An Overview

of
Structural Control
By

T. K. Datta
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT - Delhi

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CONTROL SCHEMES
Passive
Active

Hybrid
Semi-active

Structural Control

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CONTD.
Passive control includes
Base isolation.
Visco elastic dampers.
Tuned mass dampers.
Liquid column and mass dampers.

Active control includes

Active mass/tuned mass dampers.
Active tendon system.
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CONTD.
Hybrid control includes
Base isolation- actuator/ATMD.
Visco elastic dampers-ATMD.

Semi active control includes

Stiffness bracing system.
ER/MR dampers.
Fluid viscous dampers.
TMDs and TLCDs.
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CONTD.

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PASSIVE CONTROL

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SDOF

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TMD

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.
Washington National
Airport Control Tower

Bostons Hancock Tower

(58 th floor)
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CONTD.
Sydney Tower

Citicorp Center

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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ACTIVE CONTROL

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.
Hybrid control
Base isolation- actuator/ATMD.
Visco elastic dampers-ATMD.

Semi active control

Stiffness bracing system.
ER/MR dampers.
Fluid viscous dampers.
TMDs and TLCDs.
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SEMI ACTIVE CONTROL

Column
Beam
Bracing

m5

x5

m4

x4

m3

x3

m2

x2

m1

x1

SHD

(a) Installed Damper

ct
k
kc
(b) Mathematical Model of
Damper and Bracing

(c) Building Frame

with Dampers

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CONTD.

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BASE ISOLATION
Base
isolators
reduce
structural
responses/earthquake forces in two ways:
By deflecting the seismic energy.
By absorbing the seismic energy.

Isolators are stiff in the vertical direction

and flexible in the horizontal direction;
lateral deformation is much more than inter
story deformation.

Isolators are placed between the columns

and the foundation.
Structural Control

MODERN BASE ISOLATION

LRB
NZ System

R- FBI
Friction Pendulum
Aleximission System
EDF System
HDR system
Pot Bearing
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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

Base Isolation of Structures

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CONTD.

Base Isolation of Structures

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CONTD.

Base Isolation of Structures

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CONTD.

Base Isolation of Structures

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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CONTD.

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DESIGN OF ISOLATED STRUC

Fix the design basis earthquake and very
rare earthquake ie, design response
spectrum and rare response spectrum with
n % prob. exceedance in m years; n=10,2;
m=50y.
Design is based on
Preliminary design (trial design) of isolator
based on the criterion of time period or the
criterion of maximum displacement or the
criterion of maximum acceleration; leads to
reduced base shear.
Response spectrum method of analysis is
used to find the design base shear and
isolator displacement etc.
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CONTD.
Nonlinear time history analysis is performed
to ascertain the actual behavior of the base
isolated structure.

For retrofitting structures the first step is

performed;
the
second
step
is
approximately done using only the first
mode shape of the recreated building; third
step is generally not performed.
The design spectrums for different
damping may be obtained by damping
modifiers;
both
acceleration
and
displacement spectrums are obtained.
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CONTD.
From these bi spectra plots are obtained.
The first criterion is based on the desire to
have in effect a rigid structure sitting on
base isolators so that the mode shape
coefficients of isolated structure are nearly
unity.

In practice, this is achieved by providing a

good sepration between the fixed & base
isolated periods Tnb=CTn ; C= 3 to 4.
UBC specifies isolated structure to have
period greater than 2sec.
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CONTD.

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CONTD.
Say, base isolated structure shown in the
figure has Tn = 0.5sec and 5% damping;
the design intent is to have Tnb = 2sec; ie
C=4; in the figure
Point A is for fixed structure.
Point B is for isolated structure with isolator
having 5% damping has base shear
coefficient (V/W = 0.3); ie 30% of fixed base
value.
Point C is for the same with isolator having
20% damping; has base shear coefficient
(V/W=0.19); ie, 19% of fixed base value.
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CONTD.

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CONTD.
Isolator maximum displacement reduces
from 11.9 in to 7.4 in as damping of isolator
increases from 5% to 20%.

The

second

criterion

is

based

on

specifying a limiting value for the isolator

displacement (controlled by gap).
The third criterion is based on specifying a
limiting value for Sa.
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CONTD.
500x400

500x300

600x400

500x300

700x400

400x400

450x450

500x350
600x350

750x400
750x400

350x350

500x350

750x400
750x400

500x300

300x300

500x500

a) Fixed Base Structure

400x400

600x350

b) Base Isolated Structure

Sectional Properties (Dimensions in mm)

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CONTD.
1.00

Sa/g

0.80
0.60

DAMPING = 0.05
DAMPING = 0.2

0.40
0.20
0.00
0

TIME PERIOD (sec)

Response Spectrum for Elcentro Earthquake

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CONTD.
3.62

2.06

-0.68

3.36

0.8

-1.08

2.80

-0.74

-0.62

-1.85

2.13
1.53

-2.07

0.89

-1.58

0.37

-0.77

a) Mode 1

b) Mode 2

0.38
1.23
0.48
-0.99

c) Mode 3

Mode shapes & equivalent lateral loads for fixed base structure
(Loads in MT)

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CONTD.
0.5

0.43

0.5

0.43

0.5

0.42

0.5

0.41

0.5

0.40

0.5

0.38

0.5

0.37

Lateral load on base

isolated structure from
preliminary design
(Load in MT)

Lateral load on base isolated

structure
from
response
spectrum analysis (Load in
MT)

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CONTD.
Force (MT)

1.42

24
Deflection (m m )

Idealized non-linear force-deformation relation of the

base isolator
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CONTD.
Top floor displacement (mm)

40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0

10

15
Time (sec)

20

25

30

Time history of top floor displacement of base isolated

structure
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CONTD.
Base displacement (mm)

30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0

10

15
Time (sec)

20

25

30

Time history of base isolator displacement of base

isolated structure
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CONTD.
4

Base Shear (MT)

3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0

10

15
Time (sec)

20

25

30

Time history of base shear in base isolated structure

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CONTD.

a) Response spectrum

b) Time History

Plot of maximum bending moment in all elements

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CONTD.
1.5

N-Link Force (MT)

1
0.5
0
-40

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
N-Link Deflection (mm)
N-

Load Deflection behavior of Base Isolator in Time History

Analysis
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CONTD.
Fixed Base Structure

Base
Shea
r
(MT)

Base
Disp.
(mm)

Response
Spectrum
Analysis

14.4

0.0

Time
History
Analysis

13.5

0.0

Top
Disp
(mm)

Base Isolated Structure

Base
Shea
r
(MT)

Base
Disp.
(mm)

Top
Disp.
(mm)

Time Period
(fundamental
mode) (sec)

25.0

2.86
(3.5)

24
(36)

31
(45)

2.968
(2.576)

24.8

2.99

31

36

Values in ( ) are the values for preliminary design of base isolated structure

Comparison of max Responses for Response spectrum &

Time History analysis of Fixed Base and Base isolated
structure
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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION

Structural Control