CHAPTER 9 SOLUTIONS

3/13/10

9-1)

1
1.83(10)6 rad / s
LC

L
1.83
C
I L
t1 0 r 0.5 s
V3
Z0

I 0 Z 0
2.35 s
Vs

C V (1 cos 0 (t2 t1 ))
t3 t 2 r s
0.845 s
I0
t2 t1

1
0

1
sin

t1

(t2 t1 ) (t3 t2 ) 5.17 V .

2

V0 Vs f s
9-2)

1
1.69(10)6 rad / s
LC

L
0.845
C
I L
t1 0 r 0.083 s
Vs
Z0

t2 t1

1
0

I 0 Z 0
1.94 s
Vs

1
sin

C V (1 cos 0 (t2 t1 ))
t3 t 2 r s
8.36 s
I0
f max 1/ t3 1/ (0.083 1.94 8.36) s 96.3 kHz
t1

t2 t1 t3 t 2 17.9 V
2

for Vo 5V ,

Vo Vs f s

fs

V0
t

Vs 1 (t2 t1 ) (t3 t2 )
2

26.9 kHz

9-3)
a ) 0

1
108
LC

L
1
C
I L
t1 0 r 1.39 ns
Vs
Z0

I 0 Z 0
32.8 ns
Vs

C V (1 cos 0 (t2 t1 ))
t3 t 2 r s
143.3 ns
I0
t2 t1

1
0

1
sin

t1

(t2 t1 ) (t3 t 2 ) 4.77 V .

2

V
36
b) I L , peak I o s 5
41 A.
Z0
1

Vo Vs f s

VC , peak 2Vs 72 V .
12
1.89 MHz
4.77

c ) f s 750 kHz

9-4)
I L , peak I o

Vs
50
3
9 A. Z 0 8.33
Z0
Z0

1
1
C
L02
LC

Z0

L
L

L0
C
1/ L02

Z 0 8.33

0.833 H
0 107

1
12 nF
L02

t1

I 0 Lr
50 ns
Vs

1
1 I 0 Z 0
sin
366 ns
0
Vs

C V (1 cos 0 (t2 t1 ))
t3 t 2 r s
373 ns
I0
t2 t1

fs

Vo
t

Vs 1 (t2 t1 ) (t3 t2 )
2

945 kHz

9-5)
For I o 0.5 A.
f 0 503 kHz
t1 0.05 s
t2 t1 1.04 s
t3 t 2 3.97 s
fs

Vo
t

Vs 1 (t2 t1 ) (t3 t2 )
2

99.2 kHz

For I o 3 a.
t1 0.30 s
t2 t1 1.388 s
t3 t 2 0.439 s
fs

Vo
t

Vs 1 (t2 t1 ) (t3 t2 )
2

253 kHz

99.2 kHz f s 253 kHz

9-6)
V 15
RL
5

2; o
0.5
Z 0 2.5
Vs 30
From Fig . 9 1g ,

fs

2 (200)(10)3
0.27 0 s
4.65(10) 6 rad / s
f0
0.27
0.27

1
1
LC 2
0
LC

L
L Z 02C
C
1
1
1
LC Z 02C 2 2 C

0.086 F
0
Z 0 0 (2.5)(4.65)(10)6

Z0

1
0.538 H
02C

9-7) a) The circuit is shown with diode D2 added to make the switch unidirectional.

20
V(C)
Average voltage
(6.6839u,5.1605)
I(L)

10

-10
0s

2.0us
V(D1:2)
I(L1)

4.0us
V(S1:1)

6.0us
8.0us
AVG(V(D1:2))
Time

10.0us

12.0us

(a) The average output (capacitor) voltage is 5.16 V, agreeing with the 5.17 V computed
analytically. (b) Peak capacitor voltage= 20 V.; (c) Inductor currents: peak = 10.5 A.; average =
2.59 A.; rms = 4.54 A.

9-8)

Vo Vs 1 f s t3 1
2

1 Vo / Vs
1 15 / 20
fs

182 kHz
t3 t1 / 2 1.46(10) 6 0.188(10) 6
9-9)

1
1

(10)8 rad / s
8
(10)
Lr Cr

Z0

Lr
10
Cr

t1

Vs Cr
2 ns
Io

Vs
1
1
sin
t1 35.4 ns
0
I o Z 0

LI
t3 r o [1 cos 0 (t2 t1 )] t2 134.4 s
0
t2

Vo Vs 1 f s t3 1 14.7 V .
2

I L, peak I o 10 A.
VC , peak Vs I o

L
114.7 V .
C

9-10)

1
(10)7 rad / s
Lr Cr

Z0

Lr
10
Cr

t1

Vs Cr
16.7 ns
Io

t2

1
0

t3

Lr I o
[1 cos 0 (t2 t1 )] t 2 1.54 s
0

Vs
t1 348 ns
I o Z 0

1
sin

Vo Vs 1 f s t3 1 1.17 V .
2

1 Vo / Vs
For Vo 2.5, f s
326 kHz.
t3 t1 / 2

9-11)

1
1.414(10) 7 rad / s
Lr Cr

Z0

Lr
7.07
Cr

t1

Vs Cr
12 ns
Io

t2

1
0

t3

Lr I o
[1 cos 0 (t2 t1 )] t2 1.07 s
0

Vs
t1 246 ns
I o Z 0

1
sin

Vo Vs 1 f s t3 1 5.6 V .
2

For I o 8 A., t1 15 ns, t2 252 ns, t3 911 ns

fs

1 Vo / Vs
394.1 kHz.
t3 t1 / 2

For I o 15 A., t1 8 ns, t2 238 ns, t3 1.48 s

f s 645.4 kHz
394.1 kHz f s 645.4 kHz

9-12)
VC , peak Vs I o Z 0 Z 0
Z0

Lr
Lr Z 02C
Cr

1
1
Cr
Lr02
Lr Cr

VC , peak Vs
Io

40 15
6.25
4

Z
1
6.25
Lr 0
3.91 H
2
0 1.6(10)6
Lr0

Lr Z 02Cr Z 02
C

1
0.1 F .
Lr02

t1

Vs Cr
0.375 s
Io

t2

1
0

t3

Lr I o
[1 cos 0 (t2 t1 )] t2 4.62 s
Vs

fs

1 Vo / Vs
1 5 /15

150 kHz.
t3 t1 / 2 (4.62 0.375 / 2)(10) 6

Io

Vo 15
3 A.
RL 5

Vs
t1 2.74 s
I o Z 0

1
sin

9-13)

V 15
RL
5

0.2; o
0.5
Z 0 25
Vs 30
From Fig . 9 2 g ,

fs
f
100 kHz
0.37 f 0 s
270 kHz.
f0
0.37
0.37

0 2 f 0 1.70(10)6 rad / s
Z0
Cr

1
Lr Cr

Z
Lr
25
Lr 0
14.7 H
Cr
0 1.70(10)6
Lr
23.5 nF .
Z 02

9-14) A suitable circuit is shown. The values of the output filter components L1 and C2 are not
critical. The load resistor is chosen to give 10 A. The switch must be open for an interval
between t2 and t3; 50 ns is chosen.

400u
Energy from source per period
(149.500u,-72.676u)
0

SEL>>
-400u
S(W(V1))
(149.470u,120.125)
100V
Capacitor
50V

Output
149.088u,14.578)

0V
149.0us
149.2us
149.4us
V(INPUT,D3:2)
V(R1:1)

149.6us
Time

149.8us

150.0us

Results from Probe for steady-state output: a) Vo 14.6 V., b) VC,peak= 120 V., c) Integrate
instantaneous power, giving 72.7 J per period (supplied).
9-15)
V1 80 2 113 V .
THD

4Vdc
Vdc 88.9 V .

V3
V3 (0.05)(113) 5.66 V .
V1

V1 113

37.7 V (input to filter )

3
3
Vo,3 5.66
1

Q 2.47
2
Vi ,3 37.7
0
2 30
1 Q

0 30
1
C
13.4 F .
Q0 R
For a square wave, V3

1
11.8 mH .
02C

VC , peak

V1
V 113
280 V .; I L, peak 1
9.43 A.
0 RC
R 12

9-16)
V1 100 2 141 V .
THD

4Vdc
Vdc 111 V .

V3
V3 (0.1)(141) 14.1 V .
V1

For a square wave, V3

Vo,3
Vi ,3

14.1

47

V1 141

47 V (input to filter )
3
3

1
30 0
1 Q2

0 30

1
13.9 F .
Q0 R

1
1.27 mH .
02C

Q 1.19

200

100

(10.416m,3.6212)
0

-100

-200
10.0ms
V(V1:+)

10.4ms
V(OUT)

10.8ms
I(R1)

11.2ms

11.6ms

12.0ms

Time

The output file shows that the THD is 10.7%. Increase Q by increasing L, and adjust C
accordingly. L=1.4 mH and C=12.6 F gives THD=9.8%. Switching takes place when load
(and switch) current is approximately 3.6 A.

9-17)
P

V1,2rma
R

V1,rms PR 500(15) 86.6 V .

V1 86.6 2 122.5 V .
THD

4Vdc
Vdc 96.2 V .

V3
V3 (0.1)(122.5) 12.25 V .
V1

V1 122.5

40.8 V (input to filter )

3
3
Vo,3 12.25
1

Q 1.19
2
Vi ,3
40.8
2 30 0
1 Q

0 30
1
C
17.8 F .
Q0 R
For a square wave, V3

1
5.68 mH .
02C

VC , peak

V1
122.5

146 V .
0 RC (2 500)(15)(17.8)(10) 6

I L, peak

V1 122.5

8.17 A.
R
15

200

v(out)
V(cap)

100 V(in)

(10.434m,8.1206)
I(L)

-100

-200
10.0ms
V(OUT)

10.4ms
V(IN)

10.8ms
V(L1:2,C1:2)

11.2ms
I(L1)
Time

11.6ms

From the output file, THD = 10.8%. From Probe: VC,peak=149 V.; IL,peak=8.12 A.
9-18)
2
839 kHz f3 f 0
Lr Cr

f 0 20

8 RL
8.11
2
s 2 f s 5.65(10)6
Re

X L s Lr 33.9
XC

1
29.5
s Cr

Vo

Vs
2

1
1
10
4.38 V .

2
2

2 33.9 29.5

X L X C
1

8.11

Re

12.0ms

9-19)
2
1.33 MHz f s f 0
Lr Cr

f 0 20

8 RL
4.05
2
s 2 f s 9.42(10)6 rad / s.
Rs

X L s Lr 11.3
XC

1
8.84
s Cr

V
Vo s
2

10.25 V .
2

X L XC

Rs

9-20)
Vo 6
0.3
Vs 18

s
1.2 Q 3 from Fig . 9 5d
0

2 (800, 000)
0 s s
4.19(10)6 rad / s
1.2 1.2
1.2
QRL
3(5)
Lr

3.58 H
0
4.19(10)6
1
Cr 2 1.59(10) 8 15.9 nF .
0 Lr
Let

A PSpice simulation using the circuit of Fig. 9-6(a) gives an output voltage of
approximately 5.1 V.

9-21)
Vo 18

0.36
Vs 50
Let

s
1.2 Q 2.1 from Fig . 9 5d
0

s s 2 (10)6

5.23(10)6 rad / s
1.2 1.2
1.2
QRL
2.1(9)
Lr

3.61 H
0
5.23(10)6
1
Cr 2 10.1 nF .
0 Lr

9-22)

Vo 15

0.375
Vs 40
Let

s
1.2 Q 1.9 from Fig . 9 5d
0

s 2 (800, 000)

4.19(10)6 rad / s
1.2
1.2
QRL
1.9(5)
Lr

2.27 H
0
4.19(10)6
1
Cr 2 25.1 nF .
0 Lr

A PSpice simulation using the circuit of Fig. 9-6a shows a steady-state output voltage of
approximately 14.4 V, slightly less than the target value of 15 V. Note that the current in
Lr and Cr is not quite sinusoidal.

9-23)
Vo 55

0.367
Vs 150
Let

s
1.2 Q 2 from Fig. 9 5d
0

If f s 1 MHz , 0

s 2 1, 000, 000

5.23(10)6 rad / s
1.2
1.2

Lr

QRL
2(20)

7.64 H
0
5.23(10)6

Cr

1
4.77 nF .
Lr
2
0

A PSpice simulation using the circuit of Fig. 9-6a shows a steady-state output voltage of
approximately 53 V, slightly less than the target value of 55 V. Note that the current in Lr and Cr
is not quite sinusoidal.

9-24)
RL 2 10 2

12.3
8
8
1
0
2.53(10)6 rad / s
Lr Cr
Re

0
403 kHz. f s f 0
2
X L s Lr 4.08
1
XC
2.65
s Cr
4Vs
Vo
9.60 V .
2
2

X
XL
2 1 L

X C
R e

f0

9-25)
RL 2 15 2

18.5
8
8
1
0
5.66(10)6 rad / s
Lr Cr
Re

0
901 kHz.
2
X L s Lr 7.54
1
XC
6.12
s Cr
4Vs
Vo
2
X L
2
1
X C

f0

f s f0

X L

R e

25.9

9-26)
Vo 20

1.67
Vs 12
Let

f s s

2 500000

1.05 0 s
2.99(10)6 rad / s
f 0 0
1.05
1.05

From Fig . 9 10c, Q 3.8

R
15
Lr L
1.32 H
0Q 2.99(10)6 (3.8)
Cr

1
84.7 nF
Lr
2
0

9-27)

Vo 36

0.8
Vs 45
Let

f s s

2 900000

1.1 0 s
5.14(10)6 rad / s
f 0 0
1.1
1.1

From Fig . 9 10c, Q 1.9

R
20
Lr L
2.05 H
0Q 5.14(10)6 (1.9)
Cr

1
18.5 nF
Lr
2
0

9-28)
Vo 60

1.2 Let f s 500 kHz

Vs 50
Let

f s s

2 500000
6

1.1 0 s
2.86 10 rad / s
f 0 0
1.1
1.1

From Fig . 9 10c, Q 3.4

R
25
Lr L
2.57 H
0Q 2.86(10)6 (3.4)
Cr

1
47.6 nF
Lr
2
0

9-29)
Vs 100 V .; f s 500 kHz; RL 10 ; L 12 H ; Cs C p 12 F

2
2
Re
RL
(10) 12.3
8
8
s 2 f s 2 500000 3.14(10)6
4Vs
Vo
2
Cp
s L
1
2
2
1
s LC p

Cs
Re s ReC

37.7 V .

9-30)
Sample solution
Vo 5
0.417
Vs 12
Let

f s s

1.2 Q 2.7 from Fig . 9 11c

f 0 0

s 2 800000
6

4.19 10 rad / s
1.2
1.2
QRL
2.7(2)
L

1.29 H .
0
4.19(10)6
1
Cs C p 2 44.2 nF .
0 L
Check with Eq. 9 74 : Vo 4.97 V .

9-31)
Sample solution
Vo
V 5
5

0.25; RL o 5
Vs 20
Io 1
Let

f s s

1.2 Q 5 from Fig . 9 11c

f 0 0

s 2 750000

3.93(10)6 rad / s
1.2
1.2
QRL
5(5)
L

6.37 H .
0
3.93(10)6
1
Cs C p 2 10.2 nF .
0 L
Check with Eq. 9 74 : Vo 5.08 V .

9-32)
Sample solution
Vo 10
V 10

0.4; RL o
10 ; Let f s 100 kHz
Vs 25
Io 1
Let

f s s

1.15 Q 3.3 from Fig. 9 11c

f 0 0

s
2 100000

546 krad / s
1.15
1.15
QRL
3.3(10)
L

60.4 H .
0
5.46(10)5
1
Cs C p 2 55.5 nF .
0 L
Check with Eq. 9 74 : Vo 10.02 V .

Using a circuit based on Fig. 9-11a but with a square-wave source implemented with
Vpulse (see Fig. 9-6a), the result is approximately 9.4 V.

9-33)
(a) A PSpice simulation using the circuit shown reveals that the capacitor voltage returns
to zero at 15.32 s and the switch must remain closed for 5.58 s for the inductor current
to return to 12 A. Initial conditions for the inductor (12 A) and for the capacitor (0 V)
must be applied. Ideal models for the switch and diode are used.
b) Using the expression S(W(V1)) for energy (S is integration), 15.7 mJ are supplied by
the voltage source in one period.
c) Average power is 754 W, obtained by entering AVG(W(V1)).
d) Average resistor power is 104 W.
e) With R = 0, the capacitor voltage returns to zero at 15.44 s and the switch must
remain closed for 5.45 s. The source power and energy are not changed significantly.

20

(20.901u,12.000)
I(L)

15.318u,16.390m)
0

-20
14.71us
16.00us
V(switch)
V(cap)

18.00us

20.00us

21.53us

I(L1)
Time

200
V(capacitor)
0

SEL>>
-200
0s

4us
V(SWITCH)
V(CAP)

8us
I(L1)

12us
Time

16us

20us

24us

9-34)

1
1

2(10)5 rad / s
6
6
Lr Cr
250(10) 0.1(10)

R
1

2000
2 Lr 2(250)(10) 6

o2 2 0
vC (t ) Vs e t [ Vs cos ot o Lr ( I1 I o ) sin ot ]
75 e 2000 t [ 75cos(2(10)5 t ) 2(10)5 250(10) 6 (7 5)sin(2(10)5 t )]
75 e 2000 t [ 75cos(2(10)5 t ) 100sin(2(10)5 t )]
vC (t x ) 0 t x 22.3 s

V
iL t I o e t ( I1 I o ) cos ot s sin ot
o Lr

75
5 e 2000t (7 5(cos(2(10)5 t )
sin(2(10)5 t )
5
6
2(10) 250(10)

2000 t
5
5
2 cos(2(10) t ) 1.5sin(2(10) t )
5e
iL (t x ) iL (22.3 s ) 3.14 A.
t

iL Lr (7 3.14)250(10) 6

12.9 s
Vs
75

1
1

3.65(10)5 rad / s
6
6
Lr Cr
150(10) 0.05(10)

R
0.5

1667
2 Lr 2(150)(10) 6

9-35)

o2 2 0