Unit-5

Introduction of DBMSa) Database - A database is an organized collection of data.

b) Data - Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way.
c) DBMS- A database is a collection of related files that are usually integrated, linked or crossreferenced to one another.
Or
A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to define, manipulate,
retrieve and manage data in a database. Some DBMS examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL,
Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, RDBMS, dBASE, Clipper, and FoxPro.
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Architecture of DBMS- The DBMS architecture describes how data in the database is viewed
by the users.
1) EXTERNAL LEVEL /LOGICAL - How data is viewed by an individual user.
2) CONCEPTUAL LEVEL - How data is viewed by a community of users.
3) INTERNAL LEVEL - How data is physically stored.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DATA MODELS
DATA
MODEL

Object Based
logical
model
E-R Model
Object
oriented
Model

Record Based
logical Model

Physical Data
Model

Relational
Hierarchic
al
Network

1) Object based logical model-object based logical model describe the data at the conceptual
and view level. It contains 30 such models like E-R model, binary model & object oriented
model.
a) E-R model-It stands for entity relationship model, it provide the overview of database through
diagrammatically using the following symbols.

Entity rectangle

Attribute oval

Relationship diamond

Link line

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2) Record based logical Model- This model also describe the data at the conceptual & view
level, in this the database is structured in fixed format of several records.
a)Hierarchical model- In this model each entity have only one parent and can have n number of
Childs that is 1to many.
b)Network model To overcome the problem of hierarchical model ,network data model was
developed and it has more than one parent and also have relationship.
c)Relational Model In this data is organized in two dimensional table called relational.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3) Physical data model- This explain the internal level of DBMS architecture that gives
complete information about the data storage.

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Data Dictionary- In database management systems, a file that defines the basic organization of
a database. It contain meta-data i,e data of data. A data dictionary contains a list of all files in the
database, the number of records in each file, and the names and types of each field. Most
database management systems keep the data dictionary hidden from users to prevent them from
accidentally destroying its contents.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DBA- Data base administrator is responsible for the overall management & administration of the
database.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DML (Data Manipulation Language )- A data manipulation language (DML) is a family of

computer languages including commands permitting users to manipulate data in a database. This
manipulation involves inserting data into database tables, retrieving existing data, deleting data
from existing tables and modifying existing data.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DDL (Data Definition language) - Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to
define the database structure or schema. Some examples:
o CREATE - to create objects in the database
o ALTER - alters the structure of the database
o DROP - delete objects from the database
o TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the
records are removed
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DCL- Data Control Language (DCL) statements. Some examples:

o GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database.
o REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TCL-Transaction Control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML
statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
o COMMIT - save work done
o SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back
o ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT
o SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like isolation level and what rollback
segment to use

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The Advantages of a DBMS

Improved availability: One of the principle advantages of a DBMS is that the same information
can be made available to different users.
Minimized redundancy: The data in a DBMS is more concise because, as a general rule, the
information in it appears just once. This reduces data redundancy, or in other words, the need to
repeat the same data over and over again. Minimizing redundancy can therefore significantly
reduce the cost of storing information on hard drives and other storage devices. In contrast, data
fields are commonly repeated in multiple files when a file management system is used.
Accuracy: Accurate, consistent, and up-to-date data is a sign of data integrity. DBMSs foster
data integrity because updates and changes to the data only have to be made in one place. The
chances of making a mistake are higher if you are required to change the same data in several
different places than if you only have to make the change in one place.
Program and file consistency: Using a database management system, file formats and system
programs are standardized. This makes the data files easier to maintain because the same rules
and guidelines apply across all types of data. The level of consistency across files and programs
also makes it easier to manage data when multiple programmers are involved.
User-friendly: Data is easier to access and manipulate with a DBMS than without it. In most
cases, DBMSs also reduce the reliance of individual users on computer specialists to meet their
data needs.
Improved security: As stated earlier, DBMSs allow multiple users to access the same data
resources. This capability is generally viewed as a benefit, but there are potential risks for the
organization. Some sources of information should be protected or secured and only viewed by
BCE Notes:Yatendra Kashyap(Asst.prof,CSE deptt.)

select individuals. Through the use of passwords, database management systems can be used to
restrict data access to only those who should see it.
The Disadvantages of a DBMS
There are basically two major downsides to using DBMSs. One of these is cost, and the other the
threat to data security.
Cost: Implementing a DBMS system can be expensive and time-consuming, especially in large
organizations. Training requirements alone can be quite costly.
Security: Even with safeguards in place, it may be possible for some unauthorized users to
access the database. In general, database access is an all or nothing proposition. Once an
unauthorized user gets into the database, they have access to all the files, not just a few.
Depending on the nature of the data involved, these breaches in security can also pose a threat to
individual privacy. Steps should also be taken to regularly make backup copies of the database
files and store them because of the possibility of fires and earthquakes that might destroy the
system.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cloud Computing
Cloud computing can basically be defined as doing work on your local computer, but storing the
data on a server at another location.
Or
Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on sharing computing resources rather than
having local servers or personal devices to handle applications.
In cloud computing, the word cloud (also phrased as "the cloud") is used as a metaphor for "the
Internet," so the phrase cloud computing means "a type of Internet-based computing," where

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different services -- such as servers, storage and applications -- are delivered to an organization's
computers and devices through the Internet.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cloud Infrastructure (models)What is IaaS?

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) means that you gain access to networked computer hardware.
This can take the form of physical or virtual machines, which you can then utilise for your
personal or business needs.
Some management resource will generally be provided, such as firewalls, load balancers, IP
addresses, but the operating systems and applications will be your responsibility to install and
update. This gives a wide range of flexibility in what you can use your resources for, but does
carry a management overhead for your business, in addition to cost for the amount of resource
allocated and used.
IaaS is widely available from a range of providers, including the likes
of Amazon, Memset, Google,Windows and more. One tool which can make IaaS easier to
manage is the development of templates for cloud services to provide a blueprint to build readyto-use setups, and also to aid migration across different clouds.

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is PaaS?

Platform as a service (PaaS) goes further in supporting cloud computer users by including
elements such as the operating system, database, web server and programming execution
environment. In addition to the benefits of allow you to focus on your particular applications, it
can also enable the cloud provider to manage and scale your resources automatically.
So PaaS can allow you to focus more on the front end applications and services, rather than
spending time in the backend on your operating system etc. Youll often find that PaaS is offered
by the same IaaS providers, allowing you to potentially migrate if you want to reduce your
workload.

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What is SaaS?

Software as a service is the most suitable option when you want to focus on end users. You are
buying access to cloud-based software for your business or customers to use, without the need to
manage the infrastructure and platform it runs on.
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Types of cloudPublic Cloud

A public cloud is a cloud computing model in which services, such as applications and storage,
are available for general use over the Internet. Public cloud services may be offered on a pay-perusage mode or other purchasing models. An example of a public cloud is IBMs Blue Cloud.

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PrivateCloud
A private cloud is available for single organizations. These are the virtualized data center that
operates within a firewall.
Hybrid Cloud
A hybrid cloud is a mix of public and private clouds.
Community Cloud
A community cloud is an infrastructure shared by several organizations which supports a specific
community.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Advantages & Disadvantages of CloudsAdvantages

Less maintenance: Hardware, applications and bandwidth are managed by the provider.

Continuous availability: Public cloud services are available wherever you are located.

Scalability: Pay only for the applications and data storage you need.
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Elasticity: Private clouds can be scaled to meet your changing IT system demands

Expert service: Expedients cloud computing services are continuously monitored and
maintained by our onsite staff of expert data center technicians.
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Disadvantages-

More elasticity means less control: While public clouds are great for quickly scaling up and
down your resources, companies that require complete and total control over their data and
applications will need to avoid the public cloud.

Not everything fits into the cloud: Depending on the cloud provider, you may face
restrictions on available applications, operating systems, and infrastructure options.
Complicating matters more is the simple fact that not all platforms can live in the cloud. To
combat this, it is important to ensure that the cloud provider you choose also offers physical
collocation services.

Slow speeds. Uploading and downloading of large documents may take a long time.

Limited features. If you use remote software thats provided by the storage service to
manipulate and modify your data, it usually lacks the features of a program running locally
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BCE Notes:Yatendra Kashyap(Asst.prof,CSE deptt.)