Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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Part 1
Chapter 1
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................
1.1 Motivation of the search .......................................................................................................................
1.2 PV History ..............................................................................................................................................
1.3 PV operation ..........................................................................................................................................
Chapter 2
PV systems and system components .....................................................................................................
2.1 PV systems types.....................................................................................................................................
2.2 Inverter ...................................................................................................................................................
2.3 Battery.....................................................................................................................................................
2.4 Battery charger ......................................................................................................................................
Chapter 3
Protection and Troubleshooting ...........................................................................................................
3.1 Protection system ..................................................................................................................................
3.2 Troubleshooting and maintenance .........................................................................................................
Chapter 4
Load estimation and sizing ..................................................................................................................
4.1 Load estimation .....................................................................................................................................
4.2 PV design and Sizing ..............................................................................................................................
Chapter 5
Economical and technical studies .........................................................................................................
5.1 Environmental effects .............................................................................................................................
5.2 Economic study using PV program .........................................................................................................
Part2
Chapter 6
Tracking system to obtaining the maximum power point from PV .....................................................
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................
6.2 Installation for PV module .....................................................................................................................
6.3 Tracking system using arduino and stepper motor.................................................................................
Photovoltaic Operation:
Photovoltaic (PV) use some of the properties of semiconductors to directly convert light into electricity.
There are many different kinds of PV technology commercially available and under research each with
their own strengths and weaknesses. Our discussion focuses on one material: silicon. This is the same
material that many integrated circuits (computer chips) are made from. It is currently the workhorse of
the commercial market.
We begin by looking at the physics that allows this technology to convert sunlight directly into electricity.
A discussion of efficiency follows. Efficiency for any energy production technology is a complex issue and
PV is no exception.
Do not however get the impression that we are adding a charge to the semiconductor. We are merely
increasing the number of current carriers (so charges that are free
to move about) but each one is balanced out by a charge of the
opposite type so the overall charge of the semiconductor remains
neutral. A PV cell requires both p and n type semiconductors.
Figure a show two pieces of semiconductor. The one with the plus
signs is the p-type and they are distributed evenly over the
material.
. Again, the plus and minus signs represent the polarity of the
carriers not the overall charge of the material.
If the p and n type semiconductors are then brought together and
a junction formed so that charges can flow between them an
interesting thing happens as shown in Figure .
The loose positive and negative carriers are attracted to each other so some of the electrons in the ntype material migrate into the p-type material and vice-versa. The attraction of unlike charges is
counterbalanced by the electric field that is created as the charge of the material is changed when it
loses some of its charged particles.
This region surrounding the junction is called the
depletion region and is what gives the p-n junction the
ability to convert light into electricity.
It is possible to excite an electron away from the atom it is
attached to by having it absorb some energy.
When light of sufficient energy hits the p-n junction an
electron can be separated from its associated atom. If this
electron is not re-absorbed by another atom before
reaching the depletion region, it gets swept through the
electric field created by the charge separation to a higher
potential.
This electron can then be collected by an electrode placed on the top of the junction (N-type) and used
in a circuit to do some work. This is how the p-n junction creates usable electricity.
Clearly the direction the sun comes from must have a transparent coating. The electron can be
reabsorbed by the silicon before it gets to the electrode.
If this happens that energy is lost and never makes it out of the panel. To reduce the occurrence of
electron reabsorbing it is desirable to have the electrodes as close together as possible. Too many
electrodes will shade the panel, however, so a balancing act ensues.
The smallest unit of PV system is solar cell it produces small power, so cells are connected in series and
parallel to form larger unit with higher power called (Module). Modules also connected in series and
parallel to form (Array).
Solar radiation
The sun as an energy source
The sun supplies energy in the form of radiation, without which life on Earth could not exist. The energy
is generated in the sun's core through the fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium. Part of the mass of the
hydrogen is converted into energy. In other words, the sun is an enormous nuclear fusion reactor.
Because the sun is such a long way from the Earth, only a tiny proportion (around two-millionths) of the
sun's radiation reaches the Earth's surface. This works out at an amount of energy of 1 x 101 8 kWh/a.
4H+2e4He+2neutrinous+6photons
The amount of energy involved is 26Mev each time the above reaction take place.
90% of the generated by the sun comes from this fusion reaction.
Angle definition
Angle definition is important for calculating irradiance
and the yields of solar energy system.
value
When light hits the solar cell, the energy of the photons generates free charge carriers.
An illuminated solar cell constitutes a parallel circuit of a power source and a diode.
The power source produces the photoelectric current (photocurrent) I p h. The level of this current
depends upon the irradiance. The diode characteristic curve is shifted by
the magnitude of the photocurrent in the reverse-biased direction (into the fourth
quadrant).
This extended equivalent circuit diagram is termed a single-diode model of a solar cell and is used as a
standard model in photovoltaic. In the solar cell, a voltage drop
occurs as the charge carriers migrate from the semiconductor to the electrical
contacts. This is described by the series resistor Rs, which is in the range of a few
milliohms. In addition, what are known as leakage currents arise, which are described
by the parallel resistor. Both resistors bring about a flattening of the
solar cell characteristic curve. With the series resistor, it is possible to calculate
current/voltage characteristic curves of solar cells at different irradiances and
temperatures.
Where:
Mpp: maximum power point. The maximum power point (MPP) value is the point on the I-V curve at
than the MPP current. With crystalline standard cells (10cm x 10cm) under STC ,
FF: fill factor it measures the quality of PV cell. If FF=1 this means the best quality of PV cell.
If a leaf falls on the solar module so that a solar cell (C36 in Figure) is
darkened, this solar cell becomes an (electricity load).
- No more current is generated in this cell.
- It uses the current from the other cells so the direction of the
voltage is reversed in the shaded cell.
Thin films
1. Cadmium telluride solar cell.
2. Copper indium gallium selenide.
3. Gallium arsenide multijunction.
4. Light-absorbing dyes (DSSCQuantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSCs).
5. Organic/polymer solar cells.
6. Silicon thin films Indium Gallium Nitride.
Monocrystalline silicon
Polycrystalline silicon
Ribbon silicon
Crystalline thin- film silicon
Amorphous silicon
Micromorphous silicon
CIS
Cadmium telluride
lll - V semi conductor
Dye-sensitized call
Hybrid HIT solar cell
Cell efficiency
(laboratory) (%)
Cell efficiency
(production) (%)
24.7
20.3
19.7
19.2
13.0
12.0
19.5
16.5
3 9. 0
12.0
21
21.5
16.5
14
9.5
10.5
10.7
14.0
10.0
27.4
7.0
18.5
Module efficiency
(series production) (%)
16.9
14.2
13.1
7.9
7.5
9.1
11.0
9.0
27.0
5.0
16.8
The most important material in crystalline solar cells is silicon. After oxygen, this is the second
most abundant element on Earth and, hence, is available in almost unlimited quantities. It is
present not in a pure form, but in chemical compounds, with oxygen in the form of quartz or
sand. The undesired oxygen has to be first separated out of the silicon dioxide. To do this, quartz
sand is heated together with carbon powder, coke and charcoal in an electric arc furnace to a
temperature of 1800C to 1900C.This produces carbon monoxide and what is known as
metallurgical silicon, which is about 98 per cent pure. But 2 per cent impurity in silicon is still
much too high for electronics applications. Only billionths of a per cent are acceptable for
photovoltaic, which falls to ten times less for the semiconductor industry (electronic grade
silicon).
Because the purity requirements for silicon used in manufacturing solar cells aren't as high as for
electronic grade silicon, the solar industry primarily uses waste products from the semiconductor
industry. Since 1998, however, there has not been enough silicon waste to cover the rapid growth in
demand. The shortfall has mostly been made up using ultra-pure silicon, but which, in some cases, is of
a slightly lower quality. Over the same period, processes have been developed that now make it possible
to produce silicon with the quality required for solar cells (solar grade silicon and solar silicon), but
involving less cost, time and energy expenditure.
In PV modules, the module surface area is used for A. On the data sheets, the
efficiency is always specified under standard test conditions (STC):
The efficiency of solar cells depends upon irradiance and temperature. The efficiency
at a particular irradiance or temperature is the result of the nominal efficiency minus
the change in efficiency.
With the radiation factor s, the change in efficiency with irradiances deviating from
STC can be calculated
For example, s = 0.5 means the radiation factor is at half STC irradiance and, hence,
irradiance is at 500W/m2 .The approximate change in efficiency with crystalline silicon
cells results with constant temperature as follows:
PV Systems
There are two types of PV systems:
1.
2.
Stand-alone PV
systems are systems that are not connected to the public electricity grid. They are generally much smaller than grid-connected systems,
and because they are very often in rural areas, the PV modules are frequently ground mounted as space is usually not a problem. The
three main categories are:
Grid connected PV
system is the most popular solar electric system on the market today. Grid-connected systems
are so named because they are connected directly to the electrical grid.
A grid-connected system consists of five main components:
PV array
An inverter
The main service panel or breaker box
safety disconnects
Meters.
To understand how a battery-less grid-connected system works, lets begin with the PV array.
The PV array produces DC electricity. It flows through wires to the inverter, which converts the
DC electricity to AC electricity. The inverter doesnt just convert the DC electricity to AC; it
converts it to grid-compatible AC that is, 60 cycles per second, 120-volt (or 240-volt)
electricity. Because the inverter produces electricity in sync with the grid, inverters in these
systems are often referred to as synchronous inverters.
The 120-volt or 240-volt AC produced by the inverter flows to the main service panel, aka the
breaker box. From there, it flows to active loads (electrical devices that are operating). If the PV
system is producing more electricity than is needed to meet these demands which is often the
case on sunny days the excess automatically flows on to the grid.
After the electricity is fed to the grid, the utility treats it as if it were its own. End users pay the
utility directly for the electricity you generate (thats only occurs at smart Grid).
Solar Inverter
Inverter is one of the most important components in grid connected
system. Inverter is semiconductor device which used to convert DC (direct
current) electricity into AC (alternating current) electricity. Some modern
inverters make process of conversion with small losses. Sometimes we
dont need battery bank in grid connected system as Electricity Company
act as battery .But many people preferred to use battery bank to act as
back up when grid is failure. When PV feed dc load, it become more
efficient as in this case dont need to use inverter
Inverter Ratings:
1- Continuous Rating :
This is the amount of power you could expect to use continuously without the inverter overheating and
shutting down.
2-Half Hour Rating:
This is handy as the continuous rating may be too low to run a high energy consumption power tool or
appliance, however if the appliance was only to be used occasionally then the half hour rating may well
suffice.
3- Surge Rating:
A high surge is required to start some appliances and once running they may need considerably less
power to keep functioning. The inverter must be able to hold its surge rating for at least 5 seconds.
4- IP Rating :
Define the ability of inverter to be used to prevent water and dust ingress
5- Peak Efficiency:
Represent high efficiency inverter can achieve.
In order to feed the maximum power into the electricity grid, the inverter must workin the MPP of the
PV array. The MPP of the PV array changes according to Climatic conditions. In the inverter, an MPP
tracker ensures that the inverter is adjusted to the MPP point. Since the modules' voltage and current
vary considerably depending upon the weather conditions, the inverter needs to move its working
pointing order to function optimally. To do this, an electronic circuit is used that adjusts the Voltage so
that the inverter runs at the point at which the PV array achieves its maximum power (MPP).
Adjustment of the inverter's operating point to the MPP of the PV modules (MPP tracking)Pv system up
to5kwp or size of 50 m^2 we use single phase inverter and with large system the feed is three phase
inverter.
Principle of connecting PV systems to the grid with a single-phase and three-phase inverter
inverter
2-string inverter
3-module inverter
Manufacturer: ASP.
Concept: self-commutated inverters with LF transformer.
DC nominal power: 2.5kW.
MPP voltage: 82V to 120V.
Size: 456mm x 320mm x 211mm.
Weight: 22kg.
Central inverter with high output power range (three phase):
Type: invert solar 100
Manufacture: Siemens AG
Concept: self commuted inverter with LF transformer
MPP voltage: 460v to 750v
Size: 13.725*950*850 mm^3
Weight:
750kg
String inverter:
Type: Sunny Boy 2100TL.
Manufacturer: SMA Technology AG.
Concept: transformer less, self-commutated inverter.
DC nominal power: 2kW.
MPP voltage: 125V to 600V.
DMI 150/35.
Instantaneous values (red line) of insulation compared to hourly values (blue line) on a cloudless day (left) and on a cloudy day
Static efficiency:
Static efficiency is formed as the product of conversion
and tracking efficiency. Generally, only the conversion
efficiency that is achieved during operation in the
inverter's nominal range (Vnand In) is stated as the
nominal efficiency on the data sheets. In addition, the
maximum efficiency is also often stated, which usually
lies in the partial load range of 80 per cent to 50 per cent of the nominal power.
Characteristic curves for various inverter types (according to manufacturers' specifications)
AC Voltage:
240- three-phase is used for power loads in commercial and industrial buildings. This is a delta configuration. Across any one (of 3
transformers) theres 240V. On one side (only) of the delta there is a center-tapped transformer which is connected to neutral.
Thus providing 2x 120VAC for outlets.
208Y/120-V three-phase four wire distribution is commonly used in commercial buildings with limited electrical loads. 120V is
available between a pole and ground, while 208V is available between any two poles.
480- Three phase delta is commonly used in commercial and industrial buildings with substantial motor loads.
480Y/277- is used to supply commercial and industrial buildings. Between any two poles theres 480V, and between any pole and
neutral theres 277V. The 277V is used for ballasted lighting. Local step-down transformers are typically inserted to provide
208Y/120-V power for lighting, appliances and outlets.
DC Voltage:
The Maximum Power Point Transfer (MPPT or MPP) voltage range. a solar PV string should be
sized such that the inverter can normally operate within this range.
Maximum DC voltage; a solar PV string with no load (Vo) must under no circumstance ever
exceed an inverters maximum DV voltage. When considering this factor, one must assume the
lowest possible solar PV panel temperature while exposed to bright sunlight
SYSTEM SIZE
NO. PANELS
AVG DAILY
INVERTER
ROOF AREA
ANNUAL OUTPUT
OUTPUT
1.0kW
1700WR
7.8m
4.7kWh
1715kWh
1.5kW
1700WR
11.7m
7.0kWh
2555kWh
2.1kW
12
2300WR
14.3m
9.3kWh
3487kWh
2.6kW
15
3300WR
19.5m
11.7kWh
4270kWh
3.1kW
18
3300WR
23.4m
14.3kWh
5219kWh
3.5kW
20
4600WR
27.3m
15.6kWh
5694kWh
4.2kW
24
4600WR
31.2m
18.7kWh
6825kWh
Inverter efficiency:
Inverter efficiency can be defined as how much output power from inverter as percentage of power
input to the inverter. Inverter efficiency is depending on power as there is direct relation between power
and efficiency. As the power increase inverter efficiency will increase. Inverter uses power from battery
even we are not drawing AC current from it which reduce efficiency of inverter. Some inverters have the
facility called sleep mode which improve overall efficiency of inverter. So sensor is required with inverter
to sense if AC power is required or not. If not power used it will shut down the inverter so inverter dont
draw power from battery and increase efficiency. Which means that the appliances can not be put in
stand-by mode .Another factor may be affects on inverter efficiency is waveform and inductive load. In
case of non pure sine wave will be less efficient when powering an inductive load. The most common
disadvantages of inverter are harmonic problems.
Inverter failure:
Solar inverters may fail due to transients from the grid or the PV panel, component aging and operation beyond the designed limits.
Causes of failure:
capacitor failure:
Voltage stress
Continuous operation under maximum voltage
Current stress
Mechanical stress
Vibration
2-inverter bridge failure:
Over voltages and over currents
Thermal shock
Thermal overload
Extremely cold operating temperature
Other malfunction components
This rating is designed only as a means to compare different batteries to the same standard and is not to
be taken as a performance guarantee. Batteries are electrochemical devices sensitive to climate,
charge/discharge cycle history, temperature, and age. The performance of your battery depends on
climate, location and usage patterns. For every 1.0 amp-hour you remove from your battery, you will
need to pump about 1.25 amp-hours back in to return the battery to the same charge state of charge.
This figure also varies with temperature, battery type and age.
One amp delivered at 120 volts is the same amount of wattage as 10 amps delivered 12 volts:
1 amp at 120 volts = 10 amps at 12 volts
For example, running a 60-watt light bulb for one hour uses 60 watt-hours. If a 12-volt battery is running the light it will consume 5 amphours (60 watt hours divided by 12 volts equals 5 amp-hours)
Wel
* Autonomy Days
System Voltage
Battery size
Ah
B * Max.DOD
Where:Wel: power from PV
Autonomy Days: Number of days of non-sunshine often 2 days
b: is the battery efficiency often (80%)
DOD: depth of discharge (80%)
SYSTEM Voltage: (12 or 24 volt)
In our case 50 watt PV module and system voltage is 12 volt after regulation assume Autonomy Days is only one day max DOD is 70%
so we need
(50/12)*2/(.8*.7) 15 AH battery
Wide variations exist in charge controller designs and operational characteristics. Currently no standards, guidelines, or sizing practices
exist for battery and charge controller interfacing.
Battery Cycles
Batteries are rated according to their "cycles". Batteries can have shallow cycles between 10% to 15% of
the battery's total capacity, or deep cycles up to 50% to 80%. Shallow-cycle batteries, as those for
starting a car, are designed to deliver several hundred amperes for a few seconds, then the alternator
takes over and the battery is quickly recharged. Deep-cycle batteries or the other hand, deliver a few
amperes for hundreds of hours between charges. These two types are designed for different applications
and should not be interchanged.
Battery classifications
Primary Batteries
Primary batteries can store and deliver electrical energy, but cannot be recharged. Typical carbon-zinc
and lithium batteries commonly used in consumer electronic devices are primary batteries. Primary
batteries are not used in PV systems because they cannot be recharged
Secondary Batteries
A secondary battery can store and deliver electrical energy, and can also be recharged by passing a
current through it in an opposite direction to the discharge current. Common lead-acid batteries used in
automobiles and PV systems are secondary batteries.
Good care and caution should be used at all times when handling a battery. Improper battery use can
result in explosion. Read all documentation included with your battery in its entirety.
At the positive plate or electrode:
Pbo2 +4H++2e-
pb2++2H2o
Pb2++so4-2v
pbso4
Pb
Pb2++so42pbso4
Overall lead acid cell reaction:
The nominal voltage for a nickel-cadmium cell is 1.2 volts, compared to about 2.1 volts for a lead-acid
cell, requiring 10 nickel-cadmium cells to be configured in series for a nominal 12 volt battery. The
voltage of a nickel-cadmium cell remains relatively stable until the cell is almost completely discharged.
Nickel-cadmium batteries can accept charge rates as high as C/1, and are tolerant of continuous
overcharge up to a C/15 rate. Nickel-cadmium batteries are commonly subdivided into two primary
types; sintered plate and pocket plate.
Where c is the charge rate
Charge rate is often denoted as C or C-rate and signifies a charge or discharge rate equal to the capacity
of a battery in one hour.[1] For a 1.6Ah battery, C = 1.6A. A charge rate of C/2 = 0.8A would need two
hours, and a charge rate of 2C = 3.2A would need 30 minutes to fully charge the battery from an empty
state, if supported by the battery. This also assumes that the battery is 100% efficient at absorbing the
charge
Prevent Battery Overcharge: to limit the energy supplied to the battery by the PV array when the
battery becomes fully charged.
Prevent Battery Over-discharge: to disconnect the battery from electrical loads when the battery
reaches low state of charge.
Provide Load Control Functions: to automatically connect and disconnect an electrical load at a
specified time, for example operating a lighting load from sunset to sunrise.
Overcharge Protection
A remote stand-alone photovoltaic system with battery storage is designed so that it will meet
the system electrical load requirements under reasonably determined worst-case conditions, usually for
the month of the year with the lowest insolation to load ratio.
When the array is operating under good-to-excellent weather conditions (typically during summer),
energy generated by the array often exceeds the electrical load demand. To prevent battery damage
resulting from overcharge, a charge controller is used to protect the battery.
A charge controller should prevent overcharge of a battery regardless of the system sizing/design and
seasonal changes in the load profile, operating temperatures and solar insolation.
Charge regulation is the primary function of a battery charge controller, and perhaps the single
most important issue related to battery performance and life.
The purpose of a charge controller is to supply power to the battery in a manner which fully recharges
the battery without overcharging.
Without charge control, the current from the array will flow into a battery proportional to the
irradiance, whether the battery needs charging or not.
If the battery is fully charged, unregulated charging will cause the battery voltage to reach exceedingly
high levels, causing severe gassing, electrolyte loss, internal heating and accelerated grid corrosion.
In most cases if a battery is not protected from overcharge in PV system, premature failure of the battery
and loss of load are likely to occur.
Charge controllers prevent excessive battery overcharge by interrupting or limiting the current
flow from the array to the battery when the battery becomes fully charged.
Charge regulation is most often accomplished by limiting the battery voltage to a maximum value, often
referred to as the voltage regulation (VR) set point. Sometimes, other methods such as integrating the
ampere-hours into and out of the battery are used.
Depending on the regulation method, the current may be limited while maintaining the regulation
voltage, or remain disconnected until the battery voltage drops to the array reconnect voltage (ARV) set
point.
Over-discharge Protection
During periods of below average insolation and/or during periods of excessive electrical load usage, the energy produced by the PV
array may not be sufficient enough to keep the battery fully recharged.
When a battery is deeply discharged, the reaction in the battery occurs close to the grids, and weakens the bond between the active
materials and the grids.
When a battery is excessively discharged repeatedly, loss of capacity and life will eventually occur. To protect batteries from over-discharge,
most charge controllers include an optional feature to disconnect the system loads once the battery reaches a low voltage or low state of
charge condition.
In some cases, the electrical loads in a PV system must have sufficiently high enough voltage to operate. If batteries are too deeply
discharged, the voltage falls below the operating range of the loads, and the loads may operate improperly or not at all. This is another
important reason to limit battery over- discharge in PV systems.
Over-discharge protection in charge controllers is usually accomplished by open-circuiting the connection between the battery and
electrical load when the battery reaches a pre-set or adjustable low voltage load disconnect (LVD) set point. Most charge controllers also
have an indicator light or audible alarm to alert the system user/operator to the load disconnects condition. Once the battery is recharged
to a certain level, the loads are again reconnected to a battery.
Non-critical systems loads are generally always protected from over-discharging the battery by connection to the low voltage load
disconnect circuitry of the charge controller.
If the battery voltage falls to a low but safe level, a relay can open and disconnect the load, preventing further battery discharge.
Critical loads can be connected directly to the battery, so that they are not automatically disconnected by the charge controller. However,
the danger exists that these critical loads might over-discharge the battery.
An alarm or other method of user feedback should be included to give information on the battery status if critical loads are connected
directly to the battery.
Figure 11 shows the basic controller set points on a simplified diagram plotting battery voltage versus time for a charge and discharge cycle.
A detailed discussion of each charge controller set point follows.
Voltage Regulation
(VR) Set Point
The voltage regulation (VR) set point is one of the key
specifications for charge controllers.
The voltage regulation set point:
Is defined as the maximum voltage that the charge
controller allows the battery to reach, limiting the
overcharge of the battery.
Once the controller senses that the battery reaches the
voltage regulation set point, the controller will either
discontinue battery charging or begin to regulate (limit)
the amount of current delivered to the battery.
An important point to note about the voltage regulation set point is that the values required for optimal battery performance in standalone PV systems are generally much higher than the regulation or 'float voltages' recommended by battery manufacturers.
This is because in a PV system, the battery must be recharged within a limited time period (during sunlight hours), while battery
manufacturers generally allow for much longer recharge times when determining their optimal regulation voltage limits. By using a higher
regulation voltage in PV systems, the battery can be recharged in a shorter time period, however some degree over overcharge and gassing
will occur. The designer is faced selecting the optimal voltage regulation set point that maintains the highest possible battery state of charge
without causing significant overcharge.
controller, and extending the time it takes to fully charge the battery. If the LVDH is too large, the load may remain off for extended periods
until the array fully recharges the battery.
With a large LVDH, battery health may be improved due to reduced battery cycling, but with a reduction in load availability. The proper
LVDH selection for a given system will depend on load availability requirements, battery chemistry and size, and the PV and load currents.
1.
Since photovoltaic cells are current-limited by design (unlike batteries), PV modules and arrays can be short-circuited without any harm.
The ability to short-circuit modules or an array is the basis of operation for shunt controllers.
Most shunt controllers require a heat sink to dissipate power, and are generally limited to use in PV systems with array currents less than 20
amps.
1- Shunt-Interrupting Design
The shunt-interrupting controller
completely disconnects the array
current in an interrupting or on-off
fashion when the battery reaches
the voltage regulation set point.
2-
Shunt-Linear Design
Once a battery becomes
nearly fully charged, a shunt-linear controller maintains the battery at near a fixed voltage by gradually
shunting the array through a semiconductor regulation element.
2.
As the name implies this type of controller works in series between the array and battery, rather than in parallel as for the shunt controller.
There are several variations to the series type controller, all of which use some type of control or regulation element in series between the
array and the battery.
While this type of controller is commonly used in small PV systems, it is also the practical choice for larger systems due to the current
limitations of shunt controllers.
1- Series-Interrupting Design
The most simple series controller is the series-interrupting type, involving a one-step control, turning the array charging current either on or
off. The charge controller constantly monitors battery voltage, and disconnects or open-circuits the array in series once the battery reaches
the regulation voltage set point
auxiliary load, and system monitoring. The designer must decide which options are needed to satisfy the requirements of a specific
application. The following list some of the basic considerations for selecting charge controllers for PV systems.
System voltage
PV array and load currents
Battery type and size
Regulation algorithm and switching element design
Regulation and load disconnect set points
Environmental operating conditions
Mechanical design and packaging
System indicators, alarms, and meters
Over current, disconnects and surge protection devices
Costs, warranty and availability
Typically, we would expect that a PV module or array produces no more than its rated maximum power current at 1000 W/m irradiance
o
and 25 C module temperature. However, due to possible reflections from clouds, water or snow, the sunlight levels on the array may be
2
"enhanced" up to 1.4 times the nominal 1000 W/m value used to rate PV module performance. The result is that peak array current could
be 1.4 times the nominal peak rated value if reflection conditions exist. For this reason, the peak array current ratings for charge controllers
should be sized for about 140% or the nominal peak maximum power current ratings for the modules or array.
The size of a controller is determined by multiplying the peak rated current from an array times this "enhancement" safety factor. The total
current from an array is given by the number of modules or strings in parallel, multiplied by the module current. To be conservative, use the
short-circuit current (Isc) is generally used instead of the maximum power current (Imp). In this way, shunt type controllers that operate
the array at short-circuit current conditions are covered safely.
(1) When a low voltage "self-regulating module" is used in the proper climate;
(2) When the battery is very large compared to the array.
In the case of using "self-regulating" modules without battery charge regulation, the designer wants to take advantage of the fact that the
array current falls off sharply as the voltage increases above the maximum power point. In a "self-regulating" low voltage PV module, there
are generally only 28-30 silicon cells connected in series, resulting in an open-circuit voltage of about 18 volts and a maximum power
o
voltage of about 15 volts at 25 C. Under typical operating temperatures, the "knee" of the IV curve falls within the range of typical battery
voltages. Figure above shows a comparison of operating points between a 36-cell and 30-cell PV module. As the battery voltage rises, there
is a more dramatic reduction in current from the 30-cell module. In the afternoon, in this example, the battery voltage has risen to about
14.4 volts, and the current from the 30-cell module is almost one third that from the 36-cell module.
Using a "self-regulating module" does not automatically assure that a photovoltaic power system will be a self-regulating system. For selfregulation and no battery overcharge to occur, the following three conditions must be met:
The load must be used daily. If not, then the module will continue to overcharge a fully charged battery. Every day the battery will
receive excessive charge, even if the module is forced to operate beyond the "knee" at current levels lower than its Imp. If the load is
used daily, then the amp-hours produced by the module are removed from the battery, and this energy can be safely replaced the next
day without overcharging the battery. So for a system to be "self-regulating", the load must be consistent and predictable. This
eliminates applications where only occasional load use occurs, such as vacation cabins or RV's that are left unused for weeks or months.
In these cases, a charge controller should be included in the system to protect the battery.
The climate cannot be too cold. If the module stays very cool, the "knee" of the IV curve will not move down in voltage enough, and the
expected drop off in current will not occur, even if the battery voltage rises as expected. Often "self-regulating modules" are used in
arctic climates for lighting for remote cabins for example, because they are the smallest and therefore least expensive of the power
modules, but they are combined with a charge controller or voltage dropping diodes to prevent battery overcharge.
The climate cannot be too warm. If the module heats up too much, then the drop off in current will be too extreme, and the battery
may never be properly recharged. The battery will sulfate, and the loads will not be able to operate.
A "self-regulating system" design can greatly simplify the design by eliminating the need for a charge controller, however these type of
designs are only appropriate for certain applications and conditions. In most common stand-alone PV system designs, a battery charge
controller is required.
2.
A charge controller may not be needed if the charge rates delivered by the array to the battery are small enough to prevent the battery
voltage from exceeding the gassing voltage limit when the battery is fully charged and the full array current is applied.
In certain applications, a long autonomy period may be used, resulting in a large amount of battery storage capacity. In these cases, the
charge rates from the array may be very low, and can be accepted by the battery at any time without overcharging.
These situations are common in critical application requiring large battery storage, such as telecommunications repeaters in alpine
conditions or remote navigational aids. It might also be the case when a very small load and array are combined with a large battery, as in
remote telemetry systems.
In general a charging rate of C/100 or less is considered low enough to be tolerated for long periods even when the battery is fully charged.
This means that even during the peak of the day, the array is charging the battery bank at the 100 hour rate or slower, equivalent to the
typical trickle charge rate that a controller would produce anyway.
Solar tracking
OBJECTIVE:
The aim of our projects is to utilize the maximum solar energy through solar panel. For this a digital based automatic sun tracking system
is proposed. This project helps the solar power generating equipment to get the maximum sunlight automatically thereby increasing the
efficiency of the system. The solar panel tracks the sun from east to west automatically for maximum intensity of light.
Basic concept:
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the
remainder - the diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day and increases proportionately on cloudy days. As the majority of the energy is
in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sun to be visible to the panels as long as possible
1. Single axis
tracking
systems:
Solar panels with single axis tracking systems. The
panels can turn around the center axis.
Single axis trackers have one degree of freedom
that acts as an axis of rotation. The axis of
rotation of single axis trackers is typically aligned
along a true North meridian. It is possible to align
them in any cardinal direction with advanced
tracking algorithms.
2. Mid-Morning
The Track Rack moved by the shifting according to motion of sun.
3. Mid-Afternoon
As the sun moves, the Track Rack follows
o
4. Sunset
The Track Rack completes its daily cycle facing west. It remains in this position
overnight until it is "awakened" by the rising sun the following morning.
Operation of (PM)
Each winding ( A ,B) has two terminal we excited stator winding control the polarity of excited current (
A+,B+,A-,B-,.) and the rotor poles are attracted To excited phase and make one step . Direction of
rotation depends on the polarity of excited coil.
In this method two stator winding excited at same time that make generate torque from both phases
make rotor set at mid-way Between two excited phase by sequence (A+B+,B+A-,A-B-,B-A+,).Make
stepper rotate at clockwise with full step .excited phase by sequence(A+B-,B-A-,A-B+,B+A+,A+B,).Make stepper rotate anti clockwise with full step .fig2
Advantage:
1-dont required external exciting current.
2-Need low power.
3-has high detent torque compared with variable
reluctance.
4-has high moment of inertia and slower acceleration
Disadvantage:
1-to reduce step angle we need increase rotor poles but it is difficult to manufacture small
2-permanent magnet motor with large number of poles the large range of step angle ( 30 : 900 ).
Step angle:
1-pole pitch =360/NROTOR pole
stator windings with DC currents causes the poles to be magnetized. Rotation occurs when the rotor
teeth are attracted to the energized stator poles. In a VR stepper motor, the surrounding coils that are
physically located opposite of each other are energized to create opposite magnetic fields.
And it has some types like Single stack type and Multi stack type.
Operation of hybrid:
Stator has two phase with more pole and each pole has teeth NSTATOR TEETH and rotor has teeth section
separated by permanent magnet we can reduce detent torque and increase accuracy by make
NSTATOR>NROTOR. When no current is flowing in the windings, the only source of magnetic flux across the
air-gap is the permanent magnet. The magnetic flux crosses the air-gap from the N end-cap into the
stator poles, flow sexually along the body of the stator, and returns to the magnet by crossing the airgap to the S end-cap. If there were no offset between the two sets of rotor teeth, there would be a
strong periodic alignment torque when the rotor was turned, and every time a set of stator teeth was in
line with the rotor teeth we would obtain a stable equilibrium position. However, there is an offset, and
this causes the alignment torque due to the magnet to be almost eliminated. In practice a small 'detent
torque remains, and this can be felt if the shaft is turned when the motor is de-energized: the motor
tends to be held in its step positions by the detent torque. This is sometimes very useful: for example, it
is usually enough to hold the rotor stationary when the power is switched off, so the motor can be left
over night without fear of it being accidentally nudged into to a new position.
When energized phases the eight coils are connected to form two phase-windings. The coils on poles 1,
3, 5 and 7 from phase A, while those on 2, 4, 6 and 8 from phase B. When phase A carries positive
current stator poles 1 and 5 aremagnetised as S, and poles 3 and 7 become N. The offset teeth on the N
end of the rotor are attracted to poles 1 and 5 while the offset teeth at the S end of the rotor are
attracted into line with the teeth on poles 3 and 7.
The pull-in characteristics vary also depending on the load. The larger the load inertia the smaller the
pull-in area. We can see from the shape of the curve that the step rate affects the torque output
capability of stepper motor The decreasing torque output as the speed increases is caused by the fact
that at high speeds the inductance of the motor is the dominant circuit element.
17-Viscous Damping: A damper which provides a drag or friction torque proportional to speed. At zero
speed the drag torque is reduced to zero.
18-Viscous Inertia Damper: A damper with an inertia coupled to the motor shaft, through a film of
viscous fluid, usually silicone oil to minimize viscosity variations due to temperature changes. This
damper only responds when the velocity between the damper inertia and motor shaft changes. At
steady state speed there is no effect from the damper.
.19-Wave Drive: Energizing the motor phases one at a time. Driving the motor one phase or winding on
at a time.
20- Resonance: A step motor operates on a series of
input pulses, each pulse causing the rotor to
advance one step. In this time the motors rotor
must accelerate and then decelerate to a stop. To
overcome resonance you must shift the resonance
point away from the operating point. Resonance will
always be there, it is a matter of manipulating the
system so that it goes away. Change the following
parameters in order to shift resonance:
Current
Voltage
Rotor Inertia
Disadvantages
1. Resonances can occur if not properly controlled
2. Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds.
around 50 percent radiation gains on sunny days, and in winter, 300 per cent or more, compared
to a horizontal surface (fixed surface).
Protection of PV system
Introduction
We know that we must take the protection of any system we installed it our calculation so we must
know. How we protect our system from any things may damage it or let our system be out of work? We
have two sides (a.c; d.c) and pv module we must protect them as we can .
In this figure. The original GFPD prototype was developed in two versions that were similar except for
voltage rating. The basic concept was to insert a 0.5 or 1.0 amp circuit breaker in the dc system-bonding
conductor connecting the grounded circuit conductor (usually the negative) to the grounding system
(the point where equipment grounding conductors and grounding electrode conductor are connected
together). Any ground-fault currents must flow through this bond on their way from the ground-fault
point back to the driving source, the PV module or PV array
2- lightning
3-reverse current
5- over voltage
And our protection will be in two sides according to the dangerous which faced it
Now we will talk about the four elements in details and any side it may occurs
2-lightning
We know that the lightning is less happen in Egypt but we must say about it due to its high effect in the
system if it occurs.
Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are generally constructed in large, open, and unobstructed locations.
If lightning occurrences are present in those locations, the system may be highly susceptible to a
lightning strike.
Direct discharges to the PV array, nearby strikes to earth, and cloud to cloud discharges may have
damaging effects
On the PV system and its components.
The most effect is that the component of PV system will damage and we will need to make a new system
from A to Z.
The less effect is that may repeated high transient voltage.
And we have two type of lightning we will protect system from them.
And we will protect our system from (direct and indirect) lightning.
At dc side Lightning may cause magnetic fields to induce transient currents into PV system wire loops.
Then transient voltages will appear at equipment terminals and cause insulation and dielectric failures of
key Components, such as inverters, combiner boxes.
So we can use air terminal to protect the system like fig.
At ac .side
The inverter may also be affected by induced lightning transients and utility switching transients that
will appear at the service entrance, such as voltage tap changing or capacitor bank switching actions and
we can protect ac or dc side by the secondary protection device Surge Protective Devices and its
classification to get it
1- Ability of the devices to change states quickly enough for the brief time the transient is present
2- Ability to discharge the magnitude of the transient current that is associated with the transient
voltage without failing
3- Minimizing the voltage drop across the SPD circuit to protect the equipment it is connected to
4- No interference with the normal operation of that circuit
This means that unlike typical grid connected AC systems, the available short circuit current is limited
and the over current protective devices will need to operate effectively on low levels of fault current
String protection:
Where string overcurrent protection is required, each PV string shall be protected with an overcurrent
protection device. The nominal overcurrent protection (Fuse or Circuit breaker) rating of the string
overcurrent protection device shall be greater than 1,25 times the string short circuit current
Isc stc_string.
PV systems that have three or more strings connected in parallel need to have each string protected.
Systems that have less than three strings will not generate enough fault current to damage the
conductors, equipment or modules. Therefore they do not present a safety hazard, provided the
conductor is sized correctly, and based on local codes and installations requirements. Where three or
more strings are connected in parallel, a fuse link on each string will protect the conductors and modules
from over current faults and help minimize any safety hazards. It will also isolate the faulted string so
that the rest of the PV system can continue to generate electricity.
It should be remembered that PV module output changes with the module temperature as well as the
amount of sun it is exposed to. The exposure is dependent on irradiance level, incline as well as shading
effect from trees/buildings or clouds. In operation, fuse links, as thermal devices, are influenced by
ambient temperature. Whilst a full study of all the parameters is recommended, the following factors
should be used: 1.25 for current and 1.2 for voltage when selecting the fuse link which covers most
variation due to installation.
Array protection
The nominal rated trip current of overcurrent protection devices for PV arrays (fuses or circuit breaker)
shall be greater than 1.25 times the array short-circuit current Isc of array
The selection of overcurrent protection rating shall be done in order to avoid unexpected trip in normal
operation taking into account temperature.
A protection rating higher than 1.4 times the protected string or array short-circuits current Isc is usually
recommended. Each fuses manufacturer provides rating selection recommendation. For Schneider
Electric circuit breakers.
Notes:
fuses(common use)
1. Fuses are the string protection most widely used by designers
2. Unlike diodes, they disconnect the circuit if faults occur.
3. A fuse, it must be selected to protect a PV source circuit operating at its short-circuit current rating,
and also protect it in case of a fault on that circuit.
ground fault condition will be most likely registered on the inverter if it is, then the system is
very dangerous and any further trouble-shooting should be conducted by a DC voltage specialist.
4. Series Resistance This is the most unlikely condition to occur. Solar arrays using central
inverters are long strings of generators all the way down to the cell level. At each interconnection
point, there is a chance for a bad connection. Cells are encapsulated in glass and silicone,
terminals are enclosed in waterproof boxes and wires are connected by waterproof plugs. If
moisture or extreme heat attacks any of these points, their resistance will increase and bring the
output of the entire system down. By way of example, one manufacturer of solar panels had
been soldering the module cells together with a solder that was of insufficient heat. Over time,
the electrical resistance in these bad connections generated enough heat to burn through the
top glass, eventually leading to the replacement of the cells of thousands of modules. However,
this is very rare. Any series resistance is more likely to occur in a junction box, a connector, or a
combiner box. Both junction and combiners boxes can be opened to inspect the connections: any
metal surfaces should be free of oxidation and the screw terminals should be shiny.
These are the four basic conditions to check a poorly performing system.
2-Donts:
*Do not use any detergent for cleaning the module (just clean water)
*Do not use sharp-edged materials to remove bird dropping
*Do not touch the surface of the module with oily or greasy hands
Batteries
Failure of batteries is one of the main problems in PV system
Following procedures of maintenance for battery system:
1- Inspect battery terminals for corrosion and loose cable
2-check battery surface for electrolyte leakage
3-ensure that batteries are not in direct contact with the ground (floor)
4-check battery enclosure box for proper ventilation
5-check the level of electrolyte and distilled water in the batteries; top up the battery if the level is
below the specified mark
Maintenance procedure
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE SYSTEMS IS AS FOLLOWS:
1-COMPLETE PHYSICAL INSPECTION OF THE SYSTEM AT LEAST TWICE A YEAR
2-DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING INSPECTION FORMS AND RECORDS
Routine Maintenance
Test system meters using a device where you know the voltage and verify it is working and correct
Test array/panel voltage with a multi-meter to measure the voltage/amperage (in full sun) in an
array/panel and record
Measure battery voltage before and after connecting array and record
Check status indicators on charge controller and inverter if available
Check all wiring to see if any is live by testing voltage and/or current at all points before and after a
component
Check all terminals and wires for loose, broken, corroded or burnt connections or components
Test system under full sun and re-test each point and component for common voltage/amperage
Number
Lightning power(W)
Total power(W)
Store 1
sockets
Store2
sockets
3
4
15
4
1518
648
1821.6
648
4554
972
27324
4860
wc (main)
socket
Dry garbage
wet garbage
mixed garbage
corridor
office
socket
Generator
sockets
Store
socket
Lowered
sockets
Transformer room
sockets
Laundry
socket
power socket
Boiler
socket
power socket
Shop1
socket
Shop2
socket
Shop3
socket
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
8
1
4
1
5
2
3
1
11
5
1
11
5
2
4
2
4
2
4
455
3600
84
84
84
112
607.2
648
476
1296
506
648
336
810
84
486
4312
1782
9000
4312
1782
9000
759
648
1062
648
1265
648
910
3600
84
84
84
112
607.2
324
476
648
506
324
336
405
168
486
4312
891
4500
4312
891
4500
1518
648
2124
648
2530
648
Lounge
cinema
1
1
3752
3592.6
3752
3592.6
Store a
socket
House Keeping 1
7
4
2
354.2
648
556.6
2479.4
2268
1113.2
socket
Elec. Room 1
sockets
4
2
4
648
455.4
648
648
910.8
648
Housekeeping 2
socket
Store b
socket
Elec. Room 2
sockets
2
4
10
4
2
4
303.2
648
253
648
455.4
648
606.4
648
2530
3240
910.8
648
shop
sockets
wc
power sockets
Entertainment
power sockets
sockets
8
4
2
2
1
4
12
404.8
648
303.6
1800
8247.8
7200
1944
3238.4
5184
607.2
1800
8247.8
3600
972
Store c
socket
10
4
607.2
648
6072
3240
Staff cafeteria 1
Staff Cafeteria 2
Kitchen
sockets
power socket
1
1
1
6
3
2428.8
3339.2
2732.4
972
5400
2428.8
3339.2
2732.4
486
2700
wc
sockets
2
1
1113
1800
2226
1800
Staff wc 1
sockets
Staff wc 2
sockets
Lenin store
socket
Elec. Room
Socket
House Keeping
sockets
big corridor
Dock
1
2
1
1
3
4
5
4
5
4
1
2
404.8
3600
961.4
1800
1416.8
648
404.8
648
455.4
648
1214
506
404.8
1800
961.4
900
4250.4
972
2024
1620
2277
1620
1214
1012
9... to . 19)
LIGHTING
SOCKET(VA)
N0
12
POWER OF ONE
big passage
435
607
passage
56
TOLAT
5892
N0
12
Power Sockets
1800
POWER OF ONE
1080
TOLAT
34560
5892
17280
numbers
bath room 1
bed room1
corridor 1
31
31
31
101
112
56
3131
3472
1736
bath room2
bed room2
corridor 2
31
31
31
101
112
56
3131
3472
1736
31
538
16678
Sockets
Power Sockets
12
2
972
1800
30132
55800
3310
102610
Also , we have blocks that have different power in each floor the same four
floors mentioned before , So the calculated power for this floor is :
-3.50
F.F.L
-3.50
F.F.L
-3.50
F.F.L
-3.50
F.F.L
-3.50
F.F.L
+31.70
-3.80
F.F.L
-3.50
F.F.L
+31.70
-3.20
F.F.L
-3.50
F.F.L
-3.50
F.F.L
Classification of rooms
Number
office 1
258
2064
socket
1296
5184
office 2
172
860
socket
810
2025
Dry garbage
84
84
wet garbage
84
84
mixed garbage
84
84
corridor
112
112
block 24
wc (main)
455
910
power socket
1800
1800
wc 1
151
151
power socket
1800
900
wc 2
151
151
power socket
1800
900
Kitchen 1
2783
5566
socket
972
972
power socket
10800
10800
Kitchen 2
3440
3440
socket
1296
648
power socket
14400
7200
Service
276
552
socket
648
648
Restaurants
708
4248
Store 1
455
455
sockets
648
324
Store2
404
2020
sockets
648
1620
Health Club
5313
5313
power socket
15
27000
13500
sockets
14
2268
1134
wc
303.6
607.2
power socket
3600
3600
Locker
404
808
power socket
1800
1800
socket
324
324
Gym
5920
5920
socket
14
2268
1134
power socket
15
27000
13500
29268
14634
total
Ball room
7392
7392
Sockets
24
3888
1944
power socket
3600
1800
big corridor
1214
1214
mini corridor
607
607
small corridor
404.6666667
809.3333333
0.00
F.F.L
+31.70
0.00
F.F.L
25
+31.70
0.00
F.F.L
+31.70
0.00
F.F.L
Classification of rooms
office 2
172
860
socket
office 1
4
8
324
258
1620
2064
socket
648
5184
430
2924
972
6804
TOTAL POWER
1402
9728
wc (main)
455
910
wc 1
wc 2
Total
1
1
151
151
757
151
151
1212
power socket
total power
3600
14400
4357
15612
block 24
Dry garbage
84
84
wet garbage
mixed garbage
Garbage
1
1
3
84
84
252
84
84
252
corridor
big corridor
1
1
112
1214
112
1214
mini corridor
607
607
administration office
reception
total
wc
power socket
total
socket of reception
socket of
administration office
total power of sockets
shop 1
socket
lighting of Shops
total power
total power
12
1
10
368
1196
1564
1113
7200
8313
810
4416
1196
5612
2226
7200
9426
8100
648
3888
2
4
6
4
6
1458
506
324
3036
4980
3022
This floor have the same power of rooms and suites blocks.
3036
1944
4980
17600
+31.70
+3.20
F.F.L
+31.70
+3.20
F.F.L
+31.70
+31.70
+31.70
+3.20
F.F.L
+31.70
+31.70
+4.80
F.F.L
+3.20
F.F.L
+3.20
F.F.L
+3.20
F.F.L
6
1
1
1
1
power of one
(W)
708
84
84
84
112
Total power
(W)
4248
84
84
84
112
Service 1
sockets
service 2
sockets
Service 3
sockets
main kitchen
socket
power socket
Buffet Zone
Corridor 1
corridor 2
2
4
2
4
1
4
1
20
20
1
2
3
276
648
87
648
217
648
5488
3240
36000
5262
506
253
552
648
174
648
217
324
5488
1620
18000
5262
1012
759
Ball room
power socket
Sockets
1
2
24
7392
3600
3888
7392
1800
1944
Classification of rooms
Numbers
Restaurants
mixed garbage
wet garbage
Dry garbage
corridor
Wc
power socket
Lounge
2
2
1
1113
3600
3752
2226
3600
3752
+31.70
+6.40
F.F.L
+6.40
F.F.L
+31.70
+31.70
25
+7.60
F.F.L
+6.40
F.F.L
+31.70
+31.70
+6.40
F.F.L
+6.40
F.F.L
block 24
Lounge
3752
3752
Distribution boards:
In this section, we will show you how loads distributed and the calculation of the current
and selecting of the standard of CB and CABLES that used in the project.
The block consist from 5 floor, every floor has its panel board that fed from larger panel of
the block, and every block fed from the Main Distribution Boards.
F-7.00 DB-1
185 mm^2(300A)
standard
250 A
285.9
238.25
Icable
AMPERE
PANEL: DBP-1
190.6
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
Icb
2.74621
10
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
4.909091 6.13636
7.363636364
standard
standard
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
3.833333
standard
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
4.79167
10A
3.272727 4.09091
socket
feed in cable
POWER
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
5.75
2mm^2
4.909090909
0
0
0
10A
3 mm^2
3 mm^2
12.18851 15.2356 18.28275852
10A
16A
4mm^2 (30 A)
7220
TOTAL POWER(VA)
112904.44
PANEL: DBP-2
185 mm^2(300 A)
standard
250 A
F+6.4 DB-2 F+3.2 DB-2 F0.00 DB-2 F-3.2 DB-2 F-7.00 DB-2
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
4.6
5.52
10A
3.272727 4.09091
0
0
10A
9.264615 10.4228
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
6.9
2 mm^2
4.909090909
5488
0
3 mm^2
13.89692227
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
111172.44
PANEL: DBP-3
185 mm^2(300 A)
standard
250 A
F+6.4 DB-3 F+3.2 DB-3 F0.00 DB-3 F-3.2 DB-3 F-7.00 DB-3
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
4.6
5.52
10A
3.272727 4.09091
0
0
10A
9.264615 13.7121
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
6.9
2 mm^2
4.909090909
5488
0
3 mm^2
16.45448267
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
111172.44
PANEL: DBP-4
F-7.00 DB-4
185 mm^2(300 A)
standard
250A
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
4.6
5.52
10A
3.272727 4.09091
0
0
10A
9.264615 11.5808
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
6.9
2 mm^2
4.909090909
5488
0
3 mm^2
13.89692227
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
111172.44
PANEL: DBP-5
F-7.00 DB-5
185 mm^2(300 A)
standard
250 A
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
44.60303 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
4.6
5.52
10A
3.272727 4.09091
0
0
10A
10.96966 13.7121
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
6.9
2 mm^2
4.909090909
5488
0
3 mm^2
16.45448267
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
111172.44
PANEL: DBP-6
F-7.00 DB-6
240 mm^2(345 A)
standard
300 A
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.22559 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.22559 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.22559 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.22559 46.532
50A
AMPERE
Icb
4.548485 5.68561
10A
4.909091 6.13636
4.545455 5.68182
10A
27.27689 13.7121
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.83838064
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
6.822727273
2 mm^2
7.363636364
6.818181818 16157.78
3 mm^2
16.45448267
4mm^2 (30A)
TOTAL POWER
121842.22
PANEL: DBP-7
185mm^2(300A)
standard
250A
F+6.4 DB-7 F+3.2 DB-7 F0.00 DB-7 F-3.2 DB-7 F-7.00 DB-7
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
3.913131 4.89141
10A
4.909091 6.13636
4.545455 5.68182
10A
30.93007 38.6626
50A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
22066.67
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
22066.67
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
22066.67
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
22066.67
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
5.86969697
2 mm^2
7.363636364
6.818181818 18321.78
3 mm^2
46.39510233
10mm^2 (48 A)
TOTAL POWER
106588.44
PANEL: DBP-8
185 mm^2(300 A)
standard
250 A
F+6.4 DB-8 F+3.2 DB-8 F0.00 DB-8 F-3.2 DB-8 F-7.00 DB-8
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
3.913131 4.89141
10A
4.909091 6.13636
4.545455 5.68182
10A
30.93007 38.6626
50A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
22066.67
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
22066.67
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
22066.67
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
22066.67
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
5.86969697
2 mm^2
7.363636364
6.818181818 18321.78
3 mm^2
46.39510233
10mm^2 (48 A)
TOTAL POWER
106588.44
PANEL: DBP-9
F-7.00 DB-9
240 mm^2(345 A)
standard
300 A
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
4.548485 5.68561
10A
4.909091 6.13636
4.545455 5.68182
10A
37.811 47.2638
50A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
6.822727273
2 mm^2
7.363636364
6.818181818 22397.78
3 mm^2
56.71650451
16mm^2 (60 A)
TOTAL POWER
128082.22
PANEL: DBP-10
240 mm^2(345A)
standard
300 A
F+6.4 DB-10 F+3.2 DB-10 F0.00 DB-10 F-3.2 DB-10 F-7.00 DB-10
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10
4.909091 6.13636
10
37.25203 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.19697 2.74621
10A
4.909091 6.13636
4.545455 5.68182
10A
47.60045 59.5006
63A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
5.75
2 mm^2
7.363636364
6.818181818 28196.67
3 mm^2
71.40067145
25mm^2 (80 A)
TOTAL POWER
133881.11
standard
300 A
240 mm^2(345 A)
PANEL: DBP-11
F+6.4 DB-11
F+3.2 DB-11
F0.00 DB-11
F-3.2 DB-11F-7.00 DB-11
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
2.1969697 2.74621
10
4.9090909 6.13636
10
37.252035 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.1969697 2.74621
10
4.9090909 6.13636
10
37.252035 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.1969697 2.74621
10
4.9090909 6.13636
10
37.252035 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.1969697 2.74621
10
4.9090909 6.13636
10
37.252035 46.565
50A
AMPERE
Icb
2.1969697 2.74621
10A
4.9090909 6.13636
4.5454545 5.68182
10A
33.881345 42.3517
50A
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
55.87805237
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
6.818181818
3 mm^2
50.82201712
16mm^2 (60 A)
POWER
TOTAL POWER
26421.11
POWER
26421.11
POWER
26421.11
POWER
26421.11
total power
20070
125754.444
PANEL: DBP-12
240 mm^2(345 A)
standard
300A
F+6.4 DB-12 F+3.2 DB-12 F0.00 DB-12 F-3.2 DB-12 F-7.00 DB-12
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
4.545455
socket
standard
feed in cable
33.88134
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10A
6.13636
5.68182
10A
13.7121
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
total power
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
20070
6.818181818
3 mm^2
16.45448267
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
125754.44
PANEL: DBP-13
240 mm^2(345 A)
standard
300A
F+6.4 DB-13 F+3.2 DB-13 F0.00 DB-13 F-3.2 DB-13 F-7.00 DB-13
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
4.545455
socket
standard
feed in cable
33.88134
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10A
6.13636
5.68182
10A
42.3517
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
total power
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
20070
6.818181818
3 mm^2
50.82201712
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
125754.44
PANEL: DBP-14
240mm^2(345 A)
standard
300 A
F+6.4 DB-14 F+3.2 DB-14 F0.00 DB-14 F-3.2 DB-14 F-7.00 DB-14
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
4.545455
socket
standard
feed in cable
39.40763
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10A
6.13636
5.68182
10A
49.2595
50A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
total power
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
6.818181818 23343.56
3 mm^2
59.11143896
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
129028
PANEL: DBP-15
240mm^2(345 A)
standard
300 A
F+6.4 DB-15 F+3.2 DB-15 F0.00 DB-15 F-3.2 DB-15 F-7.00 DB-15
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
1.788889
standard
3.272727
0
socket
standard
feed in cable
22.5583
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.23611
10A
4.09091
0
10A
28.1979
32A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
total power
2.683333333
2 mm^2
4.909090909
13362.67
0
3 mm^2
33.83745262
6mm^2 (36A)
TOTAL POWER
119047.11
PANEL: DBP-16
240 mm^2(345A)
standard
300A
F+6.4 DB-16 F+3.2 DB-16 F0.00 DB-16 F-3.2 DB-16 F-7.00 DB-16
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
1.788889
standard
3.272727
0
socket
standard
feed in cable
22.5583
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.23611
10A
4.09091
0
10A
28.1979
32A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
total power
2.683333333
2 mm^2
4.909090909
13362.67
0
3 mm^2
33.83745262
6mm^2 (36 A)
TOTAL POWER
119047.11
180 mm^2(300 A)
standard
250 A
281.52
F+6.4 DB-17 F+3.2 DB-17 F0.00 DB-17 F-3.2 DB-17 F-7.00 DB-17
234.6
Icable
AMPERE
PANEL: DBP-17
187.68
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
4.6
standard
3.272727
0
socket
standard
feed in cable
9.264615
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
5.75
10A
4.09091
0
10A
11.5808
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
total power
6.9
2 mm^2
4.909090909
5488
0
3 mm^2
13.89692227
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
111172.44
180 mm^2(300 A)
standard
250 A
281.52
F+6.4 DB-18 F+3.2 DB-18 F0.00 DB-18 F-3.2 DB-18 F-7.00 DB-18
234.6
Icable
AMPERE
PANEL: DBP-18
187.68
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
4.6
standard
3.272727
0
socket
standard
feed in cable
9.264615
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
5.75
10A
4.09091
0
10A
11.5808
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
total power
6.9
2 mm^2
4.909090909
5488
0
3 mm^2
13.89692227
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
111172.44
PANEL: DBP-19
180mm^2(300 A)
standard
250 A
F+6.4 DB-19 F+3.2 DB-19 F0.00 DB-19 F-3.2 DB-19 F-7.00 DB-19
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
44.60303
standard
AMPERE
4.6
standard
3.272727
0
socket
standard
feed in cable
13.89692
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
55.7538
63A
Icb
5.75
10A
4.09091
0
10A
17.3712
20A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
26421.11
3 mm^2
66.90454216
25mm^2 (80 A)
Icable
total power
6.9
2 mm^2
4.909090909
8232
0
3 mm^2
20.8453834
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
113916.44
PANEL: DBP-20
120 mm^2(240A)
standard
200A
F+6.4 DB-20 F+3.2 DB-20 F0.00 DB-20 F-3.2 DB-20 F-7.00 DB-20
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
3.066667
standard
3.272727
0
socket
standard
feed in cable
11.77209
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
3.83333
10A
4.09091
0
10A
14.7151
16A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
18388.89
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
18388.89
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
18388.89
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
18388.89
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
4.6
2 mm^2
4.909090909
6973.333
0
3 mm^2
17.65813981
4mm^2 (30 A)
TOTAL POWER
80528.889
PANEL: DBP-21
120 mm^2(240 A)
standard
200 A
F+6.4 DB-21 F+3.2 DB-21 F0.00 DB-21 F-3.2 DB-21 F-7.00 DB-21
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
lighting
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
4.770146
standard
4.909091
4.958678
socket
standard
feed in cable
34.53673
standard
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
5.96268
10A
6.13636
6.19835
10A
43.1709
50A
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
18388.89
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
18388.89
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
18388.89
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
POWER
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
18388.89
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
total power
7.155218855
2 mm^2
7.363636364
7.438016529 20458.22
3 mm^2
51.80508819
16mm^2 (60 A)
TOTAL POWER
94013.778
PANEL: DBP-22
120 mm^2(240 A)
standard
200 A
F+6.4 DB-22 F+3.2 DB-22 F0.00 DB-22 F-3.2 DB-22 F-7.00 DB-22
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
2.19697
standard
4.909091
standard
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
31.04336
standard
AMPERE
4.6
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
38.8042
50A
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
46.56504364
16mm^2 (60 A)
POWER
TOTAL POWER
18388.89
POWER
18388.89
POWER
18388.89
POWER
18388.89
Icb
Icable
total power
5.75
6.9
lighting
standard
10A
2 mm^2
3.272727 4.09091 4.909090909
socket
0
0
0
8232
standard
10A
3 mm^2
13.89692 17.3712
20.8453834
feed in cable
standard
20A
4mm^2 (30 A)
81787.556
PANEL: DBP-23
socket
feed in cable
standard
4.909091
standard
24.83469
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
24.83469
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
24.83469
standard
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
standard
socket
4.909091
standard
feed in cable
24.83469
standard
AMPERE
F-7.00 DB-23
95 mm^2(210 A)
standard
200 A
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
AMPERE
2.19697
lighting
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
37.25203491
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
37.25203491
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
37.25203491
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icable
3.295454545
2 mm^2
7.363636364
3 mm^2
37.25203491
16mm^2 (60 A)
Icb
Icable
3.45
4.3125
standard
10A
4.545455 5.68182
5.175
2 mm^2
6.818181818
10A
3 mm^2
socket
standard
feed in cable
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
31.0434
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
31.0434
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
31.0434
50A
Icb
2.74621
10
6.13636
10
31.0434
50A
7.627101 9.53388
standard
16A
11.44065139
4mm^2 (30A)
POWER
TOTAL POWER
14711.11
POWER
14711.11
POWER
14711.11
63362.444
POWER
14711.11
total power
4518
PANEL: DBP-24
300 mm^2(440A)
standard
400 A
F+6.4 DB-24 F+3.2 DB-24 F0.00 DB-24 F-3.2 DB-24 F-7.00 DB-24
Icable
AMPERE
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
standard
standard
standard
lighting
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
AMPERE
Icb
Icable
POWER
4.737374 5.92172 7.106060606
10
2 mm^2
0
0
0
4168.889
10
3 mm^2
7.037746 8.79718 10.55661896
16A
4mm^2 (30A)
AMPERE
Icb
Icable
POWER
4.737374 5.92172 7.106060606
10
2 mm^2
0
0
0
16542.22
10
3 mm^2
27.9259 34.9074 41.88884409
40A
10mm^2 (48A)
AMPERE
Icb
Icable
POWER
TOTAL POWER
0
calculations detailed below
0
feed in cable
39302.44
66.34876
standard
AMPERE
82.936
99.52314421
100A 50mm^2 (115 A)
Icb
Icable
POWER
0
calculations detailed below
feed in cable
52933.56
89.36024
standard
AMPERE
111.7
134.0403621
150A 95mm^2 (165 A)
Icb
Icable
total power
lighting
calculations detailed below
socket
feed in cable
34437.78
58.13643 72.6705
standard
80A
87.20465031
35mm^2 (95 A)
147384.89
300mm^2(440 A)
standard
400 A
436.65
F+6.4 DB-25
F+3.2 DB-25
F0.00 DB-25
F-3.2 DB-25F-7.00 DB-25
363.88
Icable
AMPERE
PANEL: DBP-25
291.1
Icb
lighting
socket
feed in cable
AMPERE
0
standard
0
standard
0
standard
AMPERE
Icb
0
10
0
10
0
16A
Icb
Icable
0
2 mm^2
0
3 mm^2
0
4mm^2 (30 A)
Icable
POWER
TOTAL POWER
POWER
lighting
calculations detailed below
socket
feed in cable
40836.67
standard
68.938773 86.1735
40A
AMPERE
Icb
103.4081601
10mm^2 (48A)
Icable
POWER
lighting
calculations detailed below
socket
feed in cable
30583.33
51.62952
standard
AMPERE
64.5369
80A
Icb
77.44427953
35mm^2 (95 A)
Icable
POWER
lighting
calculations detailed below
socket
feed in cable
57792.59
standard
97.563067 121.954
146.3446004
125A
95mm^2 (165A)
AMPERE
Icb
Icable
total power
lighting
calculations detailed below
socket
feed in cable
43224.67
standard
72.970096 91.2126
109.4551445
100A
50mm^2 (115A)
172437.259
lighting
adminstration office
Socket
feed in cable
lighting
F0.00 DB-24
Reception
AMPERE
1.858585859
standard
0
standard
3.272727273
0
5.101615537
standard
AMPERE
3.949494949
standard
2.045454545
2.045454545
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
WC
5.101615537
standard
AMPERE
3.681818182
standard
2.045454545
2.045454545
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
Shops
5.375097243
standard
AMPERE
2.555555556
standard
1.636363636
standard
feed in cable
8.407030236
standard
Icb
2.323232
10
4.090909
0
10
6.377019
10A
Icb
4.936869
10
2.556818
2.556818
10
6.377019
10A
Icb
4.602273
10
2.556818
2.556818
10
6.718872
10A
Icb
3.194444
10
2.045455
10
10.50879
16A
Icable
total power
2.787878788
2 mm^2
4.909090909
8304
0
3 mm^2
7.652423305
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
Icable
total power
5.924242424
2 mm^2
3.068181818
3.068181818
8910
3 mm^2
7.652423305
1.5mm^2 (18A)
35372
Icable
total power
5.522727273
2 mm^2
3.068181818
3.068181818
9426
3 mm^2
8.062645864
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
Icable
total power shopes
3.833333333
2 mm^2
2.454545455
4980
3 mm^2
12.61054535
1.5mm^2 (18A)
lighting
Health club
sockets
Fed in Cable
lighting
F-3.2 DB-24
Wc
sockets
Fed in Cable
lighting
Locker
sockets
Fed in Cable
Lighting
GYM
sockets
Fed in Cable
4.472222222
standard
2.863636364
standard
33.67370123
standard
1.533333333
standard
4.545454545
standard
2.367473735
standard
2.04040404
standard
1.636363636
standard
4.949681255
standard
4.983164983
standard
4.927272727
standard
34.69841355
standard
icb
5.590277778
10A
3.579545455
10A
42.09212653
50A
icb
1.916666667
10A
5.681818182
10A
2.959342169
10A
icb
2.550505051
10A
2.045454545
10A
6.187101569
10A
icb
6.228956229
10A
6.159090909
10A
43.37301693
50A
I cable
6.708333333
2 mm^2
4.295454545
3 mm^2
50.51055184
16mm^2 (60A)
I cable
2.3
2 mm^2
6.818181818
3 mm^2
3.551210603
1.5mm^2 (18A)
I cable
3.060606061
2 mm^2
2.454545455
3 mm^2
7.424521883
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
I cable
7.474747475
2 mm^2
7.390909091
3 mm^2
52.04762032
16mm^2 (60A)
power
19947
power
4207.2
power
2932
power
20554
Launge
AMPERE
Icb
Icable total power
4.737374 5.921717 7.106061
lighting
standard
10A
2 mm^2
0
0
0
socket
0
0
0
3752
standard
10
3 mm^2
6.333971 7.917464 9.500957
feed in cable
standard
10A 1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE
lighting
Cinema
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
F -7.00 DB -24
lighting
Shop
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
lighting
wc
standard
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
Entertainment
lighting
standard
standard
Icb
7344.6
2 mm^2
lighting
Restaurants
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
F+3.2 DB-25
Garbage
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
Corridor
standard
socket
standard
feed in cable
standard
lighting
Main Kitchen
socket
standard
AMPERE
Icb
Icable
total power
1.787879 2.234848 2.681818182
10A
2 mm^2
0
0
0
0
0
0
4248
10A
3 mm^2
7.171298 8.964123 10.75694712
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE
Icb
Icable
total power
1.272727 1.590909 1.909090909
10A
2 mm^2
0
0
0
0
0
0
252
10A
3 mm^2
0.425416 0.53177
0.638123982
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE
Icb
Icable
total power
0.565657 0.707071 0.848484848
10A
2 mm^2
0
0
0
0
0
0
112
10A
3 mm^2
0.189074 0.236342 0.283610659
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE
Icb
Icable
total power
4.619529 5.774411 6.929292929
10A
2 mm^2
18.01653 22.52066
standard
10A
42.38629 52.98286
feed in cable
standard
40A
27.02479339
3 mm^2
63.57943228
6 mm^2
25108
36753
office2
lighting
socket
office 1
lighting
F 0.00 DB -25
socket
WC
lighting
socket
grabage
lighting
socket
corridor
lighting
socket
standard
standard
standard
standard
standard
standard
standard
standard
standard
standard
AMPERE
Icb
0.868687 1.085859
10
1.636364 2.045455
10
AMPERE
Icb
1.30303 1.628788
10
1.636364 2.045455
10
AMPERE
Icb
2.29798 2.872475
10
4.848485 6.060606
10A
AMPERE
Icb
0.424242 0.530303
10
0
0
0
0
AMPERE
Icb
0.565657 0.707071
10
0
0
0
0
Icable
1.30303
2 mm^2
2.454545
3 mm^2
Icable
1.954545
2 mm^2
2.454545
3 mm^2
Icable
3.44697
2 mm^2
7.272727
3 mm^2
Icable
0.636364
2 mm^2
0
0
Icable
0.848485
2 mm^2
0
0
total power
2480
total power
7248
total power
15612
total power
252
total power
112
27525
lighting
Restaurants
Service
Kitchen 1
Kitchen 2
F -3.20 DB - 25
WC 1
WC 2
Garbage
Corridor
WC (main)
Office 1
Office 2
3.57576
icb
I cable
4.4697
5.36364
standard
10A
2 mm^2
7.171298 8.964123 10.75695
Fed in Cable
standard
10A 1.5mm^2 (18 A)
icb
I cable
lightening
1.393939 1.742424 2.090909
standard
10A
2mm^2
sockets
1.393939 1.742424 2.090909
standard
10A
3 mm^2
2.02579 2.532238 3.038686
Fed in Cable
standard
10A 1.5mm^2 (18A)
icb
I cable
lightening 4.685185 5.856481 7.027778
standard
10A
2mm^2
11.89091 14.86364 17.83636
sockets
standard
10A
3 mm^2
29.2693 36.58662 43.90394
Fed in Cable
standard
40A 10mm^2 (48 A)
icb
I cable
Lighting 4.343434 5.429293 6.515152
standard
10A
2mm^2
15.85455 19.81818 23.78182
sockets
standard
10A
3mm^2
19.05594 23.81992
28.5839
Fed in Cable
standard
25A 4mm^2 (30 A)
icb
I cable
lighting 0.762626 0.953283 1.143939
Standard
10A
2mm^2
4.545455 5.681818 6.818182
sockets
Standard
13A
3 mm^2
1.774255 2.217818 2.661382
Fed in cable
standard
10A 1.5mm^2 (18 A)
icb
I cable
lighting 0.762626 0.953283 1.143939
Standard
10A
2mm^2
4.545455 5.681818 6.818182
sockets
Standard
13A
3 mm^2
1.774255 2.217818 2.661382
Fed in cable
standard
10A 1.5mm^2 (18 A)
icb
I cable
lighting 1.272727 1.590909 1.909091
Standard
10A
2mm^2
0.425416
0.53177 0.638124
Fed in cable
standard
10A 1.5mm^2 (18 A)
icb
I cable
lighting 0.565657 0.707071 0.848485
Standard
10A
2 mm^2
0.189074 0.236342 0.283611
Fed in cable
standard
10A 1.5mm^2 (18 A)
icb
I cable
lightening 2.29798 2.872475 3.44697
Standard
10A
2mm^2
9.090909 11.36364 13.63636
sockets
Standard
13A
3 mm^2
4.57491 5.718638 6.862365
Fed in cable
standard
10A 1.5mm^2 (18 A)
icb
I cable
lightening 1.30303 1.628788 1.954545
Standard
10A
2mm^2
3.272727 4.090909 4.909091
sockets
Standard
10A
3 mm^2
12.23577 15.29472 18.35366
Fed in cable
standard
16A 4mm^2 (30 A)
icb
I cable
lightening 0.868687 1.085859 1.30303
Standard
10A
2mm^2
4.090909 5.113636 6.136364
sockets
Standard
10A
3 mm^2
4.870338 6.087922 7.305507
Fed in cable
standard
10A 1.5mm^2 18 A)
power
4248
power
1200
power
17338
power
11288
Power
1051
Power
52013
1051
Power
252
Power
112
Power
2710
Power
7248
Power
2885
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
2.298 2.872
3.447
10A 2 mm^2
9.091 11.36 13.636
socket
4510
0
0
0
standard
10A 3 mm^2
7.614 9.517
11.42
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
1.273 1.591 1.9091
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
0
0
0
socket
252
0
0
0
standard
10
3 mm^2
0.425 0.532 0.6381
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
0.566 0.707 0.8485
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
0
0
0
112
socket
0
0
0
standard
10
3 mm^2
0.189 0.236 0.2836
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
3.067 3.833
4.6
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
1.636 2.045 2.4545
socket
931.2
0
0
0
standard
10
3 mm^2
1.572 1.965
2.358
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
45.45 56.82 68.182
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
0
0
0
socket
1124
0.049 0.061 0.0738
standard
10
3 mm^2
1.897 2.372 2.8462
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
2.404 3.005 3.6061
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
3.273 4.091 4.9091
socket
830
0.011 0.013
0.016
standard
10
3 mm^2
1.401 1.751 2.1018
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
1.697 2.121 2.5455
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
4.091 5.114 6.1364
socket
0.013 0.017 0.0199
741
standard
10
3 mm^2
1.251 1.564 1.8764
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
0.424
0.53
0.6364
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
2.455 3.068 3.6818
654
socket
0
0
0
standard
10
3 mm^2
1.104
1.38
1.6561
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
4.356 5.444 6.5333
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
7.779 9.724 11.669
9703
socket
0
0
0
standard
10
3 mm^2
16.38 20.48
24.57
feed in cable
standard
25A4mm^2 (30 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
4.356 5.444 6.5333
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
7.779 9.724 11.669
socket
9703
0
0
0
standard
10
3 mm^2
16.38 20.48
24.57
feed in cable
standard
25A4mm^2 (30 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
3.833 4.792
5.75
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
3.273 4.091 4.9091
socket
0
0
0
2166
standard
10
3 mm^2
3.657 4.571 5.4848
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
2.682 3.352 4.0227
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
3.273 4.091 4.9091
socket
0
0
0
2772
standard
10
3 mm^2
4.68
5.849 7.0194
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
AMPERE Icb
Icable total power
3.194 3.993 4.7917
lighting
standard
10A 2 mm^2
3.273 4.091 4.9091
socket
0
0
0
3178
standard
10
3 mm^2
5.365 6.706 8.0475
feed in cable
standard
10A
1.5mm^2 (18 A)
lighting
standard
WC (main)
garbage
Corridor
Office
generator
store
F -7.00 DB-25
Lowered
T.R Room
Laundry
Boiler
Shop 1
Shop 2
Shop 3
38902.2
PV sizing
A specific module type is selected based on these specifications. The module's technical specifications
determine the rest of the system sizing. First, the rough number of modules that can be accommodated in
the area is determined. This number enables the rough overall power of the PV system
The area requirement when using semi-transparent modules will increase roughly in proportion to
the area of the modules
Selected
Datasheet
information:
module:
Voltage selection:
The magnitude of the inverter's voltage is the sum of the voltages of the series connected modules in a
string.
And the voltage of the entire PV array depends upon the temperature, the extreme cases of winter and
summer operation is used when sizing.
In order to enable inverters to be optimally matched to the solar array, it is important to take the modules'
temperature and irradiance operating parameters into account. The PV array voltage is strongly dependent
upon the temperature. The operating range of the inverter must be matched with the I-V curve of the PV
array.
The MPP range of the inverter should, as can be seen in Figure, incorporate the MPP points of the array I-V
curve at different temperatures. In addition, the turn-off voltage and the voltage resistance of the inverter
must be taken into account.
In the low voltage range (UDC <120V), only a few modules (three to five standard modules) are connected
in series in a string.
In higher voltages range (more than five modules connected in series in string).
The advantage of this concept is that smaller cable cross sections can be used as a result of the lower
currents. A disadvantage is the greater shading losses due to the long strings.(shading losses increase as
string losses increase)
Inverter datasheet:
min =
(
(
)
)
string=
IMAX (inv) =
)
(
(
=110000/400= 275 A
Fig.1
So our system consist of 11 array connect to 11 inverter, each array consist of 27 string connect in in parallel
and each string consist 17 module connect in series as showing in Fig.1
The o/p voltage¤t of array is very important in selecting inverter ratings.
This no of arrays is enough and more than the required of our need at good condition we use the more
power of our need to supply other loads and at bad condition our part of project be in safe region.
As said before there are losses due to environmental consideration and there are other losses due to dc&ac
cables.
The cable is either designed for this current or string fuses are used to protect the cables from overloading.
The maximum current I max must be lower or equal to the current-carrying capacity of the cable or the
protective device Iz
IMAX Iz
It should be considered that the generator short-circuit current approximates the nominal current of the
string.
The string cable must be able to carry 1.25 times the generator short-circuit current and be laid such that it
is earth-fault proof and short-circuit proof.
String fuses are used mainly with PV systems with several strings, and must be employed for systems with
four or more strings where fault conditions could lead to significant module reverse currents. Fuses or
miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are deployed. The cable cross section of the module or string cables can
be dimensioned with the trigger current of the string fuses. Here, the permitted current-carrying capacity of
the cable Iz Cable must be the same as or greater than the trigger current of the string fuse:
The voltage drop in the direct voltage circuit should be no greater than 1 per cent of the nominal voltage
of the PV system at standard test conditions (STC).' This limits the loss power through all DC cables to 1 per
cent at STC. Practice has shown that this 1 per cent recommendation for PV systems with inverters
operating with a higher DC input voltage (V Mpp > 120V) can be maintained with standard cable crosssections without any problems.
For PV systems with inverters operating with lower V Mpp values
(e.g. low voltage concept), it is possible that the voltage drop with the string or module cable exceeds the 1
per cent limit, even when using a 6mm2 cable, particularly when there are greater distances between the
inverter and the PV generator. With such system designs, a 1 per cent voltage drop in the string cables and
an additional 1 per cent drop with the DC main cable is acceptable.
Fig. 2
This losses is very small "not exceed 2% from total power of string", so we can neglect it
The calculated value for the cable cross section for the DC main cable Adc rounded up to the next highest
value for standard cable cross sections, as shown in fig .2 the suitable cable cross section (ADC)
is 95 mm2 (.23m/m).
The actual cable loss from the DC main cable is calculated for the selected cable cross section as follows:
=.00023*50*(27*7.47) ^2470 w
This losses is very small "not exceed 2% from total power of string", so we can neglect it
1) Azimuth angle:
So
Our calculation will be made according to winter; because this is the worst case for making a
shadow.
3) We take Altitude
angle of sun = 40 degree
Each country has its values according to its latitude.
) 1.482 =1.05 m
= 1.25 m
) .992 =.7 m
= .84 m
So the second method will be taken.. Because it has smallest shadow length.
of
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
Over 99% of electrical energy generated worldwide is produced by:
Projected 2010
Emissions (tons)
Sulfur Dioxide
15,220,000
12426000
8600000
Nitrogen Oxides
5,642,000
5392000
3900000
265,000
273000
Arsenic
61
71
Beryllium
7.1
8.2
Cadmium
3.3
3.8
Chromium
73
78
Hydrogen Chloride
143,000
155000
Hydrogen Fluoride
19,500
27500
Lead
75
87
Manganese
164
219
Mercury
46
60
Sulfur Oxides
SO2 and SO3 are major contributes to air pollution.
Coal contains more than 6% sulfur(S).
Inhalation of SO2 can damage the respiratory tract and lung tissues.
Acid Rain
The rain from clouds with sulfuric or nitric acids is known as the Acid Rain.
Acid Rain is very damaging to crops and structures.
When it reaches to lakes, it can have severe effect on the fish population.
Acid Rain can also damage limestone.
Carbon Dioxide
Coal-fired power plants are among our largest sources of CO2 emissions, which have been linked to climate change. Atmospheric CO2
admits incoming sunlight, but traps the heat radiating from Earths surface (the way heat is trapped in a greenhouse, hence the
greenhouse effect). The greenhouse effect is predicted to result in higher temperatures that may affect the global distribution of rainfall
and subsequent land use (including agriculture) as well as ecological effects on forests, lowering of lake levels and waterways from
increased evaporation rates and rising ocean levels due to melting ice caps. An increased reliance on conventional coal tons all of these
pollutants are released in significant quantities.
Nitrogen Oxides
The direct health effect of nitrogen oxides on human is minor.
However, nitrogen dioxide NO2 plays major roles in:
Formation of smog
Acid rain
Greenhouse effect: NO2 absorbs 270 times more heat per molecule than Carbon dioxide.
Ashes
Ashes are small particles (0.01 50 m) are suspend in air.
About 7 million tons of ashes are released each year by electric power plants .
The ashes effect:
Breathing
Weaken the immune system
Worsen the conditions of cardiovascular disease patients.
The smaller ashes (less than 10m) can reach the lower respiratory tract and cause severe respiratory problems.
Due to those bad effects of generating electricity efforts are concentrated on using clean energy sources for producing electricity. Which
known as renewable energy sources, like solar energy, wind energy, hydro electric power.
Can solve electricity generation problems: where in some countries consumers can sell electricity back to the grid if it is surplus.
Consumer benefits: cut electricity bills as sun light is free, so once you have paid for the initial installation your electricity costs
will be reduced. Your tariff will be reduced .
Cut your carbon footprint: solar electricity is green, renewable energy and doesn't release any harmful carbon dioxide] or other
pollutants. A typical home solar PV system could save over a tone of carbon dioxide per year that's more than 30 tones over its
lifetime.
Solar PV needs little maintenance.
More jobs are created for each unit of electricity generated.
Stable Energy Prices:
Using more renewable energy can lower the prices of and demand for natural gas and coal by increasing competition and diversifying our
energy supplies. An increased reliance on renewable energy can help protect consumers when fossil fuel prices spike.
In addition, utilities spend millions of dollars on financial instruments to hedge themselves from these fossil fuel price uncertainties. Since
hedging costs are not necessary for electricity generated from renewable sources, long-term renewable energy investments can help
utilities save money they would otherwise spend to protect their customers from the volatility of fossil fuel prices.
Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2013. Coal news and markets report.
According to Load Estimation of project total power required is 3.1 MWatt i.e.
total energy per year
=3.1*24*365=27156 MWattH/Year
If we take all power from grid :
Total price per month according to Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer
Protection Regulatory Agency Commercial Usage
=100*.24+250*.36+600*.46+1000*.58+2261050
*.6= 1357600
LE/month
Total price per year=16291200LE/year
For 20 year of using :
Total power cost =16291200 *20 =325824000 LE
PVSYST Program
One of the oldest photovoltaic software, developed by the university of Geneva. PVSYST is designed to be used by architects, engineer and
researchers, and it is also a very useful pedagogical tool. It could be considered as the swiss knife of photovoltaic softwares.
Main features :
- Full design of remote PV systems
- Full design of PV systems connected to the grid
- Complete database of PV panels, inverters, meteorological data
- Useful 3D application to simulate near shadings
- Import of irradiation data from PVGIS, NASA databases
- Import of PV mules data from PHOTON INTERNATIONAL
- Economic evaluation and payback
- export of calculations to CSV files
- Many tools to simulate the behavior of PV modules and cells according to irradiation, temperature, shadings
Pvsyst includes a detailed contextual Help, which explains in detail procedures and models used, and offers an ergonomic approach with guide
in development of a project. PVsyst is able to import meteo data from many different sources, as well as personal data.
PVsyst provides results in the form of a full report,
specific graphs and tables, as well as data export for use in
other software.
http://www.pvsyst.com/en/
INVERTER
TYPE USING
IN PROJECT
-phase output
-of-the-art technology
-directional solar inverters with MPPT charge controller
PV MODULE USING
http://www.alibaba.com/productgs/690553577/solar_tracker_price_of_dual_axis.html
Source:
BY Using PV system share the grid to feed 25%of demand energy during7 hours i.e. .25*3.2*7*365=2044 MWattH/Year
For sizing and determining the number of modules using for getting required energy we using PV SYST PROGRAM
From program results of simulation we find that
1) For sun tracking system :
For required power we need 5049 module where 17module in series and 297 string
Use and total area 7423 m^2
The price of land 1000LE/M^2
SO total price of land =7423000LE
According to http://www.alibaba.com/productgs/690553577/solar_tracker_price_of_dual_axis.html
For inverter
The price of unit is $36,841.88
So total price of inverter using=36841.88*7*11
2836824.76 LE=
Total price with assuming 10%from total price as protection and maintence
=1.1*(7423000+3534300+706860+2836824.76) =
15951083.24LE
If getting this power from grid the total price for 20year equals to =20*12*(100600)=24144000LE
For inverter
The price of unit is $36,841.88
So total price of inverter using=36841.88*7*14
3610504.24 LE=
Total price with assuming 10%from total price as protection and maintence
=1.1*(10172000+3610504.24+4843300) =
20488384.66LE
If getting this power from grid the total price for 20year equals to =20*12*(100600)=24144000LE
Figures blow explain data using and results getting from program
Effect of cell
temperature at
constant
insulation level,
V-I curve:
As the temperature varies, the source current
varies linearly .the open circuit voltage
decreases, but only slightly, as the temperature
increases.
Effect of cell
temperature at
constant
insulation level,
power-current
curve:
Under constant insulation, the locus of the
maximum power point is an almost vertical line,
sloping slightly toward the origin.
So tracking
1-fixed mechanism:
It help us to control in tilt angle only as showing in the fig,
we can put it by suitable angle to collect max radiation
from sun.
But surely it still lower than tracking mechanism in collects
radiation
fixed mechanism increase electricity output by 27 to 32%
2-tracking
mechanism:
It helps us to track the sun all the day by control tilt and azimuth angles which the tracker move according to motion of sun by using stepper
motor and drive ,in addition to sensors putted on PV which sense intensity of radiation and send signals to controller(arduino) which control the
motion of motor.
Tracking mechanism
increase a systems energy output by 35 to 40%;
that is an additional 6% on average compared
with the fixed mechanism.
screw
to 1
PV installation
We have 3 PV modules
Connection of PV system:
Two 11 watt modules each of them has 10.5 v open circuit voltage and about 1 amp short circuit
current
They will be connected in series so as to get 21v as total voltage and 1 amp as equivalent current
And the output of two 11watt PV modules will entered to adjustable voltage regulator to get about
16v as fixed output voltage
Also, the output of PV module will entered to the same circuit to get 16v as fixed output voltage
The output of each regulator will be connected in parallel so as to produce 16v, 4amp as shown in fig.
Voltage regulator:
Features
Pin
Symbol
This pin is the positive input supply for the LM2576 step-down switching regulator. In order
to minimize voltage transients and to supply the switching currents needed by the
regulator, a suitable input bypass capacitor must be present ( in Figure 1).
Output
GND
This is the emitter of the internal switch. The saturation voltage V^t of this output switch is
typically 1.5 V. It should be kept in mind that the PCB area connected to this pin should be
kept to a minimum in order to minimize coupling to sensitive circuitry.
Circuit ground pin. See the information about the printed circuit board layout.
This pin senses regulated output voltage to complete the feedback loop. The signal is divided
by the internal resistor divider network R2. R1 and applied to the non-inverting input of the
Feedback internal error amplifier. In the Adjustable version of the LM2576 switching regulator this pin
is the direct input of the error amplifier and the resistor network R2. R1 is connected
externally to allow programming of the output voltage.
It allows the switching regulator circuit to be shut down using logic level signals, thus
dropping the total input supply current to approximately 80 uA. The threshold voltage is
typically 1.4 V. Applying a voltage above this value (up to ) shuts the regulator off. If the
ON/OFF
voltage applied to this pin is lower than 1.4 V or if this pin is left open, the regulator will be
in the "on" condition.
Two 11watt PV modules connected in series have 1 amp max current and LM317T can withstand untill 1.5
amp as max current
16v output voltage will be input to battery charger circuit designed to charge lead acid battery
about 15AH , 12v
To understand the working of this 12 volt battery charge controller circuit you must have an idea of the
internal diagram of 555. You can refer the pin out section at the bottom.
and resistors. It is called transistortransistor logic because both the logic gating function))
Absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
Working
Positive terminal of the upper comparator of 555 is connected with 13V in order to turn OFF the
charger if the battery charges above 13V.
If the battery voltage is greater than 13V, comparator output goes high and flip flop will be set. This
turns OFF the transistor and the relay.
If the battery voltage is below the preset voltage (set by us), lower comparator will reset the flip flop.
This turns ON the transistor and the relay will switch to charge the battery.
The recharge voltage (preset voltage) can set by varying the variable resistor
Power ON is indicated by a red LED and charger ON status is indicated by a green LED.
In charging mode
Full charging
PCP design
This circuit has input voltage 12v coming from battery and its output is connected to
9- 0- 9v /220v transformer so as to can turn on house electrical devices
Transistors Q1 and Q2 forms a 50Hz a stable multi vibrator
The output from the collector of Q2 is connected to the input of the Darlington pair formed by Q3 and
Q4.Similarly the output of Q1 is coupled to the input of the pair Q5 and Q6. The output from the Darlington
pairs drive the final output transistors Q7 and Q8 which are wired in the push pull configuration to drive the
output transformer.
ht adjustments can be made on the value of R3 and R4 to get exact 50Hz output.
Arduino
Arduino is a single-board microcontroller designed to make the process of using electronics in multidisciplinary projects more
accessible. The hardware consists of a simple open source hardware board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, though a new
model has been designed around a 32-bit Atmel ARM. The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and a boot loader
that executes on the microcontroller.
If irradiance on LDR 1 greater than irradiance on LDR 2 , then the stepper rotate
several steps toward LDR 1 (right ) ,And Vice versa.
Why Arduino?
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical computing.
Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar
functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an
easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some
advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:
Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller platforms. The
least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled
Arduino modules cost less than $50
Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems.
Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's
conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to program in that
environment will be familiar with the look and feel of Arduino.
Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software and is published as open source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through C++ libraries,
and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C
programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino
programs if you want to.
Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is based on Atmel's ATMEGA8 and ATMEGA168
microcontrollers. The plans for the modules are published under a Creative Commons license, so
experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even
relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it
works and save money.
>> This simple table shows a quick comparison between the characteristics of all the previous Arduino boards:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328.It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.
1.
Hardware of Arduino
Power
-
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected
automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter or battery.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than
five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. so The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection
or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin.
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power
jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50mA.
GND. Ground pins.
IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured
shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for
working with the 5V or 3.3V.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the
loader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.
boot
on
(Microprocessor)
>> Similar to small (PC) ,contains a processor with speed of 16 MHz and total
memory of 32 KB .
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of
the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they
measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference()
function.
-
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the
board.
Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328
provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this
serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM
drivers, and no external driver is needed.
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs
on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1).
2.
Software of Arduino
AS mentioned
The idea of sun tracking of this project is putting (4) photoresistors on the four faces of the pyramid.
The following figure : show the tolerance between two sensor when they are under sun ray normally .
The code:
This program for Azimuth and Tilt angle .
drive of stepper