E

G YA

mv

AN I
D

Presents
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
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CHEMISTRY
MOCK TEST PAPER
with

SOLUTIONS
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Page 2 of 14

CHEMISTRY
Time : 3 Hrs.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

M.M. : 70

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

All questions are compulsory.

Internal choice is given to Q. 2,3 and 4.
Use of calculator is not allowed.
Section I and Section II has weightage of 35 marks each.

SECTION - I
1.

Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each subquestion :

[7]
(i)

(ii)

Paramagnetism is a property of :

(1)

(a) Completely filled electronic sub-shells

(b) Unpaired electrons

(c) Non-transition elements

(d) Melting point and boiling point of elements

The molal freezing poing constant for water is 1.86C / mol . If 342 gms of cane sugar

(C12 H 22O11 )

is dissolved in 1000g of water, the solution will freeze at ....................

(a)
(iii)

0.693
k [ A]

CuFeS 2

2.42C

A products, if k is the rate constant, then the half life period of the
(1)

1 1
.
k [ A]

(c)

1 [ A]
ln
k [ A]

(d)

ln 2
k

(b) 0.1 Faraday

(c) 1 Faraday

(d) 1000 Faraday

(b)

Cu2 S

(1)
(c)

Cu2O

(d)

CuCO3.Cu (OH ) 2

(b) isotopes

(c) isomers

(d) isotones

Which of the following properties is intensive ?

(a) enthalpy

2.

(d)

Two neutrons are introduced in the nucleus of an atom. The resulting atom and the parent atom form
a pair of ..............
(1)
(a) isobars

(vii)

(c) 1.86C

Chemical formula of copper pyrites is ...............

(a)

(vi)

(b)

1.86C

1 103 g atoms of Ag can be oxidised to Ag + ions by passing the electricity of ................ (1)
(a) 0.001 Faraday

(v)

(b)

For a first order reaction

reaction is equal to

(a)
(iv)

3.92C

(1)

(b) entropy

(1)
(c) volume

(d) refractive index

Attempt the following (Any Six) :

[12]

(i)

(2)

Define the terms :

(a) Intrinsic energy
(b) Heat of reactions at constant pressure and volume.

(ii)

Distinguish between the rate of a reaction and the rate constant.

(iii)

Explain :
(a) Normality

(b) Molarity

(2)
(2)

(iv)

With the help of catalytic hydrolysis of methyl acetate, explain the pseudo first order reaction. (2)

(v)

Explain the types of thermal energy.

(2)

Page 3 of 14

3.

(vi)

Write down the reactions taking place during discharging of lead accumulator.

(2)

(vii)

Draw a neat and labelled diagram for standard Hydrogen gas electrode.

(2)

(viii)

Give important ores of zinc metal.

(2)

Attempt the following (Any Three)

[9]

H 2 O2 fuel cell.

(i)

What are fuel cells ? Give construction and working of

(ii)

The heat of formation of carbondioxide and carbon monoxide are 396.6kJmol 1 and 110.5 kJ per
mole respectivley at constant pressure and at 296 K. Calculate the heat of combustion of carbon

(3)

monoxide at constant volume and at 298K, if R = 8.314JK 1mol 1 .

(3)

SO2 an air pollutant ?

(3)

(iii)

How is

(iv)

Calculate the osmatic pressure at 288 K of a solution of urea

( NH 2CONH 2 ) containing 3 103 kg

of it into half litre of the solution.

4. (A)

(3)

(i)

How will you determine the molar mass of a non-volatile substances by Landsberger and Walker
method.
(4)

(ii)

Write the cell reaction and find E.M.F of the following cell at 298 K.

Zn

Z n aq+ + C u a+q+
a =1 a =1

(3)

C u (s )

0
0
= 0.76V , ECu
= 0.34V
EZn

OR
(B)

(i)

Define the rate- law .

(1)

(ii)

The decy constant of a radio element is 4.62 10 2 per hour. What fraction of it will remain after 40
hours.
(3)

(iii)

Calculate the enthalpy change for the formation of 5.4kg of water form the following reaction (data):

1
H 2( g ) + O2( g ) H 2O(l ) , H = 284.5 kJmol 1
2

(3)

SECTION - II
5.

Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each subquestion :
[7]
(i)

(ii)

Dettol consists of :
(a) Cresol and ethanol

(b) Xylenol and terphenol

(c) Chloroxylenol and terpeneol

(d) Xylene and terpeneol

In isomeric alcohols, the correct order of boiling point is :

(a)

(iii)

2 > 3 > 1 (b) 3 > 2 > 1

(c) 1 > 2 > 3

(1)
(d)

2 > 1 > 3

Which of the following is an oil ?

(a) Triolein

(iv)

(1)

(b) Tripalmitin

(1)
(c) Tristearin

(d) all of them

The correct order of increasing reactivity of H X towards alkenes is :

(a)

HF < HBr < HI < HCl

(b)

HF < HBr < HCl < HI

(c)

HF < HI < HBr < HCl

(d)

HF < HCl < HBr < HI

(1)

Page 4 of 14

(v)

(vi)

The compound which is metamer of diethyl ether is :

(a) 1-methoxy propane

(b) 1-buttanol

(c) 2-methoxy propane

(d) both (a) and (c)

Natural silk is a :
(a) polyester

(vii)

6.

(1)

(1)
(b) polyamide

(c) polyacids

(d) polysaccharide

Acetaldol is the condensation product of :

(1)

(a) 2 molecules of ethanal

(b) 2 molecules of propanone

(c) ethanal and methanal

(d) ethanal and propanone

Attempt the following (Any Six) :

[12]

(i)

What are monosaccharides and disaccharides ?

(2)

(ii)

Give the prepartion of Nylon-6

(2)

(iii)

What is the action of hot HI on (1) Diethyl ether (2) Ethyl methyl ether ?

(2)

(iv)

What are Lanthanides and Actinides ?

(2)

(v)

What is the action of following reagents on phenol ?

(a) Bromine water (b) Conc. HNO3 ?

(2)

(vi)

Alcohols have higher boiling point than the corresponding alkanes. Explain ?

(2)

(vii)

How will you convert

(2)

(a) Nitromethane to methanamine

(b) Methyl cyanide to ethylamine
(viii)
7.

How will you obtain aceticanhydride from acetic acid ?

(2)

Attempt the following (Any Three)

[9]

(i)

(3)

How will you prepare acetaldehyde and acetone from geminal dihalides ?
Explain silver mirror test.

(ii)

Explain optical activity of 2-chlorobutane.

(iii)

What is the action of potassium dichromate in presence of dil.

(a) Propan-1-ol

(3)

H 2 SO4 on

(3)

(b) Propan-2-ol

Write the structure of 3-chloro-2, 2 dimethyl hexan-1-ol

8. (A)

(iv)

Give points of distinction between oils and fats ? Define the term conjugated proteins.

(3)

(i)

Write a note on aldol consdensation.

(3)

(ii)

What are esters ? How will you prepare ethyl acetate from (a) silver acetate (b) acetic anhydride ? How
is acetamide prepared from acetic acid ?
(4)
OR

(B) (i)

Define Artificial fibre. Give any two uses of terylene.

How will you prepare.
(1) Ethanamine from ethyl bromide.

(ii)

(2) Iso-propylamine from an oxime.

(4)

How is chloroform prepared from ethanol ?

(3)

SO
LU
TI
O
N
S

Page 6 of 14

SOLUTIONS OF PAPER - 1
SECTION - I
1.

i. (b)
vi (b)

2. (i)

Internal or Intrinsic energy : In may be defined

as a certain fixed amount of energy, which is
stored in a system (substance). It is the sum of
all kinds of enegies present in a substance . It is
denoted as E

(ii)

ii. (b)
vii. (d)

iii. (d) iv. (a)

The unit of normality is gram equivalent per litre

(dm ) i.e. g equiv dm

3

v. (a)

(b) Molarity : Molarity of a solution may be

defined as the number of moles of the solute

dissolved per dm

(iiii) (a) Normality : The normality of a solution may be

defined as the number of gram equivalents of the
solute dissolved in one litre ( dm3 ) of the solution.
Thus Normality (N) =

Number of gram equivalents of solute

Volume of solution in litre ( dm3 )
or Normality (N) =

Number of gram equivalents of solute

1000
Volume of solution in ml.(cm3 )

) of the solution. It is denoted

by M .
Thus Molarity (M) =

Heat of reaction at constant pressure : Heat

of reaction at a constant pressure and at a given
temperature is defined as the enthalpy change
of a system, when number of moles as indicated
by the chemical equation have completely
reacted at that constant pressure it is donoted
as H heat of reaction at constant volume : Heat
of reaction at a constant volume and at a given
temperature is defined as the enthalpy change
of a system, when number of moles as indicated
by the chemical equation have completely
reacted at that constant volume.It is denoted as
E .
Distinction : The difference between the rate of
a reaction and its rate constant can be
summarized as follow :
Rate of reaction
Rate constant
1 Rate of a reaction is the Rate constant
becomes the rate of
speed by which the
the reaction, if the
reactants are converted concentration of the
into the products.
reactants is unity
It is measured as the
It is the
rate of decrease in the
proportionally
oncentration of the
constant in the rate
2 products with time
law.
Rate of a reaction
Rate constant is
depends upon the initial independent of the
concentration of the
initial concentration
3 reactants.
of the reactants
The unit of the rate of
The unit of rate
reaction
constant depends
dm 1 s 1
4 is always mol
( or upon the order of the

Number of moles of solute

Volume of solution in litres ( dm3 ) or
Molarity(M) =

Number of moles of solute

1000
Volume of solution in ml (cm3 )
The unit of molarity is mol dm 3 . A solution
having its molarity one is called molar solution.
Similarly deci molar, centimolar etc. Solutions
can also be obtained. The molarity of a solution
changes with temperature
Thus
Number of moles of solute (a) =

Mass of solute in gram

Molar mass of the solute
(iv)

Definition : A chemical reaction of higher order

can be converted into the first order by taking the
other reactant in a large excess. Such a reaction
is called the pseudo first order reaction.
Explanation : Consider the hydrolysis of methyl
acetate

(CH 3COOCH 3 ) in presence of an

acidic medium.

C H 3C O O C H 3 + H 2 O
(M ethyl acetate)

(E xcess)

( )

Hydrolysis
H + HCl

C H 3C O O H + C H 3 O H
(A ce tic acid) (M etha nol)
In the above hydrolysis reaction the molecularity
of the reaction in two (involving two reactants
methyl acetate and water) and the order of the
reaction appears to be 2. The rate law equation
for the above reaction can be written as

Rate (r) =

k [CH 3COOH ][ H 2O ]

However, the above reaction is generally carried

out by taking water is large excess over methyl
acetate.
Thus the concentration of water

H 2O remains

virtually constant.
Thus the rate of the above reaction depends upon
only the concentration of methyl acetate and the

Page 7 of 14

order of the reaction becomes one. The rate law

equation for this reaction can be written as,
Rate (r) =
(where

[CH 3COOCH 3 ]

2 PbSO4( s ) + 2 H 2O (l )
(vii)

k [ H 2O ] = constant)

Platinum wire

Therefore the hydrolysis of methyl acetate taking

place in a large excess of water is called the
pseudo first order reaction or pseudo
unimolecular reaction.
(v)

Types of thermal (kinetic) energies are : (1)

Translational energy (2) Rotational energy (3)
Vibrational energy
Translational energy : It may be defined as
the energy produced by a system by virtue of
translational motion in a straight line path by the
molecules along the three co-ordinate axes. It is
a kind of kinetic energy.It is written is as

Etran.

Glass jacket
M ercury

(vi)

(viii)

ZnCO3 which is known as calamine

(smithsonite)
(3) Less important ores are (i) Wilemite
(ii) Franklinite
Zincspinel

Evib.

form Pb 2 + ions. These Pb 2 + ions combine with

SO42 ions (obtained from dissociation of

H 2 SO4 ) and form insoluble salt PbSO4 .Thus

2H2 SO4(aq) 4H(+aq) + 2SO42(aq)
And the reaction at the negative electrode would

Ores of zinc : (1) The chief ore of zinc is zinc

sulphide, ZnS known as zinc blende (sphalerite),
which is found in Belgium, America, Burma and
Canada.
(2) Other important ore of zinc is zinc carbonate,

Erot .

Reactions taking place during discharging of lead

accumulator : (1) When the cell is in operation,
Pb gets dissolved at the negative electrode to

1M H Cl solution

Fig : Standard hydrogen gas electrode

(3) Vibrational energy : It is defined as the

energy produced by a system by virture of
vibrational motion of the atoms of its molecules
with respect to each other along their line of
centres. It is a kind of kinetic energy.
It is written as

Hydrogen bubbles

Platinised platinum
plate

(2) Rotational energy : It is defined as the energy

produced by a system by virtue of rotational motion
of its molecules about the axis perpendicular to
the line joining their nuclei. It is a kind of kinetic
energy. It is written as

Pure and dry

H 2 gas at 1 atm pressure

Glass tube

3. (i)

Zn2 SiO4

ZnO, Fe2O3 (iii) Zincite ZnO (iv)

ZnO, Al2O3

Fuel cells are the votaic cells which convert the

energy produced from the combustion of some
fuels like

H 2 and O2 gases directly into electrical

energy. In these cells the different reactants are

supplied to the electrodes continuously. The most
common example is the hydrogen oxygen fuel
cell. The comversion of chemical energy of the
fuel into electrical energy involves the combustion
of fuel to liberate heat. This heat energy is utilized
to generate steam for spinning the turbines, which
are connected to electrical generator.

Pb( s ) Pb 2+ + 2e ........... (oxidation)

Pb 2 + + SO42 PbSO4(s )

2
Net reaction : Pb( s) + SO4( aq) PbSO4( s) + 2e

Hydrogen -Oxygen fuel cell :

... (oxi.)

and oxygen gases are bubbled into a concentrated

aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide or
potassium hydroxide through the porous carbon
electrodes (which contain a small amount of

be,

(2) At the positive electrode lead dioxide ( PbO2 )

is reduced to

PbSO4 by accepting electrons.

PbO2( s ) + 4 H (+aq ) + SO42(aq ) + 2e

PbSO4(s ) + 2 H 2O (l )
...... (reduction)

Thus

The total reaction in discharging of the cell can

be written as :

Pb(s ) + PbO2(s ) + 2 H 2 SO4(aq )

Construction : It is a voltaic cell in which

H 2 and

O2 gases are used. In this type of a cell hydrogen

catalyst, like Pt , Ag etc.) hydrogen is fed into

the anode compartment where it is oxidized. The
oxygen is fed into cathode compartment where
it is reduced. The diffusion rates of these gases
are carefully regulated to get the maximum

Page 8 of 14

efficiency. This cell is also called Bacon-cell after

the name of its inventor (Fig,.)

(3) CO( g ) +

Equation (3) can be obtained by subtracting

equation (2) from equation (1)

H 2 O (g)

1
O CO2( g ) CO( g )
2 2( g )
H = [ 396.6] [ 110.5]
1
CO( g ) + O2( g ) CO2( g ) ;
2
H = 286.1kJ
Heat of combustion at constant pressure
( H )= 286.1kJ

+ C athode

A node

H 2 ga s

Hence

O 2 gas

E lectrolyte
(concentrated
alkali so lution)

P orous cabon
ele ctrode s im pregn ate d
w ith catalyst

(iii)

Fig : Fuel cell

Working (reactions) : The anode and cathaode
reactions taking place in the cell can be written
as follows
Anode
reaction
:

2H2 ( g ) + 4OH(aq) 4H2O (l ) + 4e

Cathode

reaction

O2 ( g ) + 2H2O (l ) + 4e 4OH

Overall

or

net

2H2 ( g) +O2 ( g) 2H2O(l )

aq

reaction

The cell runs continuously as long as the

reactants are fed into it. These fuel cells are more
efficient than conventionally used methods of
generating electricity on a large scale by burning
hydrogen and carbon fuels. These fuel cells
convert the energy of the fuel directly into
electricity. The voltage of this cell is 1.2 V
(ii)

Given (1) T=298 K (2) R= 8.314JK 1mol 1

(3) Heat of formation of

CO at constant pressure

= = 396.6kJmol 1
(4) Heat of formation of

CO2 at constant pressure

CO2( g ) and CO( g ) cab e written as follows :

C(s ) + O2( g ) CO2( g ) ;

(1)

H = 396.6 kJmol
(2)

1
C( s ) + O2(s ) CO( g ) ;
2

H = 110.5kJmol 1
The required thermo chemical equation for the
combustion of

Advantages of fuel cells over ordinary

batteries : The important advantages of fuel cells
over ordinary batteries are :
(1) High efficiency : The cells convert the
chemical energy of a fuel directly into electricity
and therefore these cells are more efficient than
the conventional methods of generating electricity
on a large scale. Nearly 60-70% efficiency has
been obtained in this type of cell.
(2) Continuous source of energy : In this cell,
there is no electrode material to be replaced as
in case of ordinary battery. In this the fuel can be
fed continuously to produce power and that is
the reason.

(iv)

H 2 O2 fuel cells have been used

in space crafts.
(3) Pollution free working : In these cell, no
objectionable byproducts are produced and
therefore they do not cause any pollution
problems.
We have V = RT (Formula)
Molar mass of urea

( NH 2CONH 2 )

= (14 2 ) + (1 4 ) + (12 1) + (16 1)

60g mol 1

= = 110.5kJmol 1 , E = ?
The required chemical equaiton for the formation
of

1
O CO2( g ) ; H = ?
2 2( g )

CO2( g ) can be written as follows

60 103 kg mol 1

Wt. of solute =

3 10 3 kg

Volume of solution =

0.5 dm3

R= 0.082lit atmK 1mol 1 , T = 288k , = ?

Now

3 103 kg of urea is present in 0.5dm3

60 10 3 kg (1 mol of it will be present in

0.5 60 10 3
=
= 10dm3 , V = 10 dm3
3
3 10
Now 10 = 0.082 288
0.082 288
= 2.362 atm
or =
10
Osmotic pressure = 2.362 atm

Page 9 of 14

4. (A) (i) Determination of molecular mass by Landsberger

and Walker method :
Principle : To determine the molecular mass of
a non-volatile solute, a known mass of the solute
is dissolveding known mass of a suitable boiling
solvent. The elevation in boiling point is
determined. If the

in the boiling tube starts boiling. When the

temperature of the solvent becomes steady, it is
noted down ( correct boiling point of the solvent)
(3) Now, the passage of vapours of the solvent
from the flask is stopped and the apparaturs is
cooled at the room temperature.

Kb value of the solvent is known

(4) A weighed quantity of the non-volatile solute

(say w gram) is then added in the boiling tube
from the top of it.

then the malar mass of the solure can be

calculated.
Description os the apparataus : (1) The
apparatus consists of a hard glass boiling tube
(graduated tube) with a hole, almost at its top
portion, containing a bulb (Fig)

(5) The solute dissolves in the the solvent and

the boiling point of the solution (temperature
becomes constant) so obtained is noted down
as explained before. This gives the boiling point
of the solution.

Sensitive
therm om eter
D ropp ing
fannel

Bent tube

(6) The difference in temperatures is the elevation

in the boiling point ( Tb )

Tw o holed
sto pper

(7) After the second observation the flow of solvent

vapours from the flask is stopped. The volume of
the solvent in the boiling tube is measured (the
volume increases continuously due to
condensation of vapour)

C ock
Tw o holed
sto pper
R oun d
bottom
flask
Triped
stand

Porous
rose
hea d
Pure
boiling
solven t

H ole
Boiling tu be
O u ter
vessel (jacket)
Solven t

Barner
To co ndenser

(8) Knowing the density the mass of the solvent

present in the solution can be calculated.
(9) The volume occupied by the solute is not
considered (as it is negligible)
Observations :
(1)

Weight of non-volatile solute = W2 g

(2)

Weight of the solvent =

Fig : Landsberger and Walker method

(2) The boiling tube is corked with a two holed
rubbeer stopper. A sensitive thermometer is
inserted in one of the holes of the rubber stopper.
In the other hole a bent glass tube (delivery tube)
if fitted whose one end is in the form of a perforated
rose head. This end remains immersed in the
solvent of the boiling tube. The other end of the
bent tube is almost in the neck of a round bottom
glass flask containing the pure solvent.
(3) The flask is corked with a two holed stopper.
In the other hole of the cork a dropping or thistle
funnel is fitted.There is an outer vessel (jacket)
which covers the boiling tube and protects it from
damage. The jacket is connected to a condenser,
which helps to condense the escaping vapour.
(4) The flask is heated with the help of a heating
arrangement.
Procedure : (1) A small quanitity (5-10 mL) of
the pure solvent is placed in the boiling tube. The
solvent is added in the round bottom flask with a
dropping funnel and then it is heated to get the
vapours of the solvent.
(2) The vapour of the solvent is then passed into
the boiling tube ad get condensed. The solvent

W1 g [if, volume and

density of the solvent is known its weight

(V d ) can be determined)
(3)

Let the molecular mass of solute = M

Calculations : Molality of the solution (m)

Number of moles of solute

1000
Weight of solvent in grams
w2 1000
m = M w
1
w2
(Since the number of moles of solute =
)
M
But Tb = K b m
K b w2 1000

=
T
b

M w1
=

[ Kb =molal boiling point elevation constant)

K b w2 1000
Tb w1
K b w2 1000
Molar mass (M) = T w
b
1
M =

Result : It the volues of mass of sulute and the

solvent molal boiling elevation constant of solvent
and the elevation in boiling point is known the

(ii)

molar mass (molecular weight) of the solute can

be determined.
Reaction at anode :
2+
Zn(s ) Znaq
+ 2e (oxidation)

SECTION - II
5.

i. (c)
v. (d)

6. (i)

(1) Mono saccharides : These are the basic

(simple and small) units of carbohydrates and
cannot be further hydrolysed into smaller units
or molecules. They have genral formula

Reaction at cathode :
2+
Cuaq
+ 2e Cu(s ) (reduction)
Net cell reaction
2+
2+
Zn(s ) + Cuaq
Cu(s ) + Znaq

iii. (a)
vii. (a)

iv. (d)

C6 H12O6

0
0
0
Ecell = Eoxi ( anode ) Eoxi ( cathode )

e.g. Glucose

= 0.76 ( 0.34 ) = 1.10V

(2) Disaccharideds : These are the

carbohydrates which can be further hydrolysed.
On hydrolysis they yield two molecules of
monosaccharides.

5. (B) (i) Rate law : The rate law or rate equation may be
defined as the mathematical expression, which
denotes the experimentally observed rate of a
reaction in terms of the concentrations of the
reacting species which influenece the rate of the
reaction.
(1)

= 4.62 10 2 per hour

(2)

N1
t = 40 hours (3) N = ?
0

(iii)

ii. (c)
vi. (b)

(CH 2O )n where n = 3 to 7.,

E.M.F. of the cell = 1.10V

(ii)

Page 10 of 14

N
2.303
=
log10 0
t
N1

e.g. Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose ( C12 H 22O11 )

(ii)

Preparation of Nylon-6 : The starting materail

for prepartion of Nylon-6 is -caprolactum. When
-caprolactrum is heated to 533 K in an inert atmosphere, polymer of nylon 6 is obtined. This
polymer on spinning is converted into the fibers
of nylon-6.
Reaction :

H2
.

N0
t
log10 N = 2.303
1
4.62 102 40 1.848
=
=
= 0.8024
2.303
2.303
N0
N = A.L. ( 0.8024 ) = 6.345
1
N1
1
N = 6.345 = 0.1576 , Fraction left =
0
0.1576
Wt. of water
5.4 g
(iii)
n=
=
Mol.Wt. of water 18 103 kg
3

[ H 2O = 2 + 16 = 18 g = 18 10 kg ]

(
)

Polymersiation
533 K

inert atm / N 2

H2
(E - Cap ro lactam )

O H
- C - N - ( C H 2 )5
N ylon-6 polym er
(1) Hot HI on diethyl ether :

C2H 5 - O - C2H 5 + 2HI

(D iethyl eth er)

2C 2 H 5 I + H 2 O

5.4
= 300 moles
0.018
For 1 mole of

Hot

373 K

(E thyl iod ide)

(2) Hot HI on ethyl methyl ether :

H 2O , heat of formation

C2H 5 - O - CH 3 + 2HI

= 284.5kJ
for 300 moles of water, heat of formation
= 284.5 300kJ , = 85350kJ

(E thylme thyl ether)

Hot

373 K

C H 3 I + C 2 H 5 I + H 2O

Heat evolved, H = 8.535 10 4 kJ

(M ethyl io dide) ( E thyl iodide )

(iv)

Lanthanides : It is a series of the elements which

are placed according to their increasing atomic

Page 11 of 14

numbers in the periodic table. It involves the filling

molecules.
* In alkanes no such hydrogen bondings are
present and hence less energy is required to
separate their molecules.
Therefore alcohols have higher boiling points than
their corresponding alkanes.

of 4 f -orbitals following lanthanum (La, 57) and

ending to letetium (Lu 71)
Actinides : It is a series of the elements which
are placed according to their increasing atomic
number in the periodic table. It involves the filling
of 5 f -orbitals, following actinium (Ac 89) and
ending to lawrencium (Lw 103)
(v)

(vii)

(a) Nitromethane to methanamine :

Reduction of nitromethane by tin and HCl

C H 3 - N O 2 + 6 [H

Action of phenol :

(N itro m ethane)

(a) With Bromine water :

Sn + HCl

C H 3 - N H 2 + 2 H 2O
Reduction

OH

(M e th y la m in e )

(b) Methyl cyanide to ethylamine :

Reduciton of methyl cyanide by sodium and
alcohol.

+ 3Br2 ( water )
(P henol)

C H 3 - C = N + 4[ H ]
(M e th yl c y a n id e )

OH
Br

Na / alcohol

Reduciton

Br
(viii)

Br

CH 3 - CH 2 - NH 2
(E th y la m in e )

Anhydride formation : When ethanoic acid is

treated with some dehydrating agent like

P2O5 anhydride (acetic anhydride) is formed.

(2,4,6 - Trib ro m op henol)

O
(b) With conc.

HNO3 :

CH 3 - C + OH
CH 3 - C + OH

OH
O2N

OH

N O2

(C arbolic acid )
(vi)

Alcohols possess

O
(A ce tic acid)

CH3 - CO

Conc.

H 2 SO4

NO2
(P icric a cid)

OH as the functional group.

* The electro negative of oxygen is 3.5 and that

of hydrogen is 2.1. Defference in their electro
negativity is 1.4.
* Due to this large difference in their electro
negativities the OH group in alcohols becomes
polar in nature forming hydrogen bondings. Thus
alcohol molecules posses hydrogen bondings
and all the molecules get associated to each
other.
* Due to these hydrogen bondings the separation
of alcohol molecules from one another during
boiling requires more energy than for the
separation of their corresponding alkane

+ P2O5
Dehydration

CH3 - CO

O + H 2O

(A cetic anh yd ride)

7. (i) Preparation acetaldehyde and acetone from geminal
dihalides :
(1) Acetaldehyde : When ethylidenedichloride
or 1,1-dichloroethane is treated with aqueous
KOH finally acetaldehyde is formed .

CH 3 - CHCl
(E thy lid e n e d ich lo rid e )

or

K OH

H
CH3 - C - Cl
C

K OH

2KCl +
Acueous

Page 12 of 14

carbon atoms). Since it has only one asymmetric

carbon atom, a = 21 = 2 isomers of 2chlorobutane are possible.

H
C H 3 - C - O H H 2O + C H 3 - C - O
(A ce taldeh yd e)
OH

(2) Non-superimposable object and mirror

image : The two isomers of 2-chlorobutane are
non-identical, non-superimposable objects and
mirror images of each other. Thus they represent
the two optically active isomers of 2-chlorobutane
namely, Dextro-rotatory and Laevo-rotatory.

(U nstable)
(2) Acetone : When 2, 2-dichloro propane is
treated with aqueous KOH finally acetone is
formed.

CH 3

K OH

CH 3

C
H

CH 3 - C - Cl
Cl

K OH

Cl

2KCl +
Aqueous

C2H 5
(I)

Cl

CH 3
C

C2H 5

H
or

(II)

(I)d or (+) 2-chlofrobu tane

(2,2 d ichlorop ropa ne)

CH 3

CH 3
CH 3
C H 3 - C - O H H 2O - C H 2 - C = O
(A ce tone )
OH

H - C - Cl
C2H 5
(I)

(U nstable)

Ag ( NH 3 )2 OH . When an aldehyde is heated

C2H 5
(II)

(3) If structure (I) represents the (d)-isomeric form

of 2-chlorobutane (rotates the plane of plane
polarised light towards right) strucutre (II)
represents the (l) isomeric form (rotates the plane
of plane polarised light towards left) of the same
or vice-versa. They are called enantiomers.

with Tollens reagent, a silver mirror is formed

on the walls of the test tube or a greyish black
precipitate of colloidal silver is obtained. Aldehyde
is oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic
acid.e.g.

(4) dl mixture and its optical inactivity : When

equal amounts (equimolar quantities) of the two
isomer (I) and (II) are mixed, the resulting mixture
is found to be optically inactive because of the
external compensation of optical rotation. This
form is known as racemic form and represented

C H 3 - C = O + 2 A g ( N H 3 )2 O H

(A cetaldeh yde)(To llen 's reagen t)

C H 3 - C O O H + 4 N H 3 - H 2O + 2 A g
Optical activity of 2-chlorobutane : The
general formula of 2-chlorobutane can be written
as follows:

CH 3 CHCl CH 2 CH 3
H

Cl - C - H

(Ii)l o r (-) 2-chlo frobu tane

Silver Mirror test : Tollens reagent is an

ammonical
silver
nitrate
solution

(ii)

CH3

or

CH 3 - C - C2H 5
Cl

as
(iii)

( ) or (dl) 2-chlorobutane.
+

Action

K 2Cr2O7 + dil H 2 SO4 :

(a) On Propan-1-ol :

C H 3 - C H 2 - C H 2 - O H + [O ]
(1-P ropan ol)

dil H 2 SO4

(Oxidation )

C H 3 - C H 2 - C H O - H 2O
(P ropiona ldehyde )

(1) Presence of asymmetric carbon atom : In

2-chlorobutane, there is only one asymmetric
carbon atom containing four different groups.

Oxidation
CH 3 CH 2 CHO + [O]

According to the formula a = 2 n

CH 3 - CH 2 - COOH

(a= number of isomers, n= number of asymmetric

(P ropan oic a cid)

Page 13 of 14

(b) On Propan-2-ol :
K Cr O7 + dil H 2 SO4
C H 3 - C H O H - C H 3 + [ O
] 2 (2Oxidation
)

(2 -P ro pa n o l)

The

-hydroxy aldehyde contains two functional

(A ce ton e)

(- C

Destructive

Oxidation

O ) of the other molecule by migration of

-hydrogen of one molecule to the carbonyl

oxygen of the other molecule forming a hydroxyl

C H 3 - C O O H + C O 2 + H 2O

( OH ) group.

(A ce tic a cid )
Structure :

dil NaOH

CH 3

(10%)
C H 3 - C = O + H H 2 C - C = O

300 K

2(A cetadehd e)

H 3C - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H - C - C H 2 - O H
Cl
(iv)

Oil
1 Oils are liquid at ordinary
(room) temperature

Fats
Fats are soilds at ordinary
(room) temperature

2 Oils contain a large

proportion of unsaturated
fatty acids

Fats contain a large

proportion of saturated fatty
acids

OH
(A ce taldol)
An aldol loses a water molecule on heating with
a trace of a mineral acid to form an
unsaturated aldehyde.

base like

NaOH (10%) or aqueous Na2CO3 or

dilute acid, then the two molecules combine to

, -

H H

CH 3 - C - C - C = O
OH H

(
)

( dehydration )
mineral acid
H 2O

(A ce taldol)

CH 3 - C = C - C = O

Fats are soild and cannot be

hydrogenated

For example : Nucleo proteins, glycoproteins,

phosphoproteins and chronoproteins etc.
8. (A)(i) Aldol condensation : It is the reaction of those
aldehydes and certain ketones (acetone)
which contain an hydrogen atom such
as acetaldehyde etc.
When such aldehydes are treated with a dilute

C H 3 - C - H 2C - C = O

3 Oils have lower melting

Fats have higher melting
and boiling points than fats and boiling points than oils

Fats can be assimilated with

difficulty in the stomach
Due to regular carbonCarbon bonds in the chain,
fats have close packing of
molecules

CH 3

(3-chloro-2,2-dimethyl hexan-1-ol)
Conjugated proteins : Conjugated proteins are
thoseproteins which yield amino acids along
with some non-proteinous compounds (known as
prosthetic groups). The non-proteinous part can
be separated from the proteins by careful
hydrolysis.

4 Oils can be hydrogenated

to get fats
5
Oils can be assimilated in
the stomach
6 Due to irregular carbonCarbon bonds in the chain
oils do not have close
packing of molecules

CHO and alcoholic

(-ol) OH and hence it is called an aldol. This

reaction is called aldol condenstion.
An aldol is formed when -carbon of one
molecule gets attached to the carbonyl carbon

C H 3 - C - C H 3 + H 2O

C H 3 - C - C H 3 + 4[ O ]

-hydroxy aldehyde.

groups, aldehydic (-ald),

form

( ,U nsaturated aldehyde )
or
(2-B ute nal or C ro tona ldehyde )
(ii)

Esters : Esters are the derivatives of carboxylic

acids in which H atom of the carboxylic group

( COOH )
is replaced by an alkyl group (R)

R - COOH
(C a rb o x y lic a c id )

+R

R - COO - R
(E s te r)

Preparation of ethylacetate :
(a) From

CH 3COOAg : When silver acetate,

CH 3COOAg is heated with ethyl bromide, ethyl

Page 14 of 14

acetate is obtained.

(ii)

C H 3C O O A g + C 2 H 5 B r

Alcohol

(A g a ce tate )

C H 3C O O C 2 H 5 + A g B r
(E thyl acetate)
(b) From acetic anhydride : When acetic
anhydride is heated with ethanol in presence of
a catalyst pyridine, ethyl acetate is obtained.

C H 3C O
O + C 2 H 5O H
C H 3C O

(E tha nol)

Pyridine

(A ce tic anhydrid e)

Preparation of chloroform : A paste of

bleaching powder is placed in a round bottom
flask and ethyl alcohol is added into it slowly by
a dropping funnel. The flask is fitted with a water
condenser. It is heated on a sand bath for about
3-4 hours. Chloroform distils over at its boiling
point 334 K and collected in a receiver. It is dried
by fused

CaCl2 and then purified by redistillation.

Reactions taking place during the formation of

chloroform can be written as follows:
(1) Decompostion of bleaching powder :
When bleaching powder is mixed with water it
decomposes to form calcium hydroxide (lime
water) and chlorine.

C H 3 C O O H + C H 3C O O C 2 H 5
(E thyl aceta te)

Amide formation : When ethanoic acid is

heated with ammonia, ammonium acetate is
formed which gives rise to acetamide on heating.

C H 3C O O H + N H 3 C H 3 - C O O N H 4

(A ce tic acid)

(A m m oniu m acetate)

CH 3 COONH 4
Dehydration

(A cetam ide)

8.(B) (i) Artificial fibre : Artificial fibre may be defined

as material in the form of a thin filament, which
can be woven or spun into a fabric and it is
obtained artifically.

(B leaching pow d er)

Uses of terylene fiberes : (1) It is widely used

in the manufacture of textile.
(2) These fibers are blended with cotton and wool
to get terycot, terywool etc.

C2 H 5 Br :

CH 3 - CH 2 - Br

CH 3 - CH 2 - NH 2 - HBr

(E thyl am in e)
(2) Iso propylamine from acetoxime :

(E thyl alch ol)

H 3C - C H O + 2 H C l

(A ce ta ld e h y d e )
Ethyl alcohol is oxidised to acetaldehyde in
presence of chlorine.

(3) Chlorination of acetaldehyde :

Chlorination
H 3 C - C H O + 3 C l 2

(A ce ta ld e h y d e )

C l3C - C H O + 3 H C l
(C hloral)
Acetaldehyde gets chlorinated to form chloral
(trichloroacetaldehyde) in presence of excess of
chlorine.
(4) Hydrolysis of chloral :

O H + C l3 C - C H O
Hydrolysis

O H + C l 3 C - C H O

(C alcium
hydroxide)

(C hloral)

HCOO
2CHCl3 +

Ca

HCOO
(C hloroform )

(A cetoxim e )

(Iso propyl am ine )

+ Cl2

H 3C - C H 2 - O H + C l 2

CH 3
Na Hg / Water
C H 3 - C = N - O H + 4[ H ]

Reduction

CH3
C H 3 - C H - N H 2 + H 2O

OH

(2) Oxidation of ethyl alcohol :

Ca

(E thyl brom ide)

Ca
(C alciu m hydroxide )

e.g. Terylene fibres, nylon fibres etc.

NH 3

alcoholic

Oxidation

H 2O + C H 3 - C O N H 2

(1) Preparation of ethanamine from

OH

C a O C l2 + H 2O

or

(H CO O )2C a

(C alcium form ate)

Finally calcium hydroxide hydrolyses chloral to
form chloroform.