Peak Load Sharing at Domestic Level

Peak load sharing based on blade pitch control of wind turbine in the presence of
utility supply
Muhammad Mansoor Ashraf, Tahir Nadeem Malik, and Mehroze Iqbal
Citation: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4862202
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4862202
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JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 6, 013110 (2014)
Peak load sharing based on blade pitch control

of wind turbine in the presence of utility supply
Muhammad Mansoor Ashraf,a) Tahir Nadeem Malik, and Mehroze Iqbal
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology,
Taxila 47050, Pakistan
(Received 22 August 2013; accepted 2 January 2014; published online 14 January 2014)
The alternate energy resources are replacing conventional energy sources for
electricity production because of tremendously increasing environmental pollution
and cost of fossil fuels. Wind power is one of the potential alternate energy
resources and is being deployed actively. Wind power generation system comprises
of wind turbine and electrical generator as essential parts interconnected through
gear box. The conventional wind turbines are designed with adjustable blade pitch
to regulate shaft speed of turbine or to withstand against heavy wind blows. In this
paper, a technique for peak load sharing in the presence of utility supply using
Pitch Frequency Control (PFC) is proposed for wind turbines. This technique has
been simulated in MATLAB environment using Simulink. The simulation results
show that PFC finds its applications with wind energy system having low speed
axial flux synchronous generator as well as with the wind energy system with small
gear ratio. This particular proposed PFC based control presents a cost effective
technique for efficient peak load sharing and wind energy system free of power
C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
electronic converters. V
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4862202]
I. INTRODUCTION
The wind energy is getting immense popularity in the field of renewable energy resources
now-a-days. The wind energy represents the system consisting of wind turbine and electrical generator coupled through gearbox. There are three major types of wind energy systems (WESs) that
are addressed in literature as domestic Wind Turbine, Standalone Wind Turbine, and Conventional
Wind Turbine.1 The domestic wind turbines are small wind turbines that are employed for house
hold applications on the top of roofs and its rating is less than 10 kW.1 The standalone wind turbines are referred as intermediate wind turbines that are feeding to a specific area such as hospitals, villages, or community centers, and these are rated between 10 and 500 kW.1 The conventional wind turbines are represented by large rated onshore and offshore wind farms with ratings
between 500 kW and 5 MW.1 The standalone and conventional wind turbines are mostly grid connected wind turbines. There are a number of techniques addressed in literature for synchronization
of wind turbine to national grid. A very brief literature is reviewed to analyze the different techniques for synchronization of wind turbines to national grid in the subsequent paragraph.
Most often, there are different types of power electronic based converters employed for
AC/DC/AC transformation for grid connected scenario.25 A single stage AC-AC converter
(Matrix Converter) has been discussed for synchronization of wind turbine to national grid.6 The
different Phase Locked Loop algorithms and codes for grid-connected wind turbines have been analyzed.7 A star-delta converter has been addressed and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission line for transfer of power from wind turbines to national grid has been proposed.8 The
wind turbine supplying HVDC transmission line and voltage recovery after fault have been discussed.9 A new technique has been presented to synchronize the doubly fed induction generator
a)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: mansooruett@gmail.com
1941-7012/2014/6(1)/013110/17/$30.00
6, 013110-1
C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC

V
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Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)
along with power electronic based converters used for wind turbines.10 The induction generator
coupled with wind turbine has been controlled by a system controller for switching and synchronization purpose.11 A multi-pole induction machine has been specially designed for direct synchronization of wind turbines to utility supply.12 A permanent magnet synchronous generator has been
proposed with wind turbines in coordination with power electronics based converters for synchronization.13 A design of buck boost converter for permanent magnet synchronous generator coupled
with wind turbine has been addressed to interconnect wind turbine and national grid supply.14
Blade pitch method is mostly used for regulation of turbines shaft speed against high wind
blows and storms. This blade pitch control (BPC) method can be used for regulating the output
frequency of the generator. The three blade pitch control techniques: proportional integral differential (PID) controller, fuzzy PID controller, and fuzzy feed forward combinative controller
have been proposed for wind turbines in Ref. 15. A neural network based blade pitch control
technique has also been presented in which controller stabilizes the electrical power supplied to
national grid by regulating shaft speed with blade pitch parameter against variable wind
speed.16 The simulation results show that the control technique presented in this paper is simpler and exhibits smoother results than presented in Refs. 15 and 16. While adapting control
technique presented in this paper, the percent overshoot (OS) has been reduced to 1.5% in the
output power curve of wind energy system, which has the value of 43% addressed in Ref. 15.
From the above literature survey, pitch angle control is rare technique of load sharing and it
also requires an efficient controller. This technique is named Pitch Frequency Control (PFC) of
wind turbine for load sharing. PFC simplifies the instrumentation and power electronic based converter circuitry for grid synchronization. Moreover, PFC is cheaper technique and it finds its
major application with standalone wind turbines as well as with conventional wind turbines,
where gearbox ratio is small. The complete system including wind turbine, utility supply, and
time varying load (TVL), is modelled in MATLABV and SimulinkV using SimPowerSystems
toolbox. Simulation is performed and results are shown and analyzed.
In this research paper, a conventional wind turbine is addressed with synchronous generator
connected through gearbox. This whole wind energy system is synchronized to utility supply to
feed load. During peak load, the wind power generation system feeds this peak load by adjusting the blade pitch angle of wind turbine. The site of wind turbine is considered with predefined climatic conditions by specifying the wind speed and air density.
R
II. WES
The Wind energy system is basically consists of two main components; wind turbine and
electrical generator coupled through gear box.
A. Wind turbine
Wind turbine represents the intermediate energy conversion device, which extracts energy
from wind and converts to rotational mechanical energy on the shaft of wind turbine.1 Wind turbine has different parameters as input parameters and output parameters. The input parameters of
wind turbine include wind speed, blade pitch angle, and measurements of system whereas the output parameters include mechanical power, torque, and shaft speed as in Fig. 1. The output mechanical power of wind turbine is given by (1),1
1
Pm qa AVw3 Cp k; b:
2
(1)
1. Air density
According to International Standard Atmosphere, at sea level and at 15

the air density computed is given by17
qa 1:225 kg=m3 :
C temperature,
(2)
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FIG. 1. Wind turbine block.
2. Swept area
This is area that propeller of wind turbine covers in the air and faces the effective air. Swept
area can be calculated, simply, by computing the area of circle when blade length is known,
A pR2 :
(3)
Here radius will represent the blade length of wind turbine. Swept area is shown in Fig. 2.
FIG. 2. Swept area.
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3. Tip speed ratio (TSR)
TSR is defined as the ratio of speed of tip to speed of wind. The value of TSR varies during the operation of wind turbine,17,18
VT
:
Vw
(4)
2pR
n:
60
(5)
k
Blade tip speed is given by (5).
VT
Here n is defined as shaft speed of wind turbine in rpm. After substitution and manipulation,
it is shown by (6) that TSR is function of shaft speed and wind speed for a specific wind turbine at constant blade pitch angle
kn; Vw
2pR 1
n :
60 Vw
(6)
4. Blade pitch (b)
The top view of wind turbine propeller demonstrating different components is shown in
Fig. 3(a).19 In order to establish reasonable lift and drag forces on the blades, the blades have
to be placed and attached with hub at an angle with reference to direction of wind.19 In general
practice, the horizontal axis of Frame of Reference (FR) (shown by two perpendicular dotted
lines in Figs. 3(b)3(e)) is parallel to blade chord.1,1921 The blade pitch values b 0 and
b 90 are shown in Figs. 3(b) and 3(c). In this research, the horizontal axis of FR has been
considered parallel to Plane of Rotation (PR). Thus the blade pitch values b 24 and b 104
has been demonstrated in Figs. 3(d) and 3(e).
5. Power coefficient (Cp) and Cp characteristics
The power coefficient of wind turbine depends on number of blades of turbine and blade
pitch angle. For a certain number of blades and blade pitch, the power coefficient varies with
FIG. 3. (a) Components of propeller, (b) b 0 when FR and blade chord are parallel, (c) b 90 when FR and blade chord
are parallel, (d) b 24 when FR and PR are parallel, and (e) b 104 when FR and PR are parallel.
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the variation of TSR.22 Power coefficient is basically the factor less than 1 that shows the
extent of extracted power from wind to shaft of wind turbine. The maximum value of Cp factor
is 0.59 which is Betz limit.1 Wind turbines cannot operate above this limit. Cp is function of
two parameters: TSR and blade pitch angle
Cp k; b:
(7)
Cp can be modelled in different ways using suitable mathematical equation which describes this
parameter.21 Cp can be represented by multi-curve graph as shown in following Fig. 4. In following graph, TSR and Cp are taken on x-axis and y-axis, respectively.22,23 Blade pitch angle
is shown on the curves.
This graph is the ultimate mapping of real physical wind turbine, which is modelled using
Lookup Table block of SimulinkV and this is shown in Fig. 5.
R
6. Shaft speed characteristics
These are the characteristics of wind turbine in form of either mathematical equation or
graph, which shows relation between wind speed and shaft speed at variable blade pitch. This
is also a complex behavior to map for modelling purpose. Shaft speed characteristics can be
simplified when wind speed is taken as constant. The shaft speed is plotted against blade pitch
for PFC applications. The shaft speed characteristics are shown in Fig. 6.
7. Gear box modelling
Usually, the conventional wind turbines operate at low shaft speed.1 Gearbox is the device,
which enhances the shaft speed of wind turbine and electrical generator is coupled at high
speed shaft.1 In case of ideal gearbox, the powers on both shafts are equal,
Pt Pg :
(8)
Power on either side of gearbox is expressed as product of torque and shaft speed on the corresponding shaft
st xt sg xg :
(9)
FIG. 4. Cp curves.
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FIG. 5. Cp characteristics (MATLAB).
Here sg is required to be computed to feed to the generator shaft. Then gearbox is to be modelled as given by (10),21
sg
s t xt
Pt
:
xg
xg
(10)
The complete block diagram of wind turbine is shown in Fig. 7.

The information and rated parameters of proposed wind turbine for this case study are
given in Table I.
B. Electrical generator
The wind turbine is connected to a synchronous generator, which is 3-phase synchronous

generator block found in SimPowerSystems toolbox. The generator is rated to supply 2 MW
FIG. 6. Shaft speed characteristics.
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FIG. 7. Wind turbine modelling.
load at 50 Hz supply frequency and 11 kV voltage level. The voltage control of generator is
modelled by using Excitation block of Simulink to maintain the voltage at constant level. The
shaft speed (xg) of generator model is regulated with pitch control of wind turbine to maintain
50 Hz supply frequency. Then this synchronous generator is synchronized to utility supply to
feed the load in peak load time.
III. MODELLING OF UTILITY SUPPLY SYSTEM (USS)
The USS is the electrical network to which the proposed wind turbine is synchronized to
feed the load. The USS specifications include 50 Hz supply frequency. The USS is started
from a 132 kV grid station. A 132 kV transmission line of 25 km is fed to 132 kV/11 kV substation, which transforms 132 kV voltage level to 11 kV by means of a power transformer with
rating 10 MVA. The 11 kV line is represented as distribution line of 5 km length, which is
called Feeder. Ultimately, the feeder and wind turbine both take the load of consumer end.
The consumer load is modelled as time-varying load. The system representing the USS is
shown in Fig. 8.
TABLE I. Rated parameters of wind turbine and generator.

Parameter
Value
Rated power
2 MW
Rated shaft speed (n) of wind turbine
33 rpm
Rated wind speed (Vw)

Cut-in wind speed
16 m/s
8 m/s
Power coefficient (Cp)
0.35
Tip speed ratio (k)

Blade length (R)
56
27 m
Rated blade pitch (b)

Maximum blade pitch
Rated rotor speed of generator
24 deg
104 deg
1500 rpm
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FIG. 8. Utility supply system.
IV. MODELLING OF TVL
The TVL is modelled by two components as; base load and peak load. The base load is
6 MW and peak load is 8 MW when 2 MW load is added in peak time. A Timer is programmed
to switch ON and OFF the 2 MW load component in peak time. A three phase circuit breaker
block is used for switching the load. This circuit breaker is controlled by a programmed timer
to model the TVL in specified switching times. Load Curve is shown in Fig. 9.
The TVL is, basically, electrical load connected to both USS and WES and supplied by
both USS and WES in peak time and by only USS in off-peak time. The three phase circuit
breaker has been deployed only to model the TVL. In real practice, this electrical load is supplied to consumer end and has ultimately loading effect on utility supply system. TVL is modelled in Simulink as shown in Fig. 10.
V. BPC SYSTEM
The WES is synchronized to USS to take over the extended load demand in peak time.
The WES and USS are interconnected through a control system, which is called BPC system
and its block is shown in Fig. 11. Sharing of load in peak time for WES requires the suitable
and logical modeling of BPC system inevitably. The basic purpose and task of BPC system is
to suppress the drastic and undesirable transients while loading and unloading the WES against
TVL in peak and off-peak time, respectively. The modelled BPC system has two inputs: Total
Load, Pref and 2 outputs: Pitch, m_c. The conventional control technique requires one input and
one reference input to compare and then to change the output according to the input change
FIG. 9. Load curve.
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FIG. 10. Modelling of TVL.
avoiding the abrupt changes. The BPC system changes the pitch of WES slowly and smoothly
against the abrupt changes caused by TVL.
The schematic and block diagram of BPC system is shown in Fig. 12. The BPC system is
fed by a constant Reference Signal, which exhibits the base load of consumer end in p.u. This
system also monitors the Current Load on common bus bar, senses the load change and generates the Load Signal in p.u. which is compared with Reference Signal to produce Error Signal.
The Load Gradient Check block discriminates the Error Signal and defines the path of Error
Signal either to Loading Controller or Unloading Controller. The Loading Controller and
Unloading Controller are basically PI-controllers. The pitch pattern is complex and approximate
mapping of this pitch pattern is obtained by connecting two PI-controllers. The Controller
Switch block selects the respective controller output decided by Switch Logic block to generate Blade Pitch Signal. First PI-controller is responsible for loading of WES, where the BPC
system has to decrease the pitch parameter against TVL in peak time. The second PI-controller
is used for unloading the WES, where BPC system has to increase the pitch parameter against
TVL in off-peak time.
The Blade Pitch Signal is fed to WES. The loads of WES and USS are added to make total
load to feed it to BPC system. The reference input is set at 6 MW. When total load is 6 MW,
FIG. 11. BPC system block.
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FIG. 12. Schematic diagram of BPC system.
the USS supplies the load and WES does not share load. When total load is 8 MW, Both USS
and WES supply the load. When load is increased in peak time, the first loading controller
loads the WES while when load is decreased in off-peak time, the second unloading controller
unloads the WES. The switching of these loading and unloading controllers is also decisive parameter, which is modelled in Switch Logic. The switching operation is depicted as: WES is
loaded by loading controller during 6 MW8 MW load change, loading controller is switched to
unloading controller at instant approximately half peak of the load and WES is unloaded by
unloading controller during 8 MW6 MW load change.
VI. SIMULATION
The one-line diagram of the simulation case study is shown in Fig. 13. The previously
explained modelling of systems is combined to make a complete block diagram as shown in
Fig. 14. The block diagram includes the USS, WES, TVL, and BPC system. The WES is
synchronized to USS. In between of WES and USS, there is BPC system which suppresses the
abrupt changes caused by TVL to a level which is permissible for WES. The USS supplies the
base load on common bus bar B4 all the time while WES supplies the peak load on the common bus bar B4 only in the peak time. The BPC system generates the blade pitch signal, which
is fed to WES against load gradient signal.
The one-line diagram of case study has been implemented in Simulink environment of
MATLAB, which is shown in Fig. 14.
VII. DISCUSSION ON SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation model is run for 1 h 10 min (70 min) time scale axis. The duration of the
peak load is 30 min. Peak of the load occurs at 20 min, where the WES has to be loaded
FIG. 13. One-line diagram of simulation.
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FIG. 14. Complete block diagram.
against 2 MW peak. At time 50 min, peak load is switched OFF. The WES, now, has to be
unloaded. Peak sharing for WES is shown in Fig. 15. From the graph, it is clear that WES does
not deliver any load in off-peak time, 020 min and 5070 min, rather it feeds the load of
2 MW in peak time during 2050 min.
During peak time as well as in off-peak time, the USS feeds the base load of 6 MW. The
base loading of USS is shown in Fig. 16. From the graph, it is shown that USS always feeds
the base load. At 20 min and 50 min, small fluctuations can be seen in the curve due to loading
and unloading of WES.
The total sum of loads delivered by both USS and WES is represented in Fig. 17. From
the graph, it is shown that base load is 6 MW and peak load is 8 MW in off-peak and peak
times, respectively.
The peak load sharing is based on PFC as in this technique; the generators shaft speed is
also to be regulated against TVL. From the graph shown in Fig. 18, it is shown that generator
shaft speed is maintained at 1500 rpm in peak and off-peak times. Small fluctuations can be
seen at instants of loading and unloading of WES.
FIG. 15. Load delivered by WES.
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FIG. 16. Load delivered by USS.
FIG. 17. Total load of WES and USS.
FIG. 18. Generator shaft speed.
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FIG. 19. Output of loading controller.
For this simulation, the BPC system is designed by using two PI controllers. Following
graph represented in Fig. 19 shows the output blade pitch signal of first loading controller
against occurrence of peak load at 20 min time. First controller is only responsible for loading
of WES.
During peak load after loading of WES, the BPC system switches the second controller to
unload the WES during the occurrence of off-peak load at 50 min time. The second controller
is responsible for unloading of WES and its output is shown in Fig. 20.
Fig. 21 shows the combined response of two controllers. This shows the complete pattern
of blade pitch, which is ultimately fed to WES to load and unload WES against TVL.
Fig. 22 represents the error signal, which is obtained after comparing reference signal and
input to BPC system.
The Cp characteristics of wind turbine while at loading transition and unloading transition
are shown in Fig. 23. The maximum reached value of Cp for proposed wind turbine is 0.35
which can be seen from graphs.
The TSR characteristics of wind turbine while at loading transition and unloading transition
are shown in Fig. 24. From graphs, it is clear that wind turbine operates at TSR value of 5.8
approximately.
FIG. 20. Output of unloading controller.
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FIG. 21. Blade pitch pattern from BPC system.
FIG. 22. Error signal of BPC system.
FIG. 23. Cp characteristics of wind turbine.
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FIG. 24. TSR characteristics of wind turbine.
The transient portions of blade pitch output from BPC system and output power of WES
are enlarged and shown in Fig. 25, while loading in peak time. From the first diagram of blade
pitch signal, it is shown that BPC system changes the value of blade pitch from 104 to 24 in
0.36 min (21.6 s). The diagram showing output power of WES is the response of WES against
BPC system in peak time after feeding with blade pitch control signal.
From the second diagram of output power of WES, it is shown that BPC system has suppressed the transients to greater extent. The output power curve of WES has been analyzed by
computing the parameters: percent overshoot (1.5%), rise time [15 s (0.25 min)], and settling
time [24 s (0.40 min)]. The output power curve of WES has percent overshoot of 43% while
using PID controller and this parameter has been improved by using fuzzy PID controller and
fuzzy feed forward combinative controller.15 But in this paper, BPC system is composed of
very simple PI controllers employed for loading and unloading of WES. Using BPC system,
the percent overshoot of output power of WES has been reduced to 1.5%. The comparison of
the result is given in Table II.
FIG. 25. Blade pitch signal of BPC system and output power of WES.
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TABLE II. Result comparison.

Parameter
Percent overshoot
BPC system
PID controller15
1.5%
43%
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this research article, the peak load is shared by wind turbine using the concept of blade
pitch control. In the presented simulation case study, the technique of PFC finds its major application with standalone wind turbine feeding to a specific area and for conventional wind turbine
having small gear box ratio. The proposed PFC technique of load sharing is cheaper as it does
not use power electronic based converters for direct load drive or for grid connected wind turbines. However, PFC requires an efficient control against a number of constraints like variable
wind speed, time varying wind direction, and many other climatic conditions.
NOMENCLATURE
Pm
qa
A
Vw
Cp
k
b
R
VT
n
Pt
Pg
st
sg
xt
xg
TSR
output mechanical power of wind turbine (W)

air density (kg/m3)
swept area of wind turbines propeller (m2)
wind speed (m/s)
power coefficient
tip speed ratio
blade pitch ( )
blade length of wind turbine (m)
blade tip speed (m/s)
shaft speed of wind turbine (rpm)
power at wind turbine shaft
power at generator shaft
torque at wind turbine shaft
torque at generator shaft
speed of wind turbine shaft (rad/s)
speed of generator shaft (rad/s)
tip speed ratio
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2010, pp. 16.
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2010, pp. 14791484.
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Peak Load Sharing at Domestic Level

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Peak Load Sharing at Domestic Level

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Peak load sharing based on blade pitch control of wind turbine in the presence of

JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 6, 013110 (2014)

Peak load sharing based on blade pitch control

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: mansooruett@gmail.com

C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

According to International Standard Atmosphere, at sea level and at 15

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 1. Wind turbine block.

FIG. 2. Swept area.

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

3. Tip speed ratio (TSR)

4. Blade pitch (b)

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

6. Shaft speed characteristics

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 5. Cp characteristics (MATLAB).

The complete block diagram of wind turbine is shown in Fig. 7.

The wind turbine is connected to a synchronous generator, which is 3-phase synchronous

FIG. 6. Shaft speed characteristics.

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 7. Wind turbine modelling.

TABLE I. Rated parameters of wind turbine and generator.

Rated shaft speed (n) of wind turbine

Rated wind speed (Vw)

Power coefficient (Cp)

Tip speed ratio (k)

Rated blade pitch (b)

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 8. Utility supply system.

IV. MODELLING OF TVL

FIG. 9. Load curve.

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 10. Modelling of TVL.

FIG. 11. BPC system block.

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 12. Schematic diagram of BPC system.

FIG. 13. One-line diagram of simulation.

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 14. Complete block diagram.

FIG. 15. Load delivered by WES.

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 16. Load delivered by USS.

FIG. 17. Total load of WES and USS.

FIG. 18. Generator shaft speed.

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 19. Output of loading controller.

FIG. 20. Output of unloading controller.

Ashraf, Nadeem Malik, and Iqbal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 013110 (2014)

FIG. 21. Blade pitch pattern from BPC system.

FIG. 22. Error signal of BPC system.