PJ

5302
L57g

A_

THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES

j^-/y. <^^-

GRAMMAR
OF THE

ARAMAIC IDIOM
CONTAINED

IN

THE

BABYLONIAN TALMUD
WITH CONSTANT REFERENCE. TO
GAONIC LITERATURE

BY
C.

LEVIAS

PART

CINCINNATI
?rbe JSlocb Iput>li0bing

anO printing Compans

1896

[Reprinted

ANGUAGES AND

The Library
University of California, Los Angeles

The

gift

of Mrs.

Cummings, 1 963

A GRAMMAR
OF THE

ARAMAIC IDIOM
CONTAINED

IN

THE

BABYLONIAN TALMUD
WITH CONSTANT REFERENCE TO
GAONIC LITERATURE

BY
C.

LEVIAS

CINCINNATI
^be

JSlocb ipublisbing anO Iprintmo

1896

Company

TO

THE REV.

DR. ISAAC M.

WISE

THE VENERABLE PRESIDENT OF THE

HEBREW UNION COLLEGE

CINCINNATI,

0.

RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE

AUTHOR.

1^1

PREFACE.
The literature on the grammar of the idiom of the BabyloTalmud is very scanty. There are only four works which

nian

D. Luzzatto published in 1865 a short sketch

Talmudic idiom intended as a handbook for his students.*

require mention.'
of the

S.

This excellent little work, though not quite satisfactory when

judged by our present standards, will always retain a certain
value to the student of our subject, as the chief linguistic phe-

nomena were noticed and, on the whole, correctly explained by

the author.
In 1879 Dr. G. Euelph published his inaugural dis-

Zur Lautlehre der aramaeisch talmudischen Dialekte.

Die Kehllcmte, in which the author discusses the comparative

sertation,
I.

treatments of the gutturals in both Talmudim.

valuable contribution

to

This work

Talmudic phonetics, and

it

is

is

to

be

regretted that the author has not continued the subject.

In
1888 Dr. A. Rosenberg published a dissertation. Das aramaeische
Verhum im hahylonischen Talmud, which is a good, though not
exhaustive, exposition of the verbal forms in the Talmud.

Lastly,

1895 Dr. Liebermann published his inaugural thesis: Das

Pronomen und das Adverhium des hahyloniscli- talmudischen
in

Dialektes, a

work incomplete and

the above works, Noeldeke's excellent

mere compilation. Besides

Mandaic grammar, although

not bearing directly upon our subject, contains

many

valuable

references to the Babylonian Talmud, and has been of great help

to the present author.
I also

made use

of the

Talmud MSS.
nb"2

College, containing the treatises

and Alfasi's compendium of

Columbia
D'HCS
These MSS. have some words
in possession of
"tip

fl'^^J,

TJT2

D"r;~7

Cf. also J. Levy, " Notes de grammaire Jnd6o-Babylonienne," REJ., I., 2r2-221
and
M. Lowin, Ai-amdische SpruchwOrter und Volksspriiche pp. 24-28.
'^Elementi grammnt. del Caldeo-Biblico e del dial. Talm. Babilonese, Padua, 1865.
Genu, translation by M. S. Krueger, Breslau, 1873; Engl, translation by J. S. Goldammer,
New York, 18(37 Hebrew translation of the second part by Ch. Z. Lorner, St. Petersburg, 1880.
'

318^'^S6

PREFACE

Vi

vocalized.

Whenever

that vocalization

is

referred

to,

this

is

expressly stated.

The author has adopted

the use of the vowel-signs in order to

secure a greater degree of clearness and exactness in exposition

than would otherwise have been possible. This, however, does

not imply any claim to having succeeded in restoring the original

vocalization.

Some

valuable suggestions embodied in this work I owe to

my esteemed

teacher, Dr. Paul Haupt, Professor

guages in the Johns Hopkins University.

of Semitic lan-

INTRODUCTION.
The Babylonian Talmud is written partly in Hebrew and
The latter is a dialect of upper Babylonia,

partly in Aramaic.
still

spoken in the eleventh century,' and

We

Mandaic.^

is

no special name for

find

generally spoken of as

or

D^'-'^lSl

"'"^"iN;

closely akin to the

this dialect,

"p'jjb

it

being

an appellation used

Aramaic dialects.^
The Babylonian Talmud, or, more precisely, the Babylonian
Gemara, was committed to writing about 500 A. D., but did not

also for other

receive its final shape before the close of the eighth century.

It

compilation of literary productions extending, in the main,

is a

over a period of

nearly three centuries

Earlier

(200-500).

elements are found in the formulae of legal documents, in extracts

from Meghillath Taantth and from encyclicals of the patriarch R.

Gamliel II. All these belong to the Palestinean Aramaic, and
1

Cf. C. Levias,

AJP., XVI.,

2Noeldeke, MG., xxvi,

3

p. 35, note 4; in reprint, p.

8,

note

4.

sq,

For other names of Judaeo-Aramaic,

ben Ali in his commentary on Daniel

mistake for XAawJvA'M XXJ

tlio

r/.

Dalman, GJPA.,lsq. and

Aramaic &A*wsLftJI &Ju

calls

Jephoth

p. 340.

which

probably a

is

language of the Pharisees. His compiler in the

THjyn

'D

Vide D. S. Margoliouth's note on p. 7 of his edition of said

by D'1231 TITCb
commentary (Anecdota Oxonierisia, Semitic Series, I.). R. Qomah GaOn in his answer
with reference to EUdad, quoted by Epstein in his edition of Ehlad ha-Dani, p. 7, says
renders

it

c:"iirb

bxniu^

Dirnn

"JllCb

74)

px

ef.

^:m

quotes the Talmudic proverb

rendered by Falaquera

m^ltCri
Parchon

now

"J''"13J

(mTan

01:1-1:1 (rad.

j-'om^

Maimonides

20.

XDliT "^^13?

nilTQ

P- 64)

Aramaic DlS'in

by

Aramaic

ed. Schroeter, calls also the

calls also Bibl.

nmx

rr'-ans -jTobn

Epstein's note, ibid, p.

as used ^mL}*.-***^'

(\^,

of

DiTOn

^^tab (rad.

"120

calls Bibl.

n^Q), now

ch.

which

D1^"inn "^bjl b^IS.

Targumim "i^TDD "JTOb

of the

5?bx

(I.,

DunaS,

The author

xb'Q, nb'D, "inO). now I'Q-lX

bnn 'isrso iTabra

in his Dalalat al-ha''irin

is

in his
.

whUe

Aramaic

i;fi<l-11D

^MOb

An anonymous

writer in Arabic calls our

dialect fT'tlDS Nabateayi {cf. Geiger's Jiid. Zeitschr., VI., 69).

E. Levita in his preface to

(rad.

liis

"^in

nSD)

'j'533TlP'53

or '^S'^imO '5 (rad. 173i)-

classes

the Aramaic of the Bible, of the

Jonathan and of the Talmud Babli as

Targum Jerushalmi and

the

b'2'2 lltOb as

Talmud Jerushalmi.
1

Targum Onkelos,

opposed to the

"'TobtJ'TI^

of

pseudo-

ITOb

of the

INTBODUCTION

Z
are cited in this

work under the designation

legal style.

To an

older stage of language belong also magical formulae, exorcisms

and some proverbs. To a later period belong minor additions of

the Saboraim and Geonim/
As might have been expected from the compilatory nature of
the Talmud, its language is not uniform, but shows traces of
Originally, the dialectical and
various stages of development.
But in
chronological variations must have been quite marked.
course of time these differences were smoothed down by later
scholars, familiar forms and expressions being substituted for
rare ones, and dialectical characteristics have thus largely been
obliterated.

Traces of a more original character have been preserved in a

few treatises containing laws of no practical application after the

Such treatises were not frequently
destruction of the Temple.
studied in the schools and therefore were not subjected to the pro-

much

Talmud. Here
Temura,
Nedarim
and Nazir,
belong, among others, Tamid,
They are marked by
especially the two last mentioned treatises.
older forms of the possessive suffixes "pl3~, 'j1j"'~5 "pH"", 'prT^-, for

cess of obliteration as

as other parts of the

Me'ila,

^'D~, ^S"]7,

^n~, ^n*]"

by the demonstratives

the personal pronouns

'b'^'n

of

for the usual

ri"^

ripi<

'^'^'''2
,

and such expressions

undecided, ^'ZT)^ or "inn

of

it ?

n^U^"'

well,

'b'A''

and

^T\r\i<

"^2i<
,

''T'^

iXltl

'pbH and

D3''|1'32

^^^-^^^ ^irriSi

for 1Tiy6 ^5^ "(Xp

or ^bi^l proper.

that

treatises, is

wanting in Ned. and Nazlr.

nota

dativi

i^lnrnp^^

by the more frequent use

as ''>*^^n for ^pTl the question

impression

the

"pHIl

by the forms

U^bSl^j

remains

who spoke

I am also under the

so common in other

In some places dialectical expressions are specially mentioned

A collection of

Talmud.

such expressions has been

Fremdsprachliche Redensarten und
ausdriicklich als fremdsprachlich hezeichnete Worier in den Talas such in the

made by Adolph Bruell

in his

muden und Midraschim.

Leipzig, 1869.

TTQbnn PCBin

For editions of the Talmud cf. Rabbinovicz,

bj "I'QS'a in Vol.
VIII. of his Variae Lectiones. Literary and mothodolofrical introchictionshave been written
by H. L. Strack, Einleitung in den Talmud. 2d ed., 1894, and M. Mielziner, Introduction to
1

the

Talmud, Cincinnati,

1894.

Tlio last

standing of Talmudical discussions.

mentioned work

is

indispensable to a proper under-

INTRODUCTION

The lexicography of the Talmud has been treated of late by

in his Neuhebrdisches und chalddisches Worterhiich,
Levy
J.
Leipzig, 1876-1889; by A. Kohut in his Aruch Completum, Vols.
I -VIII., Vienna, 1878-1892, Supplement to Aruch Completum,
New York, 1892; and by M. Jastrow in his Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Bahli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic
Literature, London and New York, 1886, sq. (still unfinished).
The text of the Talmud is in a very unsatisfactory condition
and a critical edition of it is much to be desired. An invaluable
contribution to textual criticism is R. Rabbinovicz's great, though
unfinished work, Variae Lectiones in Mischnam et in Talmud
Bahulonicum, Vols. I.-XV., Munich, 1867-1886.
A critical edition of the Talmud is not to be expected in the
The preliminary work required for such an undernear future.
the completion of the work begun by the late Rabtaking
binovicz, and critical editions of the early commentators and
For the present, the ediwill require some time.
epitomizers
tion of single treatises in a handy form and esthetic garb, with

such

critical exactness as is at present attainable, is

very

much

to

Specimens of such editions have been given by Mr.

be desired.
M. Friedman^ and Professor H. L. Strack.^
It is also to

be hoped that the various languages and dialects

literature be also separately

contained in post-biblical Jewish

treated lexicographically.

The language,

as

has come

it

spoken language of the time.

down

This

is

to us,

was in the main the

evident from the numerous

proverbs and other haggadic elements recorded in the Talmud.

But the

scholastic terminology

is

essentially

an

artificial

product

The vocabulary contains a number of words

borrowed from the Persian, but very few words of Greek and
Latin.
The few words of classical origin occurring in Aramaic
phraseology are probably borrowed from Palestinean literature,
and did not belong to the language of the people.^ Its orthogof the scholars.

" Babylonischer

Talmud, Tractat Makkoth," in Verhandlungen des VII., intern. OriWieu, 1886 (printed 1888).
^ The treatises of the MiSna
YOma, 'AbOdd, Zara, 'AbOih, and Sa66af/i (Schriften des
Inst. Jud. in Berlin).
s Upon examination of Buxtorfs Lexicon, C. E. fonder gives a list of thirty-seven
Greek loan-words to be found exclusively in the Babylonian Talmud (c/. Proc. of PEF.,
1890, .S24), but his data are not trustworthy.
1

entuli.sten Congresses,

INTRODUCTION

4
raphy

is

in tlie

main phonetic, but there

is

ground

for the belief

that the gutturals were less distinguished in actual speech than

might be inferred from the orthography.

Further literature in the dialect of the Babylonian Talmud is
to be found in portions of the liturgy, in the later Midrasim* and
The latter extend over a period of
in the works of the Geonim.
about 400 years (c. 750-1138). To this class belong the ninbs^lZJ
of 'Ahai of Sabha, ed. princ. Venice, 1546; nibi" ril-bn of Simon
Another version of this work
Qiyyara, ed. pr. Venice, 1548.
was published by I. Hildesheimer, Berlin, 1888-1892;' ln"^^5<
piJ^j U^T^l'JJ

"I

latest edition

by A. Neubauer

in

MedicevalJewish

Chronicles [Anecdota Oxoniensia, Semitic Series,

I., 4,

Oxford,

1887) and the Aramaic D^Di^^SH riin^irn for the literature of

which cf. Z. Frankel, Entwurf einer Geschichte der Litteratur
der nacMalmudischen Responsen, Breslau, 1865, and J. Mueller,
,

D^jii^Bn ninviinb rina/j

The language
the Targum; and

Berlin, i89i.

Gaonic literature shows the influence of

is especially the case in the forms of the

of the
this

possessive and enclitic personal sufiixes, and in the retention of

the final

nfm

Dalman,

in the plural of nouns, verbs,

op.

cit., p. 20.

Of.

This work contains older elements.

and

participles.

;
;
,

SCRIPT AND ORTHOGRAPHY

I.

SCRIPT.

1. The alphabet used in the Talmud, the number

and their phonetic values are the same as in Hebrew.

Letters.^

of letters,

Voivels.

2.

No

vowel-signs are used in the Talmud,

employs the whole variety of vowel-sounds

ditional pronunciation

found in the Masoretic text of the Bible.

ence being given to

Numerals.
numerals.

Jj^-tS

"""liS

or p*i^n

The

3.

blrO

''-IS

for tens; p-lH

800,

nn

900,

2."^

12,

are expressed: 500

pmn

when

etc'

used for

100-

for

expressed by composition, the

are

Numbers higher than 499

'i-n

the prefer-

letters of the alphabet are also

larger numeral being placed on the right:

700,

is rare,

are used for units;

Compound numbers

400.

Tra-

^!D

by

j5p 123.

31,

pT\; 600,

"Ifl

the letters are used

within the text with numerical value they always have the sign of
abbreviation (6): JT'lD, 28; 'j, 3; H'bp, 135.'*
pagination, the sign of abbreviation is omitted.

is

not read

1"123,

letters, the

i^T\bV\

nbn

or

n"1 are read VT^

used for

4. When the number consists

names of the letters are read. Thus,

Bead ing of Numerals.

one or of two

When

yo

which
U^Jl

"^IJ"'")

it

represents, but b'J^B

of
'3

so

Numbers containing more

than two signs are read either as above, or are vocalized;

e. g.,

b"pri, 900; :<^"in, G13; n'5J-1, 248.

1

For the names of the

letters cf. Hamburger, Eeal-Encycl.f. Bihel u. Talmud, Supplern.,

"Grammatik." Notice also the usual pronunciation of the following names of letAlleph, Gimmel, Called, 96th, Toth, Yfld, Kftpli, Lammed, Sammekh, Qaddlq (Berliner,

article

ters

Beitrtige zur hebr.

T5pb
Col.

(cf.

Gram.,

22), Qtiph'.

TG., ed. Harkavy, 26

Samaritan Labad, Petermann, Gram, sam.,

MS. (Meg. end)

voc. bia'^^
T

HG. has XIT

in post-Gaonic literature I shall give in

for

my

1X1T

-jT

for "JIT, 49 has

lib

for

tlSSb Munk, TM. 10)

The forms of the names of the letters

p. 2,

written

Dictionary of Philological Terminology in

Hebrew and Aramaic, now in preparation.

2 In later Hebrew thousands are expressed by units with dots over them.
Thus X
1(X)0; "2, 2000; ji, 5000.
Numbers from 500-900 are expressed in Masoretic writings by the
final letters "^-V
3

In MSS.

we

In writing, the final letters are always written on the loft:

find

sometimes other signs used.

Tims

V^ = 90;!.

3i"1iri niay be written j'i'iri or

,;

SCRIPT AND ORTHOGRAPHY

I.

5.

[5

and i^nip' like the vowel signs

end
of a section is indicated by a
do not occur in the text. The
double point (1).'^ The same sign marks the end of a quotation
from the Misna at the head of a section. The employment of this
sign is not always consistent. Minor subdivisions are not marked.
Diacritical Signs.

6.

Wjr\

in full is followed

word not written out

Thus,

stroke above the line.'

'T

'/J3

by a slanting

for ^:an or n"]

i^^Zj

If

two or more consecutive words are abbreviated a double stroke is

Thus, rt^, ^"'/2 b"7ip, for "nn iDP
written in the middle.
^^'2
The signs are employed to mark letters
"lb TCIL'Q iXp
aCX
,

used as numerals ( 3 ) or the names of the letters of the alphabet.

Thus n'bl, b"'2^j, n""3, q"bi< 'Alei^h, Beth, Oimel, Daleth, to
distinguish them from ~b^ thousand, tT'lL house, etc.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

cated by

T02^_ they

The vowels o, 6, 6, u and ii are invariably indibiDpyt I shall kill; mrz death; ^^r^^ another (f.)
The mater lectionis 1 is sometimes
said;' HOZ^^ man.

Vowels.

7.

omitted in verbs with consonantal

""^iiT^^b

to

make

as second stem-consonant:

even.

8. The vowels e, g, e, i, I and I are usually indicated by the

mater lectionis V* Tn3?n thou wilt do; ri^n house; pD"!J^ I shall
go up; pp^5 they say J tri2 died; ^"^ if; b^^lS! or b^ go thou.

But the is sometimes omitted. This is generally the case with

words common to both Aramaic and Hebrew; c. g., tDblT^J pays;
"^

explains;
ir^S^
..T
.

\'^T\'2

answers.^

when

marked by

The vowel a
The
quently by n

or a,

ending of the verb.

by never by H

Inter-consonantal a or d

1).

This

more frequently than

Sabbath, week;

final, is

5<

latter is usually the case in the

is

the case in

in the

i<-j;^3 evil,

^Z^'Z'^ is

less fre-

feminine

seldom indicated

MSS. and

printed text:

had;

is

later literature

U^lHSb"^

about

queen;

to die;

J^STT

nr^l

For tlio otymolofO' of the term cf. C. Levias, AJP., xvi, 28-37, and AM. Jouen. OF Sem.
Lang, and Lit., XIIL, pp. 79-80.
2 In MSS. one point is sometimes used instead.
3 In MSS. wo find frequently instead of tlio stroke a dot on the last letter.
4
X to mark "112 is found only in StrT* he wiU be, KHP nhe wiU be, which belong to
MiSnic Hebrew.
1

>

Cf. also

Levy, Neuh. Wb.,

s. v.

rT^T-

ORTHOGRAPHY

13]
she cooked;

always spelled

she

^"l'^

nnj^^'II-J^ rows]-

'i^^b

Jli^

is

able;

^^^
r

/"^^-

TT'Zi^

she says;

10. ninS is generally not indicated.

who, in order to distinguish

it

Exceptions are

'i^'^

= "J

from "2 from; and verbs with

guttural as third stem-consonant, and consonantal

as second

stem-consonant, in order to mark the a-vowel: ^SlVaJ'^b

jump;

?s Jit;

'l^T",

^^^^ adjective ending d'a is

let

him

goes about.

^)XTTi2

11. The diphthongs ot and di, when final, are generally

when inter-consonantal, by "^^
indicated by "'i< seldom by
rarely by ^5<
^J^'is: ^U^"" rejoice imj soul; 5<n"^"inn last (f.);
''"'

55"J^5<p

l!<'in

stands.

au occurs only

12. Final

+ l!<b;

inter-consonantal au

is

in

1i<j

contraction

}iot,

indicated by Ti:

of

tread-

J^'l'll'n

ing; iHprn exactness; XriTi thorn (80).

12j"'i<

13.

Vocal sevd

man,

is

frequently denoted by

tarrying,

^n^lZJ

TCB

"^

e. g.,

"""Z"'

This

running about.

is

do,

espe-

and
and other verbs, and was probably pronounced
According to Dalman,^ the Sabbioneta edition
as a full vowel.
of Onkelos and the Masora of that Targum frequently vocalize
verbs with i
the prefixes of the imperfect and infinitive of
followed by ddghes of the first stem-consonant, or, in case of
To this he remarks
resolution, by e, by analogy with ^"^ verbs.
in a note: " The tendency of the forms qtal, q^tul to pass into

cially the case in the imperfect, at times also in the infinitive

participle of

"^'l^'
^

"*

qittal, qittul,

may

also elsewhere to be observed (c/. Barth,

is

incdbildung, 196).

Mere lengthening

I.

55a)."

To

sevd, the latter having no special sign at

that

Aramaic
1

the

'Eben

i,

all.^

e,

or d for vocal

It seems, there-

development of sevd in Hebrew and

Judeo-

of a later date than in Syriac.

AJP. XVI. 30 (reprint p. 3). Cf. also Sal. Geiger, Zion, II. 6: HehaliXc,
Geiger, Nachgel. Schriften, V.. Hebr. part, p. 1 sq.
Grammatik des jud.-pal. Aramdisch, 70, 3.
Cf. Friedlander, FSB A., XVIII., March, 1896, p. 90.

Cf. C. Levias,

II. 153; A.
2

is

(c/. Safir,

this I would add, that in the recently dis-

covered oldest system of vocalization we find

fore,

Nom-

of sevd to a full vowel

besides be attributable to careless speaking

Sapplr,

"12?

PHONOLOGY

II.

CONSONANTS.'

A.

General Eemdrks.

As in the cognate Aramaic dialects

and
j>
j e. g., j SJ^'^TZ*^ honey, ^53^^
beard.
n represents both _, and ^
14.

1 represents both original

judge: 3

"1 fhis,

D^3n

_,

err;

to sign; ^nri" /o

!J5'2"i: /rts/e,
T

-:

!J<~"I2

go

"i"

reason,

^^

^</Jt: /o

2?

^'W

to

or

yiSJ^ /o

/irt/^),

e.

r/.,

iJ^pTS'

?'mff,

a certain meal,

satiated, HC'dX Satan,

?)e

&<3'J:

Jo

'"""(W twenty (but ^D,

ten,

/o

</.,

befall, &^""i7J disease.

Z?>,

mustache,

i<'i3i2

it

-pifl

a certain bird;

"'bD'^ir

In other cases

doubtful.

is

Xn'i3''1i< (also i^nC"'^!^^)

"lifl

<?.

n'3? cZo?<(/, bb:? /o enter,

happen,

^W

&<^i^I2 ?ia?7, ^:^t2 load,

c and

gulp down, and perhaps

/o 6/a'>?, sicalloic,

but the latter

represents is and jb

13

compel,

(but ^]C /o

ass; ^. Xr^iriJ^ another,

^"^'IT,

U^nnr raven,

compound numbers),

t<r"S:"l' /<rt/rc(^

6e unclean;

has been retained in

in

in.

represents c

TiT'3. egg, >'13?

Jj^"T2 meat,Jiesh,
"''C,

break

'or?(/, 5<niry /e?/;

in;

dream,

it^/sr, iJ^/^bn

mountain.^

S'^b?

U^tp'H

e. a..

appears as C.

n represents ^^ and ^, e. g., ^i Hms to open, T\T2 to die, Tl'i

to drink;
"lin ox, S^H /o return, bpH /o tveigh.
In the few

cases in which these rules are violated,

other dialects.

Pronunciation.

ous sounds
dialects
1

ditl

15.

The

Cf. Hauj-t,

Tliis

word

This

is

ZUMG..
is

original pronunciation of the vari-

not, in all probability, differ

and from Hebrew.

we have loan-words from

34,

Vugq.; BA.,

connected

the Arab.

..

But

witli

I.,

hack, Assyr.

o//Ae moKH/a/n and the use of Arab.

rt-*^

back. For a similar change from Arab.

Fraenkcl, Frcmdi/-., 42.

2i9sq.;

v^

Arab,

H'T

from the cognate

in a later period the pronuncia-

Dalman, GJPA.,
Its

Qlru )agh.
Hob. 2733
to

is

Cf.

/i)77,

Aram. T'y

cf.

41 8g.

infixed as that in

Arab.

J-*^f

^^

Arab.

'--jZS

and

or

tke top

the hittor connected with

/
8

l^T^y

Talni.

^3

STp
^"^

CONSONANTS

17]
some

tion of

of the sounds

seems

have varied.

to

This

evident

is

from the variations in spelling and from the transcription we

in Arabic for Aramaic loan-words.'
Gutturals.
_,

and y by c

The Arabs transcribed

10.

The pronunciation

of

Jl

M was

by

H by

find

j^ or

probably, as with

Eastern Arameans, that of the voiceless guttural spirant

all

The words transcribed

are either taken from

some western

-^

dialect

or borrowed at a later period.

As appears from

17.

Talmud (Meg. 24

the

M. Q. 16

6,

h,

Ker. 8 a), the Babylonians did not properly distinguish the gutturals

gutturals in script

is,

the

various

therefore, merely historic spelling."

Hence,

words whose etymology

in

The

their pronunciation.

in

not transparent,

is

Thus, in InT

phonetic spelling.

retention

to he

of

we frequently

cautious^

find

one another,

"'TlJl

together, pT'^H to imprison, "1*11 to return, )XPb^TTi2 sieve,

Kl'^T] shrubbery, and in other words we have

to sift,

mological

In

.*

t^b'iT^i^

pounded grain,

we have
T
we have H as well as >" for it.
For n we have ^5 or in
kind of

&<u:^B*i5 a

fish,

55 f or

In

3?bri

for ety-

T]

name of

i^niT'^i^

or

bH-

a canal,

tlbri to

crack,

Jj5

for

3?

we have very frequently

In Ml^
!J^"!}^

dry up, we have n for

t^lT this, "iSSS to turn; while

TT

T T

J<

to

XniS; (Col.

MS., Meg. 12

alongside of i<2i<) thicket, ^ii>5 twigs, ^DS'^^i^ bulrushes,

Noeldeke,

Cf.

loc. cit.;

also Nestle,

Marginalien

u.

^52?

b,

a.

fr.

Materialien,

p. 69.'

The fact that

even more clearly

post-vocalic ?

is

pronounced as a vowel shows

that the retention of the gutturals

cases merely graphic.

points to an earlier

Thus

'^'Z'^'Ci

is

^5i2''t-

Cf.

Cf.

in

many
This

just as in Assyrian.^

Fraenkel, op. cit., Introduction.

Noeldeke, MG., 58.
3 This word lias nothing to do with
"IHT to shine, but
metathesis, cf. Barth, ES., 3, 4 COin and 'ij'C).
1

is

pronounced tdimo.

is

^ ^
the Arab. )V^^

For similar

^^^

Harkavy's note, p. 336, of his edition of the TG.

similar promiscuous use of the gutturals is found in Phenician (Schrooder, PhOniz.
Spr., 79sg.), Samaritan (Uhlemann, Inst, lingu. Samar., I., 13sg.), Neo-Syriac (Noeldeke,
*

Cf. also

NSG.,
6

oQsq.),

and

Palest.

Aramaic (Dalman,

In the same way Hebrew words like

the like are

op.

cit., 44).

nbS'P TaS^'O ^"'1172 Tar's

pronounced m6ilo, mfiimor, mkirlv, m^imod, mfiichol.

mar6cho. The
ia spite of the

bD^S
Bu't

an.]

nD":^'^

pronunciation of the above and similar words is retained also in the plural
of accent. Thu, maim6rim, maich61im, maim6d0s.

change

10

PHONOLOGY

II.

[1^

seems to have been sometimes pronounced i< to judge from a few cases where i< is actually written
and from the fact that after the precative b the prefix ^ of the
imperfect, even if it is followed by an -vowel, is frequently
Palatals.

18. Initial

Thus,

dropped.

"'

dried ears of corn, 5<b2^X willoiv -ha sleet,

SSjTtTuJ^

Ned. 30

nb^^n"5<'n that will he horn,

'

t:

^tr

him cause

let

we

(^

sometimes as

is

^^

is

-^

'b^y partridges,

,^-

ci5

^ and

like

by

ri

lip

jl'Ji

t2

and pT^

"I

iJ^niTj^'^j:

to

jump,

is

1 by j

pronounced

modern pronun-

not distinguished in

is

The 1 was evidently

and

today not distinguished from 3

rendered in Arabic hj ^

is

''bp''3

and

or

--

head, from 'p'D to bend, nod,

In traditional pronunciation

like

T\

from

ciation

Talmud

to knock, ^Ti'^^'^'^

>5ri23"]3

3 is

20. 1

sometimes by

find also in the

Hebr. "pip

cf.

him pass.

transcribed by the Arabs generally

and t'p'^

let

as consonantal

a double pronunciation

3 is generally d

written promiscuously.

by

is

marked

"^

n had

S and

shej^herd's hell, 5<riSp";p

Linguals.

"1

So we

t^'^'2

properly noddle;

swear, Cfbnb

to

find at times the

by doubling it.
19. ji and j like n
as mutae and as spirants.

written in a few forms of the verb

is also

"^

the other hand,

as -^

for

i<

to sit, y^-'^b

On

that they gather,

"d^^T^i
-

h,

B. Q. 113 b;

could

a lingual, as

it

and

doubled.'
Sibilants.

rarely j*

21.

T is v

In the Talmud

D and
"JJ

while the other sibilants are

Thus, i^"n2 and 5<XS

is

'jS

is (^o,

times used

indiscriminately.

(V. L., B. B. 8 a); t^bip^pni^

5<bi:-iPC flippina/nBi^^^'l^i^, ^^n^n-^^ rows, F.

5<"T^5<,

vine;

^"C^5< a

certain quarter of meat;

i^CXC ear of corn; n"!!

ST^ij',

2S h; y;C"C<

i<m"JJ""5<\ certain meal;

"^"^C:'

and

"f"]'*C2?

to

MS., B. B. 12 a;
,

i<^i^^ crcep'-r,

binds,

M. MS., AZ.,

U5jCi<

T^C

jw/; Cp>" for yp:?

'^^^'li?

"125,^^,

usually carefully distinguished,

at

street-icell

are

TS

sting;

5^nC^'^i<

and

twenty; 'XZl and Zzil

to tread.

L<d)ials.

In1

22.

is

and

12

and '^2'^^K. &-

'^''>

sometimes by

Cf. Fraenkol, op. cU.,

8<?,

rendered in xVrabic transcription

^

l)y

are rendered by ^ and

^

CONSONANTS

26]

5 by

sometimes by

words where
"2

But

11 is

and

2.

,_,

With

11

the exception of two or three

written for etymological

Talmud

the

retains

are written indiscriminately in foreign words.

11

Z and S are sometimes written indiscriminately.

TkTZIS a species of tamed doves,

"^^123

"STSIS and

and ""ISS excremmts,

5<rzb::, ^^~i::: eel

T

Daghcs and Rdph6. 23. The rules for the pronunciation

of r2^"32 as tenues, or mediae, and as spirantized are about the
same as in Hebrew and Syriac; but the following may be noticed:
o) Unlike the Syriac, r^i2"rc has no daghes after a diph-

thong;
h)

when

i^n^S, 12^"&5.

e. g.,

The

in

ending

in the feminine

preceded by a long vowel;

c)

e. g.,

that consonant be

if

U^pbi^cJ

ri3j"rc are not spirantized to avoid difficulty of pronun-

ciation;

e.

5<nip"n-i
xsFiTi,
TT
t'.;

g.,
^

i"i--2x,
5<"^nw
:tt;

i<-^ric-::,

tt:

for

t'-:

TT
d) 3

is

:tt:
tt:>
pronounced hard in the proper names

^ET Papi.

Changes of Consonants.

Gnlturals.

in the active participle Qal of

Thus.
'

peZs,

D^T

stands,

..'t

feels pain,

TT-:

25.

( 177),
cases we

may

26.

5<

changes to

or

to he blunt,

JJ^Ip

may have

ri''55!2

in

D^J^p

to

\^h^Z

etc.,

S^^iJ^^T

03iO(Ji

Ti
;

!}<!iin

X^?,'''^

this

one

In the

last

two

"^riT

MIH

.'

foliage of a palm,

^^IH a proper name

and Palcstinean M'^'^X -

are

lit.

he, she,

rich landlord,

as

left,

,T.

metathesis rather than phonetic change.

.

com-

been pronounced

Tlin to he astonished.

t^TTl thorn, Syr. U-S*

Cf. Syriac Q-03i

he

T^'iJ

Notice also

Aleplis.

iJ^bl!

also

l.T-^

M appears frequently

^jOyss^

asks,

h^^'^

must have

75<i<

also stand for n"n

Arab.
1

changes

Verbs ^"j have passed entirely into verbs

remainder.

The forms

The
and

interstice,

enters,

b^y^

remained.

H'^^nilJU^

5<-5<5<

i^

TT^'C dies, T^i: hinds, ^^"2

only graphical variants.

in

24.

verbs and of verbs following

"""l:?

in"^:: listens,
..

-iT^^n

omitted,

Papa and

J}<iE

Also in the Pa"el and Ithpa"al of verbs ^ V

their analogy.

often not spirantized

i<Fl" is

a vowelless consonant precedes, even

r^HS

Dalman,

6?.

= U^j"
II

12

PHONOLOGY

II.

inn

return, Hebr. "^Tn

io

[2'^

Sometimes

16, 17.

cf.

inter-

it

changes with a sibilant: !j<nc^p"b-, 5<nc^p-bc.'

y regularly changes to

27.

in the

hyena.

^uy>

Whenever

io

In "nj

17.

Cf. also

corresponds to Arab.

3?

( = (jo)
=
=
happen; 5^^i iC?i5^ Arab.

when

there

is

laugh,

io

another

3>

we have

interchange with j and

its

Verbs y"b have in a few instances passed into verbs

"'"b

Palatals. % 28. j interchanges with p ( 18), with D

door-step;

5^1312:3
T T

cf.

modern Arabic and

mr

for "^Sn ( 174)

texts

to

ji

tt::

changes

"^

Thus.'tt;t
ns<"nn the

*i5^^nn,

But generally
Dentals.

*^<^^p,

last,

to

Syriac

In verbs:

is

original.

Cf,

For

Cit., p.

lament,

is

3
*

when

it

corresponds to

iX^Tl ticigs;

41;

change

cf.

Bibl.

Aramaic

Noldckc, MG., 66; Miink,

a Saph'el of *qOqaya

MQ., 25

h.

w\35<;'l,

but

Thus,

""T

iC^l] loss; i^bri

j>

^^n^T sorb-jdanta-

iXPTl'^l,

Brockclmann,

fi^tl

c>

Leu-, t^yr.,

add. ad p.

112.

Hebrew

Assyrian equivalent,

n may

some

H.

its

Vie

this

"^212
Hebr.

J^JS-'H

she was

nt^"5n"i<

31. T usually corresponds to Arab.

^,V.^X.. - ji^V.^^.

Gorman "koikon"
also

in the

elided.

stand for r.bSTSlT. Imt with regard to

prothetic H in ^yr. )'~ - " ^ -

rbi^n may

"^

appears, even

i^bri dripping;

op.

tt:'.

the adjective ending

in

!!<

then,noiv (182), n^T to slaughter';

Cf.

U^n^^lZJinn

the first, HJ^Z^b the Libyan,

M^^^p
tt
tt'-

*!}^^I^b.'

intervocalic

occasionally

''!|15<

vetch;

^J^*f"!p

healed, ^Keth., 62 V; ^^^"n'lDS loere changed. Col. MS.,

SIT

In

&5

^r">r"^3

i<n^^iri^3
dealers in veqetahles;
"^

30. Intervocalic

ni<-.
TT
for

the change of

"^j'J^

probably due to graphical errors.

is

more probably = .J^

7, as

in

The interchange with n frequently found

cakes.

halls,

latter is

frequently interchange:

i^n^^ii'^p
tt;:tt:':

5^n""Si"3

It

we have

29. Sand p

changes perhaps to 1

Syriac.

But the

to send.

^^'2^^,

In XT^T couple, the j becomes

T

51.
*^

in

for ?.

T*

must have been originally

it

This would explain more easily

.*

^5

same word: y^i;^ = ^^^

^'^''-t

"pO,

Syr. ]j.A.

it

is

One

f' hubbies.

almond.

C/. 30.

Saqflqaua,

to cry,

the historical connection.

Similar

is

the interchange of

Cf. Jaeger,

Mftller,

MttlltT,

tempted to compare also Judeo-

diflicult to see

= V^lID

BA., I., iS9, 4ri9.

Cf. XOldoke, MO., 4:5; D. H.

is

dialects, cf. D.

Ethiopic

rSl'.'v. 44, n. 127.

= ^-^ .-^

to howl, altli<>iili

ed. priiic.

i^P'^i^ c'lrfh; in

Imchr. von Sendachirli,

iOsq., 6j.

Cf.

T and

CONSONANTS

36]

13

Hon;

wardrobe;
r7^t:
tt::-

i^r'n^t:,

tt::-

young

for i<yT^^5

^ ^

Arab.

t:t.-

bee.B.ehr. H^iz'n'; i^b^'^X

t.

^^i'3,1

In

gazelle.

J^"

(185)

S"!

corresponds to

it

In the following examples we have not an interchange of b

and 1 but a rare syntactical use of 1 which can be paralleled
in Assyrian: b^TI^^i"^ li^b does it not mean to say, Col. MS., Zeb.
50 a; i^I^C^"] ^^^P^V J^^T'I^ ^']in'1 and oxen for ploughing and
dates for trade, Sabb. 19 h.' In the first example there may also
be dissimilation due to the preceding l^b
,

.^

32.

sionally

interchanges with

iS

thus,

corresponds to 'Omanee Arabic JLo

33.

dadian;

Liquids.

""in^p

^'^V)

^^nrb

"'iriD

him

let

for irrigation, H. MS., B. B. 8

35.

Cf. also

coin.
D

changes

to 1 in

hide with Hebr. "Jti

daughter,

rilll

MS., Sabb. 131

"i

Cf. also

Cf.

Arab.

for

a,

b^lT^

21.

"pT-S sufficient

:a^b

.'

Compare
'HI

Latin

nS

also ^!2p to

IS

son,

but this

is

he makes icater, O.

DTl"i2J"P

rt.

But

as T

5-^S alongside of \y^^

1171^3

may be simply

This

in view of the fact that the

= 117113 HG.

change

of 1 to

the variant in the ptDriB to Onkelos, Lev.

in later literature:

leech appears also as ^^p"*"

fowler.

changes to Q in

it

in the precative parti-

similar change would be in

36. 1 appears frequently

graphical error.

In Vb^

H^^P'^rQ the Bag-

6e, for "'IJlb

i^pb?

J^I^IT"'"!

but occa-

/i(r?>." 'c/. also

they are identical with

if

Final

doubtful.

36.

"''G'i

to limp.*"

34. b interchanges, with

cle of the imperfect:

and

'^'112

sometimes interchanges with 1

ri

^"^Tl^p

nummus,

usually corresponds to Arab, is and

t2

it

29;

15:3;}

KI'^^ll =

SlS^bb"]
'"lb

for

^'^S'llbV and

Und. 108; Xpi2i"1

"^b

thid. 373.
3 The stock example for the interchange of b and T has always been ITS btS
But from the fact that the word occurs only in two forms, X'HTS and ITTSC for both gou- -I
T
ders, and only in the sense of the present, and used only in the set phrase T\'^'l2'S'\^'^ SHTS?
and only in a metaphorical sense, it is evident that such use of the word is only a piece of
school-wisdom, based on a wrong interpretation of a biblical passage. A root ~TX is a
mere fiction of our lexicographers. Later Hebrew literature abounds in i)arallels of a
similar kind. SuiEce it to point to Hj^E 'o disclose, "i2i2p end. and 2^ 113^13 Q^i^f- A
full collection of such words would be of considerable interest.

Cf. i?t313

egg in Jer. Sebu.,

change of fl to 13
5 For the same phenomenon
Hebrew-Aram, "inj to give.

III. 34

d; but this

may

also be equal to

iiriyS with

cf.

TG., ed. Harkavy, 55.

Cf. also Syriac

''^.iJ

and

14
T

PHONOLOGY

II.

[37

may in some cases

The physiological kinship between "I and 1 seems
be the same as between 3^ ( = p ) and ^j6
"I changes to b in Tibn hvo, "^C'^bri twelve (136).
attested in living speech,' such a change

is

be phonetic.
to

37.

On

T.

interchange with 1

31.

cf.

stands for Arab.

^^

^j6 in Till to sj)lit'; JJ^H^T clucking hen (connected with

make

noise, croak)

Arab.

C stands for u^ in

38.

perhaps Arab. Ld^s^

is

through, cross,

to j^ass

vL=.

heat

^T&< to

to

The

For

an ulcer). ^

39.

connected with

latter is
its

to

other

examine a

21.
(21), with

sibilants

Arab, u^ in "l^

It stands for

the

break open (said of

to

interchange with other sibilants

interchanges with

JI

(32).

y^

On

hope for.

ivait,

other hand "'aic to cup corresponds to Arab. Ill

wound.

T^3

evidently connected with

is

"i3.C

to

cf.

to he in need,

few, y/JJ? to press together^' 'C^^'l to cry, shout

= ^IJ),

ti

to he

"liSZi

V^-^^

to cast hubbies.
1

Maclean, Gram, of Vernacular Syr., %

From an

which appear
Cf. also

>y^

in the various Semitic languages,

Hebrew ntS

n"*"!^!!! ba(' ^oil

For Ethiopic

121.

original >0-? all the forms with T

21

mcnt

of

and

C?)

^^yt^

with

J\

hooks, Psalms,

hook,

mentioned

meaning from >-yO

put in

compose,

to

to

oi-dor,

y^'^

hook from s^jJiS to setv together.

ivrite

- T

p. 45.

collect, to

Cf. later

SjLyfil hook

Hebrew ^i^JS

a book (vide Harkavy, Lehen

.)2.

u.

Werke

Ny-0.

pi.

in the Talmud

The developis

similar to

hook, composition,

d.

Saadjah Gaon,

There seems, therefore, to bo no ground for doubting the Arabic origin of

p. JT'^'psg.).

as Fraenkel does {op.

V_}V.Aj
y

with SjLyof,

Cf. Fraenkel, op. cit., 248; Barth, E. S., 26,

"i;ki?

I.,

can be derived.

among Persian Jews.

ljUo

that in

Pratorius in BA.,

as second stem-consonant,

locust with * ^"y- glutton; Miinic rT^^^BT receptacle with

Through the intermediate form yj3 we get the form T^^'H

as used

cf.

p and T

cit., 249).

n^iO

(Targ.) to hear, carry,

The same connection wo

find in

zabalu

(Barth, S.,

50).

'T\y^tD^

^nniP

Levy,

1D1P

cf.

closely connected with the idea of endurance, hope.

(Targ.) to carry, suffer, endure.

Interesting variants to l^'^O

TWh.

s. v.

"120-

and imtJ. to an Arabic by-fonn

>

= Arab.
s

is

bSD

5 wAJ

y u
,

1. 5.

Arab.

wO
/"

Similarly

U^\

find in the Targ. to

The form ^110 corresponds

a by-form of 5v*>-0 pile, store of grain.

Barth, ES.,

wo

we

tiud

Assyr.

Psalm 96,8:

to Arab.

yy y

v*-^>

Hebrew H^tD grain

CONSONANTS

4J:]

40.

interchanges with

UJ

With D

worth.

Labials.

In

22.

= Hebr.
1

'2

"^li"

^"JJTJ

41.

Arab.

n-nrinf. Aph^elof nin

^pP

"2

we have

S'^'dn

/o

loeigh,

be

with

for

and 3

c/.

7J

i<'2^py

appears sometimes as

12

i^nnlVvT cyjyress.'

?tJes/,'

!J^''"i"5<

bp'JJ

interchange of

Beth

i^y'syS.

Assyrian

?;j)0,

On

2.

in

T\

^C"J fo icash.

for "'i^n

-'i^-J

^^p"*"

42.

in

15

B. Q. 81

to return,

?j,

2
12

sometimes as

changes to

and in

in

^Si^Fl'i: melt-

Sabb. 1106; in the plural endings of pronouns, nouns and

ing,

It stands for

verbs.

in

43.
words:

1.

Initial

Wait,

11

rose and

5<'^11

^1

has been retained only in the following

woe! alas!
In

all

jwoper (alongside

"'b^^l

of v^^"*),

J^l^l meeting, 5<pT11 tart,

its derivatives,

a few proper names.

terebinth.

1}<l2^I1

other cases

it

has changed to

and in
"^

DOUBLING.

Doubling takes place in traditional pronunciation

about the same way as in Syriac:

44.

As

a)

characteristic of certain grammatical formations;

in

e. g.,

in the Intensive stems.

To show a double consonant; e. g., "2^ SSS

As compensation for an assimilated consonant;

b)

year,

371^

d)
for

c)

As compensation

^1:5?

iqjon,

^121

To lengthen

e)

e. g.,

J^P'JJ

thon.

for a shortened long vowel;

e. g.,

"D>?

(182).'

word;

artificially a short

e. g.,

5<^1S mouth,

55n>5 father.

f) To preserve a short vowel;

^^nin^n bridge, Assyr. tituru.
g) Doubling

is

e. g.,

iXy^} tongue, Arab. jjLlJ,

retained at the end of a word in Pi^ thou, in

the pronominal ending of the participle,

^i Rabbi, usually pronounced

iThe Assyrian equivalent
for

is

^"1

amurrfl

(c/.

ri'^"-2i<

thou sayest, and in

.*

Jensen, 2.4., X., 339 83.) auJ

^xl'^

stands

if^ms
2

TG., ed. Harkavy. 49, has

^

with the Syriac >C5

^ib
V

3 The transcription
number of similar cases
,

n^5
t

Lamed.

Xl^
T

to see

may

also be connectoJ

of proper names in the old versions and in Josephus shows us a

ClbC'^SS!;.
e.g., Saddflk, AbessalOm, Abennfir, Annftn, for pHS
But, in cases like AbossalOm and AbonnSr, the versions may have
.

r;y or ^2n.
(=
taken themto be composed of ]1X
"^
i Cf. NOldeke, SG., 23, H. ^

-i;-i3j{

for

"jZl)

+3ibtj

or

'\Z

16

PHONOLOGY

II.

[45

45. To judge from the cognate

Resolution of Doubling.
dialects, resolution of doubling must have frequently taken place.
In a case of resolution, the preceding short vowel was either
dropped, or lengthened, or retained intact by the insertion of a
In the case of vowel-lengthening we can only know that
liquid.
a resolution has taken place when the vowel changes its quality,

from pn^H to ^^^ or from TX\^ to yp)^ not otherwise.

46.
Insertion of a Liquid.
Insertion of Consonants.

as

a)

5J:

5<Ti3/JS;

6)

^rr^

roy, Pers.

nut.

"feast;

pot;

i^'llSS

^rTj^

ustadar, and other words.

c) n: In the so-called Par' el forms:

mix, D^'^3 to cut, pT^Tl

t:nn^

to

to roll; ^'^^'j^t^ ^'ce-

bn^

to shake, b^"}^ to

imprison, nS"!!! to

to

stretch oneself flat, ir3"iS or

i<n^3^3 or SniZJp^p shepherd's

llip^Jp

hell, i^rTJiii"]^

hang

doivn,

strike,

tingle,

let

to

clod, )X\PrP^ school-

hoy, "pp"!^p crop, craiv.^

Note.

In words

of foreign origin IT

inserted: ^pTlS he searched,

askapu = Arab

Assyr.
i<^2)i5
^

peasant,

words in order

t^

to

oo

cf Assyr. iskaru

47.

A H

make them

parents, plural of ^^n^^

is

saddler,

= ikkaru=

sometimes inserted in short

triconsonantal.

i<n'pi<

hond-maid;

hond-maid; ^nVs flashes (i/^bj),

flanks;

5<S3"ir^i<

before a A'-sound.

all

insertion of

seems to be similarly

Mandaic the same;

Thus '^"2^ fathers,

^n?^i< the status

J^HSD mint; 'Hblf

of

end; i^l^rrim

mothers.

i^VrtlZi^

48. In the plural of the noun 1

Insertion of a Semivowel.
is in a few cases inserted before the ending of i<n- to
or
"^

avoid an hiatus.^

assimilation.

49.

consonant

may be

assimilated to a preceding or fol-

lowing consonant either entirely or partially. In the latter case

the partially assimilated consonant may influence the adjoining
consonant so that the resulting assimilation

Complete Assimilation.

%^().

1.

assimilated in the reflexive stems of verbs

1

Cf. Fleischer in

Cf.

Levy's Diet., IV., 484

is reciprocal.

The S

6.

Sachau, Skizze des FeUlcM-Dialekts von Mosul, p.

15.

is

progressively

H'S frequently

in

17

CONSONANTS.

50]

the Ithpe'el, more rarely in the Ithpa"al.'

healed, ^Tb^^'H that have been born

ivas

up with wine (Meg.

cheer oneself

to

Thus,

MS.

^bipbpb (M.
once, for

Er.

bs<

"llnU^

whence for
2.

'^-^l^5 2vas said,

forbidden, HDrii^ he sighed, 5<"i'jnX ivas said,

*lCrii< ivas

'^^'2

from

r^1C2^J^b),

"5<"^

not doubled.

is

^^rnn a proper name for 5<rn"l ==

assimilated

regressively

is

word the b

last

"p

"N;

MS.

Col.

6,

''';2i3n"'b

^bipbp"5^b), nnbi^ on the spot, at

-lOrt, eds.

In the

(Ned. 30&),

^SPi'i^

in

they,

'^T'A

these,

"'jJl

"in'^^jl their

being dispersed (eds. A. Z., 10 6), ^tl^briipp you

are tired (A.

Z.,

3.

is

726);

i^n^3 a certain dish

4.
j.'ii

seven,

O. MS.,Sabb. 98

!j^""'2n'^!J^

which stands

for jloJ*

oJn nine, V. L. Taan. 13

^rj^

^ys5< (27).

20 6;

ibid.

ferry,

"'l^'''^

ascend pD^b
:

D is

t6K/.

18

^T'S goat,

ii^n^la^^

"ipC"^

V. L. Pes. 3

6,

is

90);

iJ^Pn below;

Col. MS., Zeb. 60a,

= sabbu = sab'u.

tissu

= tis'u.^

!}53!Sl

Col.

MS., Zeb.

6rt6,

By

Similarly

hyena, for

14

-^rn

6,

progressive assimilation

^^"^^"^

pbc^n

pbo to go up,
uimn ( 170) snp-T

of the verb
;

in -i<

pwT or pbl

assimilated in

also in ~'2

6, i/",rib'^

was done.

many forms

pD'Pl for pbc^b

face,

7.

6.

sharp-shooter
6.

for

6,

= ^-^3r\^)

assimilated in

is

i<n^tD'^

ferry-man.

'sX^'^ilZ

5.

(orig.

= J5Mn^3).

assimilated in

is

bath

JJ^MCp

assimilated in

5^3-2 shovel, ^nrsibizi^b

to cut to p)ieces.

^'iZ'Vi)^

Pli^

than,

'^7\)^

J^nm woman,

ye,

flute, ^'PCd year, b^iop

in verbs j"3

and

5<E5<

on account

in verbs 5"b before

!5<j",

of,

"j";

from.
assimilated in ^^ij^j heap,

M. MS.,

Er. 116, b5^p first,

(182).
ye hold, eds. Pes. 110

^12p before, i^ri'i six, ]'':r^-^\ixty; -^^ until

""8.

assimilated in

"^t:^p5

6;

t^'P^'^^

put him under the ban, M. Q. 17 a; n^Di^ hast pleased, gull

137 6;
(

is

= ^3

5^r5<
ri"'5<

there

!J^b);

is

(i^3

n^iJ^)

i^rb

IC/.
Cf.

Haupt, SFO.,
Haupt, SJ'ft.,

//m^

/s

no^

in the reflexive stems not ''"V or '''SO before

dentals or sibilants, and, by analogy, before

(s/c)

10, 1;

10

1.

AEV.,

10.

all

consonants:

"SrS

18

PHONOLOGY

II.

[^1
persuaded,

ivas sold, ^nrjJ^ took heed, i^Z^'^^i^ icas

made profit,

"i

J^wbti'

= ][v^.-

Partial Assimilation.

D to

and H in

;}<n^:<^jT

c)

^rTH"^ he

b and n

:*

:i

it

(92), Hebrew

sjnall,

'En Ya'aq. Sanh. 95

small (56),

55^1:^7

"To 1: in

TjC- and

dress,

'1 is

prepare
Cf.

In

assimilated to

-I-

Z'CJ

Ap''-

'lir/'stioii.

52.
C

,'

rT*

!J5"17

'>f

To T
To p:
:

a.'

cradle, "^'p proud,^

5J5b"i"

a) Here belong
first

STl

i<ii7-

assimilated to

"

or J^jTp

then

But they may

1'

also be

^ub&tu, zubatu.
P.Z^ to
2 becomes 1

Assyr.

outfit,

then

~"iI2

T'^'u^y

'I-

1..
.A.rab.

name
and in

to

69.

Palestinean

*li"'C2" KImU-v, 'j'Xr

concerns.

B. B. 8

b;nb^Tr;b,' Aifksi

a.

occurs as variant to "^7

still

Fraenkel,

-'C/.

^^i:"Z

he grieved.

'^yx^^'^i^

Similarly Ny73 for i^SHH: hnndlc.

two parallel forms.

seemed

icas necessary,

Reeiprocid Assimilation.

to 7.

stems of

in the reflexive

heed, p"p'nT^5< he attended, and with-

assimilated to a liquid in

is

v "f^p

i^TX^p small, l^"ajTp truth.

to kill,

(?)

-'^

tioist,

in Jj^p'^^i: excuse, "^riliu ichite spot,

T|^1tilk"'l^

in nnt3 to 2^ressin bi:p

tanners,

"3'''>^

H^d^M hod,

in

To

of a place.

verbs !2"S

A^/.. T-

!J5riJI''13

tootc

out transposition Itii'lK

To

partially assimilated to

TT-

assimilated to

partially

is

JTi

is

5<

w in ^^"'Ti'S joist, Assyr. gusuru.

cjlass. Heb. n"^:7
X:b--- for ^5:b"ri3

to 1 in

a certain bird,

verbs "'

51. a)

in ^"'^t: Arab. (Tc^^)-

assimilated to

is

r*

'$

H and

prothetic

witli

salamtu.

a measure^'

5<^":i" pof/ i<b-^3'

h)

Assyr.

and t, and becomes

t:. :i

dimgallu,

artisan, Assyrian

l!<b-"n"J5

inserted

tamgaru;

Assyrian

assimilated in Ji^yP merchant,

'2 is

9.

"n^iUn'S theij

a. o.

,..AiLw.i Axr<iU)n.

Ti'Crt:" snmethintj

(caraAvffi?, '."['^j,^

Ti-

.VssimUation of

white.

to

H'lZZT

f!'nik.

In later litoratulo

rS37
-:

to tai^te,

occurs in

HZli"

retention.

<C/. Hartli, ES..?jC,sq.

Cf. Targ.

'^7T'''^t3

iCuUf

to

wi^aJ\m/'
:

and

or

lir

to

Syr.

bsllTX

out of mind.
lie

In later

Hebrew

have met

witli ^;.-7t!:7:

'jD''''I3

is

insane,

Cf. Barth, S.,

33,

.".l.

in

t"'

form and etymology identical with Arab. jjv.aw.a-^, from

For the d(<velo|>mont of

nieaniriir rf.

"*."'n^

jn-nwl

anil

Arab.

19

CONSONANTS.

55]

h)

sonant.

sonant and a surd sometimes change to a surd and a

snlplmr (Hebrew) appears as

n"*i"\

nunciation

probably in both cases

v.'as

ri""i23

The

pro-

alike.'

DISSIMILATION.'''

of

53. In words containing two identical or similar sounds one

them is usually dissimilated when the word is in frequent use.
1. b dissimilates to 1 in i<nb^ii"I2 pepper, Col. MS., Meg. 7 h;

to

in X-Pij hread; ^ibn^S /o

stem

(through an intermediate

ividoiv

&<nb";2'^;}<

liiay

be b"^^

in

"^"[^n

*>5rib"-bj5

^ dissimilates to b in xbla^in
T T

4.

~ dissimilates to

loild

sb""y
T

ox;

ants.

dissimilates to

5. t:

in

V\

but the

T -

rocl<et.

To

Baadadean.

in Hi^ri'^r^S the
-

b in

^l^ p2'^^5<b that I should he connected

M. MS., Pes. 49 .

TTJ'y^l

slice,

(but i<T:r\ seco7id)

tivo

V^'^n

3.

T\

^5Tb3"3

mixture of white and black.

^iSTi'^bl"'-"

dissimilates to n in

2. D

to 1

(177);

^^Jn'tsi!:! sjxirJx,

luith his

descend-

alongside of X^^tJili.

VANISHING OF CONSONANTS.

Initial consonants.

54. a)

is

dropped in

and in the imperative of

&5^n another,
to

U^

to

!J<ni<

"In

t^lTj

come and

one,
bli^

CJO.^

J '2

dropped

is

some forms

in

of the imperative Qal of verbs

following the analogy of the imperfect.

55. 6) Within the word. ^5 is elided in contractions: Trh

there

is not,

from

ri"i^ i<b

"fb" those, from

in a preceding vowel: J<n-"]'in

bidl i^Z'n

in

especially

head,

form, from
i< 'I

7 bx

verbs.

It quiesces

J^n.

J5n""^iJlin

It

is

S-r") imld
also elided

ending n^" (82).

syncopated in *n'" '^j"'Pl (^^4).
quiesces in a preceding vowel in i<"Vi favoring,

in the adjective

is

sprout,

^TlH one another, ^j^"u:";^S a certain bird

":J< ive,

aharsanu,
It is

ahursanu,

or

Syr. }lIio, Arab. ^jl^Vy ringdove.

syncopated in ^nifl beneath, below.

BA.,

W.

Cf. Hani't.

Cf.

Haupt, AEV., XII.,

Cf.

Hebr. "in

I.,

3;

'ZT\'

B. H. {Hebraica, I., 231).

W. B. H. (Hebraica,

17-20;

Arab,

jj^

U^lHVJJ

= Assyr.

vX

Syriac

224 sq.).

I.,

p- ]-^
,

waJ

PHONOLOGY

n.

20
56.

quiesces in a preceding vowel in some verbs whose

5?

second stem-consonant
to visit, *Tin to be

Arab. lJa^

is

"p'H to stick in,

awake (secondary

nt:^T small,

It is

root of

( 56),

syncopated in ^^p5< ring,

In

(136).

MJe ;a/nf, Col.

"|j!il

i.

double,
to do,

12"'?^

eleven,

MS.

Tiob.

e.,

a,

^JT with infixed

bread, and quiesces

JJ^ria^T

compound numerals ^C^ln

in the

^'"2

pronounce incorrectly, Ned. 16

= '^nS^T
11:^7

from

"^S' to

*i^>'),

"1*0

exude,

to

fl^'l

It quiesces also in a few verbs

Col. MS., Zeb. 60 a, Dp'^/J to

and in

[^^

ID'^IIH

twelve, etc.

passim, for

"5^!II

and ""^iSs at, upon ( 174).

then the separate elements g or

57. J is lost in J<1^T pair, scissors,

The g
M were

g'^,

Perhaps belong here

lost.'

58. b quiesces

and

"JJSli:

compound i^^rn

"iT^ir ?

M. MS., Sabb. 80

in "^/pip KaXaixdptov,

quiesces in the preceding vowel in

"1

the

became

in this case first

^Zp^])

worms,

V''p'^p

from

for i!Cy_ n"2l (or origin. iT^l^

.
,

iu

;jCTT "i^),

and in ^^^12^ fsatj.

dropped in a few participles of Pa" el: "^^21123 trim the
M. MSVb. Q. 48 a;
Yeb. 416; ^pbo
vine, B. M. 73 o; ir^^n^^
It
ij"'^'np Pes. 53 b, and others.
is

)2
'

It

3 is

syncopated in

true,

is

dropped
Wb.,

Neiih.

then

sorb-busli, for

60.

Pl^nilij/J

c)

III.,

i^ln'n'^T

312

The

6,

that

"I

interchanges with

^JI^J^^U^J-^wS

).-'

In

my_

.^

Final consonants,

"^'b

[sibi).

(If Fleischer's opinion given

may come from

i^:^5^

ceding vowel in stems (K"b

pass into

makes water

in 1^*^^ ear.

59. 1 is

Levy's

in
1

'

:'-

"^

T'b

b^

and

and
^"b

''

quiesce in the pre-

The two former then

appears in a few forms, especially before

n and y are generally retained, but are treated in a

Thus, IS;"* = HD^ to rumble, "$ in
few verbs and nouns like
"72
to break, ""212 to sink, "'"IS to
argument,
5<''"l"K
U^^23 mild,
ivound, ^C3 /o spoil, ^S'i to slant, ^p"d to sink, ^irZX^'J:^ to have

suffixes,

2J^

identified.
1

This phenomenon

XXII.,

But

For a change of

Perhaps also

it

is

frequent in Indo-European languages.

Cf. also

Fraenkel, op.

cit.

107.

may

to

S.

c/-

Praetorius, BA.,

in the Palostinoan

proper

name

I., 44,

and Maclean,

S?nb"' fur

S{r~5^

also bo a shortening of XP^"";!? or coutractiou uf iCp"!?'^

106.

rldld, ai in Syriac.

<'/ also 116. 113.

CONSONANTS.

67]
61.

quiesces in

"I

tive Qal: !5<:r5<, i^-rn

some forms

21

and impera-

of the imperfect

i<:rb, ^'l^Z; K-r.S,

T-i< to say:

he sent, M. MS., Ber. 42a, :p he locked, H. MS., B. M.,

H^TIJ

Ashcr; perhaps also in "ri'^S is siq^ier(M. MS., Sabb. 61rt).'"

dropped in some forms of b'i^ to go: J57&5 he went,

86 a; in

^tD^T small, ''12H

fliious, but'this

may be

62. b is
M. MS., B. M. 101
MS., Pes. 110

63.

In

CoL MS., Pes. Ill

Mm

Hi,])'^

go,

^mr\,

two, ^r^^-Z

between, ^3 for "S

may

he goes. Col.

;kS!

K. MS., Mem. 2 a;

he tool; Qidd., 81

b,

^"H

":!

two hundred,

for

5<jp

'^^^',

feminine plural ending 'v loses

they

b;

its 3

M. MS., Sabb. 13

be caught,

feminine nouns:

of

state

Z. 3 a;

for

^^'liH,

they say, ^n

b.

Sabb. 119

a, nrc)5<b to

Rasi Sanh. 101 b; and

is

in the abso-

or '"ImIU^ another, ^TCi^

T
'

-t:

not retained even before suffixes in

is

The

(90).

"i^rj

only in one case: m22ri"'b

"'"in^J^

matrimony;
late,

go. Col.

M. MS., A.

61. T is dropped in 5^2^^''^ for "nr'n (159).'

T\ is dropped in ^21 house, !J<!IlaJ Sabbath, week;*
lute

^T

In ^bp for b"bp light.

dropped in the dual and plural of verb and noun,

is

":n,

'"in,

let

h,

MSS. Sukk. 52 b.

takes,

^'p;^

"p^^i^

103

h,

5; ^r3

MS., Pes. 104 b:

it

In

P1^"Im5<j

to

do

heal him, T'ijT^jb'fo^ry them,

usually apocopated in the sing. fern, of

verbs in the participles and the perfect.

65.
85

D.

apocopated in ^n again,

is

bleiv,

J^'1'3

MSS., B. M.

Rasi Taan. 21a; 'CJ warnes, 'Col. MS., M. Q. 3

Col. MS., Zeb. 5 a.

86

6,

T3

66.

a,

12 is

dropped in many forms of D^p

^p^b, ^p^;; ^p stand thou. Col. MS.,

to

stand:

M. Q. 25

6,

^p'^i^,

6,

^p''P

M. MS., Sanh.

I stand, Col. MS., Zeb. 19 a, HC^zi'l

90 a; HTi'^pli^ I explained it, ibid. M. Q. 25 a.
Here the suffixed forms are derived from the apocopated forms.
67. !J<1in:a, Jj^lnTIH desolaTransposition of Consonants.
tion; Jj^nTJ, ^'HTJ loater-course ; JJ^CSt: J^iiC chest; i^Z^TZ
95 a;

^^5p

iXD

I explain,

stands; tXj^y

ibid. Pes.

i^^l^S, shuttle; and others.

^b^S^p;
^j^n,
T
T
T
*

Cf.

S'aX

saijs,

'Anan, quoted by Harkavy in

cf.

MWJ.,

189.3,

p.

22.5.

The verb 5{TK fo heat is perhaps an Aph'cl of 57i?- For the development of meaning
Hebrew nb^n p^T^ and Syriac n^TS Cf. also 37.
2

3C/.
*

XlSJinS

Cf. C. Levias,

TG., ed. Harkavy,

AJP., XVI.,

34.

181.

PHONOLOGY

n.

22

B.

VOWELS.

Imale. Pathah. 68. Original d

syllables frequently changes to
t^^'j:^ meat
t;
^ri3''ii
T

and intermediate

in closed

Thus, i<nC^E Passover,

(or e).

^b:*^"l foot,

iXnm
t;'

floiir, ^^^2^1 time,

t.*
t;
t;*
garden;^ in the prei'ormatives of the imperfect Qal; in the
w

syllable of the perfect Pa' el

first
is

Satan,

H^lxSfi:

[68

1 or a guttural:

e.

g.

Ziy

51 h; "^T'^ vexed Qidd. 70

b,

when

the second stem-consonant

brought near, 'OT'C lessened, B. Q.

Ned. 62 a; IliTD separated himself,

On^w roared, Pull., 59 6; in the second stem-syllable

Sot. 4 6;

of the imperfect in Pa^el n^JTl'n^b let

let

rijp^llb

Sabb. 67 a;

it,

pronoun

cool her off, B. B. 7-i b; in the enclitic

him

ibid.

sellest,

M. 51a, Trhpp^ hast

B.

n^DuT'/ias/ bought,

n^iSTp

him lower

72

a,

n^"iriD breakest

59 6;

ibid.

killed,

down, B. B. 4 a;

the perfect n^iJ^^n^ placest, B. Q. 114 a; in the

in

syllable of

first

the Aph'el n:i:r7J'ni^ri taught, A. Z. 3 6, ^b?^"?"l ^^^"^ ^'^' s^*o"^

B. B. 5 a; ^Diri'i'^xb /o wa/cc water, B. B. 19 6; ^SiCS^^^b to make

15 6 (fragm. ed. by Lowe).

Qdmeg.
69. Original long

unfit, Pes.

Long

^^ ^^^^^^

'prP,

changes

to

of the

Usually so when a has arisen in consequence

Tr:j Cj": from
^:j^n, b^TT}, bST^
i^
1-iv<?:*,
C5-:* (primabSbJi:^*,
n:^l<n*,
b^Ii^ri^S
original b^'^^n*,
&^'|'1*;
for
/<ewZ'
rily '&in,"'^^i2); koJ^^
"bp'^'P mf. of bp'i

e (or l).

quiescing of an

bm,

to weigh, he worth, Ar.'"l8 6;

from

inf.

^nnrn

mn

ly/u'/e,

/o r^^it?'n,

^"]";3'''f

/o

s/%,' Hor. 12 ; ^"^."ITO

Ar. 23 a; ^ri^n,

^n:j3^5< 6/acA%

^nn^

Sfreai,

W6?,

^ri"J!j

M. 73 a;

B.

^nS^^T sma/Z, and other

2/^^"^ vessels, garments,

words like them!' ^t:^7 smail^ ^T'^T'?

M. MS., Pes. Ill 6; '"^r;^"! are 'frisky, Sabb. 32 a; ^rr^pa-'TZJ
So
their deceased j^arents or relatives, B. M. 70 a; TT^r^^ man.
also in the infinitives ^bi'jp

^bii2p

"bit2p^

"^"itapn^

'bi^pn^^

jjcrhaps in the plural ending of the verb

( 223).; and
"|7.-*
A kind of imal6

is

diphthongization (80).

of those forms may be roRiilar >)y-forms.

Barth takes the onditiK ip to be identical with the

{ZDMG.

MG.

it

1.54)

io

in

Palmyroan
g'<

Li

pronominal element wo find

in the

In Mandaic this appears as tS (Xoeldoke^

has the form niTl (Hal6vy, Mahhereth, p. n"C) in Arabic

Ethiopic pronoun ie'etl

is

for

Somo

_J

'{"-

46, 688, n. 1).

But how would

this theory explain the masculine

form

"^rilF1 1

noteworthy that this ending "ip appears only in adjoctivos.

3

So

in

Modem Arabic

the nominal ending

is

^^

pronounced

are pronounced rami, cf. also tlio transcription of Aramaic P.

op. cit., XVII.). For a similar change in Amharic, cf. Praotorius,

It

I,

i,

such forms as

^^s

by Arabic d (Fraonkol,

Amhar. Sprache.

p. 23.

23

VOWELS

73]

Obscuration of A. 70. The obscuration of rt to 0. so

Hebrew, is rare in the Tahniul. i^'^'im sfudjj,
lessons, Ber. 8 b; 5<nilj^ myriods, K. MS.,
your
weekly
silD^''rii''ai"iB
Sanh. 2G a {his) '^i'Z my lord, P. MS., Ber. 586.' The nominal
ending an is at times obscured to 6 or ft under the intluence of
characteristic of

the

n.

dried ears of corn; N:i"i"Js bed-room, i^ZTZZ

H^Z'^'ZZiK

trial.

Vocalic Epenthesis. T1. The final vowel i of the first

com. and the 2. fem. sing, and the final ft of the 3. masc. plur. of
the perfect influence their preceding vowel and are themselves
Thus, qat(a)l(a)ti becomes qat(a)lait, and
apocopated.
q(a)t(a)let,

contracted

q(a)t(a)llt,

or

n"bt:p

or

I^"'pwP

Similarly, the perfect q(a)t(a)lu ^bpp becomes q(a)ta"l contracted to q(a)t6l bi'Lip (232, 243).' The pronominal suffixes
akhi thine (f.), akha thine (m.) and ahi his, become a'kh,
The last form ahi
a^kh, a^h and contracted, T|~, T^T ^^
,

ahu

for

or ihu,

is

due

An

to analogical influence.

equivalent

form ihu became by transposition uhi (c/. "ri^-S; his father)

and in analogy of the latter such a form of ahi was formed.
Influence of Consonants on Vowels. 72. The quiescence

of one of the consonants

i^

Thus

preceding vowel.

^,

w^'ri^

Tl

r.

/ say

y, or

(for

lengthens the

-;^S*)

J^'f^";

her

(for ^:c* = sagii); -ZT'l to do

rumbled; "^D^p for ^IJp^'p worms.
The same is the case when any other final consonant disappears:
''::$''
(159); "i< for
as ^^p"J:, ^-u::, >5i5<-'n, for bp-j;, zti,
(for r^ZiT^*) ":Z he iJent

head

(for "ajJ/J);

for'nrii

5^:it

it

73. The neighborhood of an " sometimes produces imal6:

^yn" four, "^"ic^nn eleven (= ^f'li^-r;), "c^:^-:^^ (y^'z-x).
On the other hand, "I and the gutturals H.
^C^ri'i ( "S )XP\'Z).

n,

a preceding short vowel

change

2?

("rnn*), ^"rb he

(^n), vri^n two,

I^y: is late, '')'2^

I'say (for
'

''HSS

But

person for

and :rzir I was

^'f'2^)

1.,

Still

the

is'i'O'u:

"1

in

or n, to a: "ZI

satisfied.

so}i

hwws.

But !J^""^^n
Col. MS., Meg. 7 6.
for

i.

some cases may simply donoto f'TCp "* D^IPI"<J f^- Hoffmann, 2D.VG. 32, 737.
>

''"'d- *!.

122 reads Nidd. 56 a T^SS I swept, which, in his opinion, stands for
5a mistake. As is evident from the next page, we have here ~^33
a frequent occurrence in the Talmud.

Jastrow,

i,

says, ^27 slaughters, with

UG-^ 10". *!"

TG. ed. Casscl. 41

TTC

(/

Cf. b-iT^:

e,

says, (^'rb*), :?t

s. v.

this

is

24

PHONOLOGY

II.

['^'^

74. The neighborhood of a labial or of a liquid obscures at

This phenomenon is more frequent
times a (or i) to li (or o).
(already in Bibl. Aram.),
!Ji"'2^ii man
in the cognate dialects.'
honey,

X"l'2"i"

t:

t;

t,

a weaving, Sabb. 58

5<r^2Ti

H^Tn'Zin date-palm,

rme/'5<^^I< leaven,

^^"^3

a,

shade, i^bb^J^ wine-pressing,

5<b^r:

sb'S*^:? rain-shoiver, ^"ri'^^Q grain of seed, ^Yp^it^ the

of a

'gazelle;' ri'Jip^'J inf.'

Qal of ^IDp

to he difficult,

nn^3 Pers. katah, a certain dish.^

In D^B mouth, we have an
Note.

In the

-1-mimation.
to render the

Arabic i

original

nominative ^5

we have an attempt

syllable of 5^b^T"^^K

first

young

Yeb. 40 a;

Fluctuating Vocalization. 75. Some words fluctuate in

their vocalization, and it is impossible to tell which is the original
Thus U^brJ^ iveb appears also as ^5bn5< i<nb^r>5 iJ<nb]^5^
form.
5^b:i^:: a kind 'of doves, k^nri'fy,
or U^nbl^i^, and'i^'nb^ni^
appear also as Xbli^:!, !J<^""''^ and similarly many other words.
Shortening of Long Vowels in Closed Syllables. 76.
,

In the traditional pronunciation long vowels in closed syllables are

This is most marked in the case of V^Jp as it differs
shortened.
from nriS also qualitatively in Ashkenasic pronunciation. Thus,

X^nn

"p'ri^ are

pronounced

55"^nn

'"^'2^
,

77.

Compensatory lengthening takes place in ^^brrj (77, 90), ^2"\S a proper name, for ^nX

Compensatory Lengthening.

(=Arab. oT), .ST-n

M. MS.,
( 119)

(^Jli^in; c/.77), ^"3"":?

its

branches,

= XT^p of eds.; Xry\, for ^iH^^rirri

may "lift him up, 2 M. MS., M. Q. 28 b,
(through an intermediate kakkabu);

Pes. 111?>, for VT-^S

;

ri^j^b^-^Tn thai the]}

for H'^^bTn

;'"'

U^IQljiS

Sn^rii:!" trumpet;
i^b::-::

liar,

star

^'y^'ii'^'^

chain; ^bp"3 partridges; ^'l^^'l or

a kind of doves; ^^Pibp^p dung-hill; )^7\h'Z^t chain; )^'2'^^'^

sesame; )X2yr\ or J^^T*^ jly; )^zh^ palm-branch; i^rn^ioj brides-

man; ^-zriib'i {=icrbzb'i gaph'el of n^bib).

Heightening and Depression of Vowels.

heightened to o in a

final syllable:

bbplJ^

bbpri

78. Short
.

Long

is

is

bo romombored i\\nt some of tlio forms with u may be by-forms.

Noeldoko, MG., IT iiq., ZDMG., XXII., 4:<.j Dalman, op. cit., 6").
3 Cf. Fraenkol, Fnvidw., XVII.; G. HofTmann, LCB., 1881. Col. 416, 1882, Col. 320.
i Cf. Nooldokn, .VG., ^Vy.
^G. Hoffmann, '/A)MG.'Sly"A, cites Bar Hobraous to Ezr. 16:24, gaibi'6 for gabbS
1

It ninst

2 Cf.

VOWELS

80]

25

sometimes pronounced u as in Western Syriac.

the case in infinitive forms "^^tSp

and pronominal

suffixes "pPkJ^

fect with transposed final

the letters

^V

",^p

''b^lOp

'"&<

^n"X

This

regularly

is

the pronouns

etc.; in

^Tr, ^j~; in the per-

vowel b^t2p (71); in the names of

frequently in the plural endings of the verbs

etc.
^"b: r.'n, r.tM<,
T

Final

e,

e,

not plural ending,

if

^nrj^ they, ^ri"M, ^rnn, nao,

his tcife,

^T\T\''Zir\

Diphthongs.

and

frequently pronounced
in a

few other cases;

79. In
its

pronounced as u or S

Thus,

Diphthongization.

The vowels

ai.

was

C^^S^';^^

"'

is 1

80.

The vowels

6 and

il

satisfied,

the latter

^H"'';^ house, U^H^^^riS last, are

to aii.

i^'Z^y^

tread-

?, e, a, change someThat an original diph-

thong thus reappears is only incidental.

a) I and e: ^D^";;rr^5 C^"n'^5 I became
145 6;

is

vocalic force in traditional pronuncia-

pronounced bait ho, bathraitho, but iJ^'lIS roast,

ing, iXp^T] exactitude, tavyo, dafso, dafko.
times to

c. g.,

diphthongs whose second element

diphthongs whose second element

tion; while in

I:

the one of his house.

lit.

the latter has retained

is

etc.,

is

B. Q. 113 6;

sick,

M. MS., Sabb.

'ir'^S^

she committed

23 'Aruch; p^y_
^ull.
11
a; T"]^ hound up,
pounded, Bega 14 6; "p^b connected,
measured,

b^^3

grit;

J^d'^^'H

i^b^l^yj^

M. 49

ibid.

105 6; ^n^^2 are bound up, B. M. 24 6. 108 6;

MS., B.B. 8 a..

"pTO (=b-TO,'fTO 34) H.

6;

iKTy^ I

6; t^r^^i^

I cursed

him.,

sow, Keth. 103 h; J^^'SH

shall cut down,

upon, Yalq. MS.,

Col. MS., Meg.

and ^n^^.'
6)

B.

M.

d:

M. MS.,

Y6ma'83

la and

^5^::^';'^

n^";t:/^^^

Cf.

ibid

cover,

107 6;

6; n^;;lb3? or rP^;iby

B.

"TTTr^'^Lh

ujwn

elsewhere; the possessive suffixes

a kind of dove; "3"5^"3

TG., ed. Harkavy, p. 5

",;iT

him.,
^iD'^y

= "j:3) we are hungry,

= n^:n"2^S),
(

83 a; n"'jn^TJ'^^5 as long as they are wet (sibi)

IITI

MSS.

thou hast brought, Ber. 9 6;

Pes. 1116.
1

B. B. 21 6; r.^^sn thou buildest, B. B. 4 a; n^^Iib'i

thou cursest, Sabb. 151 h;

^^ib:?

clear, Sabb.

she brought up, Sabb. 116 6; ^HCliriJ^ they were soiled,

124

ibid.

106 ; b^"l

Sanh.

adultery,

ibid., Zi, n. 10.

20

PHONOLOGY

ir.

[81

pinnades; X-1"l" passage, habit; ^bh^)'^

= Sn"-T^:i) food; iXp^Tl exactness.
81. The elements
Tirutsposition of Diphthongal Elements.
of a diphthongized vowel are sometimes transposed, the a-vowel
being placed after the i or vz-vowel. In snch a case the last are
"^l"'"'^
"'"li^^l
usually consonantized and the first lengthened
c)

6:

it,

^^Ti^Zi<

skein; i<"1Ti thorn;]!i.r\"TTr^

('

^^^"H
..
T.

orchards;

rich

landlord;

\^'l'''l'^
T

Xr":iin"3
tt:-;-

proud

tt::

J^'i^lnT^

tt;'

^^^r^5r^

tt:

nilH':;

82.

Contraction of Vowels.
Ci.

This

firsf.

STQ
t;t

silk.

^0"^^"]

to

T T

last,

X:""b above,
T'-;

Note.
as

this

to

is

(Syr

"DJJ^bu^lTd

cVd

t/

contracted sometimes

is

a,

a.

e.),

^nnb
T-;

nXlj'^"'!?^

it

!*^'Sp

l^-^sp if it

mean

t-

the

i5'^^5<
T

'

J?n^-j:

the Cypriote,

below, beneath;- :;n (^'^Z-'^) Col. MS., Zeb.,

'TT^TTT'

Luzzatto's objection

and explains

tT T

Xehardean (Keth. 54

the

Rabh of Arekhd^

stand for

^5"b'^TI5

the Libyan,
SZ^'IH
tt;- the Adiabencan, X2^b
t

heathen (Col. MS., M. Q. 12 6),

passim.

Akin

(sahor).'

especially the case with the adjective ending.

is

^i2rC3 (n^siba^

woman (=r>'2in).

leivd

(n as or a), ^DKpp, "3"^5i?p,

the consonantization of the 2t-vowel in

X]-

'-

proper name;

i^^^'^J, 5<|>5<;3, viki;; J^'^IV^J

"S^PP; i5)>^' (sarlqa),

t
poker; -.-^^t:
"jS^T^^t:
't;-It:

linen shirt; i^^H^X^'l

fool; ^"i^rj

nisi aba),

XD^T^^i:
r

/i??c

^5^^r;"T^ ^^nnrii^'T
tt-;t:
tt-:.
tt-:tt:-^imllet; Xl^riT,
armory; Kn^:^n^2 plural
J<r^7^^:2

i<-l^^-l^

falls to

the ground, since

Jastrow

by one

irho

to the explanation of
XIj""'^^

in his dictionary

J^^D'^^i^

JJ^:!!!!^

might well

vocalizes

!J^!j"'"'U<

arranges arguments, a lecturer.

In

such a case, however, we should rather expect the word to be

Sl^i^

not Xj'^li^

Targumim

the

For although such forms may be found in

e. g. Levy's Diet, on the Targ., s. v. "n3

cf.

they may, in every case, be explained as scribal errors, or as

learned

case in the
it

And

affectations.

matically defended,

its

even

if

the

word could be gram-

extremely rare occurrence (I know of no

Talmud) speaks against

its

being in general use, and

could not have stood the wear and tear of an ignorant populace
iC/. MiAnic (StGD). D'^''B.

C'^SB. CX"'B.

"""i

XH^CP.

Cf.

also Assyrian

'arftnn, hi'alAiiti, for ztrftnii, hllAnii.

two

Witli

0p.cit.,^&lc.

tlip

last words,

somo such wonl us X^3b

Bide is to ho understood.

zi-

VOWELS

85]

27

through centuries.

It will, moreover,

explains that

by

.^^oiJ

but which

tnll,

which

is

generally taken to

think of the Talmudists' etymologizing, one thing

that they read

mean

explains as wcll-arraiKjed, well-

Whatever that may mean, and whatever we

halanced, thinker.

may

TI^"^X

Dr. Jastrow

observed that the Talmud

l)e

as

I^l;"^"ii<

is

certain,

Nobody would

passive participle.

ever think of denying them the knowledge of a correct pronun-

mother tongue; hence, any explanation

offered must be based on the form !J<S^"i5<
For other explanations of the name cf. Muehlfelder, JRabh, p. 1, note; Goldammer's
note to his English translation of Luzzatto's grammar, b4;
Kohut, Aruch Completum, s. v. T^T^SJ^ Weiss, Zur Geschichte
der jud. Trad., III., 147, note 3; Hehdiug, ix, 18 sq.
83. Diphthongs are usually contracted in verbal forms: au
ciation of their living

contracts to 6; ai, to

^^
Ttt

'ttt

and

a,

Syriac li^^a^

others.

imx

thoj

throwest, '^rrV2. yon ashed,

"''H^^FI

clean, ",:>n loe want. Col.

MS., Ber. 28

2^niX he i^aced,

(or a).

e, %

taught, "in sees, "'bn hangs,

MSS. passim,
In nouns:

tt.; I pray, M.

i^ZT'.l'Z

young

!J<b"7''^l^

gazelle,

In qatl and qatal forms

^Mn^Z"! his wife.

it

sometimes contracted, but quite as frequently uncontracted.

The later state is probably due to subsequent diphthongization
is

Thus

(80).
veil

i^n^T olive,

(and 5<n^n)

)Xrr'2.

i<nTJ death, b^nin thorn; but i<2""2

honse,

In the plural ending ai{d)

bucket.

inn,

SK'i^^'l

""j;"i<

5<r^T

men,

arms,

Ij^bll'n

^jZl5< sto7ies, "I'iZ

words.

Retention of Disappearing and Insertion of New Vowels.

Pretonic Qameg. In some cases original d in an open
Thus
syllable before the tone is lengthened to a, as in Hebrew.
Assyr. gasuru. Joist (the variant U^ITiTS corresponds
S^'^iulS
to Assyr. gustiru); J^T'Im'.J Mdhozd; "'TH or "TXH proper, jit,

84.
,

-;

MS., Meg., vocalizes hz), for ^:C

money j ^'Zr^TiZ Magian.'
85. Other short vowels in open syllables are sometimes
This is especially the case
retained and probably lengthened.
for

r^''^^

^Du itatefal (Col.

necessary, ior

Tj^"j^

S^:t-12

1 C/.Targumic -jlTp,
TfirTa. 'i1)a')9
evidently loan-words in which au effort

Syriac jjai^ia

Hebrew

niH

(?),
is

"'n'^3- Most of these nouns are

to retain the original a sound. Cf. also

SJnnVJi?

made

to

'^ "^

]^sJ_m

encamp does not

all

exist in

loan-words.

(A verb

jj...

in the sense of the

any of the Aramaic languages.)

28

PHONOLOGY

II.

[86

with verbs which retain at times the

full vocalization of

masc. sing, in the lengthened forms.

^pi"l^b let

B. B. 8 a; ^ci^jj

let

the

3d.

them run away,

them study, P. MS., Ber. 13 b; Tt^2^b

let

them do, B. B. i56 a; ny^SS she cooked, Ned. 66 h; 'p^pinS^'b let

deed; XTG^oJ
him redeem us, Sanh. 105 b, and others.' iXlZi-V
T T
T T
(But cf.
document; iXHTO^'^ megrim; iJ^CniS cluster of dates.
'

'

92.)

New

vowels are sometimes found which differ from the

Thus, the preformatives of
original in whose places they stand.
the imperfect Pa"el take e or i: b''t2p"'N ^^"i^^Ip the preforma86.

tives of the imperfect

n"n

ai^n^n

vowel in

87.

number

>'">'

stems:

like t^n*]^jiri

abzar),

(orig.

and

^"13?

nominal form

&<"irD!J^

Qal in

&<l^rjJ^

silent.

Pes.

objected, B.

he was

Mp"r'i'!J^

he kept

Ned. ^^3b;''kr'T^

able,

she kept quiet, Qidd. 13 a;

a/

they kept quiet, Naz. 32 a, Sota 35

"7'J^

he drayik,

p^riTlJ^

he hid himself, A. Z. 70 a;

a'; 'ji'ii:-^

she drank, Yeb. 65 b;

7 a;

TloJJf^

he swallowed, Sukk. 49 b;

lla';'^'l'2'^

^nx^Zi^ ivait ye,

the

is

of words, especially verb-forms, take a pro-

Tl'^)lt>

M. 110

new

berry.

thetic vowel to facilitate their pronunciation.

Sabb. 141 a;

U^p''T\,

e. g.,

entirely

inaJl!<

he

t^^'n-^ii^

^pTl'jiU^

drink ye, Sabb. 41 a;

Ber. 53 b; ^t^i< ivas spoiled (89),

M. MS., Taan.

she committed adultery, K. MS., Sanh. 106

a, eds.

"T^'^J^

J5-2nX blood.

(80,89);
88. In some cases a vowel is prothetically added to words
whose first consonant has a full vowel. In such a case the vowel
of the original
will

divell,

first

syllable is frequently dropped,

M. MS., Tann. 25 a:

^n3^"'X

Sanh. 26 a; 3"}pJ< poll-tax; and others.

they

^"ilti^

appointed him,

tltey

"

Cf 91.
Loss OF Vowels.
89. Original short vowels have been
dropped in all probability to about the same extent as in the

cognate dialects.

Final long vowels have been dropped in the

personal pronouns and possessive suffixes.

and then

The
'

":&< (v.

94),

loss of final
In

Hebrew

ft

in

n:5<

ns

^n:S

^n:i<

^Fl&<

(v.

similar forms are found only in pause.

^<D^lJ^^

^m

94)

became

iDecame

is

n:!j^

"p:^<*
,

exceptional.

ri5<

In

Cf. also 230, note.

2rn"^,T2^X H- M. 84 /< rlops not bolonf hero; it is Itliim'Ol.

Tlie protlictic vowel in the perfect may have been influenced by
dififcrcntiatpd orthoRraphically. Cf. also Hominel, BA., TI., 3.")7.

Cf. it~'Ta'''0
tlie

imperfect

Keth. 57
"t

6.

and only

VOWELS

93]
'""'

the enclitic pronouns

29

sometimes found for

is

in the per-

i<!^";

the pronominal endings of the 1st and 2d person sing, have

fect,

The

lost their final vowel.

final

3d masc.

in the

plur. of the

perfect has been frequently dropped with coincident coloring of

the preceding vowel (v. 71).

In the other parts of the verb

the loss of final

The

very rare.

is

il

dropped in the objective

ally

The

of the 1st sing

suffix, rarely

gener-

is

so in the possessive

vowels of the 2d and 3d sing, and the 1st

dropped in both possessive and objective
suffixes.' Also in nc"^5 became bad, "C^ committed adulter>j, r\':.'i^
when, ri"!^ tJio^e is, the final vowel is dropped.
S;incope of Vowels in Consequence of Resolution.
90.
Resolution of doubling with syncope of vowel is found in i<n*iJn

109).

(v.

final

are generally

plur.

now

(Xri-f-n),

X"^

iche7ice

]-)2)f

H^Y'P^ of itself

{i!^'2

"2);

on account of (brc'2 b?); "ixbi^ uj^on (^p).'

b^t:-2

Syncope of Vowel in Consequence of Prothetic LengtJiening

91. The addition of a prothetic vowel frequently
produces syncope (88): J<S^t2X lecjf; J<:<bTX a kind of alkali;
of Word.

bread; i<-l^ Xi^n^^'^) matting; i^Hp'^J^

(^^P"")
The same thing
Cf. "C"5( and" "^^ (89).
happens when a word is lengthened by the addition of a preposit5n^5 (5<riS)

u-rought metal.

tion;

"U^'^ZX outside,

e. g.,

Syncope of Vowel
i^^lZ'Z,
T T

many

megrim;
i<12'^y'
T.

"

>5ri-b-:f

iia^V
TT

icritten

ii.'^'i^-Z,

inside.

'^']j,i^

Consequence of Segholcdization.
92.
document; ""^rr^^
men;
^"irx
i^Pr^'J.
;..

in

^"^n

^"^Fl

deed, fact;
*^

eight;

""Pbri

XCn3
^<CZ^3
tt:t:

cluster of
dates;
"

-:

thirty;

"fnb^n

and

others.

Accent.

93.

The

traditional pronunciation accents always

Prefixed prepositions and conjunctions do

the penult of a word.

not receive the accent.

1 Vv'hether the I of the 1st sing, of the possessive suffixes and the <l in tlie plur. of verbs
were pronounced or merely retained orthographically in Talmudic times wo are unable to

decide.
2

Cf.

3Cy.

Tunisian Arab,

Hebrew

Tars. Onk., Lev.

21 :14

mn

for

and

tD; "C for

23:29.

"Q

Cf. also

OTl'^'Q Ps. 69:9); H'^IEy'Q

)^2:^\ p^p^il

T'^n''

for

from

his people

^nT"!

p^I H

,
.

MORPHOLOGY.

III.

PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

A.

Independent Personal Pronouns.

a.

rarely n:^^

thou; ^rri<

i^Ti he;

,'

^ri^ii,

94. a)

^j^ I;

^<^n she;

"D5<

n&<,

ye;

PX

rarely

i<:n:^<

'ttY-;

rarely

"^3"X

:^ni<,

rarely

they,

masc.

References:

b)

iiriDX,
;

a. fr.

396, 109 6;

109

Ned. 91

ri:K tliou,

a.

e. "n^^

a.

b,

ye,

44

a,

11 ab (taken from Biblical Aramaic).

a. fr.

n;j}^',

&; B. B.

riX tJiou, Ned. 5a, 21 a;

Taan. 29 a; Sabb. 30 a; B. M. 26

Ned. 50

55 a;

6,

"-23 ^PJ^l that you are thieves;

'T

J<3i51

riDJ5

ye and

2/^,

I are

110a

Pes.

seven;

a. fr.

(V. L.,

^ns

!J5!^^

a.

^::^^S^J

a.

n.

1.,

^n: ye

20).

rijX ye yourselves,

^S''"^H

b,

ye, Sanli.

/ and ye. Col

ye who did, etc., M.

^Pi!?^'!

MS., Pes." 110 a; ^n^lzyjD- J<^n ^ns it is

MS., B. M. 73 a. ^nVs' ^ye^ B. M. 'eds. 37
yourselves.

^tlTi^,

59 6; a. fr.
&<:n3S we, B. B. 164 a, Sanli.

Ned. 5

X:^5 I,

we, Ned. 56 a, Ber] 56 b;

"2i<

!^,nj<,"

TIJ''K they, fern.

n;^^

B.

M.

87 a^ ns ye, Pes. 110 a (V. h.,' loc. cii.).

Tl J^ZSI r.5< ye and
I are five. ^r)"S< he, Ned. 55 a; a. fr. S^H he, it is, B. B. Ilia;
Ned. 51 > 55 a; a. fr. ^rT'i^ she, Meg. 14 a; Nidd. 72 6; a. e.
X"'n she, it is, Ned. 23 a, 50 a, 91a; a. e.
^Pirj^ fhey, masc,
'

Ned. 20 6; a. fr. '^S^i^ they, masc. and fem., in older language,

Keth. 23 a; Ned. 42 6,52 6; Naz. 47 6,57 6, 64 6; Taan. 18 6;
B. B. 165 6; Ber. 50 a; B. M. 104 6; a. e. ^J^^ they, fem., Ber.

44 a; Keth. 2

6;

a. e.

95. The demonstrative pronoun

"T^Ti^

is

at times

used as a

personal ]>ronoun for the third person plural of both genders.

Cf. Keth.

Ill

a,

Meg. 16

a,

^uU. 53

a,

Bekh. 5

a.

96. Tn our editions there occurs once the pronoun S5112 tie,
TS S^lj-I riS thou and site are relatives, B. M. 67 a; in
older texts it must have occurred more frequently; cf. i^hTlTl HCi^

she.

(uul he,

Gitt. 6)8
1

6.

Aruch Compl. Nid. 25

Kohnt, Ar.

Conij)!.,

6; sbli:! ^.H'S he arid

s.

Cul. MS., MiK. 16. J, vocalizes ITT'X.

30

v.,

Ih'e,'

has also the variant

ibid.

^^b"^"^]

PRONOUNS

101]

The word

identical with T\b'n2 or tlbfT'D originally fo her, the

is

having changed

to

or

The

"^
.

dative fern,

for the nominative of both genders.

Sabb. 156
'

a n A,

'

31

and

6,

Ian,

li,

J, ice,

Cf.

in

i^bri"']

the

came

to

be used

= H'^bn"'] M. MS.,

Chaldeo-Pahlavi for

nan

97. The forms ^H^X ^H^J^ ^nrj^ "HrX are shortened

from 5<Jin"5< 5<%n"X linr5< ,' rrrj^^ the first' element ^i< Ti^
being demonstrative elements "^i^ j + "'J<.' The forms !J5^n 5<^n
are used mostly as copula.^
,

,'

h.

Enclitic Personal Pronouns.

98.

The pronouns

of the

and second persons are generally joined enclitically to the

and rarely to adjectives, so as to form, with the latter,
one word. They are then shortened and assume the following
forms
first

participles,

MASCULINE.
Plural.

Singular.
1.

&<](-)

a.

[:(-), -:{-),

5<:(--)], J5;(-)

^.

h3(-),

a.

[:(-), 3(-),

13.

2.

a.

[n(^7)],

/3.

n(-)

a.

n(-)

/?.

nnOSrj

^b

thou lead?

".:(--),

ibid.

is

::(-)

.><:(-)],
t

-^^nCy),

't

^H-)

"^nH, ^H^)
found

sing, is

forhidden for me, Sanh.

thou marry me? Keth. 816; n^HT^ wilt

"b fl^i^Ci^ thou art

ivili

63 a;

thou collectest payment, ibid. 43

iTii^^Il!*

100. The forms under

radical

Of the feminine, only the second person

99.

in a few examples:

20 a;

It

rD(-), :3(-)], i^:{-)

a are used with verbs

a consonant; those under

y3

with "'b verbs.

whose

6.

final

The forms

in brackets occur only sporadically.

101. The plural forms under a are sometimes joined to the

singular theme of the participles and are in such a case preceded
For examples see 271, 272.
by Sn'JJ
.

On the various

etymologies suggested for those pronouns, cf. Fuerst, Lehrg. d. aram.

Hupfeld, ZKM.. II., 124sg. ; Boottcher, Hebr. Gram.. 869, 2; Nooldoke, Mand.
Gram., pp. 68, n. .3, 92, n. 1; Duval, Gram. Syriaque, p. 168, n. 2; Wright, Comp. Gram., pp.
Lovy, .Vei(/t.
98, 106; Dillmann, Gram, d.aethiop. Sprarhe,y>. 261; Morx, Graw. .S'j/r.. p. 167
Jastrow, Dictimi., s. v. S- For the Neo-Syriac forms ahu, ahi, anhi,
WT)., s. V. ^nS
1

Id., p. 231s?.

cf.

Guidi,
2

404;

ZDMG.,

xxxvii, 293 sg.

In later literature:

-rX

Cf. also

we,

HG.

Maclean, Gram, of Vernacular Syriac,

319; "^nrS? Ihou

"jTlS (masc), i6id.208; ]riS MV.35;

!jn"iS: ^e,

HG.

p. 17.

(masc), ibid.APa; ^nS? ye,

394;

1Xn] = Siir.[":]

s/ie,

ibid.

i6id.

30.',.

ni.

32

MORPHOLOGY

[1^2

102. In consequence of the promiscuous use of the preformatives Z and b with the third person masculine, the first
person plural adopted by analogy a similar usage. As a result
of this, both forms, the third person masculine singular and the
To remedy this,
first person plural, became indistinguishable.
attached to the
sometimes
was
the enclitic personal pronoun
]T^Tb Jet us consider, Sabb. 30 6; "rbtD^Zl^b let us
latter.
abolish, CoL MS., Zeb. 38 a; ]'i<Ti^J let us infer,\hid. 106 6.
103. Rosenberg' sees
B. M. 86 ,

e.), !}<:pnT^5

a.

(Sabb. 83

in forms like 5<rrpi5<

(Sanh. 20 a),

Ind

a,

(Sabb.

^'fl'rf\'^

forms of the perfect with an enclitic instead of a constituThis is erroneous; such forms are regular plurals
tive pronoun.

121

h),

used for the singular; cf. below, 106.

104. The same author explains {loc.

cit.)

forms

like SJ^'^SCri,

as composed of the respective verb and the singular proU^"i?JTl

."
noun of the second person " ril^ " with apocope of final " STl
,

The second element

rather the objective suffix of the third per-

is

son feminine, which latter refers to a word like

Thus, .s-^ncn,

need

it;

b^-'-^^n

i<r'2tM<

^ 105.

= fn^ncn

n^j^ri;

= nn"-nj< I wonder

It will

at

cf.

i^tX^'Z

understood.

^5'-::':

= pi^":^;

loe

it.

be observed that not only do the suffixes for the

singular and the plural nouns show a promiscuous use, but the
singular and plural suffixes themselves are sometimes not differ-

The genders, moreover, sometimes interchange, though

much more rarely.' This circumstance seems to be due to the
fact that some of the singular suffixes, having become worn out,
entiated.

suggestiveness and have been supplanted by the

emphatic plural forms, and this caused the
and
more sonorous

have

lost their

confusion of
4^

106.

all

forms.

Another perplexity

the use of the

first

singular, which

is

singular

and I
'

878.

in

(ice)

[itiir;il

is

sometimes found together

one and the same clause;

remember

iHiK artnn('iii<cliv

For a

encountered by the student in

an expression of modesty or of generalizing

That

indefiniteness.

is

person plural for the same person in the

tiiiiiiiar

l'< r.';U//i

also iKirimi lohl

iiii

jiromiscuous

e.

hdhi/loniiK'hcii Titlnnid,

n.se

(/.,

liiiii.

H'b

B.M.

v.-ith

"""lyjj "aZ!

the

'v-"1

8 b; ni^C"!!

"S^"

i>. I'l,

of tlio iiroiiouim in otlier laugunge.s

</.

Bi'ttcher, op. cit.

PRONOUNS

108]
"(ib^

for I {we)

i^rS

(ice)

am

33

not a Persian, eds. ibid. 28 b;

sJwuld not explain

out M. MS., Sabb. 145

it,

b; i<:^ y^p"']

Pes. 90 ;

I shall

T^'b '{T'lpi'l

i<:iJ;

cut down,

id

I spit
B.M. 107 6.'

p^in^b

This use of the plural promiscuously with the singular has misled
even such

men

as the late

erroneous theories.

Jacob Levy'' and Th. Noeldeke^ into

Thus Levy assumes

paragogic

)iun

in

person singular; and Noeldeke explains such forms as

which occur on almost every page of the voluminous Talmud, as scribal errors. Whether these forms follow the analogy
of ^"b verbs or are plurals used as singulars, or are due to both
the

first

^5^b Dp

causes, they are certainly legitimate formations.

c.

Possessive Suffixes.

107.
SINGULAR.

34

MORPHOLOGY

III.

[109

109. Familiar nouns, especially those denoting family

rela-

tionship, are frequently used without possessive suffixes.

First person:

1.

M. Q. 12a,

Q. 20

my

grandmother, B. B. 125 ab;

daughter, Pull. 95 6, Keth. 54
Wb^lDS
132 6; 5^T
T
T
:

my^

into

Ber. 39

6,

Meg. 12

6,

a. e.; DS
YOm. 78a, a.

mother, M. Q. 206,

70a,'Sabb. 66

Gitt.

my father, M.

ni<

my

&^^i<

B. M. 59

6,

my

I"*!!

6,

109 b; tT\^^

a,

my

e.;

m^D

a. e.;

6,

son, Ber. 5 6;

id.

TD^ my
B. B.

wife,

whole hand, Ber. 56 6; n^^'^^Sb

T
:

my

to

and bring them to my house, Qidd.

22 6; i^ailTa 'il ly jj^ln^lil V2 from my house to the college, Ned.
59 6.- (in the parallel passage Ber. 55 a we have '5<T''Bir^&< for
i<n"2l).
J!<!!2p1 "i^^J what is that before me? i.e., how do I come
to'tiiat?
On 't^^p, n5p = "5p before us, see Levy, Neuh. Wb.
bed, ibid.; i^ri^sb '^Hj^t^'ai^l

S. V.

)!CSO

Third person: Ku^Sip i^^V'^

2.

56 a;

die,' Ber.

(^lij)

^"^^

D^XpT n^^

^'^

""/^^

^nrbt:p he killed

^T:1T\12 ^inb^Db

5<"^n ^13^'2

B. B. 36;

going

to

all his masters,

'-

5<3^&^

a father ever

ivo^dd

^'!2

before his son? Keth. 62 6; 5<'in3 ^^fbip"! ivliose husband

up

rise

"

I.

a kitchen-gardener, Yeb. 118 6; i<"n:* i^rrjJTi'n ivhose husband is as small as an ant, ibid.
110. The suffix of the first person sing, is sometimes omitted:
^12 my lord, sir, frequently; ni3 like me, Col. MS., Pes. 105 6;

is

ITS- ""Xin

^aCtTi rejoice

liJSD

'^'i2frJm we', B. B. "142

ad

1.

Er. 53

n. 4,

6,

my

M. MS.,

In the

6.

my

soul, rejoice
ibid.

68 6;

soul, ibid.

gag. 226,

15

ibid.

6,

V. L.

passage as an example of the

last

Galilean dialect.

111.

there

in'^X

is

and

tl^b

there

is

not,

verbal force take mostly objective suffixes.

somewhat from those given in the

Ned.
81a; 'rn^^^ Pes. 50 a; M. MS.,
am,

differ

^5:n-5<

Yeb. 116

are; n-n"
lir;:ri^i<

^'

^"p'n" Pes. 87

a,

5 a;

'

M. MS. ^n^'Sn^b

"iniP'^b he

is

suffixes
"^^f^'l^

jri^>5 ive

ibid.

!lD^:n"S /6a/.

6,

absent. Keth. 22a, a.

18

6, a. e.;

-ripn^b^ they
e.,

^n":n"b

participial, form.

a. e.,

= /6/r/.

Er. 46

are', fern.,

belongs to legal style.

assumed verbal, more correctly

are;

M. MS., you

Me'lla 7 a, read ^;n"'

-irnb^,

!in:n^b they are not, Zeb. 14

Pes. 50 a, fT'S has

But these
table below,

B. Q.'46 6; ^inpn^X they are, R. H. 20 a,

is,

Tam.

^b; "ibid.

6,

on account of their

6,

5 6;

Pes.

Sebu 14

lu j;i<

^rPX

6.'

are.

35

PRONOUNS

117]
Objective Suffixes.

d.

112.
Plural.

Singular.

1. c.

2.

m.

,-n-

,-,ri-

T|2- ,T]S^- ?]- >T|^- T]7

'"
'
^

-^ ,^r- r^^- >"p- ."r ,r 'TT

,77 r-

,-i^7

^5^7

,'r;7

^^37

'

,^27

m.

n- ,rri^2-

,r- >'7 n^7 ^

'^"7 'TT ''^TT

,^n-

'"r

,^12^7

>

f'^"~

,-^37 ,-^3^7 .^ns- ,^n37

,^nr

''^r7 '^r7 '^^7

'^"^7 '"P^7

n^n:7,n-n7j

f.

^^3^7

j
'

3.

^!3-

2.f.

"

nn^- ,i<n- ,n-

^n":7

"^ns- ,^n3-

,^5- ,rr-

113. The distinction between the

,^nr-

suffixes of the perfect

those of the imperfect are obliterated.

114. The n element in the suffixes

and

from the
Hn^^b^l
This is clear from a form
objective particle n^
that he swallow it, Ned. 50 6, where the commentaries have yba"
nin"' in two words.
'- are shortened forms for T3'7, ri"27; for n3"'7,
115. "^-,
But it may also be a mistake
S2^- cf. the Targumic ^^J'bi, ^^2^i
is

derived

like

uT

of the copyists:

nr^lJir

stood for

the sign of abbrevia-

^513^7 is so vocalized
tion was omitted and then written i<r
of the enerpresence
the
shows
by the Col. MSS. The 'Z}^
.

getic nun.
B.

DEMONSTBATIVE PRONOUNS.
to a nearer object, or to the subject

116. Those referring

under consideration, are:
Sing. masc.
fern.

Cj-n

|^'n

,"'-in

TTT

and contracted ^^H

KH, 5<^n, (nj^n,

T

TZT\
_

(T^^n
_

fern.

("2ni^,
^2n,
- -:
-

117. Those referring

Sing. masc. J^^nH

fem.

com.

iirm,

(T^^J^n

..

\r.T^,

..

..

rbnT
'

i^'^,

TT

contracted from J^Tir^

Plur. masc.

-?!);
T-T

iJ^-y,

..

K:'^

"I'H

"")

-i^n, Col.
-

this,

MS.

that
^5<n,
-

"fbi^
"...

'1^') these, those.

"T

rbrd'
T
'

..

to a distant object are:

T^'-^H

^T'^})

that one there.

r\ri, (Tj'n).

Tn^X
It

that one there, the other.

T^2n

Tj^H

Plur. com.

118.

only in the phrase ^T^"!

^'Ti^,

[11^

MORPHOLOGY

in.

36

^T55

and

both this

that,

and those, is used for both genders and both numbers.

(]+'n) Gitt. 85 6, a. e.; y"^ B-^r. 38 6,
119. References:
Keth.
17
a^ Sot. 35 a, a. e. "f 111 (+^1+;>5n)
31
a,
Sanh.
B. Q. 99 h,
12 6, and frequently in Ned. and
Me'ila
Ker. 25 h, Keth. 103 a,
these

j'n

Nazir. ^:'^ ( = -^),Gitt. 85 6. j'^ (- + ^5:^), Keth. 22a, 89 6;

Gitt. 85 6/ B. M. 15o, IS a. '^Ti (+5<n),'CoL MS., Zeb. 89 a.

from Hari) frequent. i^in (^T + i<n), Ned.

('""
+ !^n).
53 a,'55 o, a. e. ^^'H Ned. 41a, Sabb. 52 6, a. e^ ^I^^H
6^^
from
different
^1^ (only orthographically
Col. MS., Pes. 75
J^n (contracted

M.7)0a, Bekh. 456. ^^H

MSS. Men. 3 6; ^jH b3 all

Pes. 536, B.

i<iri),

properly an adverb;

"Sn ^^^bn without

^5r;.

frequent.

^jT\

this,

('in

'^TuT'i

bTCT'l'^

("pbs^

+ ^n).

tliis,

Ber. 20 6;

frequent.

+ "11),' frequent. Tj^^T} = ^2n = ^"n

(

with compensatory lengthening

eds. ^bJl

because of

(3 = ^3+5<n),
this,

(v.

77),

Tarn. 11a, B.

^^^'^'2

M. 90

T^^^tj

a, and'

Hull. 11a,

frequently in

Ned. and^Nazir. 7^^^ ("j+b^^- Hebr. nb5<), B. M. 15 a, 67 6,

110 a; Taan. 17 6; B.' B, 38 a, 63 a; Keth. "87a. Only in legal
^^3? ( =
style.
^0)' Properly ^ singular, Gitt. 316, 45 6; Men.
34 6, a. e'.;" ^-ri (contracted from ^n?f^ = Vn:ri), frequent. "^rn^^

26. -r.n,

(nn+IS;), only Col. MS., Meg.

TF.,

p.

25. "fbri,

ibid. 1. ^^nn (i^^^ + ^^^) frequent. T^^JJ^H (T] + "n) frequent.

^^-^ or ^r'H
1]^'5^n ( = tj^^^n), Col MS., Zeb. 49 aj a. e.'
(^3+-p), B. m'. 86a, Zeb. 43 6, Hull. 906. i<^nll (S'- + !J<n),
frequent. t]r; or t^n (!]+i^ri), frequent. 1]%- (69), M. MS.,

Pes. Ill

6. ?|T^5

frequent. ^r;i

(T]

(t]

+ " + "w^),

frequent. 'qsn

+ ;As),' Ar.

(1]

+ "^,

119),

326, Bekh. 206, Me'lla 156,

120. Forms in parentheses

belong partly to the Palestinean

are of

rare

a. e.'

occurrence, and

dialects.

demonstrutivo pronouns is taken by M. Schultzo {Zur Formenlehre des

^"^l
1) to bo identical with the pronominal suffix of the 2d person
In the latter form he sees
rtri he translates hie tibi, haec tibi, '^^X would bo hac, hi, tibi.
the construct state of the absolute ']"'5X. That "^ roprosonts hero the 2d person is,
however, not necessarily tho case, since one and the same pronominal element may represent
1

Tho

"J

final in

Semit. Verbs, p.

19,

different persons.

note

Cf.

ZDMG.,

1875, 172.

"iHin. "'nZn irH, "'i"'')!!.

Sam. Ha-NCtgld to R. ^annn'el, Ocar
TOb, II., 68 ^"in i'>><l. 226. Cf. for tho demonstrative force of the b the Arabic viU j viLo
Hebr. njbn, ibn. nxpn.-Tfrn, ri<i.-m.-cf. Targumic spx he. sn-^K (=s-'nn)
2

HG.

HG.. od. Hildeshoimor,

491;

^:iin,
;

MV.

2.").

i''id. 381.

p. 96,

I^H

^n^H

<Se'elt.,od. pr.,86,

Letter of Condol. of

Vrj this (loKal stylo), TG, od. Harkavy,

.').jo.

;;
.

37

PRONOUNS

gl2J:]

121.

often joined to the following word, in which

is

!5<M

case the final

J!<,

which marks the length of the vowel,

E. ^')..
q., riH
T

written.

J^n'^M

t;-

^'T
Z'TCri^Tl
I"
:t

is

i^Firi J^H

t:-

not

SHt

!J<"m sometimes unite with a preceding word,

phonetic or orthographic change.
undergo
in which case they
Thus. 5<^n + Xb becomes l^^b h not; ^f^ T^ becomes ^r
i^

122.

5!<n

i^^n

becomes

i<^n 7^^
is

it,

and

t:-

^D^JJ^

about?

hoio

how

is not; !}<^m H'^ is contracted to ^T'2

others.

becomes

^J^V"^"'*^^

!J<''^r;S<

COPULATIVE PRONOUNS.

C.

123. a) The idiom of the Babylonian Talmud, differing in

this respect from the cognate languages, has developed separate
forms for the pronouns of the third person, wdien the latter imply
the substantive verb and are used for the copula. These forms are:
Masc. sing.

Fem.
6)

that

sing.

^PT'D^

Masc. plur.

ilJirD

"^p-pD

Fem.

'JirD

References: "tT^ "^^ what

it is,

the very thing, ibid.;

^m

^rrz ivho is it? Pes. 104 a; T'^Z

is

it?

^:i<

Hull. 43
he is?^TT^
.. Ber. 44 a,'

6, a.

Ned. 38 6; ^H" J^^H

it is I,

i^TJT
i^T^
T -T
T

plur.

^'2

Taan. 24 b; ]^Q

I know

do

ivhere

5<3TJ ^m ^Hra
;.T"T-::

e. ^nrs

and the same kind, ^ull. 79 a; and

MS., M. Q. 36, 96, a. e.; TF. 9.

they all belong to one

quently. ^nr3 Col.

fre-

124. Luzzatto^ and Noldeke' consider the copulative pronouns to be of the corresponding forms of the personal pronouns
the former being formed out of the latter by the prefix D and
,

the initial

Noldeke

Such

in the process of

lost

{loc.

iCol.

^TjTi

MS.

Alfasl

?I2ri

on

etc.,

would find an excellent

BScft 166 vocalizes in'^f, '.e-

p. 92, n. 1.

"i<

= "n, HSn

parallel in the

where that particle also exhibits

Elem. gram, del dial. talm. Babilon.,

^iland Gramni.,

Said prefix

composition.

considers to be a mutilated

cit.)

a use of that particle

Hebrew

52.

IHI*

(80).

Se'elt., ch.

18, lias

38

MORPHOLOGY

III.

verbal force; but

Merx {Oram.

[125

Duval's objection, Gram. Syr.,

cf.

p.

168, note

2.

^HrD from a supposed form

through aphaeresis of initial vowel, and from the
latter ^H^D through syncope of medial 5
I should suggest that
the copulative forms have an independent genesis.
They are not
'inin

Syr., p. 168) derives

+ hu

derivatives, but parallel formations of

They

consist of the pronominal suffixes

contraction of
of "iriD

= "'Inb

"^Hp

which

the third person singular of the imperfect of

with the third person, while the

persons.

all

and the syllable "'D a

an apocopated form

latter in its turn is

J^lll

That would explain why these forms are used only

to be.

''Itj

the personal pronouns.

Hebrew nSH may be used with

similar instance of the composition of

Hm

found in the term

and ra

granted, which

is

i^lSl

compound

is

of "Tin

.'

W. H. Lowe^ has the following remark about these forms:

"He (Luzzatto) did not perceive that the prefixed D changes the
simple pronoun into the substitute for the copula."

The above
words are apt to mislead the reader into the belief that Luzzatto
was ignorant of the copulative force of these forms. As a matter
of fact, he states it [loc. cit.) clearly enough, and it is but just to
the deceased scholar that this should be pointed out.

E. Blticher'

back as 1838, recognized the true nature of these

also, as far

forms.

125.

^rn

1.

^r":n

frequent; i^Ttl Col. MS., Meg. 7 a;

^Z^ri

M. MS., Pes. 60 a, this is, these are, are conand of the respective forms of the copulative
The uncontracted form ^JT'D Tl is cited V. L. ad Men,

Col. MS., Zeb. 13 b;

tractions of

pronouns.

92

b,

this

^tl

notes 2,

3.*

Noteworthy

2.

is

the pleonastic construction of our

M. MS., Taan. 20

the copulative pronouns:

{bis)

word with
^iHrS ^T^tl

these are.

126. ^j^n ....

^S"^!!

D^i-'^ TJ^'^Ti t!^'^*T\^ TJ^^jTi

means:

Levy, Nh.

Tho FraKin.

-1

Wb.,

u. ch.

s.

v.

ni'^P

of T. B. Posahim',
T

one and the same,

e. g.,

Wardimas and Menahem are one and

same person, Sabb. 118

the

this is

p'.

?>.

38,

note

1.

According to Hal6vy, ZA. IV.,

59,

^2'^"'n is a

contraction of

XIH

3 + *^X

XH

39

PRONOUNS

129]

^ 127. ^rn is sometimes used as a simple copulative pronoun:

"niis^ ^r^n IJ^b'n this is something unusual, Mun. MS., Sauli. IS a.
the first meaning what is it?' the
^rr: ^i<'2 differs 'from "in ^i^'C
;

what would

latter,

become?

it

RELATIVE PRONOUN,

D.

The

128. a)

form of the

older

pronoun

relative

occurs

^"^

only in the Palestinean recension of Aboth I., 13, in legal style,

-T"n (b + ^1, 1 + ^1)' of the emphatic
in the combinations -^"^
,

and

pronouns,

possessive

times

at

the combination

in

S-;"""

have found besides but two examples of it:

nbn^n ^13n 5<b ^^ that you may not share my fate, Meg. 16 a,
and bt2p ^^ '^'i until he had killed, Sanh. 96 6. The usual form
(J^b + ''^)

of

it is

"^

thine,

Sabb. 80

6,

B. B. 33 6;

"b^'n

Sukk."44 . ^n^-n

linb^

'

c)

our, Ned. 49 a; pb^'l your, B. Q.

Suk. 44/-inb^T

pb^,

117 6;

References ^b^"^ mine. B. M. 109 h, Ned. 50 a, 61 a; "r"

B. M. 109 h, Ned. 5 a; nb^'H her, Naz. 30 a, Ned. 36 h, 70 a,

6)

'HT'^

that not.

tii^'n'

84

their, Gitt.

'r^-T^

riT"n

^n-^"^

frequent.

-Tl

of the possessive is

The usual form

T1

occurs but seldom.

is

-t^'J,

who?

{^^2)

V^

('^'H

is

= ij^'^n+1/J)

p. 7.

^X'J'

(i<"^

H^) what?

^T}

TT^ri ^TH) ichich now

(77"5<! "f"!. "H
^H^i
(^H?^
^Inp
{qiiidnam?)
noio
H^J) ivhat

which, which one?

{quisnam?)
^n^S'J) what

^"H

TF.,

T]bl

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

E.

129. a)

the form "^^"i

a reduplication of the relative

d) Instead of the usual TjTlb^ we find Tj^'l

B. Q. 117 6;

6,

-t^ ^5t^

'it?

^'j^^n

loho is

(^n":

+ -n

he? wliose

or &<^n + -Tn)
is

^Vq ivho

it?

tvhicJi is it? ?,3p

she? whose

is

is it?'

6)
Z.

References:

416; n^S

-|-7;-n,'Men.
1

Cf.

C/.

"i^n^^

for

"2, '^'2,

^3/J

^VQ

n'2 how do you deal with

109 a;"

Lowe, op. cit., p. ^.

Dalman, op. cit., p.

3'^X'a is a contraction
TF. vocalizes IJ^'Q

id.

"i^p

-fT ^H,

87; c/.

a) in

Ned. 26 6;

frequent. rj A.
it?

7Ti<

^H frequent;
';\rr2 Tam.

Maclean, Gram, of Vernacular Syr., pp. 19, 55, 181.

some cases of "IT i^'Q, 6) in other of N'^H S5p (122).

^HG. 71, S'^h; ibid. 2:, l^n; ibid. 438 IJ?

HG. 178, a. e." Sign's e'c??. I.'; HG. 95. 104. 'a.
263.
'ji^'a HG. 22, 25, 68,

!?e'ej.,

e.

pp.

6,

^JIH HG.

77, 80, SA,

276.

H")?

has SI"':}
"^^^'Q "^e^

40

MOKPHOLOGY

III.

[^30

32 a: "rr^ MSS. Zeb. 69 a; T'l MS. R. 117, B. M. 2 h, Pes. 90 hj

-rrz M. MS., B.M. 2 6; *XTy2{ = 'rrZ-^r'2) M. MS., B. B. 8ct;
^r-;n, Naz. \2 a. ^rrT'q '^^"^2 which' of iliem? B. B. 12 6, for
the usual

^n. ySFlT/J

^r;^';r7J
6.

MS., B. M. 82

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

F.

Positive Indefinites. % 130. "bs

a.

N.N.;

swear? F.

ivhy should he

"J^*::

'"
'

5^;;b3 J/r. ^So

'

and

So,

TJ 'somebody.
something. ^nV|'-' somebody;

&^n^:bs irs. or 3Iiss So and^So.

^T'2,'
...

Ul^'2, (Dy'l^J)^ something, iJ^nb^'J

:?irj ?Y is known
^MS^^ :?^-^
'Z"m, somebody: U^^H "d^D^X
_,;_..
"ji^ri^T
:t;
that the place belongs to this or tliat man, B. M. 21 b; cf. ibid.
"H the one
"HI
23 a.
^-nl ^Sri this and that, so and so.
*^

the other'; \/2

^/J the

131.
'T^i^i^

i^S'^i^

^^3^5^

132.

one

M. Q. 25

the other

b.

sunt qui

est qui,

is

used in the sense of some:

^some say.
'b^S the whole world

!^'2b>'

sometimes used in the

is

sense of anybody, anyone, everybody.

133. pb^n and pb^^ are used

our Tom, Dick and

like

Harry

i<r\T2-J:
W^T
t:-t

pb^^n i<b ^52^

5<:S i^VJ'r pb^Z ^bl ^^J'T'
t
t-;
t:-t't.
t:-t't.
t:
t.
t
^ull.
tradition,
only
a
Billdq,
know
no
I
and
I knoio 710 Hilldq
19 a; ^nb ^bp^5 pb^n^ pyri shall Hilldq and Billdq enjoy it?

for anyone:
-'

Sanh. 98 6.'"

134. bS all, every;

each and everyone;
.

whatever;
^1^7^
"
6.
.

cn-i,
__,
1

b2 everijbody, everyone; IHI In b|l

"n bs whoever,
"i^"^ bs whoever;

'^^T)^
.

"H

bs whatever;

^5^/J

T'i^\ b|l

bS (Ned. 49 ) anything.
^Negative Indefinites. % 135.

"^j

"^

i^b
T

'n

r\^b,

ibs
It

In later literature

V^i'xbi
...
t:
is

^'-bj? ^b^3, 7?on^,

5<b

cy'n^'bn,
--.
T

t<b,
t

'H

So'elt, 36;

ibS
T
t

Hebrew
3

"'TI,

5<bi
t:

ITJ, sufficiency

This

is

5^b

T\'b

7?o//r?5r.

'T^D ''T^TS for so

-

'

and

so

'

ilnd. 51.

I'^TQ is not a

mutilated form of

DJ^'Q but

ia

the

+ yi2 from; htoTa.U.y, of a sufficiency

,

S^yip

mcA and such a place,

i^r.b

Haupt

In Palmyrean X)337T)2 cf.

Assyr.
read

XTSJ-.p

XHSinS
T

"i^--:

nobody, no one.

bb^
t:

''

In the opinion of Professor

n^b

"i^:^

used also for inanimate objects

'"

whatsoever; D2?T2 53,

much money

ZDMG. 42,
mindSma.

perhaps connected with the Arabic

398,

where the word

;^3^

is

vocalized wrongly

^J^-^i"^ **-^) misfortune.

NUMERALS

,136]

NUMERALS.
A. Cardinals.

136.

-il

::

42

MORPHOLOGY

in.

[^3'^

References: Tlbn with change of liquids: M. MS.,

Col. MS.,
Sabb. 110 . ^jP, with original nun, as in "^jn
Pes.
MS.,
Col.
M. Q. 9 a. ^yn-]J^: B. B. 30 , 60 ; Er. 50 ?>;
h)

e. n:^ri: Keth. 67 6; t^T^Tl: B. B. 62 6. X^lH:

Taan. 18 6. ^X "In: Col. MS., Zeb.'58*6. n'*r?? llj Nidd. 54 a.
-C IH: R. H. 21a; a. e. "^0 ^"nn Keth. 62 6; a. e. ^"ipl
B. B. 133 6;
-irS?: 2'M. MS., Yom. 69 6, 84 a; a.e. ^"^rbn
6.
Qitt. 68 6. ^nir? nbn: Ned. 41a. n"l"J3y nbn: Taan. 14
-O; nbn: Keti'Uh. ^^Z nbri: Ber. 55 6. ^ncn-Ji^: Ar. 12 6;
CoL MS., Meg. 17 a. ^^C yia-^V Ar. 12 a; Sabb.' 98 6. ncS^i^
Ar. 12 a. H^'f
Pes. 4 a, 9 6; Col. MS., Meg. 2 6. H^Tr IT'^m
Col. MS., Meg. 2 6, 6 a. luj
rr'-IV: B. B. 916. ^C ^n-f
766',
n-ir?: B. B. 916. n^^r i--i: Er. 83 a. Xn-^o:: Er.
6.
"^Cin
^nn
Ber.
28
Mei^ 2 a. ^Cnd: Bekh.' 50 a'.Sabb. 17 6. ''X-^"n Ar. 12 a. rp'^^ tr\: M.MS., Taan. 13 6.
^C'l-n: Nidd!54a. y-^C^: Col. MS., Meg. 6 a, 17 a. ynb^P:
Col.
Col. MS., Pes. 68 6. ^n-Jj": Col. MS., Pes. Ill a. "fn'f
MS., Meg. 7 6, vocalizes '{Tl'J: . 'p'Zri Ar. 13 a; a. e. -r^ri
B. Q. 115 a; a. e. "nj^-: CoL MS., Pes. 64 6. i^iS"] Sanh. 39 a.
13 ;

a.

n^^'IJ

state

does not occur in the plural,

perhaps

qb&J;,

"b^^

in the emphatic state

in the construct

SJ^Epi^

in the plural

TSb^ (Ned. 50 6), ]^b^ (Keth. 106 a), and usually ^sbSi
"The plural of .S;inn is 7X^-1 (Ned. 50 6), "Sin-i (M. MS.,
A. Z. 16 a), "pIST (5ull. 7 a), and commonly ^r^^'^^") (Sanh.
that of ri22n is -an") '(Sanh. 16 a),
or J^rHnuH (MS.' karlsr. and R.
and
i^ninn")
i<ri-n (Ber. 6 a),
'
Hananel, Sanh. 26a).'
137. Forms marked by a dagger end frequently also in
mT those marked by an asterisk are found also written in one

26

57 a,^Pes. 62 6)

a, Gitt.

'

word; parenthetic forms are in the construct state.

i" the
138. The ending "^7 is contracted to 77, (^7), "7, 'fT^
e
under
to
changed
numerals for 2, 80, and 200. Final a has been

^C""" ^C'bFl and the like

'J in 7n";i<
an original ai. For
represents
in
^TlFl
e
ending
(73). The
for'^rin
Vnb^n for --nbri rf. 92.
the sifting of vowel in ^r^Fl

the influence of adjacent

The
"7"

scnt

1 hero
cf.

70.

may bo an

ortliogr.ophical luxury to

mark

tlio

plural; but

may

also ropro-

139. In

43

NUMERALS

143]

"pn and

'^Tnr\ the original

of the second radical

has been dissimilated under the influence of the final ( 53) The
In "f ri"]n original / of the
form ^nn is formed by analogy of "^^n
of the following "!
influence
under
the
first syllable became a
.

.'

140. The following examples will

numbers greater than 19 are formed:
ini

-^-iTr:?

illustrate

how compound

'

44

MORPHOLOGY

III.

References:

frequent;

"II

^"^t}

Sanh. 95 a; &<inbn ^S

/ico,

gebu. 42 ; iTJJ/pn

^:a

hundred, Ber. 50

Yeb. 88 .'
takes pronominal

ten,

Er. 30 a,

^II

a,

""^ri ^ioo

which case

tion, in

^S

twenty-three, Sanh. 8 a; Hi^'J ^^ a

"fllT^^

144.

HS^nn^^ ^n four,

fnW

^uc, Yeb. 101 b;

MSS.; "pnn ^n

Col.

^'^t)^^

Sanh. 8 a;

//iree,

S6ta 38 6; tXrbt)^

[^l^'^

it

expands

its

determina-

suffixes to express

form

to "TV}

Thus, '^TT^^ we

.'

both, gebu. 37 b; ^i^1"nn you both, B. Q. 60 6; "in^l-^ri they both,

Keth. 83 b; ^rr'TT) g'ull. 45 b; ^H^ Col. MS., M. Q. 31 a.'

145. Luzzatto's remark {op. cit. 63), that the compound

numbers in ^10 are of rare occurrence, I cannot confirm. They
It must,
occur as frequently as those in "^0 if not oftener.
however, be noticed that the masculine and feminine forms are
sometimes used promiscuously. Whether such a confusion in
,

the use of the genders is original, or is only due to later copyists,

decide.
is, on account of the lack of ancient MSS., hard to
146. Now and then we meet with numerals taken from other

They

languages.

are used in homiletical etymologies

and

as

Thus, Ber. 56 b, the

illustrations of special points in Halacha.
"
name Cappadocia is explained tl'^W'J U^j^^'^ Sni'^3 J5E3 " Kappa
.

means 6mm, "dika" means ten

Naz. 8 b

twice.

ir^n

yS^J^

"03^t2:^E

Styovos

two,

Tpiyiavo'i

B. B. 164 b

^rt^

"i^^nts

irib"^

i<:^r},

"li^^tSt:

D^np -i^^i nri5< -n n;f ii< ciD'j^o

Symmachos says: cv means one,

three, TT pay (onov four, yrevTayoivo?

M. Q. 28 a

ha, one.

tioo,

'fin

fve

Ya'akob

(fold).

ed. princ.

'Ar. Sanh. 89 a the Persian numeral XJ^ 1000. occurs

id.

Persian phrase

in the

Er. 18 a V'^ [Bvo)

(SeVa).

55:^3

iTn

an ass of a thousand

'^5<5

colors.

B. Ordinals. % 147. Sing. masc. m'p_,

40

51

fem.

rt);

5<n""^p

'

5<n"^^p
1

i<n-riip

In lator litoraturo:

Tit2 Cf.
3

J^P^^'P

rmp_

pl^^"-

(Ned.

M^^'^IP

^^^^-

^^W

'

^^^-

first.

^nn3 HG.

3W, 489;

Nnbn^3 Md. 62, 05 KPbna

;

ibid. 489, 490;

Barth, Nominalbfldung,

p. 4.

In lator literature: ^7^''^y^

'

HG.

398' For tho

'in'^nrSni? they four, ibid.
and Kautzsch, Oram. d. Bibl.-Aram., %(>'>,

282;

jirT^nbn

C^T
1, n. 1.

'^np''nbn (he!/ three, ibid. 61;

NOldeko, iSyr. Gram.,%i9,

in these 'forms, cf.

NUMERALS

154]

148. Sing. masc. 7;:n

45
(Ned. 21a, 63a), snr;:n

!}<";:n

ni^n^bn
t.:tt.:

('Ar.
Gitt. 6 a), second; ^J^n'bn
V
-'

ihird; HiO'^nn fourth;

tt.;

tenth.
nj^y^TJJ seventh, Nidd. 67 b; nSl^^r:'
TT'-;

Plur. fern,

TT:

nn^^ynn
TTT:

fourth.^

149. The expression ^"Bp

and

i^lZ])

(Gitt. 12 6, B. B.

Hebrew

7 a) corresponds to the later

"ViJi^"! "ilTJ^^

Pes. 7

97

Pes.

a,

meaning

htj

Phir. masc. "t^tlp

hy, by degrees, gradually, successively.

^i<5P

a.'

150. Sabb. 31

88

h,

a, Ar.

13

a, ^t^n^bn is

used in the sense

of triple.

151. a. Like the ordinals are used a number of other

Sing. masc. 5<r">ni!< another; lJ^r*)ll^i< Col.
numeral adjectives:

MS.

"n^'^n,^
Pes.; &<;'^ TF., p. 11; fem.^ 5i^l^^r:^^
^^r^^
(R.H. l8&),^^5n^rn^5, u^n^n^^n^^ (Yeb. 64?>) ^n^nn^^^ (Coi.MS.
Pes.),^^TOw^ (Qid^47a, B.'kVlSa, a. e.). Plur. 'masc. ^r-^n^,
TF.,^. 12, ^T^m^, ibid. 17; fem.
^rnmi< (Col. MS. Pes.)
,

W,

(Ned. 20 b, 22a)V"
^P'^^'PT?
'
5)/Sing. masc. n^<"^nn ^J^'^nn
,

masc. ^i^^nn
..

the

last

tioo

fem.

5<ri^';'inn, 5<f^"^tl2l; plur.

^C5 ^"nn
fem. Xn''"^nn ihe^last, the latter. ^^Tt^Zl
T
T
T

ci/j)s.

T T

108 b;

Pes.

iPUS^T ^K'^lTiSb

T^'^riZl

to

cessors (descendants) icho are to come after thee, A. Z. 10

my

suc-

6.

numbers are
expressed partly by separate nominal formations, partly by various
The separate formations are:
constructions of the cardinals.
3bB, ^-ibB, ^iibs (B.M. 77 a) 4; j^nb^n ^J^nb^n, \^ribn (Sabb.
C. Fractional Numbers.

152. Fractional

87 a, ed.'Sonc.j i; iCT'^^ \; i^'^'ZTl'l;

^3?n^n
..

J^n^n'-j:

m^Ti'^ |.

Xnbri |, Sukk.'32&; ^Bbsxnbn f, Sabb. 346;

/6h/. 35a;
^nbn ^'-iri f,
ih\iJ'^r\bT\ i^rbn
i^nbn'i
|,
^
4
^
t t
T T

153.

^"^T^I^n

l^iptD^n yf///is,

..

Tem. 27 a; 'pPr^bs

..

the half of them, B. B. 8 a.'

154. In Syriac a difference of spelling exists in the word

]^oZ the second z being spirantic when it means three years
,

iln later literature:

HG.

250;

xn^'^ai.

nsiTiJi'an
TT-I

''t^id.

eis;

Sinf<.

HG. 250; KHl'^Sn ^VF. 101; NPTl^bn

T--:
T-lxn'^icpn hg. 379; i^ri-iTrr und.-uasc.
nsr'an H'i'i.; ^^?r:'an /^/(^62o. xho nhuh

fem. S^n"^:!:!
T"I

i<ri''';'5'"'nn

nxnimij
TT-t

''"'''.
,

In later literature:

Xnin

TT'I

must have been nSy^lCn*, Xn''r''P*2 C/. Luzzatto, op. cit., 64. and Dalman,
3

-vr. loi;

i,

HG.

121;

o;). cit.,

TT-:-

p. 169.

rW'Q^'n

i- ''''d. 487.

,,,

MORPHOLOGY

in.

46

The same

old.^

should, therefore, have to read

with the second

t:.t:

5<nri"^'u:

i<nn^'J:

J^ll^nd

come per metafhcsin from

They were
J^nb^n

^^n^nn:

formations like

in the expression JJ^lnyn ^b:^^

i^t^bT\

spirantic.

fl

The forms

155.

obtained in our idiom; we

may have

distinction

[1^^

5<rib^n
t

t:._
.

transposed to avoid their interchange with ^rT'JJ six, and ^PVJ

weh, nehvo7-k, forms to which, in accordance with the genius of
It must
the language, they must have been ultimately reduced.
other
the
as
ordinals
little
are
as
J^m^ri"!:
that
i^H^n'O;
added
be
,

forms given in this paragraph, and the assertion of the dictionaries to the contrary must be corrected.

156. n&<Tn% plur. ^^^Tn*^

D. Oilier Denumerative Nouns.
a
quart
(of
j^b), Er. 64 a, a. e., fem.
unique;
V^^TZ^_
single,
Coi. ms., Pes. 109 b;
i<n.^y^nn
piur. fern.' ^^ri^^::?^nn
i!ir\TDr\
Gitt.
5!<y^Ili a square; !J$3'I1^" name of a small Persian weight
22 a;' i!i,W2T> plu/. '""'^P^^ '^"^ of the five books of the Penta,

teuch or of the Psalms; 'later the Pentateuch; ^7p''_^^'Z^~ fifths,

,

pentads;

'^2i7\,

)XPuiT\T\

xnrrFi

^'^^y^'^, i^n:Vri'

thoman, a measure containing the eighth part of

^n^^in

'

2p;

plur.

^'^iW the giving of tithes; plur. i^n^'^^isy tithes,

Here belongs also the pronoun "'I"!! one another, a
contraction of i^in i^l" with the plur. masc. ending,^ and 5<n^'3
^T02 city, from ri^12 hundred; properly a hundred tents or houses.^
J^n^^j/^iri;

decades.

A^ERBS AND ADVERBIAL

Adverbs of Place. % 1^1. ^r2
"i^^n,

^5<^n&<

t;-

T r

(^91),
^^
^

outside. ^^iri ^n3,

^^,

13,

inclusive,

Tj, J3,
opposed

^i<^J,

^n

amo)ig

others.

^:^,

outside,

from

of

^i<nn&<*2,

^K^n^j,
tt

"5<1:^5

t:-"

(91)

to "^nb/J exclusive.

XJ^.

inside,

amid.-^Zs^lZ

therein.-'iXr\ ,^"21^^

^DH (Col. MS., Meg. 9 6) here, in the case before us.

(Ar. 30a), ^H (Col. MS., Zeb. Ill b) where; ^Ti'Z

whence; i<-T;b whither; S3'n&< ivherenpon.

1

^3, together.--! 15<ny on top

nnb:^,
-:

nin

EXPRESSIONS.

"1 ^52"" bS

iXD""*!

i^'2r}''2

Noeldoko, SG., p. 89.

one another (fem.), //G., ed. princ. 82 6.

aimn

^Cf. Maclean, op. cit., p. 67.

On the various constructions of

pp.

.591-598,

S3n

soo Zunz,

reprinted in Vol. III. of his Ges. Schriften.

Das Adverbium '|S3

5<5^ b3

ZDMQ. XXJV.

47

ADVERBS

gl59]
"" (Col. MS., Pes. 96
instead.

Cnn

b"''>-

""i^b""-

there, in that case.

further,

DFl

infra.

cases ichcre.

in all

p""^n3

i<Tyb
beneath,

"i^n there.

above, u^iward, on top,

ahead,

below,

wherever,

rt)

.s?fpra.

b^3?b

"|53p5

92 j,

(8abb.

T"}}'!

nnnrp

(Bekh. 8 6), 5<n"inb (M.MS., Beqa'iha), J<Finb (B. B. 45'rt),

nsrinnb (B. Q. 23 6), "^^PFI^J beneath, underneath, doion, below

(82Vl58).'

On

be understood.

in "&^125<,

Dn

5<n and

Hebr. Q'i

.'snrnb
T

J^J-^^b
T

as i^'l^

The
82.

^'
compounds of

see above,

Driri, J^wH are

prothetic.

is

"'5^ir5<

some such word

in ^S~, "^5",

158. With the forms

is to

In

and S3, Hebr. TO, respectively.

+ D"Ip +

we have the demonstrative element

'^pb and not with Levy "^pb is
warranted by tradition, supported by the vocalization of the Col.
MSS., and has its analogies in our idiom. In 5<3it!J< we have a
compound of 5<( = b3') and i<S-t X3"" ^5r5< consist of ^^^ and
and

'i^n

,~

"52pb

The reading

"i

Zi)

of the latter

n,

In "J^Vinp

respectively.

^5<

(i^niMn+b) we have syncope

Time.% 159.

^Adverbs of

when not yet. ^zn'l^ ^:ni

of

12 a vocalizes
often

"nj*

ln'!2''i<),

lohen.

^'n35<

year. "^Hnb

"p7J^T sometimes.
^^1r;

i<2><"'n

to

>'

t:^

SD'^n

The

later on.

after,

^!^i<b,

in^'-^'n',

5< )

tiei-e,

b'ZTC'i^

ivhen

lit.

SriT"
yesterday.

HG.

"3, ivhen.
477 (bis)

it

^'^"'^'i^b (Col.

k'^rb
t.:-t:

"3,

^"3

noic;

i<D"'S where, ibid.

pro-

'TZ *rs

{ibid.

\ibid.

when

63, 69, a. e.

was done,

now, at present.

he.

H. MS.),

after-

^3'^ since,

i{pnnb

is

MS., Zeb.

F. MS.),

statement of the dictionaries that "lITlbS occurs only with

accordingly.

Meg.

(Col. MS., Zeb. 32 a,

J^H already, since.

5<r^nj5
i<'^-i^'2rb''(ibid.'ed. Ven.),
'
tt:

!5<;'^'^5^

= ^5'n^-^-p XniT +

^iTrb (B. M. 17 a), &<"^ ^-^Tr)

to-morrow.

(Col. MS.,

bs whenever, as long as, as

ri"J^!S5

with apocope of 1 and change of

84a),

when,

in the 7neanwhile.lj:$-'^'i',

ex post facto.

Jj^STU^n

ln"^^5<

(Ned. 27 6) on the spot, at once.' lpri"JJ5<

last

tvhile,

^nr&5 (Col. MS.) still, yet, even notr.^

(Ned.*4 6,"itasi, ibid., has nnbyj "2), inb^^b -,7^

iFib'sr^"

thetic i^)

--^i5<

MS., Meg. 16rt vocalizes

now, this time, nowadays.

as. ^F13!^,

^nbi^b,

MS.

meantime.

the

iirinb

^^"'^J^ (Col.

= i<;'^" + kn),
(

-^^5 Col.

'jmii^^, meanwhile, in

"!Dm

\ = r;^5n"n + "J) and

as

ibid. 315.

to be corrected

48

MORPHOLOGY

III.

(Yoma 13o, Sabb.llOa),

soon as. -l n'J3

T
bm^'S, soow.

when 7wi

before,

as

?r/i7,

"n

""1

^IS?

from

"^l>77^
(legal style), formerly.

85

(Gitt.

^91^^^

meanwhile,
forever.
IP
heginning.
^'^tIP.

^J"^

H^n again, anew, moreover,

more, further, besides.^

Adverbs of Manner.

160.

= by)]
(

[= nS1 + *l+ 'J5

argument upon what
claim)

(turn to the stronger eide.

the contrary.

oji

verily, indeed.

J^^2''5<

niil"l'nH

is

my

a stronger

by the way, apropos.

j3J^

^^rT^is^

yet

I rest

superior; on the other side

is

to-morroiv.

the

at first, at

i<'!2J^"i^

legal style)

6,

the start. iC"^

^n

at first, heretofore.

Tr^'^72

Zow<7 as.

In^b

"'ins during, ivhile,

Dbs'b

yet.

at first,

"1 r'lti bS, n?J3 b^3

-^

,^

'1 (Col. MS., Zeb. 6 a)

br3?b

[160

J^^"^;* nSJ^ incidentally, occasionally. tTV\')'A, Di&<^n^1i< (ci'^e'cos)

''5<'1 in case when.
quickly, rapidly, soon.
J<jicpb>Jl^ crosswise.

bustrophedon; t^"*""^

tyb'lZ^i^

again, ^^H

pH

{TF. 2^

Pes. 110 a), so, thus.

5^^"nb openly, explicitly.

Ua

and 'frequently),
expressly,

iXpT\

p^roper^^.

[n^H"'

tT'S'D], Stir's, ivell. '^l^

^uiX3.

i<T2JSj

Winb

"iifib,

apparently. '^'f^ ^EbS

sight,

(MS8.
^Y^2'2,
H^rrir-i,

Col.

MS., Pes. (voc),

nrn,

5<^jbirn, J^^blZJ'n

merely, only.

TE"::

ciple of

participle

formed

J^ri'Sn is

ri^lD

nrn

In later literature:

v^^"'

^E32l,

i^'ZZZ

nni5<!lb

X^bli^ '^EbS

cd first

^^b^SbS

gratis.

reverse.' 'i^'^2

form the present

to

simply,

plainly,

i<''jb2?2l

"Sp, "p, a particle used

!}<p,

(66).

well.''

161.

TlSSi.

(77, 90) ' of itself.

Meg. 2 6), granted it
round ahout.
J^'JPC'i (23)

Tp"iEt5 supinely.
the

"'J^'Hl

["'bu^l

)^Y'212

generally with

(Cof. MS.,

would be right.
I'lnc
presumably, probably, I dare say.
is right, it

^EbS

^the"

1111

for nought, in vain,

oneself.

M^b

Zeh. ^i2ci)"just

M.,

K.,

(B. Q*.'38a),

separately, alone, for

only.

distinctly,

(Ber, 5 6) certainly, surely, rightly, ivith good reason.

for no jjH?-j90se.'

MSl,

^'ZT} (Col.

if>id.i:>6;

iv^'v/. 6:{";

let

"^Dni "^271171,

irnaib,

and of the passive partiand the active participle of

of J^H this,

^nn

of

\^3

be,

HG.

100;

inin ^3

n'a"'5i

(legal style) i'hid.Sv'; XDS"'"!

bS),

'^"f"'-

ed.

il'id.

164;

Harkavy,

181.

According to some

b'lTE
3

HG.

P- 3058g.) it is

IHS

In later literature:
29:

passim;

is

a shortened form of

a contraction of K'^H +

D12

^^HS

32;

S"nn3

fVr the latter Noeldoke, A'Sg'

1.59.

according to Luzzatto

('^S'^ID

tis it is.

"j^Dn fhus, so, IIG. 86,10.?; *Tin3

nS^ more, TG., ed. Harkavy,

verily, indeed, So'el. 1;

i?~nb KeparaMy,'MV.
cf.

together, ihi,i.\
it)?"jSCb

^ Sp^

"1X5

HG. im.

,,

ADVERBS

165]
said verb

occurs also in the form HD^rn

it

The

are synonymous.

tX^2^'Z1i,

49

latter is

The above and

used in reference to a

superior sort of authority {e.g. of Scripture) as compared with

by the use of the former. Note the expression

13. such a one, such a fellow.
^Sn
T
Adverbs of Quantity. 162. "ii3"5< (Gittin, 58 a) according
to Rail, ad. /oc.= T!23 a little.
313 !J<2^t3 a good deal, much.
npjb entirely. ^^p, SJ^^Sp, T^r^Z ,\nore. ^^r\\ 5<ni^P'n mo7'e,
greatly. ^tri bS ^^n "'V'lS {Mi', all this) so much!''ir>12^ b!)
H'^S how much,
"i<-3 bS^'Col. MS., M. Q. 6 a), as much as.
how many! .... ^t3 .... 1 ^"33 the more .... the more: R. H.
26 h, 'bTC ^ii: florin ir^rS r"3- m?33 the more one bends his
that indicated

"

mind

the better

it

/s. ^""1 bs the

least possible quantity, what-

X3'l much, very much.

np"t<
Interrogative Adverbs. %\m.
does
ichen? Ti^
recdly so?

+
^rrath,
^^b for what j^nriwseJ
p.'26). i<rn,' 'n (Col. ksV), iohere?'i<Trib

b^bp

soever.

I'JL'iS"
-

trifle.

n-3
T

much as

as

possible.

is it

Jj^'^rii^

to ivhich

(li<r;

M" 67 6V, rr^n,

"B.

Ztow;.^ ^t:5<,

^T'i,-

'^b

"^b

^"b

Aruch. Compl.

161.

On

a particle of

"ii<

It is

to

"31

say?

num?

wherefore?

See Kohut.

character.

s. v.

^^2 see above (90). It is

which latter is a compound of
the following word, forming a compound.

the punctuation of

the apocopated form of

"'3

doubtful

ques-

(in

^'3^

{TF.,

(MS., Vat.

mean

because? how!? ivhat!?-^^ (Ned. Sa), ^3

rj nonne?r'2b, X"3b n"3b^ "IJ^^^^
vihy,

whither?

^-i3:i,

is it

this refer?

-ri

tions expressing surprise or indignation) do you

t^b

MS.)

(Col.

ichither?

^"J<b)

whence? ^Til ,\6

iXDT''2, ^'-'2,"]^:'2", "J/J, i^j'g

117",'

little,

little.

t\l2''^,

SJ^niiS

^bp a

joined to

"!J5r3

Thus, b5"3 whence have we this? TrbV'2 (Zeb. 8

ichence^has he this?

^br3 ^3ll"3

brr2Jl"3

Naz. 48

b,

(Col.

6, a. e.)

MSS.) whence

have you these things?

165. '3 and

"'73

are generally preceded by a

introduces nominal sentences, the latter verbal.

usually stands immediately before the verb.

ceded by

a negative,

HG. m.

""'2

is

or

"^'2^

verb be pre-

often inserted between the negative

69.

'

&f 3^i?

Cf. Stube, Jiid. habyl. ZauberteJ'f*%

If the

The former
""'2

i>. -jQ.

MORPHOLOGY

in.

50

[1^6

and the verb.' ^'2 ^b (Sabb. 68 6), ^2 l^^b (Pes. 102 a; M. MS.,
Er. 20 6; Sabb. 32 a; B. M. 32 , a. e.).
160. Note the following idiomatic expression: .... llJ^b '^^s'S<b couldn't we understand by it rather tin's 9 .... No I it is
T
"j"*!!
and Tl are used also as relative
5<iTl
raiher.
in"-''*?^
.

Some

adverbs.

of the adverbs given here have at times the force

and should more properly be called

of interrogative conjunctions

interrogative particles.

Affirmative Adverbs.
there

is;

''^

takes

instance n^5<

Targum

Cf. II.

n^X

2,

(= Hebrew'

"JS!

^Itl'^lf^

18 rri"i< they

not, is not;

^j

not, no.

i53

+ ln^b)

id'.;

^b

'in one
50

Pes.

are,

U^b), ^^n^b

It^b (kilM

generally used with verbs,

is

we

*ri).

li^j

^5b)

there is

perhaps,

may

it

not,

is

with nouns.

Adverbs of Doubt. ^ 169. J^-^b^'H ^5:b"'^ ( i^':: + b +

Hebrew H'^blT later ^^^'JJ ) perhaps; '\ti^ Col. MS.,
lirS&<

'are.

Negative Adve7-bs.% 168. n^b (= n^S

J^rb ( =

(=]i<3 + n-H)

^^ri^J^,' i<5"^^

yes,

form:

verbal

Esther

to

1^)1

MSS.)

(so Col.

'fJ^

^l

cf.

vocal.

be, possibly.

PREPOSITIONS.

170. tJj5 is an abbreviation

A. Inseparcd)le Prepositions.
= b" and is used in all the significations and constructions
of the latter. It is used also before gutturals: Men. 31 a, ^('2^(^(
Notice the force of the preposition after
Keth. 40 b, a. e. !J<n5<
to become, happen, befall, in the standing phrase iTiirn ^T'2
tliis is something
Ti<, lit. something tJtat happened ivith
of b^^

mn

like ....

The expression

is

used to introduce an analogical case

as an illustration to a previous statement of opinion

on some legal

point under discussion.

4<

171. '3

Hebrew.
n'^"'^3

he

"'m "3 "3 is used as in the Targumim and

examples of some rare usages may be mentioned.

"3,

A few

"'3 KH/iJ^Z

np

scraped

to

RabJi read as a

)X^'J'2

'C^^ the top

a cnbit's

jyriest,

of the small intestines ntnsf

length. IJull, iVSa; i<">p "!ri-3 Z"'

Meg. 22

a,

/.

r.,

was called up the

!J<7ir'2

"Z

'

The

In

lirst

weekly lesson from the Pentateuch. ""B'ZZ 'HI'l^l

"""t'i and yet titese are the most beantifnl <f the jx-ople

to read the

vorl) in tl.is

Xr^N

caso includes

tlio

participle,

Nr"^b the ending may be = Tt^

liiit

not (lie infinitive.

I)iit

</.

Nooldeke,

itfff.,

213.

51

PREPOSITIONS

^174]

and he dropped torn

of Mahozd. R. H. 17

a.

S<rbn!n

the presence of three, of ten, Ber.

5<^">r"S

in

*,""rS *!^

The

below ( 171:).
separate form ""2."
Cf. also

172. 3. 3. 3,
accuscdivi.

72,

',2,

like.

is

12

b,

in two.

56

6, fr.

found in the Talmud also

b,

b,

nnto;

to,

in a

nota

generally

from.

173. To the Palestinean R. Johanan we owe the single

example of the use of b with oaths as a particle of asseveration,
as in Arabic, Ethiopic, and Assyrian.'
Separate Prepositions.
171. "SSJ^ (28) upon, on. "5<
^^''"C'l'u upon a chair; ^r.''"' "3&^ upon their hands, Sanh. 17 a.'
'^hnt^
_T + b),
_/ c/.'nni.
-T
-T-^ = -nn
=
Zii + bS<) on, upon; hjj dint of, hy the wajj of, on
2iilJ>
(

'

account

of.

'^inj^ behind, hacliward.

on account

^tii^

with Fellihi-Syriac yl

The word

for the sake of

of,

yL4

j^:!]

^J

is

connected

and ^L^ of other Syriac

dialects.^

^T^^5
of,

-TS

5^Ti5 (A. Z. 15 a; Col.

through, by the

way

MS., Zeb. 35

Hebrew

Cf.

of.

b), by

means

!^?

ij^nb^'i:^^
for tJie sake
(^ii:^^. "i2^), i<rb^it:ti&^
The
etymology.
doubtful
word
is
of
The
on
account
of.
of
original form was evidently b'it2l2^<, a compound of ^^I3 + "|'i + by

bii:/^,

which former may mean

passing;

cf.

the

Hebrew

^rn the final b of

^rnb ^D^a^
^!J^

bb^Hl

b'^rS/ZiH.

YOma

In the expression b^t:72X

-d:^^^).'

only with the prepositions

opposite; "Ei<3l in the presence

1

"^^-^S

84 a, A. Z. 28a,

we

burden, or going,

Vs often attached to "3!! and written

(m. v. c'has -rnb

'I^s

sliade, protection,

are told

how

woman

did not wish to

formula of a medicine, unless he sworo not to disclose

swore: tf"bl'52 S<b biil'iC"^" iNn'^Sb
TT
T
-T:'l
T--:

I'J

and Z

"^Sp toward,

of, before.

the

God of

it

to others.

Israel,

tell

R. Jfthanan the
to it and

He agreed

I shaU not disclose

it!

He

then went and f^ave away the secret to his audience in a lecture at college. When asked
how he could break his oath, ho answered: "I said 'To the God of Israel I shall not
disclose it
but not to the people of Israel." He thus explained the 5 casuisticaUy as
a mere nota dativi.
,
21355 iu ^ppi'^n "^BX upon their bosom, Sanh. 17 o is a compound of 5i? upon and
12 = r2. In later' iiteriiture TC "^IS u'^IPl "^3 wAoi ire were at ovr ior.i's (at f-y
;

'

,__

house)

T--'T--1.

Se'el. 77.

Sachau. Skizze des Fellichi-Diahkts von Mosul, p. .32, 37, SO. Maclean, op. cit. 187.
*Cf. 5-nr '^r:S, p. 3O8S3. But cf ^rn '1:12s TF. 2. '"'^Z- Hespons. d. Lihrer d.
3

Cf.

Ost. u.

Westens, ed. Muller,

122.

52

MORPHOLOGY

III,

on account

b^lll

within,

''jI

The

Only Yoma, 75 h.
the separate form

of.

in, hij, etc., is

traditional pronunciation of

with

[^'74:

as

it

of the preposition

due

"^H is

.'

!ll

to a confusion

between, house.

'^'3.

"n, 'fn, Yr^, 5<^^r^, J^rirn, ^V):^, between, among.

Keth.
28 a, M. MS., SaiDb. 110 a, ^lT^r\TIi (H. G. 339 ^TX\T':l TT^p'n)
,

Notice: ^"^U^pn

^.V^^nn

Cof. MS.,

Meg. 12 6

(Voc.).

i^)^, ibn, without.

'^zb

y2

""J "izb

except, save, besides.

^n^, ^a^^I, ^nnb,

'^'3l\

lit

iJ^It

n and

''liLjb

"J

""

135

T3
,

Z/A'e,

13

r/o,

constr.

in

st.

amidst; irQ

5513,

generally with b

/h, within,

similar, analogous

only with

with, in case of, toward.

to,

rtf,

amongst, amidst;

out.

!J^"''pl'n

'^n

;/t'a?',

X1S

Ijb

from,

i3'J

after, behind.

or b

to.

"'iJlin ;*Y/?,

The singular form occurs but seldom:

by; "'"nb
Jj^inb

A. Z. 28

toward.

m;</6>, fo

b.

~bri instead, in place of.

M. 906,
ni3

nS'S

('

110)

(=- + S)

tXub'Z

'ji33

^Tl ^ni3

105 6*

"3

^3,'

Ned. 50 6; -pj^^
Nidd. Glay]inn'^ them, Ned. 25a, 4:1 a^
it,

eds.

a. e.'

//Ar;

ibid. Pes.

Babylonian

very rare in the

is

H^n^ him, Ned. 49 a; nn^ Aer,

Ber. 38 ; ir";!!;

?/o,

B.

This

nota accusativi.

T\''

Talmud.

13

//'A'c

= "l3 + 3)

///;e ?e,

Col.

yflllS

//Ay?

like.

that of

like,

M. Lanibort, R^J. XXII.,

Hebrew.
1

MS., M. Q. 2b; ni3

us, B. B.

ij^rri'H "3

a dog,

similar

to,

r29 131 linds this

In later literature the oldor form

05

Z/A-e

me,

a.

now (Sabb. 119a)=Hebr

ed. Const.

Sanh. 90

a.

for example.
form of

preposition also in Biblical

tlio

has boon preserved: "^DTll ''"' (f.) TG. od.

Nooldeko, SG., 199, note 1, and Lagardo, Mitthril'l., 226. I. H. Weiss
(.Ziir Gesih. d. jUd. Trad., II., 1:38, note 1), justly observes that the fact that the Biblical
Aramaic never uses pl'' o.a nota accusativi except once witli a pronominal snflix (Dan. 3, 12)
2

Harkavy,

15.

Cf. also

and, we may
a Hebraism witli Onkelos
who intended to give by its
use is found
adojition a basis for the exercise of R. Akiba's liermeneutic rule that every nota accusativi
implies an inclusion of some additional case, identifying, of course, ni witli flX- The

would

t,'o

add, with

entire

to prove that
;ill

want

otlier

tlie

use of this particle

Aramaic lanKuafres whore

of this particle in the

is

its

Mamlaic an idiom outside

of the sphere of Jewish infiu-

is the best proof of Mr.

Weiss' supposition.
scholars see tlio same use of "'S also in Biblical Uobrow.
Hit-BOker 'f)r, V. 265-272, and M. I.ainbert, REJ. XXII., 129-131.

onces

Some

C/.

Dubsowitz,

.;

53

PREPOSITIONS

176]

= ''E&<+b+3) toward, in the direction of, with regard to.

B. M. 62 6, ^n^lb
to thee.
m! Q. 9?), Tnib
nib"^o, iinto.
T
T

"SbS

'

to

'

Very rare.
D^sb (Hebrew "^sb) according

me.

sequence

-p,

(M. MS., Men. 65 o),/rom,

because

Wl'^'U

nbn"D
ly

through.

of,

^12

Palestinean ri^ll7^ in con-

to.

on account of

of,

unto.

to,

nntil,

out, of.

"^ IT instead

till.

Usually contracted to

of.

""^JJ^

by on, upon.

i<T by through, by means of (Ar. 16 6).

i^b:?

J^Vi?

on, njwn.

^iby on, upon, 5ull. 8

with.

In the Talmud the word

found frequently in

it is

bzpb
32

(11, 181).
(Sabb. 30

a,

a. e.).

WS
but

6, a. e.

"^Vyb above, beyond, higher than, before

'02

RasI,

Sabb. 156

6,

5<bTpb

Se'el.

is

used only in legal style

and Hal. Ged.

opposite, against, before.

B. B. Ill a; Tarn.

(Palestinean.)

0.

D-p, nipb,

yz, before.

nn]:.

Sabb. 30 6; 67 ; Gitt. 85

6.

(Palestinean.)
U^'Ep

31

^12p

""^apb

'^p'J

expression of politeness

^nin "Jninri
(A. Z. 10 a).
,

"^

before, in the presence of, for.

Ar.

The word is generally used as an

before names of persons in authority.

beneath, below, under;

175. "^3
*l52b

before thee.^

Tl"^~ 5^^p"^

6,

according

instead, in place of

T^b ^^
"fn means: both this and that.
opinion of the one as well as to that of

to the

the other.

176. "J is of rare use, and almost entirely limited to the

pronominal suffixes, the apocopated form being used before nouns.
Note the expressions ^^T'2 TrT'2 out of
very thing.
able.

tl^n^

The expression

Is everything so as
1

1TT'2

Se'el. ^n"i1")2''i>^

for a half.

if

from

is

the same.

it,

yea, of

WT12'2

bs

it,

1i<b

i. e.,

he

of the
is

not

probably originally an ironical question,

coming from

before them.

H. G.

Jn'm,
100,

by

liis

authority

ril2]?p for her; ibid. 387, JJjbs "^Tlp^

54

[ 1'^^

MORPHOLOGY

III.

177. a) The preposition b having become particularly

identified with the accusative, the want was felt of a definite and
By adding to the b a demonstrative of
distinct nota dativi.
determinate distance, nbtj that want was supplied: the simple,
The concurrence of
worn-out b now became TbTb or nbrT'b
We thus
two b 's caused the first to dissimilate and become D
,

get
~

or nbtT'j
nbnS
T
T
dictionaries derive our word from
The
6)
.

-:

-:

be evident that such a presumption

force inherent in

+ ^H^j

it

must

neither relevant nor apparent in the dative

it is

Luzzatto's etymology of b +n''p

personal pronoun.

but

untenable, since the verbal

is

is

subject to the

same objection: n^j would evidently be akin to Ethiopic nahu,

Hebrew nSJl which has also verbal force and can govern onlj
Noldeke connects it with the verb bHD to lead in
the accusative.
Assyrian and Hebrew, and vocalizes ^bjlj with plural terminatioiL
,

nbrij

c)

15

and

a,

is

used as accusative in H^bn^p

redeem

t^bn^D fib 'irp"iD ive

d) ribn^j and

178. Traces
scholastic term

t^lb are

Ti^/-:'*t:^bl

"

form

and according

^''2/

^-

'^'

a.

found in the

" are

"'b

reason given by

to the

TT^

Ned. 37 a and frequently, and in

MS., Pes. 116 ft and elsewhere.
thee,

"tl^O

WITH PRONOMINAL

PREPO.SITIONS

38

used only with reference to men.

a separate

of

"^^l^^?

her, Gitt.

to

them,

CoL

SUFFIXES.'

number of prepositions are generally used with sufOf the inseparable prepfixes; some of them even exclusively so.
Of the
take pronominal suffixes.'
ositions only two, D, and b
^23,
^nn,
13,
""liM^
^BZl^
^EX
separate forms, "^ni^X
7^

179.

^in

n^

-^

,,

IXEp,

ni3
-Y

,
'

nib
x

Tin, "nirn,

v'

->

>^'

T*

"i^?
T

ny

bnp., .sb--p

T.

onp,
T
T,

are ^en<??T/7/?/ used with pronominal suffixes;

are found onlij with

and nbrr^D
t-:.
never found with suffixes.
180. n: ^n,'qn,'ri;n, r^"n,^nn (Coi.MS.,M. Q.i8a), nn,
-n, irn, -pn:3,"inn, -ira, rin,*^n3. b: ^b, Tjb, ^rb (Ketk

&inbli::i<, SFlblt:^^^,
:-' i^nrS,
tt:t:
TT
the list are
of
suffixes; the rest

52

6,

Ned. 50

On

6,

a. e.,

legal

style), H'b

tbe plural form of some prepositions

c/.

IPlb

(R. H. 5

Lagiirde, Mittheil.,

I.,

23185.

f/,

Sabk

CONJUNCTIONS

182]

uob), "nb

(Col. MS., Pes. 90 o), ^rr)

(legal style),

"b

^ib

nra, -rn,

n-:-3,

^xrr,

00

(legal style), ^Dr'f

'irr-f

?n-r:f,'nrp,

'i-2"f

.s::

^r^rn, ^n^^rs.Vf

style),

r,""^,

-qr-f.

-n^b (CoI.mss.),

^nb.' "fn: -rs, -srn. -"i',

(legal

i<::'z

(110),

-(rj

'inb

"in-r-/,

s:r'^

-r-f,

^n^i,'

'i
^r

%"Tr'^

181. i<br is little used with prepositions: ^r;";b"" Qidd. 86;

'riib-3? Ber.'56; H^b:" i^r^ tz:? search it, Sir7 liied. 60 ar
Instead of

we

t^b^'

writes and vocalizes

Sabb. 105

find usually
"lU^!:!?^

^i^^

which Col. MS., Pes. 93

Notice also the by-form ^Vb"? O.

6,

MS

JJ^'Vb^ ujjon him, B. B. 12 6 (^- = rq^-).

h, a. e.;

CONJUNCTIONS.

182. bzt<
either

ii<i^^

^r-^ri

it

would be

even

or,

however, a Hebraism.

hi(t,
.

whether

or,

right,

^i^.

or.

"J5

I grant

X"f b'in ri^'Z^ ^^

.'^ either

15^

or,

ivhether.

if,

whether

if,

you ivere to say

or, whether
or.

if
.

( 183).
then
.

"523 ^J<

ij.

'^^

^T^H

^n"b^

= nin

i^'l^iJ;

since, as, because.

\^), used like

^iS"'!!^

or

TTZ

a.

v. M. MS. and

ed.

Pesaro, A. Z. 55 a.
^T^X, yjS;,

7' (2 M. MS., YOm. 30

pray, an

6), noiv, then,

exhortative and precative particle used with the imperative.

T instead of 1 r/. 31.
Tj^K

a particle introducing direct speech

Hebr. "3

For
found

only in legal style.

^T^, ^D
(Yoma 57 a,
now,

^K (H. MS., B.

Yalq. MS.)

and

is a

M. 73 6), ^S't^ (Sabb. 152 6), nr.S

compound of "|^^ if and J|3 N3 here,
,

etymologically identical with Ethiopic 'enka.

Generally used in the phrase Xn'^n ^3^JJ5 if now! oh that! with
q. u.,

is

the protasis or apodosis sometimes unexpressed.

in

TG. ed. Harkavy, 5a5.

"fb

''

Cf. the

^T

German expression

HG.

T'DrX

with i^SiX
^3 show.

187,

IT ibid. 101,

^DIJ? NS'^r?
,

sich uber

Etwas hermachen.

183.-^31^, akin to

''0"^' "<'"-'' s'ln'^

^f -^

^rX

SG.

410.

"^PX

and the Hebrew XlSijf

This may, however, be identical

both meanings being possible with the latter form, as Ethiopic 'enka and our

SV^^

/ ^^^

^^^i<

^bSl (Col.

Compare Latin

the French ne

^y^^

'

(Col.

non,

if not, hut, except,

b^bsSt

only;

i^b

cf.

'b^jbt^

MSS.), consequently.

,^

if in

r5< also; generally

.

MS., Zeb. 6 a)

nisi, Italian se

que.

X"jb''i<

5<b -b5<

[1^2

a Hebraism.

if,

^^b^<
T

as

MORPHOLOGY

HI.

56

onhj.

any way

'"'BZ

w U5

not, if not, but for, if indeed.

also, even.

"'^D

~i<

!J^"^

so.*

^bSi<

even

^b'^S^^

^ Z3

even, a Hebraism.

if,

notwithstanding, although, though.

b:' 5!f5

'p ""B b^ SX nevertheless, a Hebraism.

" or b (31) so that, that, in order that; for, since.
iJ^n^ for, because.

^'Zbl

perhaps.

lest,

then, of course,

iiTi

for sooth; but,

is

not

it!

means

this

to

Often Hril

say; but.

b^U^in since, because, a Hebraism.

"l

f,3b-^n, TiSbn,

-Sb^n (Col. MSS.) therefore (=1]5+b +

!J<^M

"

i<r;/or k^n)V
5<ricn
T

-"

that so

since, ivhen,

J^Fi'I'm

-^

is

now?

ivell!

and, but.

if,

^p JJ^ri'lH

Often introducing

see ^3

and

^3^i<

a question: but, is it

indeed so?

There are also traces of the 1 consecutive. Cf, e. g.,

a7id let her be freed, Yeb. 19 a.
3 is used in peculiar way with ^^nc is of opinion,

"n^tDE^S"

""'^'l-Ca

""ZC3, without having any apparent force."

is when,
^3

and of

""S

(=1 +

"p

3).
a postpositive particle having the force of %3'i5

M, MS., Sabb. 4a TrT\r^ ^3 "IS^pb ^3^^^ !J<bl (in'd

recollect whom they had allowed. Qidd. 48 IH "^"I-,

^i-^5<.'"

he did not

Xb 'X. HG. 406; X^X or jio< (=sb + IS) HG. 456. On tho chanfo of o to e
Haupt, 'l,r.,22.
2 For its etymology see Jastrow's Diction, s. v.
3 On this word soo R. Duval, liP:.!. IV., 26S-2T.'^: M. Lambert, ibid. IX., -W :;()1
Jastrow, iV.K/. XL, 157-l.-,8; Hal6vy, 171111112. ! S3

cf.

'

>f.

'/
uscii for ?,S? in tlio i)liraso ippi ZH
*In lator litoraturo wo finfl the Persian
cil. Harkavy, Index, s. v., and Lettir of Sam. hn-Nruful SIU 13:'1S5 II. 68, "^Dncn.
The word is also found in Noo-Syriac cf. Sacbau, op. cit., p. 38, Maclean,
read "^DH "H

QH

Tfr'.,

op. cit., 16L

Soo on this

etc.. p. 45.

Goigor, Lehrbuch zur Sprache der Mishna,

23, 2;

and Sachau, Ski:ze,

184]

CONJUNCTIONS

read: ^3 ^i^'2^ tchereivith then, etc.?

57

M. MS., Taan. 7 6, H.
b ^'D "H how ihcn? M.
Jl3 "i^p icho then?
B. B. lOa'-p J^n'in, /6/r/.
M. MS. ^p J^nirn, /6/('/. H. and R. MSS. ^D ^T\tT\ B.'b. Ilia
^5 U^n cn M. Q. 26 a, eds. id. and frequent in MSb\
Cf. Ethiopic
MS., B. M. 67 h.
MS., R. R. 29 o

MS.

Vat. 117, B.

Id.

M. 67

ka, ke.'
^3 (shortened

bT

I5<b
T

or

13)

if,

when.

B. Q. 846,

a. e.

'

p'n-3 {TF.Q)

-^ "^^-n ^3,

KbT

from ^"3

^3 if not, not.
*'

so that, in order that. 'T- ^3

*

lest'

'

-^ -rS

73 M. MS.,

(-n

B.

M. 39 a) as soon

as, after, since.'

"ImXI^ since.

(13+*lP) in case, since, supposing.

lit'J

"T2 from the fact

J^n^'p

^rr^'J

553*2 hence,

"1

it

hut, yet, however, nevertheless.*

then follows.

before that, ere.

'^52p"J

^^D

that, since.

inn^'J

rt7so, /oo, ere??,

frequently preceded by

qS

q. v.'

183. ii^ and ^^5 are often interchangeable so that, for

instance, we may have iii
ij^, ^5<
^^^, ^^^
"X, ij<
ix,
promiscuously. Col. MS., Zeb. 2a a. e., has tTVyy^ for the usual
n73l^>^; i&^ if id., ibid. 46, 5a; 5<rj^ ivS-q id.', ibid. 5 6.
.

184.
This

is

is

^l!|5

^3n

for

In later literature: '^nD'^i^lD ''S?'a

;ia-JVa3irf, 3"lt3 "ISIK n., p. 65.

Col.

MS., Zeb. 226,

road: Tlin'^i? ^S IKIS

-t .

MV.

-^ Spifi l^ H(?.,63; -q -jl^nn 13 ibid.

'Anan, quoted by Harkavy, MWJ., 1893,"p. 226.
,

and

-'^

SJ'ini'a

"JJ^S

13

as

a.

e.,

5;

Letter

?13 IJ^lS

24, 33;

-"I

^D^HS
"

"

'

Sini'a
cf.

no.

Jastrow,

473, 533.

TLb word

is

compound

of the interrogative 1)3

s. v.

-t

According to Dalman, Gram.,

speak. The
increase.

A/V. n.
or

Kin
nin
T
T
-5

some standing expressions;

In later literature:

i^id. 73; 'yO'^T\

"

^j<.'

o/Sm.
2

frequently contracted with the following word.

especially the case with

TT^;^-^, ^'T'i-^, ^^T:^-^, ^'TXT)^.

^31-;"

word

is

p. 191,

note

2,

1"a2

is

the

first pers. sing. perf.

perhaps connected with 'Omanee Arabic X-5^

'-'

also,

or with

of C13 to

1^

(^'

to

For suggestions about the etymologies of some of the adverbs,

propositions and concf. Jastrow's Dictionary; Geigor's JUd. Zeitschr. VIII.,
180-90; Luzzatto's Grammar, and Liebermann's pamphlet mentioned in the Preface.
6

junctions,

58

MORPHOLOGY

III.

[1^5

INTERJECTIONS.

185.

= Arabic

0.'

'Hi,

maic.

"lTli<

!}<''TI

^"1

iX'i

^s'^

"\

"S come now, keep quiet!

more frequent in Palestinean Arago on! make haste! hurry up! quick! lively!'
^D''T\'^ "p'n'i;

.'

Lj

This particle

Qidd. lOh.

is

ivoe! oh! alas!

oh!

iroc! alas!

"H.

"i^,

U^n <n, ^H

frl, the camel-driver's call.

"liTi,

"

'^T]

(V. L. Pes. 1126), ^5^n (Col. MS., ibid.) the ox-driver's cries.
S" S7

!!<"=^ri

riT

J}<TT

(V. L. ibid.) a cry to frighten away a lion.

are given in Pes. 112 6

c^^

Syr.

mT

~"C

cii*5i

(c/.

VL.)

as sailor's cries.^

Cf.

an onomatopoetic word imitating the dripping of

"'13

water.

""5 rery well!

Ethiopic lahaia to
o'"p

"JJ'^p

be beautiful.

IC"'3

1IJ''3

The word

right!

all

Cf.

is

Jastrow,

connected with
s. v.

ding-dong; an onomatopoetic word.

an imitation of bubbling water.

~^ri Tj^Fi

and their variants are evidently

demonstrative pronouns, and their use as a means of urging on
animals and warding off wild beasts is probably based on some
superstitious notion no more apparent.
Cf, however, Arabic
^186.

"The

i<"

i<'n

JJ^n JJ^n

For the oxiilanation of

H7

!!<7

this particle I

am

indebted to Professor Haupt,

who remarks

in 1p''PtD "^X is perhaps a cohortativo particle, cf. Assyr. I, e.g.,\ gl "'XS "^N
come out, i rid "II "^X j/o down, etc. Cf. Dolitzsch, Assyr. Wb., p. 2S&, No. 160; Prol., 135;
ZK.. II., 389; ZA., I., .")1 Assyr. Gramm., SH-'j- It is possible that the "'it in expressions
"^iJ

i^l 'S O Rahbi, Qbiy^TD niilTC "'X is the same particle. It is certainly not i, eia.
Also in Assyrian I is used as a
It may be connected with the Arabic vocative particle L?
boll; cf. Hilprocht, Assyrinca,\9>9\, p. .")2." From
vocative particle like "^^l ''S? p-O-.
Saadya's commentary on the HT^S^
(ed. Lamlwrt, p. 4.j) we see that at his time the

like

.Vrabic

form

J?"^

was

in use, just as in

modern

Syriac.

For

its

use in later Hebrew,

DerenboiirK. Manru-l du Lccteur, i). 189 (497) and Epstein, 'EldCid ha-D&nX, p.
l-^X en a Babylonian mapic bowl, PSIiA. XII., 311.

583)

'K'^TI occurs also

ami has nothing to
3

Perles,

'

n-X^

in Noo-Syriac,
ilo witli

MM'GJ. XXXVII.,
,

M.

v., 328.

Arabic and Kurdish (Lidzbarski, DLZ.,

X"^!! '"
10,

.58,

''i'*".

finds in

some

of these

words the names of ships.

cf.

1896,

cf.

also

Col

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Los Angeles

This book

is

DUE

on the

last

date stamped below.

"'^MpK^^
8 ly/S

imOV

RbdO

'jtii^

rti

FEB ?

OtSCHAKGE-URL
A

APR 211981,

I MAY

APR

i^L

41584

2 9

iS85

JAN 17

198 J

V''^

V..'

3 1158 00587 5710

UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY

AA

000 713 534

FACILITY

!;\

\l

^0^-^

:-:r<
',, /-v-.

r*-

^^p^pi