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S.Y.Chuah
July 9, 2014
CHAPTER 4 :
Matrices & Systems of Linear Equations
4.1 Matrices
(a) Identify the different types of matrices.
(b) Perform operations on matrices.
(c) Transpose a matrix and solve related problems.
4.2 Determinant of Matrices
(a) Find the minors and cofactors of a matrix.
(b) Find the determinant of a matrix.
4.3 Inverse of a Matrix
(a) Find the inverse of a non-singular matrix using:
(i) adjoint Matrix; and
(ii) elementary row operations,
4.4 Systems of Linear Equations with Three Variables
(a) Write a system of linear equations in the form AX = B.
(b) Find the unique solution to AX = B using
(i) Inverse Matrix Method
(ii) Elimination Method
4.1 Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns which is enclosed by a pair of brackets.
If a matrix has m rows and n columns, it is called an m n matrix or a matrix of
order m n.
The general form of a matrix of order m n
..
..
..
.
.
.
am1 am2 am3
EXAMPLE 1
Given
can be represented as
a14 . . . a1n
a24 . . . a2n
a34 . . . a3n
a44 . . . a4n
..
..
..
.
.
.
am4 . . . amn
6 3 2
A = 1 0 4
5 7 2
M =
a31
a41
a51
(iii) Square Matrix
Square matrix is a n n matrix. It consists of equal numbers of rows and columns.
Example:
0 0
O = 0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 O =
O = 0 0
0 0
0
0 0
. . . a1m
. . . a2m
. . . a3m
..
..
.
.
. . . amm
The diagonal entries of this matrix are a11 , a22 , a33 , a44 , . . . , amm .
A square matrix which non-diagonal entries are all zeroes is called a diagonal matrix.
1 0 0
M = 0 2 0
0 0 3
1 0
B=
0 2
(vi) Identity Matrix
Identity matrix is a diagonal matrix where its diagonal entries are 1 and denoted
by I.
1 0
M=
= I22
0 1
(vii) Lower Triangular Matrix
Lower Triangular Matrix is a square
Example:
a11 a12
M = a21 a22
a31 a32
a13
a11 0
0
a23 = a21 a22 0
a33
a31 a32 a33
a11 a12
M = a21 a22
a31 a32
a13
a11 a12 a13
a23 = 0 a22 a23
a33
0
0 a33
2 x
2 1
=
y 4
1 4
c d
y
EXAMPLE 2
2 1
If A = 0 4
6 2
3
5 6 3
5 and B = 4 1 0, find
1
2 5 7
(i) A + B
(ii) A B
EXAMPLE 3
3 3
2 3 0
Solve this A =
+ 1 2 .
1 2 5
2 5
(b + x)
(d + z)
(b x)
(d z)
3 1 0
3 . Find kM .
For example, given k = 2 and M = 2 1
0 1 2
3 1 0
3
kM = 2 2 1
0 1 2
EXAMPLE 4
1.3
Find 10 0.2
3.5
Matrix Product
Definition 1 Product of a Row Matrix and a Column Matrix
The product of a 1 n row matrix and an n 1 column matrix is a 1 1 matrix given
by
b1
b2
b3
a1 a2 a3 . . . an = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 + . . . + an bn
..
.
bn
From the product of row matrix and column matrix above, we can notice that, if the
number of elements in both matrices are not equal, is the product defined? The answer
is NO, hence we must always make sure that the number of elements in the column
of one matrix must be the same as the number of elements in the row of the
other matrix as shown below.
For example,
1 3
2 3 1
2 0
2 1 2
1 2
EXAMPLE 5
2 1
1 1 0
(A) 1 0
2 1 2
1 2
2
1 1 0 1
1
(B)
2 1 2 0
1
5
(C) 2 2 3 0
2
1
0
1
0
2
EXAMPLE 6
1 3
2 5
(A) If A =
and B =
Show that AB 6= BA
2 4
1 3
2 1
2 5
3 0
(B) If A =
,B=
and C =
Show that (AB)C = A(BC).
0 3
1 3
1 4
EXAMPLE 7
2
5 1
2 6
1 4 3
Given that A = 2 0 3, B = 1 3 and C = 3 1 1 . Express each of
5 1 3
2 5
0 2 2
the following as a single matrix.
(A) A2
(B) A3
(C) CA
5
1
5 4 2
If A =
, then AT = 4 6.
1 6 8
2 8
3 1 7
If B = 1 4 8 , then B T =
7 8 5
1
2
2
2
1 2
A = 2 3 , B = 4 , C =
andD = 0 5 3
3 5
3
1 3 5
Find
(A) AT , B T , C T and DT
(B) (DB)T
2 3
2 3
det
=
5 1
5 1
1 2 3
1 2 3
5 7 = 0
5 7
det 0
2 1
2 1
6
6
Determinant of a 1 1 Matrix
If A = (a11 ), then |A| = a11 .
Example:
If A = (4), then |A| = 4.
Determinant of a 2 2 Matrix
a1 1 a1 2
If A =
, then |A| = a11 a22 a21 a12 .
a2 1 a2 2
Example:
5 1
If A =
, then |A| = (5)(2) (1)(8) = 2.
8 2
EXAMPLE 1
Determine the value of k if
k
3
k k + 1
Before looking at the method to calculate the determinant of 3 3 matrices. Lets look
at minors and cofactors of a matrix which are very useful in finding the determinant
of a matrix.
For example,
a11 a12
= a11 a32 a31 a12
=
a31 a32
M32 =
3 1 4
2 , find
EXAMPLE 2 If A = 2 5
1
4 3
(A) M11
(B) M23
(C) M32
Cofactors
Cofactor of aij is denoted by Cij ,
Cij = (1)i+j (Mij )
Thus, cofactor is nothing more than a signed minor.
If we are given the matrix,
determinant
3
5
0
NOTE: The sign used in cofactor, (1)i+j , can be determined rather mechanically by
using a checkerboard pattern of + and sign over the determinant, starting with +in the
upper left hand corner. The following sign convention can be used to find determinant
of 3 3 matrices.
+ +
+
+ +