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Casing centralizers
The uniformity of the cement sheath
around the pipe determines, to a great
extent, the effectiveness of the seal
between the wellbore and the casing.
Because holes are rarely straight, the
pipe is generally in contact with the
wall of the hole at several places. Hole
deviation may vary from zero to, in
offshore directional holes, as much as
70 to 90. Such severe deviation greatly
influences the number and spacing of
centralizers (Fig. 1).
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Types of centralizers
Two general types of centralizers are:
Spring-bow
Rigid
Spring-bow centralizer
The spring-bow type has a greater
ability to provide a standoff where the
borehole is enlarged.
Rigid-type centralizer
The rigid type provides a more positive
standoff where the borehole is close to
gauge.
Positive-type centralizers are to in.
smaller in diameter than the hole size
Pipe standoff
Good pipe standoff helps ensure a
uniform flow pattern around the casing,
and helps equalize the force that the
flowing cement exerts around the
casing,
increasing
drilling-fluid
removal. In a deviated wellbore,
standoff is even more critical to help
prevent a solids bed from accumulating
on the low side of the annulus. The
preferred standoff should be developed
from computer modeling, and will vary
with well conditions. Under optimum
rates,
the
best
drilling-fluid
Placement of centralizers
Most service companies offer computer
programs on the proper placement of
Design of centralizers
The design of centralizers varies
considerably, depending on the purpose
and the vendor. For this reason, the API
specifications
cover
minimum
performance requirements for standard
and close-tolerance spring-bow casing
centralizers.
Definitions in API Spec. 10D[1] cover:
Starting force
Running force
Restoring force
Starting force
The starting force is the maximum force
required to start a centralizer into the
previously run casing. The maximum
starting force for any centralizer should
be less than the weight of 40 ft of
medium-weight casing. The maximum
starting force should be determined for
a centralizer in its new, fully assembled
condition as delivered to the end user.
Running force
The running force is the maximum force
required to move a centralizer through
the previously run casing. The running
force is proportional to and always
equal to or less than the starting force. It
is a practical value that gives the
maximum running drag produced by
References
1. Kinzel, H. and J.G. Martens, The
Application of New Centralizer
Types to Improve Zone Isolation in
Horizontal Wells, in SPE
International Oil and Gas
Conference and Exhibition in
China,. 1998, Society of Petroleum
Engineers: Beijing, China.
2. API 5CT Specification for Casing
and Tubing, API, 2005
3. Schlumberger. Schlumberger
Oilfield Glossary. [cited 2014
February 3]; Available from:
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.co
m/en/Terms/c/cementing_plug.as
px.
4. Support, P. Single State Cementing
Operation. [cited 2014 February
3]; Available from:
http://petroleumsupport.com/sing
le-stage-cementing-operation/.
5. Sanchez, R.A. and W. Adams,
Casing Centralization in Horizontal
and Extended Reach Wells, in
SPE/EAGE European
Unconventional Resources
Conference and Exhibition. 2012,
Society of Petroleum Engineers:
Vienna, Austria.
6. Antelope. Series 400 - Positive /
Rigid Welded Centralizers. 2014
[cited 2014 January, 27]; Antelope
Oil Tool: Available from:
http://www.antelopeoiltool.com/p
roducts/series-400-positive-rigidwelded-centralizers.html.
7. API Spec 10D Specification for
Bow-Spring Casing Centralizers,
API, 2010
8. Halliburton, Protech CRB
Centralizers. 2010, Halliburton
Cementing.
9. Gammage, J.H., Advances in Casing
Centralization Using Spray Metal
Technology, in Offshore Technology
Conference. 2011, OTC: Houston,
TX.