In this learning objective we're

going to be learning about

Thermochemical Equations.
It's like a chemical equation only
it gives you the information,
associated with delta H for the reaction.
So a thermochemical equation, shows
the entropy changes for the reaction, so
there's a delta H associated with it.
As well as the mass relationship, so
if you were stoichiometry that's
the balanced equation it is showing you.
So here's an example of
a thermochemical equation.
Now this is not a chemical reaction,
it's a physical change.
We're going from water solid,
which is ice, to liquid, so
it's the melting process.
This is an endothermic process.
I see that because I have a positive.
Value for delta H,
but you have to put in heat to break
those attractions between the molecules.
Now, what this equation is stating,
is specific amounts.
So when one mole of ice melts
to make 1 mole of water.
Then 6.01 kilojoules of heat is absorbed.
I know it's absorbed,
because of the positive value of delta H.
We could represent it
with this diagram here.
We have water solid you're putting
in the 6.01 kilojoules of heat and
it is being converted to H2O liquid.
So a thermochemical
equation is giving you,
the information this picture is providing.
To work with these
thermochemical equations,
there's several guidelines that you've got
to keep in mind as you work and use them.
The first one is that when you see those
coefficients of a balanced equation,
they're always in terms of
moles of the substance.
So you would never turn, think of them
in terms of individual molecules.
Or as we did in gas laws think about em in
terms of leaders you must
think of em in terms of moles.
If you reverse the equation and you're,
you're going to flip it around and
make the products the reactants and
reactants the products, then you'll
change the sign at the delta H.
So if you're going to take a liquid and
convert it to a solid,
it is going to be an exothermic process.

It is going to give off 6.01 kilojules.

So you freeze water by sticking
it in the freezer, and
the freezer is a pump to pull
the heat out of the water.
The next one should make sense for us.
If we double a reaction,
we would double the amount of heat.
So here we're going back from a solid
to a liquid, we're melting it.
But, we're melting twice as much, and
so the delta H would be twice the 6.01,
or it's 12.02.
So whatever you do to the coefficients,
you will do to the delta H.
The other thing that has to happen
in a thermal chemical equation,
is you would have to always include
the states, whether it be solid, liquid,
gas, or aqueous, you always put that.
In parenthesis after substance.
This equation obviously would make
no sense if you left those off,
you've got H2O going H2O.
It is the state that makes it make sense,
but
it's required for
all thermochemical equations.
So let's examine.
A therm, thermochemical
equation involves a reaction.
This is a reaction to
the combustion of methane,
which is the gas in what
we call natural gas.
What does this equation tell us?
It tell us, tells us that if we react
2 mols of the methane, the CH4.
With two, one mole of that.
With 2 mols of the oxygen,
we would produce 1 mol of carbon monoxide,
we would produce 2 mols of liquid water,
and we would give off.
It's exothermic, so we would give
off 890.4 kilojoules of heat.
Okay, so what if we had
the equation balanced this way?
Now it's balanced, it's just not balanced
with the lowest possible whole numbers.
So it's balanced like this,
figure out what the delta H for
this reaction would be.
If you said 1780.8 you'd be correct.
You are reversing the reaction,
and you are doubling it.
So if you chose number two, you changed
the sign, but you forgot to double it.
If you picked a negative
1780.8 you doubled it, but
you forgot to change the sign.

Okay, let's continue to

examine this equation,
same one we were looking at before.
Combustion of CH4.
So it tells us that when
one mole of CO2's produced,
which is what's in the balanced equation
the question is what is entropy change.
Well it be a negative 890.4
according to that balanced equation.
What if we used a number that's
not a balanced equation?
Balanced equation says
that when two moles,
react you would get this much heat
well what if you don't have two moles.
What's the enthalpy change?
Well anytime you're given
a thermal chemical equation,
you're giving a relationship
between the enthalpy change and
the number of moles of that
substance in the balanced equation.
What we can do is set up a, conversion
factor for any substance in there.
That is related to
the value of the delta H.
So this many kilojoules, would be
produced in terms of the substance
we're interested in,
when 2 mols of O2 react.
Like I said we can do this for
any sets that you can put down here
in the denominator 1 mol of methane.
We could put in the denominator
1 mol of carbon dioxide.
We can put into the denominator
2 mols of water.
Since this question is acting for
relationship, of heat for
the oxygen, we're going to use
this first one that I wrote.
Don't start with that, start with what's
given then we have 2.5 mols of oxygen.
And then do your typical dimensional
analysis, I don't want moles of oxygen.
I want kilojoules of heat.
And there are a negative 890.4 kilojoules
for every 2 mols of oxygen that react.
That gives to us a value of negative
1,113 kilojoules or.
To two significant figures.
That would be 1.1 times
10 to the 4th kilojoules.
Now this is a little bit more,
than what 2 mols would provide.
And you'd expect that.
2 mols gives off,
as you have a minus sign there and
there, gives off 890.4 kilojoules.

This is more.
So, I would expect more heat.
And indeed, it is more heat.
Now here it is written out a little
more neatly, on your paper.
Just want to re-emphasize
that this portion right here,
is obtained from the balance equation.
It is our conversation factor or
our unit factor of conversion,
between the amount of a substance and
the amount of heat.
That comes from our
thermochemical equation.
So let's see if we can work this problem.
It's one that you can try
using a similar technique.
But let's point out something.
In this problem I didn't start you
out with moles of ammonia, okay?
Ammonia is NH3.
Okay, so this is a substance.
We're going to produce this substance.
Then I started you out with a mols.
I started you with grams.
So if you could, see if you can do
dimensional analysis starting with
grams of ammonia, and
finishing with energy.
Did you fix number three,
pick number 3, then excellent job.
If you did, then you can might
zoom ahead to the next slide.
Otherwise, watch how I've done it.
I start with the 1.26 times 10
to the 4th grams of ammonia.
The first place I want to
go is to mols of ammonia,
because I know if I can
get to mols of ammonia.
I can use the thermochemical
equation to convert.
The molar mass is 17.03 grams per mole,
and I can go from moles of ammonia and use
my balanced equation to get kilojoules.
The balanced equation has
a 2 with the ammonia, and
we put a negative 92.6 kilojoules and
that provides with answer number 3.
Okay, here's the next question
we're going to work on.
Okay for this problem, we've got some
rocket fuel, it's N204 and N2H4 reacting.
And it tells me some information.
It says that when 10 grams of the N2O4
react, so I'll put a 10 underneath here,
we know that we are going to produce,
or release a 124 kilojoules.
So the first question is,
what's the sign of delta H?

Well, since it is released,

it's exothermic.
That is a negative value.
The next question is,
well, if 124 kilojoules is
released when 10 grams react,
if I wanted to figure out the delta H for
this reaction,
which I want to go there eventually.
Will that delta H, for
that chemical equation as balanced be
more than 124 kilojoules released?
Or less than 124 kilojoules
of heat released?
Well, to figure this out,
think about the balanced equation.
Would this amount, in grams be
bigger than 10 or less than 10?
What is this amount?
This amount is 1 mol of N2O4.
So, stop and answer the question.
Well, if you said more, you're correct.
N2O4.
Has a molar mass of 92.1.
So if I have 1 mol sitting right here,
I have 92.01 grams of N2O4.
This is far less than that.
So 10 grams released 124.
If I up it to 92.01 grams,
it should be way more than 124.
So let's work this part together.
I want to know it for 1 mol.
So I want to start with that.
1 mol of N2O4.
I know the relationship that.
A negative 124 kilojoules will be
released for every 10 grams of N2O4.
This information here,
gives me that relationship there.
I cannot use that relationship up
there in the top right-hand corner,
unless I convert my moles to grams.
So I'll go from mols of
N2O4 to grams of N2O4.
I get the molar mass of N2O4 and
that is, like I said, 92.01.
That's how many grams are in a mol?
Now I can use the relationship we
saw up in the top right-hand corner.
For every 10 grams of this reactant,
it produces or
gives off 124 kilojoules of heat.
That will give me a negative 1.14 times
10 to the 3rd kilojoules of heat.
Over 100, over 1,140 kilojoules
of heat would be given off,
when the reaction happens for
the balanced amounts we see up there.
So it's exothermic.
It's certainly more than 124

kilojoules of heat released.

Because, I have more than 10 grams.
So we've seen lots of example of
using thermochemical equations, and
being able to convert, basically,
between the amount, of a reactant
or product, and the amount of heat,
either given off.
Or needed for that reaction.
So we can convert between those two using
as our tool, a thermochemical equation.
The work that we're doing?
Right now, it's difficult for students
to get the handle, get a handle on, so
we've got a few more problems
just to practice together.
In this problem we're starting
with 15 grams of methanol,
and we want to know how much heat
would be produced, in kilojoules.
So we're going to start with the 15 grams,
of methanol.
We know that the thermochemical
equation tells me every time,
2 mols of this reacts,
you're going to produce this much heat.
So let's convert the grams to mols.
So we need the molar mass.
Of the methanol.
Which is 32.05.
Now that we have that, we can go
from mols of methanol to kilojoules.
And negative 1,452.8 kilojoules is
released every time 2 mols reacts.
And when you multiply and
divide all of this out, you're going to
get negative 340 kilojoules of heat.
And while I'm thinking about it,
I want to talk about the way they've
written this equation, or
the way I've written this equation.
Sometimes you will see that the delta H,
is written as a negative
1452.8 kilojoules.
Some books use it that way, and
some use it in kilojoules per mol.
When you see it written as kilojoules
per mol, what they are saying is.
It's kilojoules per mol ratio, of what
we saw in the balanced equation here.
So it's not per mol of CH3OH.
It's per 2 mols of CH3OH.
It's not per 1 mol of O2.
It's per 3 mols of O2.
So sometimes you'll see it
written as kilojoules per mol.
I more commonly.
We'll just write it as kilojoules,
knowing that
a thermochemical equation is always

balanced in terms of mols themselves.

Okay, now we're going to try to
determine the delta H for this reaction.
We don't know it, but
we do know that we get a releasing.
Which is the negative 191 kilojoules,
of heat every time 100 grams of NO reacts.
We want to know it for the balanced
equation, and that's for 2 mols of NO.
Oops, I didn't write mols,
I'll just sneak it in here.
Mols of NO.
I want to use this relationship
which is in terms of grams.
So I'm going to go from mols of NO,
to grams of NO, and
obtain the molar mass of NO.
Which is 30.01.
Then I can go from grams of NO to
kilojoules, which is what's being asked.
And I use the relationship that they give
me in the problem, that I'm going to for
every 100 grams of NO that reacts,
I'm going to release.
A negative 191 kilojules.
So this will give me
a negative 115 kilojules and
that would be the delta H for
the reaction, because it's the amount of
heat released when 2 mols see what
I have here, when 2 mols reacts.
Now, I want you to try another one.
In this problem,
I'm giving you that 55.5 grams of ammonia.
Now, that ammonia is NH3, is reacting.
It's producing this amount of heat.
It's released, 'kay?
And then you're going to determine,
what is the delta H for this reaction?
Did you pick number 2?
Then you are correct.
If you picked number,
you didn't keep in mind that the energy
is released so it's a negative sign.
And if you picked a negative 225,
you've determined it for 1 mol, and
it wants it for 4 mols, so we've got to
make sure that we take that in to account.
If you got that right, you have,
feel, feel comfortable about it,
know that this is the end of our
learning objective number four,
where we're utilizing our thermal chemical
equations to do calculations, and
seeing what kind of information
we can obtain from them.
And how they get the values for
the delta H,
by knowing a relationship
between energy and amount.

If you did not get this one right and

you want to see it again,
you'll want to continue watching,
because I'll lay it all out for you here.
So we're trying to determine
the delta H for 4 mols.
So I have 4 mols of NH3 and
it's exactly 4 mols,
I'm not going to limit myself to one
significant figure in my answer.
I'm going to go from mols
of NH3 to grams of NH3.
I'm going to do this, which was the molar
mass of 17.0 for grams per mol.
I'm going to do this because
in the balanced equation,
they are giving me a relationship
between the amount of ammonia in grams,
so I can put 55.5 grams of NH3 here.
And the amount of heat released,
which is a negative 734 kilojoules of heat
in this spot, and that is going to give us
the value of a negative 901 kilojoules.