assay,
found
tion
classifica-
crushed
was
gates
better
samples
vat
Total
The
Slime
result.
is the
leaching
large number
settled.
and
and
found
material
button
of the
was
very
much
the
than
considerablyhigher
run
finer
40
the
on
that
than
and
finer
60
meshes
was
material, and
resulting from
the
the
finer
product.
sampled at the distributor nozzles as a check
upon
filled the charge is also
the vanner
tailingsat the stamp mill. When
40 to 50 bores
sampled with a borer, some
being taken from a 500acid is made
An
ton
on
vat.
acidity test for free and combined
and
lime
is
of
the head
the
found,
and
sample,
requisitequantity
the
added
of
the
on
top
charge, and well mixed by shovelling over
top layer of material.
tank
The
Details of Treatment
being partially
Charge.
of 100-ton
assay
The
vats
are
drained
and
lime
added,
0*05
containing
about
contains
considerable
per
20
cent.
KCy.
percentage
also, owing
cyanicides, and
of the
cyanide, dissolves much
in
material
the
thereby leaving
for the
of
tons
This
solution
are
better
on,
also
run
solution, which
of copper
cyanide,acts
of much
to the presence
copper
a
weak
contained
condition
in
for
as
the
the
food
cupro-
charge,
actual
156
weak
It should
saved
gold
of gold
the
as
and
off
on
is amenable
rare
by the first
immediately
available
down
run
liminary
pre-
cyanide
sluice
the
etc.
occasions,
when
from
10
treatment,
to
the
by
rule
of the
sluicing purposes,
that
is removed
as
whole
drain
to
for
mentioned
be
contents
value
and
is allowed
destroyed, it
launders, to be
is dissolved
gold
solution,
is
of the
No
solution.
working
PKOCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
portion
25
to
cents
solution.
of
by a succession
until
10-ton
the outgoing
charges of solution of 0 25 per cent, free KCy,
solution
rises to about
225
0*20-0
cent.
KCy.
Usually
per
and
60
of solution,
the
time
the
tons
run
are
by
outgoing
on,
standard
solution
65
is up
70
of
to
to
cent,
near
strength,
per
the
The
allowed
macerate
to
gold is dissolved.
charge is now
from
8 to 16 hours, and is subsequently rapidly drained, sampled,
and
below
shovelled
for the second
treatment.
to the tank
During
the
the
and
has
been
the
assayed,
gold
shovelling
charge sample
almost
all
the
of
ascertained.
extraction
Usually
yet capable
soluble
compound has been carried out by the charges of
AuKCy2
Should
much
the
show
that
of the
solution.
previously
assay
insoluble
solution
the
is
standard
in
gold still remains
ore,
added
Should
in the lower
the
be
vat.
unusually
gold contents
the
0*4
solution
for
is
used
saturation
cent,
high, 0*3, 0*35, or
per
of the shovelled
has
charge. If, however, a fairlygood extraction
The
weak
solution
is
followed
'
in the
obtained
been
and
when
we
are
immediately
Mr.
from
to
washes
the
surface,
all
ensures
The
added
the
solution,
boxes, and
at
the
40
time
cents
waste
about
usually
thence
of
the
12
of
weak
dissolved
drained
now
values
of
applied
the
from
and
is
mill.
weak
much
of
to
and
waste
zinc
waste
this
is
This
washes
water
The
the
the
out.
passed through
The
gold value
to
below
hours.
two
cent.
per
tank
cent.).
per
disappeared
macerate
0*04
couple of
partially
(O'08-O'l25
gold
cyanide,
of
out
apply
to
macerate
to
each, drain
tons
has
to
allow
and
solution
fall to
in
10
washes
weak
low
ton,
rapidly,
allowed
is
transfer
per
zinc
"At
tons
the
from
drain
weak
the
used,
solution,
solution
the
usual
Our
cent,
then
charge
of
"
cent,
of
charge is
till cyanide
transferred
and
last
is
saturation.
per
hours,
per
give 25
the
Before
"
0*3
of 0'3
and
with
continues
with
4
dry,
after
Doveton
saturate
the
solution
cent,
per
washes
are
tailings weak
vat, 0*25
upper
crowded
liquor is now
gold tank,
the
waste
of the
boxes
precipitated
zinc
solution
is about
in
the
boxes.
time
per
contains
of
sluicing,the
cent,
about
of
charge
moisture, and
0*02
per
cent,
is
fairlydry, containing
outgoing solution
free
KCy, but only a
the
of
158
CYANIDE
THE
PROCESS.
the
bullion,
along with
promote the precipitation of the copper
solution
the
with
thus
becoming overcharged
preventing
copper.
last
fresh
the
of
after
zinc
in
Occasionally,
placing
compartments
with
in about
the boxes, it will be
eight
perfectly coated
copper
or
the
because
hours,
two, is very
gold
the
will
Should
"
the
of
into
gray
in colour
the
bullion
of
of
is allowed
which
the
the
deposited
will
mercury
continued,
is dis-
solution
black
become
to
becomes
zinc
mercuric
zinc
Winchester
few
When
of
the
Cu,
the
of
partiallyout
usual
boxes
the
boxes
was
from
solution
0*045
as
dollars
per
lift the
to
as
tions
solu-
occasions,
or
bullion
good
the
much
as
great
so
a
should
several
on
contents,
however,
and
carried
bullion
hydrogen
of
increased,
usual,
the
entering
and
is much
than
copper
more
evolution
the
hydrogen
of
solution
the
ton,
hours
few
precipitating bullion,
of
signs
addition
the
zinc,
evolution
cent.
per
the
use
by
cyanide solution,
mercuric
coppery
and
in
contain
when
of 24
course
precipitate.
The
"
compartmetit
is
the
affected.
compartment
the
from
amalgamation
the
drip
with
last
in the
However,
no
aided
readily
strong
show
zinc
coppery
precipitation is
quarts
value.
the
black.
lustrous
very
it reaches
when
hours,
when
solution,
in bullion
low
zinc
precipitation
only 5 grains
recently, when
worth
leaving the boxes
of
noticed
this
ton.
of gold per
was
example
solution
the
of
showed
a
working
a
complete analysis
presence
of
about
small
0*00778
of
cent.,
quantity
a
manganese,
per
the evaporation of 2 litres of solution
estimated
on
by Volhardt's
lime
No
method.
found, but
was
sulphates or magnesia were
obtained, the
was
An
the
present
to
found
little
large
lead,
of
amount
There
cent.
could
be
not
here,
agent
little
The
valuable,
seem
alkaline
no
"
yet
that
when
sulphide
from
is
frequently
of Threshis*
iodimetric
oxygen
as
latter
the
but
present,
has
sulphide
it enables
sufficientlyaerated
presence
iron
of
ferrocyanide,
no
0*1078
about
what
in
was
but
per
combination
determined.
precipitatedas sulphide
"
alumina,
There
Ca.
of
cent,
per
considerable
it would
and
0*01387
sulphocyanide,
was
alkaline
"No
of
extent
of from
or
2 to
and
Experiments
of employing
merit
to
us
7*36
of
the
as
the
solutions
the
zinc
precipitating
being readily
ZnK2Cy4.
estimated
in the
method.
ascertain
mgrms.
numerous
jets
exist,
of
solution
The
our
tests
oxygen
oxygen
estimations
compressed
per
were
air
by
in
the
fication
modi-
solutions
showed
litre of
made
is
estimation
whether
Numerous
not.
in
is used
zinc
can
the
detected
been
to
very
are
the
solution.
test
sumps
the
and
APPLICATION
OF
should
storages,
THE
to
the
during
leaching vats.
of
the
the
little
more
weak
per
solution
noticeable
Here
the
cent,
of
the
that
total
KCy
weak
0 4
only
Bird
Gamp
gives the
treated, including 2*4
of gold slimes.
Doveton
last
erected
year.
precipitation is used.
Pneumatic
Dorcas
charges
cents
per
It
has
and
120
interest,
as
compressed
solutions
and
pulp
is extracted
The
and
rolls
coarse
and
20
the
through
The
air
mgrm."
of
Mill,
tons
Florence.
The
used
is
600
treatment
to
and
aerate
dollars
in
sampling
Engineering
sets
and
of
room,
Journal,
has
plant
is of
some
agitate
the
crushers
through
through
finishing rolls
Mining
was
Zinc
tion
following descrip-
value,
passes
thence
mine
day.
per
here
ore
treatment
this
This
of
ton
acid
at
The
leaching vats.
by Dr. Wells.*
paper
two
dissolved
of
per
sulphuric
the
in
from
to
for
capacity
day.
per
averaging
ore,
dryer
tons
0*11
Mills,
3s.
cyanide plant
The
a
about
as
ton
Cyanide
of
capacity
being
boxes.
71-57
total
Tailings monthly.
tons
Mine.
Union
time.
zinc
KCy
litre
per
contained
at
the
very
that
of
increase
cent.
per
contain
Total,
Smuggler-
majority
to
the
leaves
mgrm.
Treatment
of Cyanide
5000
boxes
zinc
the
in
average,
strong,
0'08
0*64
solution
strong
on
solution
containing
contained
the
the
than
the
solution
Cost
found
we
found,
oxygen
when
the
end
of
was
weak
while
oxygen,
passage
cient
insuffi-
received
solutions
the
from
dissolving but
capable
were
the
aeration, and
greater portion
again on standing for any length of
on
dissolved
more
most
the
that
However,
diffused
was
"The
little
their
159
COUNTRIES.
DIFFERENT
solutions
oxygen
dissolved
IN
found
it be
oxygen
cases
PROCESS
Jan.
which
4, 1902.
ing
revolv-
crush
it to
160
CYANIDE
THE
2 4 -mesh
The
size.
PROCESS.
finelycrushed
the
hoff-Wethey furnace,
is then
ore
roasted
roasted
in
to
the
4*5
ft.
product passing
Holt-
leaching
tanks.
There
fitted
are
with
six of these
air
tanks,
the
in
pipes
leaching.
30
diameter,
ft. in
bottom
the
for
and
deep,
introduction
of
air
The
air
is supplied at
during the
a
pressure
1
cubic
air
about
of
5
foot
minute
to each
lbs.,
exceeding
per
of ore
being sufficient for agitation and oxygenation.
The
treatment
generally lasts five days, and leaves a value
about
treatment
the
40
filled
by
is run
ton
KCy
per
flow
in
to
continuing
turned
on
gradually, and
least
90
through
the
of
at
iron
rods.
then
shut
and
conveyor,
pulp a
gradually,
in
until
is
the
kept
the
charge
ore
sluiced
is then
soon
as
the
until
this
bottom
10
air
then
is
tion
extrac-
an
comes
stirred
be
air
shows
lbs.
time
same
The
pulp
the
to
the
at
full.
the
has
the
as
containing
pulp
is
Whenever
cent.
per
of
tailings after
solution
tank
on
The
ton
ton.
per
with
is covered
tank
tables.
cents
residue
The
ore.
Wilfley
on
about
average
tanks
are
The
ton
per
the
in
concentrated
and
out
of
dollar
not
evenly
un-
up
by
with
men
This
The
air is
30
hours.
generally requires about
the
allowed
settle
for
hour.
to
one
pulp
off as
Percolation
is then
run
begun and the strong solution
of 5 lbs. KCy
one
quickly as possible,followed
by a weaker
per
of the solution
This
until the
tests
ton.
operation is continued
is then
of
added
show
to
gold. Water
displace
only traces
less
than
solution.
The
loss
in
the
is
be
stated
to
KCy
cyanide
dust
the
The
1 lb. per
ton.
dry-crushing is
resulting from
and
treated
with
collected
cyanide, without
previous roasting.
From
dust assaying 51 '20 dollars per ton the tailingsonly contained
It is added
in the leaching
80 cents
roasted
to the
ore
per ton.
each
of
the charge.
tanks, 3 tons to
tank, spread evenly on top
and
off
Cripple
Greek
district
is andesite
On
surface
the
gold
occurs
associated
the
oxide
more
or
the
in
of
calaverite
less with
surface
gold
amalgamation, being coated
easily extracted
by cyanide.
dead
The
roast
reduction
instead
pass
telluride
unoxidized
The
of the
through
ores
used
40-mesh
and
carry
Below
iron
this
of
granite.
peroxide,
water-level,
sylvanite,and
is
the
always
pyrites.
is
free, but
not
with
metallic
oxides.
ores
have
be
to
amenable
It
to
is,however,
subjected
cyanide
is generally effected
ore
at
Kalgoorlie, the ore
before
of the
mills
iron
decomposed
and
tellurium.
rock
country
and
oxidized
are
ores
in the. minerals
The
The
breccia, phonolite,
oxide, and
manganese
Practice.
Telluride
to
liminary
pre-
treatment.
screen.
The
roasted
with
Krom
being
ore
rolls,
crushed
is leached
to
by
APPLICATION
THE
OF
PROCESS
The
The
is
effected
of the
treatment
obviously a
0*75
hours,
varies
with
the
stronger,
weak
70 to
from
is
solution
100
hours.
zinc*
sulpho-tellurideores
problem than
difficult
more
The
potassium cyanide,
of
which
after
161
COUNTRIES.
cyanide!
of
cent,
per
of treatment
time
Precipitationis
solutions
two
50
DIFFERENT
IN
Australia
of Western
that
of
Cripple
Creek
At
As
at
state, while
before
cyanide
soon
recognized
was
better, and
to attain
into
come
has
to
20-mesh
1000
of
size and
in diameter
Zinc
that
and
tons
adoption
Mines.
in
The
The
day.
per
treated
then
5 ft.
raw
dead
roast
of
use.
California King
capacity
that
general
California.
to
the
in
it
filter-presses,
the
the greater the proportion of slimes
object, pulverizingmills,instead of rolls,
treatment.
have
subjected
are
the
With
treated
are
ores
ten
deep, provided
with
ore
plant
this
at
is crushed
mine
rolls
by
precipitationis used.
There
are
many
State, including
Golden
Cross
the
Mines
the
throughout
cyanide plants scattered
the
of
large 140 -stamp
cyanide mill
these
at
no
Hedges, but
particulars of
available.
are
Montana.
in this
progress
of them
The
of
State.
that
says
Many
In
cases
the
ores,
the
Nevada.
carried
as
process
amalgamation
slimy
Wells
cyaniding
plants
new
have
made
has
been
great
erected,
some
large size.
elsewhere.
other
Dr.
of
many
on
the
this
in
mills,
plates, followed
on
is crushed
ore
State
the
in rolls
sun-drying
method
by cyaniding
and
is much
slime
is
of
cyanided
the
same
as
wet-crushing,
tailings. In
direct.
With
decant.
treatment
adopted
Dexter
at
the
referred
has
to in the
plant at Tuscarora
already been
the
other
Of
slime
treatment.
chapter dealing with
plants in
in
this
while
others
State some
are
operation
are
treating tailings,
dealing directly with dry-crushed ore.
has a successful
of Bland
New
The
Mexico.
Cochiti Company
Prof. Furraan.
Mines
and
162
method
98
CYANIDE
THE
of treatment
used
of the
cent,
per
steam
steam
bottom
Steam
is used
100-mesh
pass
heat
to
cooled
air and
of the
escape
total
values
in
are
The
much.
solution, using
lbs. per
ton, but
only 80 per cent,
solution going to waste
in the
slimes.
in
and
ore
wire
is
Utah.
the
of
There
ore.
recovered,
To
neutralize
the
under
per cent,
of
cyanide
due
the
to
acidity
suspended
is
The
of the
of
cost
has
ore
to silicious
in
the
much
sinter, or
cellular
as
serite,
gey
this
in
is considered
in
capacity
described
been
abundant
district,cinnabar
realgar occur
cyanide process
plants having
is most
as
the
the
tank.
centres
Mercur
similar
is about
in
94
of
that
and
in the
hours
24
-lb.
ton.
incrustations
and
in. holes
by
of air
pipes
solution
different
Cinnabar
in the
Orpiment
gold.
of the
greatest
form
ore.
found
Wherever
per
of the
day.
a
beautiful
forms
dollar
The
mixture
is
of
part
States, the
process
slimes, lime
upper
one
per
Silica in
"
settlingof the
as
is
tons
characterizes
and
the
given
2000
in
United
in the
follows
the
Mercur
over
aid
basket
treatment
of
to
The
iron
In
steam.
of the
Here
the
it too
features.*
screen.
expanding
is admitted
through 1 in. horizontal
of the tank.
The
pipes have 0*0625
on
will
dust
novel
some
possesses
is
pressure.
the air
which
PROCESS.
rock,
varieties.
a
sign
sure
in
some
large quantities
is usually found
as
iron
in
and
impure limestone
clay. Barite and gypsum
more
or
occur
also
mineralized
found
of limestone
crystallized:
masses
are
in rings, the outside
from
the
6
dollars
8
to
dollars, and
assaying
No
in gold.
trace
free gold is visible
centre
in the
a
even
ore,
with
feature
absence
of
remarkable
is the
a
microscope. One
The
of the ore
silver.
milled is kept close to 1 2 dollars
average
less
per
ton."
At
40
ore-bin
a
Mercur
the
Dodge
ft.
crushed
is
20
ft.
and
wide,
bottoms.
four
15
The
to
or
They
filter cloth
six weeks.
ft.
to
the
to
less.
tons.
20
it passes
finally trammed
hold
from
is delivered
ore
which
from
1 in. mesh
to
and
lasts
the
long,
crusher,
rolls, and
mill
vats
are
made
the
From
set
are
of
false
the
tanks
railroad
vats,
12
ft. 8
in.
Hunter,
Mining
Engineering
and
and
Mining
Press, May
Scientific
meter,
dia-
wood
red-
burlap,
and
iron,
bottom
is
Journal, Jan.
23, 1896.
in
with
solution
in
corrugated
being
it is pumped
which
collecting tank, from
by
The
the
zinc
to
single-acting pumps
precipitating room.
from
24
12
about
to 36 in. wide, 10
to
in. deep, and
are
long.
to
an
after
tank
the
to
is crushed
of Walls
cyanide
The
on
by the
deep. It
19, 1901.
is
veyed
con-
Blake
boxes
20
ft.
APPLICATION
Fine
is found
crushing
and
porous,
PROCESS
THE
OF
be
to
163
COUNTRIES.
the
as
unnecessary,
mud
disintegratesinto
of it
much
DIFFERENT
IN
is very
ore
when
solutions
are
applied.
in Mercur
It is interesting to note
one
change made
practice.
solution
the
ously,
continuwas
run
ore
Formerly the strong
through
Now
surface
series
of
the
a
being kept always covered.
washes
is run
time
below
being down
through, the solution each
extraction
been
the
has
increased
The
surface.
thereby, and
much
at
was
At
the
has
the
of his
strength
At
the
within
notice
an
solutions
the
end
by adding cyanide to the lower
judgment of the operator determining the
solutions
"
the
The
slimes
zinc
mill.
amalgamating
160
about
taken
C. the
This
table.
present
dollars, giving
as
80
c.
dollars
Mining,
cyaniding the
50
lb. per
Golden
TJie
best
constructed
order
hoisted
420
in
to
on
ft.
in
length
from
which
are
stone
behind
85
per
of
The
ton.
ore
for
cost
refining.
about
and
cost
is at
cyanide
top
ft. wide
50,000
over
1*75
ore
average
itemized
is
hauling
total
complex
finally
sheet-iron
on
of treatment
c. per
; railroad
1 dollar
35
c.
ore,
of
are
assay
The
cent.
ton
milling,
2
ton,
per
present about
and
800
ft.
and
up
the
top
long.
down
bottom
to
is
top, and
States.*
hillside
of
said
are
United
on
the
to
ore
at
built
are
These
the
with
it
is 294
ft.
The
mill
slope.
145
ft.
The
batter
have
has
Excerpt
were
levels.
to
wide,
be
and
difference
The
in
retaining walls,
of
cb.
from
the
be
They
eight
works
the
to
ft. in
The
yards of rubble
masonry.
constructed
were
by blasting out the side hill. The
for the
used
thus obtained
was
retaining walls and
The
mill
is driven
them.
transmitted
by power
required
floors
dollar
consumption
the
incline
elevation
12
Cyanide Works.
equipped in the
1898,
get
an
of
slimes
at
ore.
Gate
and
largest
In
of
ton
The
cents.
from
per
35
fumes
The
the
to
luted, and
not
burning completed
shipped to a smelter
extraction
an
6 dollars
is about
follows
boxes,
amount."
belonging
but
headache.
zinc
and
time
retort
is closed
standardize
to
the
of
the
residues
the
value
and
is then
product
At
old
an
product ignites,producing
retort, and
the
from
in
door
The
salivation
causing
nature,
dried
were
strength.
strength of the
the
are
of
in
per cent,
and
boxes,
methods
our
mill
Mercur
0*3
to
estimate
to
zinc
acute
more
come
cent,
per
practice
in the
time
present
instance
the
its action
by
vat.
O'l
is from
time
one
solution
each
on
used
solution
The
It
saved
time
12,
various
broken
filling
electri-
164
THE
cally
distance
of
miles
35
at
of energy
in transmission
At the works
the 40,000
220
of
volts
price
contains
the
third
the
four
which
furnaces,
150
One
attends
furnaces
which
connects
hill
the
on
department,
by
a
floors,the
talcose
the
main
The
level
of
building.
7, is 60 by
the
section
constitutes
top
ft. high,
this
stack
The
294
the
chamber,
85
of
rated
from
dust
and
in
have
minute.
carried
are
into
four
are
each
lift
ing
roast-
to
ores
once
gases
buildings.
the
lowest
which
are
In
of
the
estimated
rabbles
The
ft. flues
with
contain
above
the
ft. above
275
with
elevators,
for
the
by
furnaces.
two
to
through
located
is stirred
ore
ores
mill
Berthelet
straight-linedesign,
those
tract
con-
consists
36 -in.
sections
for arsenical
tons, while
75
of
The
tons.
man
are
sixth
Brown's
of
six
are
dryers.
which
of
sets
There
sizing.
intended
Those
daily capacity
at
for
three
to
the
of
the
are
crushing machinery,
fourth, fifth,and
The
ft.
fine
at
first section
second
The
5 per cent.
is transformed
delivered
is
The
in the
rolls, and
-in.
used
are
number.
a
is the
26
of
sets
60
crushers, and
coarse
only
current
H.P.
per
be
to
volts.
40,000
3-phase current
The
2-phase.
dollars
section
apparatus
of
of
60
of
volt
of
tension
is said
loss
one
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
is
leaching
It has
ft.
25 by 50
ft. and
supporting ten tanks
and
tanks
three solution
5 ft. deep (presumably rectangular),
20 ft.
and
The
tanks
12 ft. deep.
in diameter
are
supported by masonry
from
hand
cars
run
charged by
on
bridges over
piers. They are
the
which
The
section
of
50
the tanks.
is
mill,
eighth
by 70 ft.
and
stories
in height, is the
It
two
precipitation department.
14
contains
three
and
ft. in diameter
precipitation tanks, each
the
tanks
The
from
8 ft. deep.
are
leaching
tailings
discharged
the
The
which
waste
to
into
run
dump.
are
building is concars
structed
two
floor
main
of steel.
Dakota.
South
extracted
practice are
M.E.,
Fulton,
from
the
to
following details
The
cyanide plants
contributed
by Mr. Chas.
paper
and
Engineering
of
and
H.
Mining
Journal,
January
Tailing
Plant
Lead,
4, 1902.
The
plant
Highland
plant in a 10
and
classifier
eight large
no
upward
at
the
carried
stamp
where
to
cones
The
slimes
the
and
sands
On
of the
but
settle
overflow
as
to
is
Golden
conveyed
the
are
ore
pulp
bottom
the
periphery.
cyanide plant, where
they are
treated
at
as
above
described.
Star, Eighty,
to
the
These
classifiers.
the
at
cyanide
it passes
through the
separated by means
its way
slimes
cone-shaped
rising current,
or
pulp
pipe.
some
sheet-iron
centre, the
the
mills.
the
from
tailings pulp
in. cast-iron
house,
of
while
the
takes
This
1200-ftm
Company's
Homestake
is
and
The
fed
The
cones
have
charged by pipe
are
discharged,
sands
to
are
seven
slimes
then
tional
addi-
overflow-
166
THE
between
spaces
Gates
the
to
go
into
bars.
screen
long,
ft.
the
through
elevated
by
finishing
This
2
The
ore
leaching
deep,
tank
and
of
is
used
has
half
hours,
are
run
then
is
it
drained,
After
it.
short
this
time
The
About
solution
50
of
tons
wash
from
by
85
results
90
to
per
the
of
cent,
amounts
in
presses,
by
the
the
was
difficulty in
about
to
treated
values,
usual
tanks,
tried
the
lb.
and
the
at
the
clean-up.
acid
the
having
made
is
ore.
method.
discarded
The
and
give
before
mixture
on
is
accomplished
and
good
very
value
of
80
from
from
to
dust
are
tion
precipita-
through
account
90
cyanide
the
precipitates
Zinc
to
cyaniding
is
ton.
per
added
of
of
consumption
resultant
mill, but
cost
replace
leaching.
ore
are
barrels,
solution
of
ton
per
the
stand
from
by
precipitation
extraction
sulphuric
pumping
The
is
hours,
cyanide
ton
per
is
solution
to
the
tank
to
top
of
of
and
four
to
lbs.
veyor
con-
two
strong
followed
constructed
tailings
of
ft.
capacity
the
allowed
acidity
solution
at
is
to
bins.
The
The
ton.
lime
of
ton.
the
the
to
balance
used,
are
first
specially
in
cents
lbs.
the
per
obtained,
are
10
to
into
cents
thread
zinc
per
dumped
is
ore
alkalinity,
two
three
it
the
2
neutralize
To
water.
protective
the
solution
weak
of
tons
from
contains
the
added
being
for
mill
strong
stand
four
100-ton
large
after
lbs.
15
replacement
circulated
then
which
in. belt
the
the
About
solution
complete
and
weak
weak
the
of
the
into
16
added
of
to
all
ft. diameter,
16
from
in
being
allowed
usually
and
long
from
bin
minute.
charged
solution.
ing
shakrolls.
ft.
Nearly
purpose
gives
strength
coarse
oversize
is
this
solution
The
of
ton
tank
which
are
the
16
product
ft. per
added,
cyanide
and
finished
For
to
rolls.
finishing
600
Tanks
per
on,
of
the
product
the
mill
screen,
stationary.
screen,
the
the
with
J-mesh
fir; each
been
filled.
one-half
cyanide
to
from
speed
the
lbs.
at
the
capacity.
tons
above.
about
55
being
Oregon
of
6-mesh
level
passes
tions
revolu-
100
at
combined
the
in
2-mesh
which
in., operated
elevator
revolutions
80
from
undersize,
feeders
inclined
stationary
oversize
on
Tulloch
in.,
the
from
ore
by
24
by
24
shaking
passes
recently
mentioned
the
half
charged
tanks
by
situated
lower
14
to
one-bucket
by gravity
is
14
meets
it is fed
the
wide,
inclined
product
is returned
rolls
crushed
the
which
from
rolls
the
an
the
wide,
finished
ft.
screens,
is
screen
ft
and
and
discharge
fiuishing
minute,
per
being
rolls
PROCESS.
undersize
Gates
coarse
The
minute.
per
The
storage bin,
of
set
one
CYANIDE
filterof
the
APPLICATION
OF
THE
PROCESS
BRITISH
Athabasca
of
meeting
Mr.
1901,
the
In
American
Nelson
E.
167
COUNTRIES.
COLUMBIA.
Nelson.
Mine,
DIFFERENT
IN
read
paper
Institute
before
the
can
Mexi-
Mining Engineers
interesting information
on
Fell
of
in
gives some
The
consists
of a
tailingsat this mine.
ore, he says,
containing a little lime and variable
quartz gangue,
quantities of
the sulphides of iron, lead, and
zinc.
The following figures,giving
the analyses of the
before
of the tailings after
ore
milling, and
the material
constituted
based
to be
milling, which
cyanided, are
the daily samples taken
on
during February 1901.
the
of
treatment
Ore
Analyses of
and
Tailings.
Zn,
Fe,
Pb,
CaO,
S,.
A1203,
SiO
2"
Au,
Ag,
analysis shows
The
this
be
to
well
ore
an
adapted
for
cyanide
treatment.
The
plant
mill,
in two
height.
The
rim, and
are
while
the
tanks
filled with
overflow
10
in.
of
the
ore
using
this contrivance
sands
as
possible.
each
in
each
the
brackets
vat, about
level
with
being
is to
as
the
tailings;
of the
The
much
or
iron
of the
is thus
is held
ring
lowered
obvious
of
the staves,
the
staves,
sheet
vat, and
that
tank,
top
treated.
of sheet
ring
arranged
the
retain
of the
1 in. from
of the
the
ft. in
around
vat, consisting of
diameter
so
10
launders.
This
level of
launders
the
from
and
admission
the
round.
way
than
the
annular
before
is fixed
all the
diameter
off in annular
extending
ft. in
14
with
water
is carried
the
fitted
are
tailings direct
the
receive
to
distributing-tanks,
slimes-arrester
iron,
and
located
was
can
until
in
be
the
according to
intention
slimes
with
of
the
168
CYANIDE
THE
that
and
attached
the
to
amalgamating
New
and
described
slimes-arrester
The
and
staves,
having
which
the
Mr.
and
were
treatment
cyanide
place
such
by
Fraser
takes
overflow
The
for
of the
introduction
J. C.
pans,
Zealand
PROCESS.
Fell
is
Price's
exactly
the
same
as
grinding
continuous
process.
in the space
great length
between
of
the
ring
outflow, is
very
and
even
the
and
quiet.
has a capacity of 50 tons
plant, which
day, consists of
per
and
five leaching-vats, each
4 ft. deep, fitted
18 ft. in diameter
with
centre
two
discharge doors, and
vats, each
collectingvided
prowith
latter
The
the ordinary revolving reaction
distributors.
and
the
10 ft. deep, and
situated
14 ft. in diameter
above
are
so
each
be
one
can
discharged by shovelling
leaching-vats, that
three
into
of
side-doors
one
adjacent leaching-vats.
through
any
there
these
is a strong gold tank, a weak
Besides
gold tank, a
waste-water
vacuum
tank, and two series of zinc extractors, each
and
each
have
are
a
consisting of twelve iron boxes, which
square
capacity of one cubic foot of zinc-shavings. The boxes are movable,
The
is independent of the other.
and each
two
gold tanks are 10
meter
the
and 6 ft. deep, and
12
two
ft. in diameter
ft. in diasumps
The
and
the
depth.
same
Mr,
"
"
solution, and
strong
June
allowed
to
stand
8
and
At
hours.
1
night),
(mid-
12.30
took
sample,
dollars in gold.
before, which
assayed 0*06 cyanide and 28*94
as
turned
weak
solution
1
At
a.m.
(0*08 cyanide), allowing same
on
without
to drain
through
interruption till 4 a.m.
Sample at 4
dollars in gold.
Shut
off
cyanide and 8*08
a.m.
assayed 0*10
allowed
until
and
solution
to stand
outlet-cock
1.30 p.m.
Opened
admitted
and
outlet-cock
to
12.30
(midnight),June
run
cyanide
allowed
allowed
to
and
stand
fresh
solution
a.m.
(0*06cyanide) and
solution
admitting
at
Sample taken
dollar in gold.
Closed
a.m.
Opened outlet-cock
to
run
through until
28th.
0*62
until
solution
fresh
through,
same
0'07
fresh
at
allowed
required till
p.m.
assayed
as
10
outlet-cock
at
11
a.m.
a.m.
and
and
Sample
APPLICATION
taken
OF
at
a.m.
sample
taken
At
a.m.
11
12.30
this
to
of the
assay
and
cyanide
0*06
0*42
till
water-wash
dollar
and
2
and
0*21
p.m.
dollar
0*21
cyanide
tailingsbefore
0*21
occupied, 2 days
actual
is
recovery
difference, the
satisfactory, and
treatment
dollars
2*07
Time
If the
and
cyanide
0*6
ran
in
ran
treatment
84-1.
cyanide
in
equal
the
to
obtained
results
with
gold.
wash
drained
was
dollars, and
13*02
of
Percentage
recovery,
"
obtained
extraction
be
must
by
considered
doubtless
could
leaching
prolonged
gold; and
dollar
in gold.
in
at
Sample taken
in gold; and
sample
dollar in gold. At
gave
2 '5 hours.
169
COUNTRIES.
declared
finished ; the
was
process
the tailingswere
discharged.
; and
"Assay
after
p.m.
the
point
waste
a.m.
006
ran
at
11
at
turned
p.m.
taken
0*06
ran
DIFFERENT
IN
PROCESS
THE
the
very
be
increased.
Laurence
PROCESS
CYANIDE
THE
states*
Pitblado
that
IN
in the
INDIA.
Kolar
field there
are
at
present
total extraction
The
of
cost
cyaniding
is
Company
2,
but
alongside
is
the
believed
Champion
of 97
that
Reefs
of the
cent,
5d.
new
ton,
per
4000-ton
mill,
cost
as
will
where
exclusive
delivered
to
mill.
the
is being erected
plant which
tailingsthat is to be worked, it
At
the
2s.
not
greatly exceed
of accumulated
the
ore
present small
the
at
10s.
in the
heap
per
20-mesh
are
screens
used
in
the
56
cent,
tailings is about
per
with
a
consumption of 1 lb. of cyanide per ton.
In
refining the precipitate in this district it is first passed
drained, dried, roasted with or without
through a 30-mesh
screen,
small
of
fused
nitre, and
a
directly in plumbago
percentage
before
At the Mysore works
the precipitateis retorted
crucibles.
month.
The
100
lbs. of mercury
roasting, yielding about
per
of mercury
in the zinc boxes
generally leads to the production
presence
of much-floured
In fluxing and
and brittle zinc.
smelting
batteries, the
Journal
extraction
from
of the Societyof
the
Chemical
Industry,
Feb.
28, 1898.
170
directly,
gold,
18
good
shots
many
above
4*6
and
at
dried
acid
washed
product
cent,
soda,
metal
and
silver,
zinc,
heat.
(1
2*71
0*12
10
per
bullion
cent,
per
per
fluxed
cent,
at
per
cold
sand,
81
assaying
lead,
the
6*78
*3
per
cent,
per
cent,
gold,
2*10
zinc,
the
free
gold,
copper,
roasted
phuric
suland
dried
The
slag
retorted
dilute
with
cent,
per
a
cent,
and
nitre
copper.
35
giving
The
boiled
are
than
freer
unsatisfactory,
of
cent,
about
per
works.
Mysore
they
'5
copper,
being
per
dissolves
cent,
nickel.
the
10
with
cent,
results
with
which
assayed
38*21
These
When
2),
is
and
lead,
mixed
are
red
slag
49
copper,
contained
slag
nitre
cent,
per
cent,
per
The
with
bullion
56*4
19*6
nickel.
roasting
adopted
was
slimes
bright
and
nickel.
lead,
cent,
per
assayed
bullion
cent,
per
In
4*29
cent,
practice
the
metal.
silver,
per
following
0*1
produced,
cent,
0*22
and
of
was
per
2*4
and
zinc,
cent,
slimes
silver,
cent,
per
per
the
retorted
the
PROCESS.
CYANIDE
THE
borax,
15
from
shots
'9
0*4
per
per
per
of
cent,
cent,
CHAPTER
XII.
PROCESS.
SIEMENS-HALSKE
THE
of extremely
the use
of this process
are
distinguishing features
dilute
of cyanide and the electrical precipitationof the gold.
solutions
the
the
of the cyanide process,
introduction
Since
precipitation
weak
has
been
zinc
of the gold by metallic
a
regarded
as
always
in the endeavour
time
much
point ; and metallurgists have devoted
The
discover
to
efficient
an
substitute
for
it.
of many
precipitation naturally engaged the attention
investigators. In 1893, the author, assisted by Mr. F. B. Allen,
electrical
of
number
M.A., B.Sc., conducted
a
experiments with
method
of
the
precipitation to be
precipitation to determine
different
of Mines
adopted at the School
cyanide plant. Many
modifications
With
the
tried.
precipitation from
were
some,
solutions
of ordinary working strength was
satisfactory; but,
very
with
dilute
solutions, such
all, the precipitation of the gold from
those
always very
as
corresponding to weak
cyanide washes, was
imperfect and accompanied by decomposition of the water.
this
Siemens-Halske
In
the
by
difficultyis overcome
process
in
the
the
of
solutions
slow
artificial
circulation
cyanide
causing a
Electrical
extractor.
The
gold
the
the
are
only
marked
has
difference
Goldfields,
has
little
the
process
A.
Mr.
and
and
its
been
am
Von
Society of
Mining Journal.
to
written
indebted
Zealand
New
about
Gernefc, read
South
is
to
the
it.
the
papers
before
Africa, and
For
the
the
at
to
Witwaters-
the
the
of
following
Mr.
Chemical
published
in
the
Charles
and
South
it
present
Australia, and
or
with
introduced
of
of
use
introduced
been
very
number
in
the
extractor-house.
being in the
precipitation
a
leaching of the
preceding chapters,
with
connected
described
those
as
at
success
not
operations
same
electrical
The
rand
and
plant
so
far
details
of
Butters
gical
MetallurAfrican
172
CYANIDE
THE
Discovery
electrical
has
the
Dr.
found
Siemens
his
at
works
in
the
cyanide solution,
the
bath.
This,
soluble
was
the
try
in
extracted
Asia
the
that
Berlin
lost
without
Von
Mr.
from
far
as
by
ores
back
gold anodes
weight when
he
built
small
the
cyanide
1888.
as
used
electric current
any
with
the well-known
connection
said
Gernet
in
In
plating
electro-
standing idle in
passing through
fact that gold
in aqueous
solutions
of cyanide, first induced
solvent
of that
for the extraction
of gold from
use
the
In
Process.
precipitation of gold
in use
in Europe
and
been
1887,
of
PROCESS,
him
to
ores.
make
plant
experiments
The
on
produced
Siebenburgen.
gold was
cipitated
preboth
and
zinc
It
found,
electrolysis
by
was
filings.
results
from
however, that the zinc method
good
paratively
comonly
gave
the
electrical
strong solutions, while
precipitationwas
both
effected with
dilute and
and
its efficiency
strong solutions,
affected
the
of
caustic
soda.
not
was
by
presence
Dr. Siemens
therefore
decided
to use
electrolysisonly, and early
in 1888
he
commenced
operations on a large scale.
Engineers
different
sent
to
to
were
countries, two
going to Hungary, one
and
America,
one
(Mr. Von Gernet) to Siberia.
The
generally successful, and in May 1894, a
operations were
of tailings per
tons
plant, capable of treating 3000
month, was
erected at the Worcester
mine, near
Johannesburg.
During 1895
the process
was
adopted by some
panies,
eight or ten large mining comConsolidated, Croesus
including the Metropolitan, May
same
year
in
concentrates
G.M.
Co., No.
4 Central
of Gold.
tion
rival
Electric
of the
The
and
Works,
already it is a formidable
precipitationprocess.
Action
to
electric
Robinson
the
of
Current
Slime
Works
Mc Arthur-Forrest
on
the
Cyanide
; and
zinc-
Solu^
current
the
solutions
strong
in
metal
but
with
very
dilute
solutions, as
in
does
current
sufficient
not
of
cyanide process,
the
and
at
electrodes,
compound present
consequently
takes
also
of
this
for
water
to make
decomposition
place ;
reason,
the
diffusion of the
precipitationas efficient as possible,constant
use
in the
the
metallic
solution
The
and
is
the
find
required.
artificial
circulation
obtained
of
the
solution
is most
economically
but
steady flow
highest importance
slow
conveniently
by allowing a
It is of the
boxes.
the
through
precipitation
to give a very
large surface to the electrodes, since
more
efficient
174
CYANIDE
THE
PROCESS.
The
1. The
gold
is
deposited hard
current
are
lead- foil.
the
on
weak
The
2.
3.
anodes
iron
are
5-horse
about
power.
claimed
advantages
Electric
of
Advantages
The
this
for
Precipitation.
are
process
The
follows
as
cipal
prin-
the
1.
acid
2. However
the
it does
as
solution
the
takes
precipitation
when
the
when
be
may
solution
the
entering
place equally
is neutral
tractor,
ex-
well
as
alkaline.
or
of lime, alumina,
complications arise from the formation
sometimes
in the
trouble
or
hydrate of iron, which
cause
zinc process
of precipitation.
4. With
of
ores
or
tailings containing copper, the extraction
the
will
the
be
but
the
of
gold
decomposition
same,
cyanide less than when
using stronger solutions.
No
3.
5. The
The
successful
Actual
place
at
of
this
works
cyanide
Johannesburg,
the
near
of
Working
demonstration
of slimes.
treatment
the
on
process
of the
under
Process.
a
Worcester
the
The
first
commercial
Gold
supervision
cal
practi-
scale
took
Mining
pany,
Com-
of
Mr.
A.
Von
Gernet.
The
stone
in
diameter,
of
tailings.
Between
two
tanks,
intermediate
the
16
10
vats
ft. in
and
the
electric
diameter,
reservoirs, which
with
enable
has
placed
Each
on
is
vat
capacity
there
row
of
100
20
of
ft.
tons
placed
6 ft. staves, forming
two
the flow through the pre-
extractors
are
SIEMENS-HALSKE
THE
cipitation boxes
of
matter
method
into
to
secure
be
kept
and
constant
tank
an
flow
even
is
steady, a
and
all the
pump
overflow
into
to
raised
small
intermediate
the
to
great importance.
better
solution
extractors
or
175
PROCESS.
an
the
delivery pipe
precipitation
full
to
always kept
overflowing, so that
it delivers
under
a constant
hydraulic head.
20 ft. in
Beyond the precipitation boxes there are two
sumps,
which
diameter
6 ft. deep, from
and
the
are
cyanide solutions
returned
to the leaching vats.
Two
8 ft. deep, receive
and
collectingvats, 20 ft. in diameter
the tailingsfrom
the 25-stamp battery.
boxes.
The
The
small
tank
Electric
is
Precipitation
boxes, constructed
and
4 ft.
iron
wires
to
of
Boxes.
each
wood,
There
18
ft.
are
four
cipitation
pre-
box
contains
89
deep. Each
iron-plate anodes, 7 ft. by
3 ft. by in., cased
the
small
in canvas
retain
to
quantity of
blue
and
Prussian
88
stretched
of lead-foil
cathodes
produced ;
on
strips,3
fixed
ft.
by
there
lead-sheet,
on
wooden
ft.,so
Each
frame.
that, counting
the
frame
double
three
contains
surface
of
each
feet of cathode
3000
altogether about
square
foot.
surface, the current
density being 0*05 ampere
per
square
Copper wires are fixed along the top of the sides of the boxes, and
the current
the dynamo
from
to the electrodes.
convey
The
boxes
of
3
in.
material
made
ing
are
throughout, with stiffenthe sides and bottom.
The
divisions are of wood,
pieces across
formed
of the
iron
inch
or
are
by raising some
plates about
an
the
above
level of the solution, while
others
rest
on
right down
the bottom, the joints being made
of wooden
water-tight by means
fillets caulked
with
series
of
hemp
packing.
By this means
a
is
similar
in a zinc
to those
obtained,
compartments
precipitation
the
difference
that
the
solution
box,
being
alternately up
passes
and down
successive
The
of flow is
rate
through
compartments.
about
foot
one
The
are
minute.
per
Clean-up.
month
The
boxes
are
opened
the
replaced by
fresh
follows:
"clean-up," which is conducted
as
and
lead-foil
the
removed
and
out
is
singly,
lead-foil,the whole
operation taking but a few
minutes
each
frame.
once
The
for
frames
are
for
taken
The
lead,
which
contains
from
2 to
12
and
into bars
gold, is then smelted
cupelled.
The
gold is deposited on the lead sheets as a thin bright yellow
adheres
The
film, which
firmly to the lead.
consumption of lead
the
Worcester
750
Works
is
at
lbs. per month, equal to 1 d. per
of tailings.
ton
The
working expenses for treating3000 tons per month
were
as
per
of
cent,
follows
176
THE
The
cost
The
tailings assayed
residues,
of treatment
after
weak
the
strong
of 2s. 8d.
amounted
use
per
to
of the
amounted
to
of 2*240
lbs. would
dwts.
8 dwts.
to
1 dwt.
to
74
per
1 dwt.
be
of
dwts.
3s. 4*32d.
gold, and
per
cent.
the
The
ton.
the
ton
grs. per
carried
from
solutions
solution.
4 dwts.
grs.,
age,
aver-
the
dwts., and
to
the
On
tained
con-
grs.
1894
over
of
of
to
which
amounts
80
cent,
process,
Details
and
solution
10
PROCESS.
about
was
leaving
November
treated
from
after
solution
10
from
From
strong
solutions,
the
weak
ton
extraction
gold, the
and
per
from
treatment,
actual
average
The
CYANIDE
the
per
Treatment.
in the
the
to
per
The
cent.
of the
extraction
value.
original assay
time
occupied in leaching
quantity of the solutions, are given
The
statement
HOURS.
Alkaline
wash,
10
tons,
0*05
to
0*08
per
cent.
65
applied in 14 separate portions of 5 tons each,
Weak
cent.
cyanide solution, 21 tons, 0*01
KCy,
per
18
applied in 3 portions of 7 tons each,
charging,
disWater
washes, total 1 1 tons, pumping
dry and
KCy,
22
........
Total,
The
number
working
of
of
valuable
lead, litharge,and
this
process
commercial
paint.
108
gives
rise
to
the
production
bye-products, including
of
copper,
CHAPTER
OTHER
The
Diehl
Teed
process.
1.
2.
XIII.
CYANIDE
Process.
This
It embraces
Crushing
Treating
and
is
adaptation
following essential
the
in
Sulman-
stages *:
ore.
agitators
cyanide
Filter-pressingthe sludge.
4. Precipitating the gold from
the
character
of
to
According
and
concentration
amalgamation
can
in
the
of
an
the
sliming
slimes
the
PROCESSES.
with
solution
with
combination
of
sium
potas-
bromide.
cyanogen
3.
The
treated
At
in
30-mesh
and
"
raw
dry-crushed
and
added
be
to
its
the
is,
process
and
associates,
process.
that
is
ore
10
elevated,
the
is
ore
15
introduced,
per
provided
mixed
sands
The
to
first
ball-mills
Krupp
slimes.
from
was
process
crushed
which
on
the
No.
two
sands
into
copper-plates
in
The
screens.
classified
the
of zinc.
means
condition.
mill, where
Star
by
gold
this
of
advantage
"
Haunan
is
ore
direct
most
solution
with
with
water,
conducted
are
of
cent
the
to
gold
the
is
by gravitation to the
plates the pulp travels
in a large
it is ground into slimes
fine-millingdepartment, where
is an
18
ft. long steel cylinder, 4
Krupp tube or flint mill, which
ft. in diameter, charged with
4 tons
of flint balls.
The
is fed
sand
saved.
From
into
end
one
whole
the
and
product
issues
will
pass
at
the
other
through
of
sieve
such
with
fineness
200
mesh
that
per
the
lineal
inch.
the
Knutsen,
Trans.
Inst.
Mm.
and
London,
Met.
1902.
12
178
has
sludge
bromide
hours
the
case
contain
BrCy, to ensure
hand, if the sludge contains
quantity of KCy and BrCy can
About
before
2 hours
1 lb. to
to
the
is added
lime
filter-press,
4 lbs. per
4 lbs. is used.
ton
good
gold
less
oz.
than
oz.
the
ton,
per
In
slimes.
cleaner
considerablyreduced.
be
the
dry
in,
than
more
agitator
to
of
quantity
agitator is kept going
solution
charged into it.
was
8 hours'
6 to
of
added
the
The
KCy
and
KCy
tity of
flow
solution
the
1 hours,
to
to
the
after
add,
to
material.
time
should
sludge
advisable
be
for
dry
of
the
from
PROCESS.
is allowed
cyanogen
lb. per ton
1*1
24
for
agitated
been
of
being
In
CYANIDE
THE
the
most
cases,
in the
obtained
precipitateis thereby
think,
boxes.
zinc
agitation,the
After
which
dissolved
the
of slime
cakes
The
gold
ordinary
the
cent,
this
the
is
which
doubtless
so
month
of
Hannan's
The
is
scarce.
tends
July
dump.
precipitated with
1901,
Brown
the
an
available
retard
the
zinc
2210
over
per
small
in
goldfield,where
is salt
brackish,
or
concentration.
of the
summary
of
tons
Kalgoorlie, by
at
93
is very
on
in
turnings
of
extraction
water
close
following
when
Hill,
that
consumption
important factor
to
gives
out.
of water
an
All
Feldtmann
Mr.
is
After
the
It is claimed
which
water
on
in
filter-presses,
the
dry
washing,
Dehne's
in
pressed
washed
solutions
way.
process,
is
out
obtained.
be
can
thrown
are
in
pulp
gold is
were
ore
this
for
the
treated
at
costs
process
Summary.
Milling,
Concentration,
Treatment
of
concentrates,
Extraction,
0-88
24
The
of barium
Schilz
inasmuch
under
after
it
the
is based
process
that
the
oxide
normal
the
performs
sulphate of
and
oxide
of
dispenses
further
iron
iron,
with
one-half
with
parts
treatment,
it
the
on
addition
conditions
claimed
decomposes
forming sulphate of barium
removes
sulphocyanides, and
as
the
to
certain
It is further
is left
This
peroxide, Ba02,
it is claimed
oxygeu.
which
Process.
in
of
the
use
its
barium,
functions
solution,
insoluble
both
the
of
which
of lime
; it
and
OTHER
the
answers
addition.
time
CYANIDE
minor
of the same,
with other
purpose
other
On the
hand, the process
effect
satisfactoryextraction than
in
increase
necessitatinga considerable
to
thus
well
Schilz
Herr
sprinkled with
a
good mixture
that
solutiou
than
for
is the
be
at
least
is
washed
should
is
extraction,
with
remain
three
and
six
the
vat
is
rather
allowed
stand
to
the
longer
of
case
being filled,so
stronger cyanide
whole
The
days.
in the
be
must
the
time
it should
concentrates
After
weak
four
peroxide
the
and
in,
advantages in
longer
requires much
in ordinary cyaniding,
vat
capacity.
the
success
obtained.
run
least
at
ensure
be
may
week.
to
tailings whilst
the
usual
undisturbed
better
that
states
179
PROCESSES.
hours.
be
applied, followed
by weak solutions.
quantity of peroxide depends less on the percentage of
gold than on the length of time during which the solution remains
the
in contact
with
charge; and, further, the more
pyrites present
The
the
should
the
of
vat
peroxide.
consumption
greater
filled to the brim
be
the
with
the tailings,
swells up
not
mass
as
The
the
by
evolution
liberated
in
of gas,
oxygen
with
contact
sometimes
should
the
much
as
the
charge,
ton
Delivered
treated.
ore
is "50
peroxide
A working
according to
per
the
of
report
iu extraction
per cent,
rise
from
76
89
to
per
The
1.
BaO
Ba02
and
also
gave
inventor
makes
at
manager,
small
the
3.
contact
the
the
dissolution
the
cold.
basis,
in
exerts
solutions,
thus
peroxide
from
lb. to
the
renders
of which
has
lb. per
of barium
cost
and
Suburban
showed
additional
cost
about
that
the
of
treatment
mine,
of
gain
for his
is, a
pyrites
process
moistened
with
tailings into
is
reduced
required for
pyrites, and
is
the
thus
enclosed
gold.
decomposing supplies BaO, which, being
the
purifying and clearing influence upon
their
increasing
solving power.
Ba02
4.
use
liberating the
Ba02
of
the
treatment.
following claims
quantity
of
satisfactoryresults.
2.
assists
the
possible
as
action
City
The
cent.
decomposes in
0, and
supplies
required for
performed in
long
as
Rand,
the
at
process
13
concentrates
Thus
ton.
trial of the
the
the
on
foot.
solvent
greatest
as
undisturbed
remain
superfluous the
in its train
so
many
use
of
lime, the
now
injurious secondary
strong
cyanide
existing
effects.
180
THE
CYANIDE
Park-Whitaker
The
intended
for
which
the
successfully
the
of
Process.
cupriferous
of
treated
account
on
processes,
Cyanide
treatment
be
cannot
PROCESS.
and
ores
the
by
solubility
This
of
concentrates
cyanide
ordinary
cyanide
in
ores
copper
is
process
solutions.
this
In
the
process
after
which
with
water.
soluble
the
An
with
the
During
which
of
results,
and
gold
cyanide.
of
present
dissolved
by
converted
are
The
cyanide.
solutions
the
passing
leaching
the
solved
disiron
through
scrap-iron.
or
Experiments
parcel
by
roasting,
by
and
sulphides
readily
is recovered
copper
turnings
is
removed
applied,
solution
silver
chloridizing
are
is then
dilute
the
roasting
chloride,
into
wash
to
chlorides
copper
alkaline
extracted
silver
subjected
is
ore
Monowai
the
from
ore
and
scale
working
on
preparations
are
were
made
mine,
N.Z.,
with
made
being
now
the
by
author
on
most
successful
more
extensive
for
trials.
The
Pneumatic
dissolution
of
air, which
the
cause
the
partly by
continuous
aeration
air
is conducted
provisional
letters
Tests
made
rapid
was
separating
argentiferous
an
amalgamation
amalgam,
promote
many
gold
and
pulp,
of
passage
the
complicated
the
of
slimes
found
was
gold
difficulty
For
to
give
of
so
gave
abandoned.
were
1895.
Kuaotunu
at
the
from
of
which
in
mechanical
This
Central
pulp
of
the
the
factory
satis-
operated
essentially
method
copper
cyanide
doubtful
is
Washoe
alkali,
containing
been
It
America.
caustic
reactions
has
process
closely following
to
Zealand
author
coil
aeration.
of
for
dissolution
the
percolation
in
ores
addition
mercury
but
artificial
process,
The
and
the
through
New
the
The
attempts
Process.
Young
treatment.
compressed
process,
in
and
solutions
ordinary
without
on
Park-Horn
slimes.
further
sands,
the
George
fine
charge
filter-cloth.
complete,
that
results
Gilmour-
of
the
process
of
the
by
the
Horn
gold-containing
the
the
obtained
were
Mr.
almost
and
of
treatment
patent
by
trouble
much
with
excessively
goldfield on
caused
to
of
top
on
is identical
process
were
gentle agitation
solution
the
this
partly by jets
and
of
In
charge.
compressed
The
Process.
is accelerated
gold
a
the
through
air
Cyanide
and
solution
utility.
of
zinc
must
182
THE
The
from
anodes
two
There
are
bars
are
cathodes
PROCESS.
1 in. thick
of iron
curved
girders and
twelve
CYANIDE
so
to
as
in the
be
vat.
The
twelve
is
revolutions
agitator running about
per minute
found
sufficient to keep the pulp from
settling. The salt in the
renders
local water
the conductivity of the pulp excellent, so that
low
of very
current
a
potential is quite sufficient to effect the
current
required for
gold. The
precipitation of the dissolved
each
of 18 tons
is about
250
of a potential of 2-5
vat
amperes
about
to
of
six-sevenths
electrical
volts, equal
an
horse-power, the
of which
is merely nominal.
cost
per ton
The
is first pulverized until all the gold is liberated
its
from
ore
If necessary
the ore
results
it is merely necessary
fine
state
able, or in such
a
matrix.
is roasted.
that
In
order
the
to
should
obtain
good
be
gold
amalgamof
dissolution
as
permit
by
cyanide solutions.
requires a
particular ore
Necessarily each
certain
specificpreliminary preparation, determinable
by experiment,
to
obtain
the
best
will
results.
The
is called
the
electric current
vat."
electro
"
from
the
maintained
The
dynamo
by means
is
pumped
back
of
started,
and
the
flow
of
the
air-jet,as already
The
of potassium cyanide to the
described.
solution is made
up
With
of
a
high-grade ore
strength of 0*075 per cent.
average
is
continued
for
about
2 oz. or over
the above-described
operation
while
with
slimes, carrying but 3 dwt.
hours,
low-grade
eighteen
4 dwt., it be
be
six hours.
After
or
a
complete in about
may
time
has elapsed the discharge-valve at the
bottom
of the
proper
dam
is opened and
the pulp is allowed
to flow
vat
to the residues
;
the operation indefinitely
the vat is refilled as before, and
repeated.
If water
the
is scarce,
liquor, after the pulp has
supernatant
quicksilver
settled
pulp
is
in the
dam,
be
may
succeeding charges.
clean-up is effected by
time, and replacing it with
is
this
keep
The
or
the
mill
to
make
for
The
the
into
very
process
it active
Kiecken
decantation
fine, and
sodium
contains
is
added
withdrawing
plate at
The
a
one.
amalgam
spare
duced
proabout
of
fine gold.
In
27 per cent,
the
to
automatically to
mercury
one
copper
and
bright.
dispenses
process
for
the
removal
with
percolation, filter-pressing,
dissolved
the ore,
gold from
and
clean-up, the
zinc-precipitation
of the
with
entirely
away
its mechanical
of the
preparation,
complete treatment
ore, after
of
vat, in the minimum
operation in one
being effected in one
the
recovered
as
time,
gold being
amalgam, requiring only retort-
and
does
OTHER
and
ing
with
The
much
Keith
cyanide
is
process
he
practice,
of
claimed,
operates
the
of
cent,
per
This
mercury.
very
of
the
In
when
obtained
of
than
of
mercury.
and
cyanide
mixture
faster
much
solution
the
are
potassium
covery
re-
improvement
to
results
for
the
second,
cyanide
best
trician.
elec-
process
Keith's
adding
of
finds
the
and
Dr.
in
amount
0*05
be
electro-
American
First,
ore
solution.
Keith
an
parts.
consists
he
will
process
The
Keith,
crushed
the
that
cyanide
Dr.
two
the
certain
contains
cent,
per
of
of
process
states
solvent
the
from
gold
cyanide
potassium
Process.
of
out
this
of
metallurgists.
by
consists
dissolving
the
applications
invention
gold
the
of
the
process
the
dissolving
future
interest
Electro-Cyanide
The
in
The
melting.
watched
183
PROCESSES.
CYANIDE
0*025
it
cyanides,
simple
is
potassium
cyanide.
The
electrolytic
scraped
usual
with
gold
The
be
is
solution
more
and
the
placed
of
an
than
in
The
salt,
electro-motive
volt.
to
so
off
into
dip
and
force
of
the
an
is
deposited
in
mercury
the
cyanide
surrounded
does
cyanide
the
that
the
is
together
deposited
compartment
so
solution
amalgam
distilling
by
not
the
are
allowed
separate
alkaline
The
half
is
from
gold
mercury
recovered
anode
decomposed.
become
not
the
way.
but
solution,
gold
the
copper-plates.
and
off
of
recovery
The
one.
amalgamated
upon
the
the
for
process
current
not
need
CHAPTER
XIV.
ANTIDOTES
cyanides
All
in
practice
are
acid
prussic
Acids
evolved
with
death
it
air,
them
from
inhaled
faintness,
in
and
causes
diluted
When
frontal
depressing
tilated.
ven-
which
gas,
state.
pure
dizziness,
properly
are
acid
prussic
the
from
danger
no
buildings
the
if
or
used
solutions
aqueous
little
is
liberating
when
causes
the
but
there
that
cyanides,
on
instant
poisons
dilute
so
react
almost
deadly
are
POISONING.
CYANIDE
FOR
headache.
Even
dilute
very
and,
internally,
in
the
hands
the
of
they
gloves,
in
of
be
must
arms
Kaffir
whatever
workmen
the
from
into
the
contact
where
with
the
be
venience
incon-
no
with
skin
tion,
solu-
provided
suffer
to
their
produce,
cases
should
said
of
In
contact
elbows,
are
skin,
boils.
red
painful
over
the
with
contact
taken
when
poisonous
are
brought
reaching
workmen.
cyanide
come
eruption
an
and
rubber
for
when
persons,
some
solutions
cyanide
solutions.
Considering
accidents
fatal
have
principal
Up
poisoning
namely
From
hydrocyanic
From
poisonous
i
ia.)
b.)
the
cyanide,
to
number
the
present
be
apprehended
fatal
of
only
time
few
recorded.
plant,
sources,
of
use
small.
been
cyanide
extensive
remarkably
is
cases
In
the
may
from
two
acid
liberated
in
liberated
gases
vat-house.
acid
during
of
treatment
slimes.
In
South
covered
the
Africa,
by
action
roofs,
of
risk
can
be
from
danger
acids
mineral
Even
unknown.
reduced
and
Australia,
to
or
where
a
countries
prussic
minimum
vats
by
are
the
acid,
in
enclosed
free
vats
are
liberated
vapours,
carbonic
atmospherio
the
the
where
acid
circulation
is
shed,
of
not
by
tically
practhe
fresh
air.
The
author
has
observed
that
the
presence
of
HCy
vapours
is
ANTIDOTES
CYANIDE
FOR
185
POISONING.
always
in
noticeable
more
2HCN
This
is said
known
the
effect
same
foreman
HGy
reliable
most
poisoning
immediate,
was
gS|-
and
satisfactory remedy
present time.
of
case
gas
The
the
at
In
the
be
to
H202
fell into
was
a
the
of
one
observed
cyanide
at
vat
the
at
Crown
workmen
N.Z.
the
without
Deep, the
falling as
Crown
effect
of
dead.
if
where
mines,
died
immediately.
Danger
during
Acid
of
Treatment
of
small
Slimes.
slimes
The
insoluble
a
cyanide salts,
generally
proportion
acid
when
the
which
acid
is poured
sulphuric
yield hydrocyanic
To
them.
be
on
guard against this danger, repirators should
used
have
the dissolving tubs,
who
to stoop over
by the workmen
In cases
subcutaneous
of poisoning,
said
injectionsof H202 are
mine
Mr.
T.
L
the
Crown
enable
the
Carter
to
of
Deep
by
patient
contain
to
soon
come
to.
of which
less soluble
are
more
or
containing arsenic, most
in cyanide, there is a danger of arsenic
being precipitated with the
the
the
acid treatment
of such slimes,
zinc boxes.
gold in
During
would
be
the deadly poison arseniuretted
liberated
hydrogen
by
the action
the zinc.
of the sulphuric acid on
In
The
while
ores
of the
North
in the
observed
case
symptoms
foreman
the
mill, where
superintendent,and
first nausea,
others
affected, were
were
many
followed
Pole
pany's
Com-
both
died,
then
extreme
of the
langour,
pains
legs,
by
skin in patches assuming the hue
whites
of tan ; the
of the
eyes
became
yellow as in jaundice ; finally,the passing of blood instead
of urine
that the fluid coagulated jn a few hours,
extent
to such
an
the patients apparently dying from
internal
mortification.
arsenic
from
the
The
lungs through the
being inhaled, passes
whole
the
tissues of the body, presystem, and rapidly attacks
cluding
relief
of
antidotes.
means
by
any
the
acid
Where
is used, the
zinc
for
treatment
precipitation
with
purposes
should
in
be
free
the
from
arsenic
; and
discoloration
in all
cases
the
dissolu-
186
CYANIDE
THE
tion
of the
zinc
should
PROCESS.
conducted
be
in
or
special chamber
board
cupa chimney
having a good draught.
In cases
of internal
be
induced
at
poisoning, vomiting should
once
by emetics or physical means.
of iron, obtained
Freshly precipitated carbonate
by mixing equal
of
and
sodium
ferrous
carbonate
quantities
sulphate, is recommended
connected
for internal
It
with
use.
garian
lately reported in the press that Johann
Antal, a Huntoxicologist,had found that a solution of cobalt nitrate was
for prussic acid poisoning.
Eecent
perfect antidote
tions,
investigawas
have
however,
animals
on
and
for
when
this
human
salts
exert
toxic
reason
cobalt
of
be
cannot
action
death
to
recommended
for
subjects.
Sores.
Cyanide
the
"clean-up"
sores
in those
parts
cyanide
solutions.
with
afflicted
some
connected
on
in
These
zinc
of
their
hands
Why
workmen
are
affected
which
arms
some
clear,
very
in contact
come
should
men
engaged in
with
painful
be
but
and
exempt
it is
probably
causes.
subject, Mr.
Watt
A.
the
supplies
following
arise
may
hands
the
dipping
which
or
is not
way
painfulaffections
first,from
the
extractors
constitutional
this
of
percentage
the
this
notes*:
instructive
articles
of
with
Writing
"
cobalt
that
shown
or
from
into
arms
them
two
principal causes
cyanide
baths
to
recover
dropped
a
common
practice
very
and
the
accidental
second, from
condemned;
of the fingers or other
contact
recent
parts of the hand, on which
a
scratch
has been
with
In the
cut
inflicted,
or
cyanide solutions.
the
constitutional
former
of
which
mischief
independent
case,
may
the
skin
from
the
of
the
arise
absorption by
cyanide salts,the
caustic
liquid acts very freely upon the delicate tissue of the skin,
the
the parts under
but
We
more
especiallyupon
finger nails.
have
known
instances
in which
has formed
under
purulent matter
both
this
the nails of
from
hands
necessitatingthe use of the
cause,
when
lancet
and
in
cyanide solutions
come
poulticing. Again,
wounds
with
of
contact
recent
even
slight cuts or abrasions
very
and
skin
troublesome
the
is sure
to
exceedingly painful sore
a
and
much
to
into
have
be
result, unless
it is
it
in
rag
or
strip of thin
in
dip
momentary
be
part
good plan,
very
moments
clean
the
after
a
of
rinsing
weak
and
acid
the
in
part
in cold
pickle, then
drop
a
gutta-percha."
Watt,
of
Electro-Deposition,
p.
611.
; indeed
water
warm
wiping the
towel, apply
sheet
soaked
once
after
water,
warm
at
water,
soak
it for
part dry
cover
to
up
give
few
with
with
a
a
ANTIDOTES
Provision
CYANIDE
FOR
Remedies.
of
187
POISONING.
In
order
minimize
to
the
danger
attending
cyanide
in
provided
a
glass
part
The
cyanide
every
the
works,
cabinet
marked
Poisoning
printed
to
should
all
have
instructions
the
be
cabinet
with
accessible
easily
Antidotes
the
near
for
and
top,
remedies
the
apply
to
closed
and
words
letters
how
in
should
workmen.
the
clear
in
kept
conspicuous
some
known
antidotes
necessary
and
plant,
in
placed
front,
of
the
poisoning,
Cyanide
written
inside
pasted
or
the
cabinet.
The
1.
cabinet
solution
of
drawn
to
2.
solution
should
sterilized
hydrogen
fine
the
and
point
flask
glass
hydrogen
sealed
3.
hypodermic
4.
stomach
5.
small
6.
small
triangular
7.
small
pair
and
B,
of
medicine
file.
pinchers.
of
filled
with
glass.
glass.
with
the
with
flame.
per
cent,
should
flask
be
flame.
blow-pipe
funnel.
conical-shaped
of
neck
sealed
made
syringe,
tube
in
marked
peroxide,
filled
A,
The
peroxide.
articles
following
marked
flask
glass
sterilized
of
contain
30
per
cent,
INDEX.
of
Absorption
Acid
cyanide
by
washes
preliminary
ores,
slimes,
smelting
tailings,
vats,
of,
6.
for,
69.
Antimony,
influence
Appliances
used
cyanide
of
Assay
108.
tables,
76.
slimes,
of
treatment
110,
111,
acid
Africa,
slimes
of
treatment
in,
crushing
wet
in,
leaching,
Agitation
81,
at, 167.
10.
121.
97.
91,
97,
96,
138,
Base
peroxide,
metals,
of, 178.
use
estimation
of,
tions,
solu-
in
177.
151,
Air,
of,
96.
94,
by,
86,
practice
Mine,
Barium
82,
Company,
125.
extraction
Agitators,
Westralia
65.
influence
Banket,
actual
48.
31.
46.
at,
Athabasca
Azurite,
113.
111,
leaching,
solutions,
and
Associated
air-lift
113.
of, 13.
for
43.
compressed,
of,
use
180.
Bonanza
compressors,
ner
lifts, 65,
66.
slimes,
practice
in,
practice
Columbia,
167.
63.
Ealgoorlie,
at
Bromo-cyanogen,
of,
use
178.
64.
wheels,
Bucket-
63.
55.
pumps,
Alkali,
115.
at,
process
British
for
Tave-
Johannesburg,
Mine,
83.
65,
doors,
discharging
Butters'
protective,
57.
166.
73,
distributes,
of, in
estimation
165.
155,
solutions,
44.
Alkaline
cyanides,
influence
sulphides,
wash,
of,
Calculating
14.
181.
Pan-amalgamation.
Zn
of
cost
extraction,
percentage
20.
practice
California,
180,
processes,
also
America,
34.
75.
Amalgamation
See
for,
tests
Camp
Bird
in,
161.
acid
Mines,
treatment
at,
113.
precipitation
in,
practice
15,
at,
102,
103,
155.
120.
dry crushing
sulphuric
in,
acid
in,
110,
Analytical
of
solutions,
methods,
41,
Feldtman's,
Green's,
Antimonite,
173,
for
Cathodes,
43.
soda,
influence
poisoning,
of,
11.
185.
in
Channels,
96.
56.
at,
of, 75.
of, 75.
152.
pumps,
Chalcopyrite,
181.
use
use
Centrifugal
33.
the,
173.
lime,
Caustic
36.
cyanide
of
tell-tales
35.
Virgoe's,
Antidotes
of, 7.
Company,
Extraction
practice
22.
33.
Crosse's,
Anodes,
Gold
Cassel
142.
113.
Analysis
influence
oxide,
Carbonic
1 25.
refining
influence
sulphide
formation
ores,
of, 12.
93.
of, 83.
11,
INDEX.
190
methods, 84.
Filter-presses,
practice,N.Z., 87,
vats,
electrical
151.
Tavener
gold, 80.
Fluxes, for lead smelting, 117.
in gold concentrates,
Franklinite
Free milling ores, 17.
sulphur, influence of, 13.
Freely percolating tailings,vats
93.
117.
influence
10, 75.
Kauri
Gold
Eeith
electro-chemical
Estates,
ores,
Gold
Eomati
12, 144.
Works,
Eapai Vermont
Earangahake,
Eiln-dried
Galena,
122.
180.
for,
for
of
plant at,
new
66.
Fusion
in, 115.
process
Jumpers Deep,
"Float"
Furnace
73.
practicein,
63.
Fineness
cost
Johannesburg,
ores
from,
128.
process, 183.
behaviour
of, 7, 12.
Mine,
from,
ores
15.
92.
14.
results
precipitationof, by zinc,
100.
plant
Gate
Golden
at, 163.
and
Grain
gram
table, 46.
Proprietary, practice
Boulder
Great
at, 145.
Han
Star
nan
Mine,
Diehl
103.
102.
couple for zinc precipitation,
precipitation,175.
smelting, 115.
at,
process
177.
Goldfields,127, 133.
consumption of cyanide at,
Hauraki
132, 133.
Company,
Homestake
Dakota,
Co.'s
of, 67.
vats
for, 48, 51.
Lead, influence of, 13.
tion,
acetate, use of, in zinc precipita-
75.
ore
vats, 53.
Langlaagte
109.
72,
57,
practiceat,
Leached
residues, discharge of, 56.
Leaching, 70, 76.
by agitation,81, 82, 94, 96.
Estate
cost
practiceat, 147.
Horseshoe,
Consols,
View
Lake
routine, 17.
Laboratory
of, 106.
slimes, 107.
120,
154, 164.
of, 35.
Hydrocyanic acid, estimation
poisoning by, 184.
ing,
Hydrogen, evolution of, in acid refin-
cost
of, 119.
for, 116.
fluxes
cyanide, 6, 133.
gold, on cupellation,119.
Estate, practice at,
Luipaards Wei
Loss
of
of
125.
111.
in
in
leaching, 158.
zinc precipitation,102,
104.
Forrest
process, 1.
frames
filter
Main
at, 55.
Reef,
Malachite, influence of, 10, 13.
McArthur-
Manganese
India, practicein, 169.
sun-drying in, 92.
Intermediate
Iodine
18.
73.
filling,
solution,
standardising,26.
13.
of, 7,
of, 93.
salts,influence of, 8, 9.
Irvine's discharging doors, 58.
Iron
pyrites,influence
occurrence
Martin
press,
88.
vats, 53.
Masonry
Melting gold slimes,
109.
chloride
solution,25.
191
INDEX.
Mercury couple, in
zinc
precipitation,
103.
influence
of, 11.
use
Metallic
Methods
vats
used
Monowai,
on
from,
ores
Protective
alkali,166.
estimation
of, 44.
of, 9.
blue, formation
of
recovery
Prussic
acid, liberation
ores,
7.
treatment
tailings, zinc
Natural
precipitation of,
102.
Pyrolusite,influence
Rand
Central
of, 15.
Reduction
Company's
plant, 84.
Rate
at, 123.
of
extraction,
18.
of solution, 14.
Reactions
involved, 4, 8,
Zealand,
Remedies
for
treatment
concentrate
94.
loss of
167.
settlement, 85.
Nevada, practicein, 161.
sun-drying in, 92.
zinc precipitationin, 161.
New
Eleinfontein, tailings practice
of, 184.
63.
in,
cyanide from,
173.
81, 83.
at,
process, 180.
for, 184.
Prussian
experiments
cyanide
Poisoning, antidotes
Pneumatic
9.
poisoning, 186.
94.
practicein, 56,
Riecken
127.
170.
process,
Robinson
Ohinemuki,
of
occurrence
gold at,
Works,
89.
85.
dischargingdoors, 59,
137.
90.
practiceat,
Order
Sands,
134.
Schilz
of operations, 71.
amalgamation,
Park-Horn
Settlement,
from
180.
from
by,
Slime
at Crown
Mines,
96.
Phenolphthalein indicator,37.
Plant,
cost
of, 67.
171.
cake
at, 52.
acid
refining,113.
lead smelting, 119.
smelting slimes, 109.
pressing,140.
mixers, 151.
Slimes-arrester, 167.
refiningby sulphuric acid, 110.
smeltingof, 107.
sun-drying of, 92.
vats, 51.
process,
Slags from
93.
71.
86.
Siemens-Halske
127.
process,
179.
180.
process,
Whitaker
process,
of, 91.
treatment
192
INDEX.
Slimes,
treatment
Tavener
process,
115.
cost
of, 119.
110, 140.
at
Waihi,
by
Tavener
acid
slimes,
gold slimes,
Soda,
Solution
161.
School
108.
acid
smelting
ol
Telluride
cyanide,
acidity,34.
Tests
for
Threshis'
dutyinN.Z.,132.
precipitation,
consumption
method,
Titration
of slimes, 80.
Treatment
of
the
tailings,on
Rand,
leaching, 76.
Strong solution
Sulman-Teed
Sulphide
of, 13.
contrasted, 5.
of solutions
ores,
47.
constants,
Utah,
practicein, 162.
precipitationin,
Vats
construction
of, 52.
iron, 51.
wooden, 51, 67.
72, 81.
filling,
of, by agitation,
extraction
98.
of, 149.
influence
of,
alkaline,
Sulphides,
roasting, 148.
Sulpho-cyanides,action of, 15.
estimation
of, 36.
treatment
Sulpho-telluride
ores,
Sulphur,
Sulphuric
acid
leaching
14.
of,
Victoria,
13.
filter frames
vats
Waikino,
161.
new
practiceat,
solutions, 46.
vats
with, 72.
filling
Tailings,
for, 19.
test solutions
142.
at Waihi,
treatment,
value of, on the Rand, 122.
for assay
vats
Talisman
Ohinemuri,
at, 134.
dissolving, 50.
practice
122.
142.
144.
preliminary, 69.
78.
water,
weak
Washoe
52.
for,
Mine,
62.
at, 55.
of, 113.
Sumps, 60.
washes, 77.
Tables
percolation,51.
precipitation in,
120.
refining,110.
cost
and
charcoal
influence
of, 15.
Wad,
Waihi, extraction
practiceat,
144.
free, influence
120.
cylinders,55.
Vacuum
177.
process,
77.
123.
filtration,83.
Upward
125.
Strength
34.
solutions, 23,
zinc
18.
cyanide,
158.
standard
of
of
24.
Useful
zinc
for
30.
solutions, 22.
strength of solutions,
124.
of, 22.
weak, use of, 70.
Sores, from cyanide poisoning, 186.
South
Dakota, practicein, 164.
Spitzkasten, 72, 86, 140, 147.
Spitzluten,86, 138, 139.
Stamp batteries, 80.
Tank,
of, 144.
160.
Creek,
Cripple
crude
for
testing,19.
tanks
plant, 97.
treatment
ores,
Testing
63.
of, 4.
titration
Steel
of Mines
practice,at
vats, 50.
Solutions, bulk of, 122,
dilution
of, 29.
for
plant
concentration
Tell-tales, 63.
108.
pumps,
rate
79, 97,
at, 96.
107.
of, in
use
slimes,
133, 170.
Goldfield,
115.
process,
Experimental Works,
Thames
140.
Weak
cyanide,
process,
78.
180.
105.
Weights
and
measures,
47.
193
INDEX.
Western
Zinc
100.
161.
sulpho-telluride
ores,
Mining Company,
precipitationat, 174.
crushing, 80, 90, 120, 128.
inN.Z.,128.
the Rand, 120.
on
losses on the,
Witwatersrand,
electrical
influeuce
of, 18.
precipitation, 100, 120, 125.
120.
cost of, in America,
extractor
boxes, 125.
of
influence
copper on, 103,
6.
the,
104.
103.
precipitation on
influence
171.
practiceon
acid, 110,
vats, 51.
cost
lead
on,
102,
113.
slime
of, 67.
Mining Company,
agitationpracticeat, 94,
drying ores at, 75.
Gold
smelting, 107,
PRINTED
BT
AND
lead
Tavener
use
process, 115.
of mercury
in, 103.
treatment
103, 105.
165.
NEILL
by
treatment
115.
turnings,
Yellow
of
refiningslimes by sulphuric
121, 171.
Woodstock
solutions, 38,
electrical
Wooden
in
43.
Gold
Westralia
of,
estimation
ment,
treat-
144.
Wet
boxes,
00., LTD.,
EDINBURGH.
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"Tank"
of
Repair*
and
Feed
Fittings.
Painting
Oleaningand
Heaters,
Pumps,
Machinery
Reciprocating
Feed
Automatic
-Water
Electric
Steam
Boats.
Regulators.
Evaporators.
Light
Machines.
Machinery.
Hydraulic
Machinery.
Air-Compressing
Pumps.
Refrigerating
The
of
for
Boilers.
of Water-Tube
Machinery
Regulations
Destroyers.
Management
R.N.
for Promotion
of
in Examinations
Questions
Entry of Assistant
Engineers,
given
R.N.
of Trade
Examinations
for Engineers,
fto,
Engineers,
Regulations
respecting Board
of
Duties
"
The
"
This
contents
vbbt
cannot
useful
wail
to
GAS
An
Grown
8vo,
W.
H.
CHARLES
that
with
soUra,
sfsclal
on
the
USE
OF
West
has
been
Illustrations,
Theory,
in
given
work
in this
[Shortly,
of Scotland
Design, Construction,
Engines
without
Boiler.
STUDENTS.
Whit.
WATKINSON,
GRIFFIN
iMPOBTANOz
GKBAT
ENGINES:
Combustion
THE
and
of
attention
Numerous
OIL
Glasgow
10ND0N
find
to
Introductory Text-Book
and Testing of Internal
Prof.
Steamship.
are
AND
FOB
By
Th*
Illubtbations
.
In
appuciatsd."
bk
book.
Technical
Sch., M.Inst.Muoh.E.,
College.
STREET, 8TRAND.
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OF
ALBERT
By
Oontmf.
Hii
Bnginee.
Continental
B.Sc,
RAVENSHEAR,
Oftec.
Petent
Majesty's
Introduction.
HlstoriosJ
M.Inot.C.E.
and
F.
Of
Railway
PETTIGREW,
American
on
Boilden,
Engine
Students.
and
FRANK
Section
of
Draughtsmen,
and
Engineers,
WILLIAM
Use
the
for
Designers
21s.
Text.
the
ENGINEERING!
Practical
With
in
fi
reduced
Plates
numerous
Illustration!
LOCOMOTIVE
A
PUBLICATIONS.
17U-1SSS.
Modern
Looomoares
Simple.
LoeomovWe
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Bepsirs, Banning,
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Inspection, and
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Modem
Index.
Likely
44
remain
to
for
many
the
years
Work
Standard
those
for
wishing
learn
to
Design.'V~Bfirffefr.
u
44
Interesting
most
ReHtwav
We
recommend
nAORix
am
"Tee
will at
In
the
work
book
as
of
bibliography
the
to
the
Locomotors."
all
that
oast
from
lrabut
bb
woes
ufox
ncronrAirr
ran
Cloth.
Handsome
Svo.
A
its character, and
Msarrnre
Ifmct.
Bngineeriiig."~tf"ejr
It
smoh
book
a subjeot.
a
upon
subjhot."
Rmihsaf
Magaain*.
LooomotiTe
on
stabdahd
tmb
as
in
ibaotkial
thoroughly
works
.
oovtadts
rank
Large
addition
of
ooluotxov
onoe
Tamable
and
QatstU.
OJlcial
With
Plat
and
Illustration*.
16s.
RAILWAYS
LIGHT
HOME
AT
By
WILLIAM
Late
ABROAD.
AND
HENRY
M.Inbt.O.E.,
OOLE,
North-
Deputy-Manager,
Western
Railway,
India.
Con^to.
Discussion
of the Term
Railways,
Light Railway*. "English
Fanners.
in
Italy, other
France,
Light
Railways
Belgium,
Rates, and
Road
port
Transthe Colonies, India, Ireland.
and
Countries, America
European
of
The
alternatiye.
The
Question
Light Railways
Act, 1896.
ae
an
Construction
and Working.
Locomotives
and Rolling-Stock.
light
Gauge.
Index.
and
Railways in England, Scotland, and Wales.
Appendices
"(
Mr.
W.
H.
Oole
has
hitherto
txon
.
44
Will
remain,
together
for
time
some
yet
to
the
Standard
of yaluarlh
axouvt
labor
...
inaooessible
reader."
ordinary
Work
everything
in
ixtosxa-
Tlmu.
relating
Light
to
J^'Mer.
The
author
well
recommended
with
of the
engineers
LONDON
is
as
practical
"
BR
weloome
CHARLES
mo
experienoe
amsin%string.
bxhacstitrlt
and
nmarsHSAHLB
to
necessities
prime
could
will
done.
subject
cordially
"Tmsui
extended
has
It is RXCRRDnieLT
44 The
whole
one
brought
practically
BaUwarB.''
44
of the
BRTTRR
its appearance."
GRIFFIN
of
"
makes
first
whose
future."
reference
book
the
considered.
raAonoALLT
those
immediate
book
that
moid
The
and
usefmL
workoambe
acquainted
duty it is to become
RaUway
OJkiml QmstU.
of
All olaseet
its subjeot.
on
Scotsman.
CO., LIMITED,
EXETER
STREET,
STRAND,
CHARLE8
32
Largo
0 BIFFIN
Handsome
8vo,
Cloth.
With
Lubrication
ON
OF
LEONARD
By
ON
the
to
1.
LUBRICATION
TESTING
ARCHBUTT,
Chemist
21
THE
AND
PROPERTIES,
"o.
THE
PRACTICE
AND
Tablet,
Lubricants:
TREATISE
AND
NATURE,
Illustrations,
"
THEORY
PUBLICATIONS
CO.'S
Midland
Railway
OF
LUBRICANTS.
F.I.O.,
F.O.S.,
Company,
AND
R.
MOUNTFORD
DEELEY,
Midland
I.
COHTBNT8.
Friction.
their
III.
of
Lubricants.
of
Methods.
of
The
Mechanical
The
to
"
Contains
practically
Engineers."
attention
of
all
Fourth
Chemical
classic
ALL
Defective
Fire-Holes
of
Pressures
be
"
Steel
valuable
carefully
The
book
Boilers
for
vkry
Iron.
the
Deserres
careful
of
64.
U.
Cleaning
lbs. ;
(i) 200
engineers
hand."
to
Joints Specifications
("*)80
and
Inspection
Engins
Management
Kivetted
especially
CONSTRUCTION
Company.
and
Pressures
at
Cloth,
of Plates
(x) by Overheating
(a) By
External
Corrosion, Internal
(4) By
or
Flue
Tubes
Manholes
; Unstrengthened
Factor
of Safety) II. Construction
op
Tubes
Uptake
Msn-Holee,
Mud-Holes,
Plates
for workmen
useful,
and
(3) By
(Unsupported
Rivetted
Joints;
always
of
MTJNRO,
caused
Valves
Table
and
subject
AND
Insurants
Mountings
Woiking
companion
studied, and
is
BoUsr
Crown
Fireboxes
Boiler
Lancashire
to
Shells
Boilers:
Vertical
D.
Explosions
Safety
Defective
"
I.
Overloaded
and
Methods
Examination
of
BOILERS:
Scottish
Contents.
Gbkkkal
fective
and
tks
Plastic
Lubricants,
IUush-cUsd.
lIANAGrBJlCUNT,
of
The
and
OJleial Quids.
By
De
the
on
VoryfuUy
Edition.
Bnginssr
Methods
Industries
subject."
KVOWN
18
Railway
DXnOTS,
Cats/
the
on
THAT
STEAM
THEIR
and
Properties
Testing of Lubricants
X.
Testing of Lubricants.
of Machinery.
Ihpkx.
Lubrication
Destined
become
The
Systematic
"
F.G.S.,
Derby.
II.
IV.
VII.
The
M.I.M.E.,
Manager,
Works'
Friction
or
Liquid
Viscosity,
of
Lubrication,
v.
Theory
and
VI.
Properties.
Physical
Properties
and
VIII.
XI.
Solids.
Tension.
Lubricants.
IX.
Bearings.
of
Friction
Superficial
Preparation,
Sources,
Examination
Locomotive
Railway
Coll.
steam
lbs. per
engaged
Table
inch
square
about
of
and
Steam
Bursting
of
Drawings
respectively.
Boilers, ought
Guardian.
users,
artisans,
"young
and
Engineers."
Bnginttr.
By
KITCHEN
bated
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and
on
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Author,
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BOILER
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With
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Why
A
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GRINDING
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of his
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Lathe
Ironmonger.
Plaees
the
Angle
of
use
Decimals
of
of
100
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the
for
Minute
every
Distance.
LLOYD
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for
and
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RICHARD
Authorised
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TABLES:
of
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to
Wheels.
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Metals."
Efficient
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|Universal
TRAVERSE
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Edition.
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Convex
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Polishing.
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the
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in
Employed
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Tools
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A.M.
HODGSON,
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GURDEN,
of
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South
New
Wales
and
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Published
*#*
with
the
Concurrence
Wales
"These
the
who
the
enable
half
have
experience
amount
enormous
to
user
of
ascertain
labour
the
in
minute
to
assistance
few
user,
knowing
and
as
of
every
to
but
alone
is
Surveyor
General
for
New
how
to
The
computations-
South
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will
this
by
for
cosines
and
thbir
Surveyors-
Survby-wo"k
exact
sines
ensure
every
and
represented
this
inch, and
by
rkpbrknck
This
computations
required.
an
the
of
Omb
evidence
in
publication
book.
distance
active
of
the
place
assistance
practice
will
twelve
of
in
Tablb.
know
best
valuable
has
rbmain
of
appreciate
miles
the
which
felt the
without
to
usual
the
want
within*
fifteen
Tables
of
such
thim."
JLnQitifr.
LONDON
CHARLES
GRIFFIN
"
8TREET, 8TRAND.
CHARLES
34
QRIFFJN
WORKS
ANDREW
BY
J AMIESON,
STEAM
For
With
coo
"
The
Papers.
Best
Book
MAGNETISM
Book
AND
For
on).
reader
his
by
recalls
yet
use
"
and
MECHANICS
I.
VoL
Students.
By
II.:
Part
"
Fully
Parti.:
Gearing.
the
maintains
II.
VoL
Advanced
(An
Comprising
7s. 6d.
Price
reputation
of
Jamieson,
Engineering in
Preset
Second
wmiTTBN."
lucidly
of the above
Eaeh
PROFESSOR
STEAM
"vo.
"
be
For
in the
of).
A
"
capital
of
thoroughly
'The
work
' "
In
has
very
and
Science
POCKET-BOOK
For
the
8s. 6d.
LONDON
Use
of
of).
condensed
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the
into
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Students
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"
in
Electric
JAMIESON.
and
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RULES
Engineers.
Edition.
GRIFFIN
interested
of Power.
ELECTRICAL
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Illustrated.
Profusely
Traction:
Present-Day
ANDREW
of
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Tramway
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Prof.
Svo.
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Nature.
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which
pages.
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By
clear/'
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qualities,
300
A
Ute
and
Pbactical
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feature.'*
important
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are
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high
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diagrams
Manual
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A rt.
Preparation.
Modern
For
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.APPLIED
'
bvbry
The
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Papers,
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Ninth
Students.
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trxt-book
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MANUALS.
Examination
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ELECTRICITY
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sold
STEAM-ENGINE
AND
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in itself,and
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AND
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is complete
volumes
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tions;
applica-
8s. 6d.
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%*
its
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and
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and
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Edition.
Third
Author/'
the
Text-
Prof.
Text-Book
Principleof Work
The
Athenerum.
Advanced
(An
"
Honours
and
conception
op
lecturing of Faraday."
of Students."
Engineer.
ELECTRICITY
Advanced
clsarnzm
the
of Electrical
assisted by David
Robertson, B.Sc, Professor
the Merchant
Venturers'
Technical
College, Bristol.
.APPLIED
on).
for
preparing
the
fascinates
His treatment
Jameson
kxfrbmion.
op
Text-Book
(A
Examinations.
Competitive
6
and
Illustrations, Folding Plates,
numerous
Revised.
Thirteenth
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200
over
pp.,
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%vo.
Students
of
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TEXTBOOKS.
STEAM-ENGINES
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JAMIESON'S
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MJnst.CE.,
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oik
analysis.
published
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etc.,
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collbgb,
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F.G.S.,
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M.
ROBINSON,
HENRY
MACHINERY
PUMPING
*
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Efficiency
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of
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to
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HENRY
By
Member
PRESSURE).
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Supply,
Water
Town
of
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WATER
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Member
Engineers,
GiTii
Engineers,
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F.G.8.,
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the
of
of
Ac.
EnginesPumping
Contents
Early History of Pumping
Engines Steam
General
Valves
Pumping
Principles of Non-Rotative
and
Pump
Pumps
of
and
The
Cornish
Types
Mining
Compound
Simple
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in
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Hydraulic
Sinking
Engines
Mines
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"
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Index.
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A
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STABILITY
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WALTON,
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Naval
"KNOW
YOUR
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SHir."
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position
ComIron, and Steel.
Iron, Wrought
and
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II. Classification
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of Type of Vessel.
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Steel Ships.
Fratnsn*
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Strains
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Strengths of Ships. V. Construction
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of
of Construction.
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Types
Trimming,
and
VI.
Rivets
Bivetting,
Workmanship.
Pumping
ments.
ArrangeSteamersj"c.
Contents.
I.
VII.
Ships.
*'
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44
Mr.
Walton
be road
majority
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being
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LONDON
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PRICE-BOOK
Edited
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Electrical
By
of
tho
profession
doubt, by every
for
ELECTRICAL
The
in
benefit
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Marine, and
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"
to
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GREETING
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those
The
for whom
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GRIFFIN
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CHARLES
40
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EDWARD
By
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Free
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To
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the
demanding
The
18th
to
Up
Institution
Centuries
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of
"
Position.
Serious
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of
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Number
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Education:
Seaman's
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branch
subject Is dealt
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writer
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During
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Locksley Hall*
Loading of Ships
Shipping Legislation, 1884 to 1894
The
Personnel
Officers
MarinersShipowners
:
Attention
iBTBBBSTDie
"
of
ARCHITHCTS;
SHIPBUILDERS
SBRIBS."
"NAUTICAL
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Contents.
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3$.
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General
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8TREET, STRANB,
be
NAUTICAL
41
NAUTICAL
GRIFFINS
Second
WORKS.
Revised
Edition,
SERIES.
Illustrated,
and
Price
6d.
Ss.
NAVIGATION:
DAVID
By
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AND
WILLIAM
FUtST-CLASS
tmttb
Work
Meroator
The
ko.
Definitions
Correction
of
Courses
Middle
Sailing
Sailing
Sailing Current
Tides
Appendix
Questions
Parallel
Que*t!on0.
^examination
ant)
and
Latitude
DEPARTMENT.
ART
Longitude
Plane
Instrument*
Traverse
Sailing
Sailing Day's
M creator's
Chart
Latitude
Sailing
Circle Sailing
Position
Great
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Hints
Error
Numerous
Useful
: Compass
AND
SCIENCE
illustration*
Contents.
Navigation
NAVIGATION,
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ALLINGHAM,
Index.
Pbecmblt
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Mate
Second
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.
authors
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ALXureHAM,
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'
in
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great
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the
on
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MERCHANT
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logical
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Air
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History of the Law
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Solution
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"
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GRIFFIN'S
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;
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MACKENZIE,
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Numerous
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PUBLIOATIONB.
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'
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"
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They
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Buck's
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College,
taken
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"This
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Master
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more
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'
helpful."
henceforth
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'
be
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in
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further
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%*For
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List
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STREET,
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OMrrars
Second
Edition,
WORKS.
43
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Thoroughly
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Revised
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In
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orta ; Payment
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DischargeThe
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ttons, LnVsaving
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"
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ef it may
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olbajl"
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AT
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FOR
and
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handy
FIRST
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ef
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kok-tkohnigal
British
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A tew
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list of necessary
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Liverpool Journal
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and
clea*
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add
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BY
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SMITH,
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CHARLES
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Merchant
to
F.R.O.S.,
Hospital,
that
say
it
Greenwich.
is requested
to this exceedingly
of
is the outcome
many
years
Seamen.
"Ths
hblfful
List
GRIFFIN
Lanest.
of Gblffin's
"
Nautical
Series,
see
p. 30.
STREET, STRAND
CHARLES
IN
Q RIFF
PUBLICATIONS.
00.'
44
nautical
QBirrnrs
Sixth
Edition.
and
with
Revised,
Crown
KNOW
THOMAS
SPECIALLY
TO
work
subjects
as:
written."
"
"
An
OTHERS.
"
Loading,
Moments,
Shifting Cargoes,
Buoyancy,
Admission
Strain,
Sail
Structure,
ftc, Ac.
will
book
be
We
of its
full
work,
of the
.
have
expressed.
and
in
found
matter
is
simple
and
obtain
his
for
those
and
profession
whom
it has
to
invaluable
heart."
at
been
every
Shipping.
form.*'
that
statement
has,
enough
far
so
to
as
we
could
clearness
understood
be
by diagrams
accompanied
Fairplay.
information,
one
no
The
will
be spared. It will
could well
admirably fulfil its
draughtsship superintendents, ship men,
ship owners,
of Commerce.
shipping."
Liverpool Journal
compact
officer*
to
useful
in
has
most
work
pages
given
for
fitness
solid instruction
who
by
unique
Water,
Area,
Walton's
Mr.
.
of
handy
exceedingly
of
Marine
242
vert
found
shipping.
with
Mercantile
of
is
"
Freeboard,
all interested
mass
important
Ballasting,
useful
such
manner,
Tonnage,
one
.
simple
Rolling,
excellent
and
ENGINEERS,
DRAUGHTSMEN,
Deadweight,
of the
Not
OFFICER*,
Stability,
8UOOBsl because
WorldX
Shipping
purpose
SHIPS*
OF
Displacement,
connected
lasting*
in
Abchitkct.
Httle
The
SHIP.
REQUIREMENTS
THE
SUIT
explains,
7s. 6d.
Naval
AND
This
Buoyancy,
Handsome
OWN
SUPERINTENDENTS,
SHIPOWNERS,
officer
Price
8vo*
WALTON,
ARRANGED
Trim,
on
Illustrations.
YOUR
By
officials
series.
Chapters
Numerous
Calculations.
Cloth,
_MI.
have
allows,
by
every
and
trations,
illus-
wished
been
differently
admirably
densed,
con-
seaman."
Marine
Bngineer.
BY
Steel
THB
SAME
LONDON:
AUTHOR,
CHARLES
GRIFFIN
page
38.)
STREET,
STRAND.
ENGINEERING
With
Oloth.
8vo,
Revised,
Bdltlon,
Fourteenth
Demy
Numerotu
Working
21a.
reduced
/rem
OF
UAL
THE
MACHINERY.
MARINE
OF
S E A T 0 N,
M.
AND
CONSTRUCTION,
DESIGNING,
WORKING
E.
Prlee
IU%utrcUion$t
ENGINEERING:
COMPRISING
A.
45
Drawings.
MAN
MARINE
By
MECHANICS.
AND
Inst.
C. E.,
Inst.
M.
Meeh.
B..
M.Inst.N.A.
Part
Marine
Contents.
I.
Propulsion.
Principles of
of
Details
III.
Part
Principles of Steam
Engineering.
and
Calculations
for
Marine
Pistons,
Valves,
Cylinders,
Engines : Design
Boilers.
Part
V.
"c.
Part
IV.
Valves,
Propellers.
Expansion
General
Part
II.
Part
IV.
This
"
sad
In
Marine
far the
"
Engineer.
"The
Manual
best
solving,
of
with
Student
GWes
.
possible
with
Bureau
Veritae,
how
iearn
to
Manual
Seaton's
.
the
economy,
Ilhvtr*
Boilers,
of the
Rules
Revised
utmost
and
Draughtsman,
Edition,
on
has
to
design,
conitruov
rital/'
no
Timu
account
complete
before
the
problems
a
will find
Engineer
Marine
the
Engine
of
the
Marin*
Leather.
taluablb
Engineer,
8s. Od.
OIP
RULES
THE
FOR
Engineers,
Pocket-Ska,
POOB3GT-BOOK
ENGINEERING
MARINE
this work
the most
in existence."
Marin*
now
Revised.
Thoroughly
a
Marine
Tubs
Water-
on
the
existence.
in
the
Reference
of
Seventh
and
Athenaeum.
Student,
Handbook
Chapter
Types
oapaeity of enabling
Mr.
Steam-Engine,
three-fold
the
.methods
leading
the
of
work
"By
includes
Edition
tions
Miscellaneous.
USB
AND
TABLES,
07
Naval
Architects,
Designers,
and
Others.
Superintendents
Draughtsmen.
BY
A.
E.
M.I.O.E.,
SEATON,
M.I.Mech.E.,
M.LN.A.
AND
fl.
M.
ROUNTHWAITE,
"Admirably
DOCKS:
its
fulfils
By
B.
purpose."
THEIR CONSTRUCTION
CHARLES
GRIFFIN
Marine
Engmttr.
OUNNINGH'AM.
(See
LONDON
M.LN.A
M.LMech.E.,
page
" MAINTENANCE.
27.)
STREET, STRAND.
GRIFFIN
CHARLB3
46
WORKS
ROBERT
PROF.
BT
M.I.M.E.,
H.
HLMinJE.,
M.LE1.E.,
Problems.
Technical
to
WITH
EXTENSIVE
REFERENCE
LIST
PROF.
formerly
of
Fallow
Olark
Glasgow
M.A.,
In
8vo,
Grown
"
with
diagrams,
Intereeting
abundance.
the time
earing
Til
in
of
practical illustration*
want
who
those
classified
integral
an
GRAPHIC
at
Lengths,
the
glance
in
For
Work,
the
Prof.
Smith's
and
labour
diminished.
considered
M
"
Smrm's
The
is
complete
is
work
Ought
be
to
foi
Tabus
bybby
m
The
at
will
8s.
bast
are
proTC
ai
6cL
?bac*i#
ban
to be found
useful
In
rery
Bnimer.
be
Architect*,
on,
Boards.
rery
and
without
them.
bxcillsht
Quantities
Ao.
Contractor*.
**4
6d.
7b.
the
most
unique
profession. By their
form
saved,
that
Measurements
Densities,
Stresses,
Survey
before
where
of
Temperatures,
placed
CeUury
DIAGRAMS.
Units
Weights,
believed
office
Powers,
4to,
ever
btaluablb."
in
Al
occurrence,
Conversion
Conversion-Tables
will
It
road
tablb
OR
Different
of Engineer*,
us*
collection
time
hard
French)
Mutual
Horse
In
*,*
actual
hurry."
and
Volumes,
Areas,
of
of
TABLES
in
Of
Mathematics
CONVERSIONS
(English
Showing
on
Folding-Plate.
bbbbbbvcb
MEASUREMENT
28
and
in rendering
serviceable
and
Athenanm.
Engineer."
complin
tbbt
B.Sa,
Lecturer
College.
Diagrams
will be
Student
book
4BL1
with
extra,
E. H. Smith's
Paof
for the non-mathematical
and
UniYareity,
Maaon
"
SMITH.
BT
MUIRHEAD,
F.
INTEGRALS.
OF
H.
ROBERT
ASSISTED
R.
ENGINEERS
PHYSICISTS,
Applied
By
Assoc.M.I.C.i,
M.Ord.MeiJL
Sch.,
FOR
AND
CLASSIFIED
SMITH,
Whit
CALOULUS
THE
PUBLICATIONS.
OO.'S
the
of
chances
the
henceforth
no
error
Engineer's
in
and
prehensive
com-
much
use
calculation
Office
will
be
Guardian.
even
occasional
chicks
on
conTersions
are
required.
Praf.
.
results."
Electrical
Review.
"
the
but of the Commbbciai.
Prof. Smith
deeerres
hearty thanks, not only of the Eireivnia,
of Mbasubbmbbiy
for the
Syitbm
for haying
smoothed
the way
of the Msrmio
Wobxd,
adoption
in
factor
which
is now
great
hobb
assuming
a
maintaining
importance
a subject
as
our
upon
The
tbabb."
Market.
Mmehinery
fOBUiov
LONOflU
CHARLES
8RIFFIN
8TREET,
STRANO.
0HARLB8
48
GRIFFIN
With
Tablet,
by
contain
work
persons
will
"All
rrobabiy
"
in
the
Sewage
nssfal
nam
tne
of
the
MtdUal
for
the
in
Text.
tls.
44
"
IV.
VI.
work
to
is
In
THEIR
8vo,
LrvALUABU
Will
bo
to
useful
appeared
of
and
Engineering.
Bleaching
VII.
Fellmongery.
and
IX.
General
England
Trades'
to-day
handbook
Trade
With
Extra,
NATURE,
R.
Secretary
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to
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ah.
III.
Analysts.
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De-greasing
V. Dyeing
Distillery
Index.
fitted
better
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Inst.
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Chemical
serve
and
deal
to
in
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*ith
rationally
future
for
those
Journal.
Illustration*.
8c.
6d.
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GILBERT
"
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Engineer.
mamutaoturb,
"-
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USES.
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News.
nsruro
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LONDON:
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encounter
II.
Textile
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Sanitarian.
Eibble
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Tanning
Mill
is probably
no
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subject."
The
of
Inspector
There
have
who
UTILISATION.
F.O.S.,
Introduction.
I.
Grease
Crimp.
net.
Surveyors,
Engineers,
NAYLOR,
Recovery.
and
Calico-Frinting.
VIII.
Waste.
Paper
auch
be
advioeri
which
all who
to
Plates,
AND
Borough
W.
Contents.
Main
will
available.
Mr.
to
subject
die
on
Numerous
with
TREATMENT
Chief
and
been
their
and
the
London
WASTE!
ITS
By
gratitude
of
use
gsaosoet
) *rn*l.
TRADES'
Handbook
nebt
tbsuitisb
smtr
am*
Figures
have
Autmobitib*
of
charge
on
otherwise
not
own
had
chaptor
prove
Beautifully Illustrated,
years,
Samitaby
Edinburgh
moo.--
to
mm
Cost.
and
Limcet
i btb
WW
Woass
Disposal
Metropolis,
would
Scsenoe
to
wsmtvl."
Aim
moot
liaenats
Disposal
our
which
Sanitary
especially
far
of tao
details
important
iimrislsl
be
Sootion
Northern
many
having,
Aether's
the
of
of the
pbacticai.
bbsmobntly
in
feet
Works
to
Jenna
nTU
the
Fran
ntoaenage
Sbwaos
Maintenance,
Conitivction,
Tmeii
F.G.S.,
Council.
County
II.
PART
iNTftODUCTORY.
Operation
London
the
Estuarie*
and
M.Inst.C.E.,
CRIMP,
AMMtaat-BngVMer,
Late
of
Prevention
the
for
Rivers
of
Sewage
SANTO
W.
FART
WORKS:
Works
of
Construction
the
Pollution
By
301.
DISPOSAL
to
Medfam
37 Lithographic Plate*.
Cloth,
Handsome
SEWAGE
Guide
Enlarged.
and
Text, and
in the
Illustrations
8to.
Revised
Edition,
Second
PUBLICATIONS.
(JOSS
CHARLES
GRIFFIN
"
STREET,
8TRAND.
"
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ENGINEERING.
In Large %vo.
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CONTENTS.
ABRIDGED
Introductory.
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ELECTRICAL STATIONS:
Design, Organisation,
H.
49
Work
Station
Profession.
as
As
Investment.
an
lishment
Estab-
The
Site. Architecture.
Plant.
Boilers
Supply.
Coal Handling, Weighing, and
Heat
Economy.
Storing.
Systems of Draught and Waste
Generators.
The
Transmission
of Steam.
Condensing Appliances.
Switching Gear,
Distributing Mains.
Insulation, Resistance, and Cost.
Instruments, and Connections.
Mains
and
Meters
Feeders.
and
Service
Testing Mains.
Distributing Networks
Street
ingLightSecondary Batteries.
Appliances. Standardising and Testing Laboratory
Mains
Installation
Cost
General
Organisation
Department.
Department.
Clerical
Office
The
Consumer.
Drawing
Department
Standardising Department.
Routine
Index.
and MainLaying.
of
Central Station
of
Systems
"
for
One
of the most
valuable
time."
Electricity.
some
Central
to
contributions
Eleetrieity
on
By
and
Switchgear
LEONARD
have
we
had
of Transmission.
Systems
ANDREWS,
of the Incorporated
of Council
Electrical
Engineer to the
Ex-Memb;r
literature
CONTROL.
ELECTRICITY
Treatise
Station
M.I.E.E.,
Consulting
Breakers
Details Circuit
or
Principles of Switchgear Design. Constructional
Automatically Operated Circuit- Breakers. Alternating Reverse
Interrupting Devices.
Parallel
'Bus
Devices.
of
and
for
Current
Running.
Bars,
Apparatus
Arrangement
General
for
General
of Controlling Apparatus
Systems.
High Tension
Arrangement
of
for
Tension
Low
of Controlling Apparatus
Complete
Systems. Examples
Arrangement
Transmission
Schemes.
Installations.
Long Distance
General
Arc
Sixteenth
Thoroughly
Edition,
RULES
ELECTRICAL
FOR
USE
THE
MUNRO,
JOHN
With
OF
C.E., "
Numerous
Prof.
Units
Motors.
'
of Measurement.
Telegraphy.
Transformers.
Womdbspully
"The
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LONDON
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TABLES
"
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GENERAL
Cables.
Enlarged.
POCKET-BOOK
By
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Miscellaneous.
Worthy
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Batteries.
Logarithms.
highest
Submarine
and
Dynamos
Appendices.
cosmmendatiot*
we
can
EUctricimn.
Stbkling
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CHARLE8
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of
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8TREET, STRAND.
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authors
possessing
are
ut-to-datb
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oiAUAorxn
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Volume
of
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The
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and
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Pipes and
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acottuact
eoromno
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ohief
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Wires
or
maybe
Tbiatisx
Stajtdabd
st^to-dats
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'land.
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Air
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work."
an
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Fully
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Volumes
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LIGHT
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THE
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AND
THE
OF
EARTH
ELECTRICITY.
An
Essay
to
which
in
the
in
of
1893
adjudged
University
Cambridge.
By J.
Fellow
of Trinity
Professor
College, Cambridge;
POYNTING,
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An
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Prize
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diftoult
as
subtect.
was
H.
of
in
fail te be of ?.mat
te the sdenttte
cannot
and
of this subject
eBKimAi.
mvbbju*
the
is given
when
who
has contributed
is this ike ease
account
by one
se
te
with
has
Prof. Peynstef
of knowledge
our
present state
respect te a very
verified by Prof. PoyntJng."
has Newton's
been
estimate
Besmarkably
.
Athenaum.
LONDON
the
CHARLES
GRIFFIN
CO., LIMITED.
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CHEMISTRY.
BY
F.R.S.,
Ph.D.,
DUPRE,
A.
AND
HAKE,
WILSON
Of
Edition,
Third
wil
"A
We
agree
d
iiJUin, dear
a
heartily with the systeM
WOBK
MSKTAL
"Titer*
week
Sohteoa
aw
tha
oyot
Manuals
sbmB
afterwards
ceases
or
bxamflb
for
Students,
LABORATORY
tub
in the
OF
OUTLINES
FOR
Illustrations.
With
"
been
of
work
Compiled
with
and
West
OF
for
utdb
Just
LONDON
the
tub
l_.
of
ef
bbst
food
ANALYSIS.
STUDENTS.
Crown
beginners
and
USE
THE
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College.
useful
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ths
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ANALYSIS.
STUDENTS.
OF
Revised.
Crown
Bri^A
Medical
Journal,
theroughlj practicalchemist."
will
and
want,"
Journal
Education.
a
supply
of
great oars,
METALLURGY:
Author's
tho
Practical
Coarse.
Laboratory
[See
kind
Revised.
Edition,
of
work
for
students
Crown
commencing
p.
8yo.
the
66
With
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study
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6s.
metallurgy. "
Engineer.
aha
SEXTON,
Teohnioal
QUALITATIVE
Fourth
Third
Practical
his
Tbbatmbstt
way
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CHARLE8
GRIFFIN
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CHARLES
52
GRIFFIN
Tenth
Revised.
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PRACTICAL
4
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Pollution
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