CHP 4 As

Chapter 4: Force System Resultants
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

Cross Product
Moment of Force Vector Formulation
Principle of Moments
Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis/line
Moment of a Couple
Simplification of a Force and Couple System
Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System
Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter Objectives
Concept of moment of a force in two and three
dimensions
Method for finding the moment of a force about a
specified axis.
Define the moment of a couple.
Determine the resultants of non-concurrent force
systems
Reduce a simple distributed loading to a resultant force
having a specified location
APPLICATIONS
Beams are often used to bridge gaps in walls. We

have to know what the effect of the force on the beam
will have on the supports of the beam.
What do you think is happening at points A and B?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
Carpenters often use a hammer in this way to pull a stubborn nail.

Through what sort of action does the force FH at the handle pull the
nail? How can you mathematically model the effect of force FH at
point O?
4.1 Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation
Moment of a force about a point or axis a measure

of the tendency of the force to cause a body to rotate
about the point or axis
Torque tendency of rotation caused by F or simple
moment (Mo) z
Magnitude
For magnitude of MO,

MO = Fd (Nm)
where d = perpendicular
distance
from point O to its line of
action
of force F
Direction
Direction using right hand

rule
Resultant Moment
Resultant moment, MRo = moments of all the forces
MRo = Fd
Example 4.1
For each case, determine the moment of the force about
point O.
4.2 Cross Product

Cross product of two vectors A
and B yields C, which is written
as
C=AXB
Magnitude
Magnitude of C is the product of
the magnitudes of A and B and
sine of angle
For angle , 0 180
C = AB sin
Direction
Vector C has a direction that is
perpendicular to the plane (x-y
plane) containing A and B such
that C is specified by the right
hand rule
To express vector C when
magnitude and direction are
known
C = A X B = (AB sin)uC
(AB sin) is the magnitude
of vector C
Laws of Operations
1. Commutative law is not valid
AXBBXA
Rather,
A X B = - (B X A)
Cross product B X A yields a
vector opposite in direction to C
B X A = -C
2. Multiplication by a Scalar
a( A X B ) = (aA) X B = A X (aB) = ( A X B )a
3. Distributive Law
AX(B+D)=(AXB)+(AXD)
Proper order of the cross product must be maintained
since they are not commutative
Cartesian Vector
Formulation
A more compact determinant in
the form a special utility for a
cross-product in Cartesian
vector form
i

AXB Ax
Bx
j
Ay
By
k
Az
Bz
CROSS PRODUCT
Also, the cross product can be written as a determinant.
Each component can be determined using 2 2 determinants.
4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation

Moment of force F about
point O can be expressed
using cross product
MO = r X F
Magnitude
For magnitude of cross
product,
MO = rF sin
Direction
Direction and sense of MO are determined by righthand rule
*Note:
- curl of the fingers indicates the sense of rotation
- Maintain proper order of r and F since cross product
is not commutative
Principle of Transmissibility
For force F applied at any point along the line of action
of the force, moment about O is MO = r x F
F has the properties of a sliding vector, thus
M O = r1 X F = r2 X F = r3 X F
Cartesian Vector
Formulation
For force expressed in
Cartesian form,
M O r XF rx
Fx
j
ry
Fy
k
rz
Fz
With the determinant

expended,
MO = (ryFz rzFy)i
(rxFz - rzFx)j + (rxFy
ryFx)k
Resultant Moment of a System of Forces

Resultant moment of forces about point O can be
determined by vector addition
MRo = (r x F)
Example 4.4
Two forces act on the rod. Determine the resultant
moment they create about the flange at O. Express the
result as a Cartesian vector.
EXAMPLE
Given: F1={100 i - 120 j + 75 k}kN
F2={-200 i +250 j + 100 k}kN
Find: Resultant moment by the
o forces about point O.
Plan:
1) Find F = F1 + F2 and rOA.
2) Determine MO = rOA F.
4.4 Principles of Moments

Also known as Varignons Theorem
Moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum of
the moments of the forces components about the point
Since F = F1 + F2,
MO = (r X F)
= r X (F1 + F2)
= r X F1 + r X F2
Example 4.5
Determine the moment of the force about point O.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I

y
x
Given: A 100 N force is applied to

the hammer.
Find: The moment of the force at
A.
Plan:
Since this is a 2-D problem:

1) Resolve the 100 N force along
the handles x and y axes.
2) Determine MA using a scalar
analysis.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II

Given: The force and geometry
shown.
Find: Moment of F about
point A
Plan:
1) Find F and rAC.
2) Determine MA = rAC F
4.5 Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis

For moment of a force about a point, the moment
vector and its axis is always perpendicular to the plane
A scalar or vector analysis is used to find the
component of the moment along a specified axis that
passes through the point
Vector Analysis
For magnitude of Ma,
Ma = MOua
where ua = unit vector
In determinant form,
uax uay uaz

M a uax (r XF ) rx
ry
rz
Fx Fy Fz
Example 4.8
Determine the moment produced by the force F which
tends to rotate the rod about the AB axis.
EXAMPLE
Given: A force is applied to
the tool as shown.
A
Find: The magnitude of

the moment of this
force about the x axis
of the value.B
Plan:
1) Use Mz = u (r F).
2) First, find F in Cartesian vector form.

3) Note that u = 1 i in this case.
4) The vector r is the position vector from O to A.
4.6 Moment of a Couple

Couple
two parallel forces
same magnitude but opposite direction
separated by perpendicular distance d
Resultant force = 0
Tendency to rotate in specified direction
Couple moment = sum of moments of both couple
forces about any arbitrary point
Page148
Slide 85
Scalar Formulation
Magnitude of couple moment
M = Fd
Direction and sense are determined by right hand rule
M acts perpendicular to plane containing the forces
Vector Formulation
For couple moment,

M=rXF
If moments are taken about point A, moment of F is
zero about this point
r is crossed with the force to which it is
directed(according to the arrowhead)
Equivalent Couples
2 couples are equivalent if they produce the same
moment
Forces of equal couples lie on the same plane or
parallel plane
Resultant Couple Moment

Couple moments are free vectors and may be applied
to any point P and added vectorially
For resultant moment of two couples at point P,
MR = M1 + M2
For more than 2 moments,
MR = (r X F)
Example 4.12
Determine the couple moment acting on the pipe.
Segment AB is directed 30 below the xy plane.
EXAMPLE : SCALAR APPROACH

Given: Two couples act on the beam
with the geometry shown.
Find: The magnitude of F so that

the resultant couple
moment is 1.5 kNm
clockwise.
Plan:
1) Add the two couples to find the resultant couple.

2) Equate the net moment to 1.5 kNm clockwise to find F.
EXAMPLE: VECTOR APPROACH

Given: A 450 N force couple
acting on the pipe
assembly.
Find: The couple moment in
Cartesian vector
notation.
Plan:
1) Use M = r F to find the couple moment.

2) Set r = rAB and F = FB.
3) Calculate the cross product to find M.

Given: F = {15 k} N and
F = { 15 k} N
Find: The couple moment acting
on the pipe assembly
using Cartesian vector
notation.
Plan:
1) Use M = r F to find the couple moment.
2) Set r = rAB and F = {15 k} N.

3) Calculate the cross product to find M.
4.7 SIMPLIFICATION OF FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM
When a number of forces and

couple moments are acting on a
body, it is easier to understand their
overall effect on the body if they are
combined into a single force and
couple moment having the same
external effect.
The two force and couple systems
are called equivalent systems since
they have the same external effect
on the body.
MOVING A FORCE ON ITS LINE OF ACTION
Moving a force from A to O, when both points are on the

vectors line of action, does not change the external
effect. Hence, a force vector is called a sliding vector.
MOVING A FORCE ON ITS LINE OF ACTION
Moving a force from A to B, when both points are on the

vectors line of action, does not change the external
effect.
Hence, a force vector is called a sliding vector. (But the

internal effect of the force on the body does depend on
where the force is applied).
MOVING A FORCE OFF OF ITS LINE OF ACTION
Moving a force from point A to O (as shown above when

both points are not on the vectors line of action) requires
creating an additional couple moment. Since this new
couple moment is a free vector, it can be applied at any
point P on the body.
MOVING A FORCE OFF OF ITS LINE OF ACTION
When a force is moved, but not along its line of action,

there is a change in its external effect!
Essentially, moving a force from point A to B (as shown
above) requires creating an additional couple moment.
So moving a force means you have to add a new
couple.
Since this new couple moment is a free vector, it can be
applied at any point on the body.
FINDING THE RESULTANT OF A

FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM
(Section 4.8)
When several forces and couple
moments act on a body, you can
move each force and its associated
couple moment to a common point O.
Now you can add all the forces
and couple moments together and
find one resultant force-couple
moment pair.
FURTHER SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND COUPLE

SYSTEM (Section 4.8)
If FR and MRO are perpendicular to each other, then the

system can be further reduced to a single force, FR , by
simply moving FR from O to P.
In three special cases, concurrent, coplanar, and parallel
systems of forces, the system can always be reduced to a
single force.
Example 4.16
A structural member is subjected to a couple moment M and
forces F1 and F2. Replace this system with an equivalent
resultant force and couple moment acting at its base, point O.
EXAMPLE I
Given: A 2-D force system
with geometry as
shown.
Find: The equivalent

resultant force and
couple moment
acting at A and then
the equivalent single
force location
measured from A.
Plan:
1) Sum all the x and y components of the forces to find FRA.
2) Find and sum all the moments resulting from moving each force
component to A.
3) Shift FRA to a distance d such that d = MRA/FRy
EXAMPLE II
Given: The slab is subjected
to three parallel
forces.
resultant force and
couple moment at the
origin O. Also find the
location (x, y) of the
single equivalent
resultant force.
Plan:
1) Find FRO = Fi = FRzo k
2) Find MRO = (ri Fi) = MRxO i + MRyO j
3) The location of the single equivalent resultant force is

given as x = MRyO/FRzO and y = MRxO/FRzO
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I

Given: A 2-D force and
couple system as
shown.
resultant force
and couple
moment acting at
A.
Plan:
1) Sum all the x and y components of the two forces to find FRA.
2) Find and sum all the moments resulting from moving each force to A
and add them to the 1500 Nm free moment to find the resultant MRA .

Given: Forces F1 and F2
are applied to the
pipe.
Find: An equivalent
resultant force and
couple moment at
point O.
Plan:
a) Find FRO = Fi = F1 + F2
b) Find MRO = MC + ( ri Fi )
where,
MC are any free couple moments (none in this example).
ri are the position vectors from the point O to any point on
the line of action of Fi .
APPLICATIONS
There is a bundle (called a bunk) of 50 mm x 100 mm

boards stored on a storage rack. This lumber places a
distributed load (due to the weight of the wood) on the
beams holding the bunk.
To analyze the loads effect on the steel beams, it is often
helpful to reduce this distributed load to a single force. How
would you do this?
APPLICATIONS
(continued)
The uniform wind pressure is
acting on a triangular sign
(shown in light brown).
To be able to design the joint

between the sign and the sign post,
we need to determine a single
equivalent resultant force and its
location.
4.9 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

Large surface area of a body may be subjected to
distributed loadings
Loadings on the surface is defined as pressure
Pressure is measured in Pascal (Pa): 1 Pa = 1N/m2
Uniform Loading Along a Single Axis

Most common type of distributed
loading is uniform along a
single axis

Magnitude of Resultant Force
Magnitude of dF is determined from differential area dA
under the loading curve.
For length L,
FR wx dx dA A
L
Magnitude of the resultant force is equal to the total

area A under the loading diagram.

Location of Resultant Force
MRo = MO
dF produces a moment of x[dF] = x [w(x) dx] about O
For the entire distributed load on plate,
x FR xw( x)dx
M Ro M O
Solving for x
x
xw( x)dx xdA

L
w( x)dx
L
dA
A
Example 4.21
Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent
resultant force acting on the shaft.
EXAMPLES
Until you learn more about centroids, we will consider only rectangular and
triangular loading diagrams.
Finding the area of a rectangle and its centroid is easy!
Note that triangle presents a bit of a challenge but still is pretty

straightforward.
EXAMPLES
Now lets complete the calculations to find the concentrated loads (which
is a common name for the resultant of the distributed load).
The rectangular load: FR = 10 5 = 50 kN and
= 2.5 xm.
The triangular loading:

FR = (0.5) (600) (6) = 1,800 N and
= 6 x(1/3) 6 = 4 m.
Please note that the centroid of a right triangle is at a distance one third
the width of the triangle as measured from its
base.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: The loading on the
beam as shown.
Find: The equivalent force
and its location
from
point A.
Plan:
1) The distributed loading can be divided into three parts. (one

rectangular loading and two triangular loadings).
2) Find FR and its location for each of these three distributed loads.
3) Determine the overall FR of the three point loadings and its location.

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Chapter 4: Force System Resultants

Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Beams are often used to bridge gaps in walls. We

Carpenters often use a hammer in this way to pull a stubborn nail.

4.1 Moment of a Force Scalar Formulation

Moment of a force about a point or axis a measure

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

For magnitude of MO,

Direction using right hand

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Resultant moment, MRo = moments of all the forces

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

4.2 Cross Product

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Each component can be determined using 2 2 determinants.

4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

With the determinant

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Resultant Moment of a System of Forces

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

4.4 Principles of Moments

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I

Given: A 100 N force is applied to

Since this is a 2-D problem:

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II

4.5 Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Find: The magnitude of

2) First, find F in Cartesian vector form.

4.6 Moment of a Couple

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

For couple moment,

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Resultant Couple Moment

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE : SCALAR APPROACH

Find: The magnitude of F so that

1) Add the two couples to find the resultant couple.

EXAMPLE: VECTOR APPROACH

1) Use M = r F to find the couple moment.

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II

1) Use M = r F to find the couple moment.

2) Set r = rAB and F = {15 k} N.

4.7 SIMPLIFICATION OF FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM