Ans:1

Thermal Efficiency of the gas turbine:

Efficiency of the gas turbine is the ratio of the net work done and heat input or supplied.
= net work done (W) / heat supplied (Q)
= {heat supplied(Q) heat rejected(q)} / heat supplied(Q)

Factors that affects the efficiency of the gas turbine:

1. Air temperature and site elevation:Since a gas turbine is an
air-breathing engine, its performance is changed by anything that
affects the density and/or mass flow of the air intake to the
compressor. Ambient weather conditions are the most obvious changes
from the pressure and temperature of reference, respectively
14.7psi/1.013bar and 59F/15C.

2. Humidity:Since humid air is less dense than dry air this directly
affects the performance of gas turbines. Therefore, for the same
volume entering the gas turbine, reduced mass flow rate will be used,
reducing the power output.

3. Inlet and exhaust losses:Inserting air filtration, silencing,

evaporative coolers or chillers into the inlet or heat recovery devices in

the exhaust causes pressure losses in the system.

4. Fuels:Work from a gas turbine can be defined as the product of mass

flow, heat energy in the combusted gas (Cp) and temperature
differential across the turbine. The mass flow in this equation is the
sum of compressor airflow and the injected fuel flow. The heat energy
is a function of the elements in the fuel and the products of
combustion. Therefore different fuels will hold different power outputs.

5. Fuel heating:Fuel heating will result in a slightly lower gas turbine

output because of the incremental volume flow decrease. Since use of
this energy in the gas turbine fuel heating system is
thermodynamically advantageous, the combined cycle efficiency can
be improved.

6. Air extraction:In some gas turbine applications, it may be

desirable to extract air from the compressor (cooling for the turbine,
pressurized air for the cabin in an airplane, etc.) Generally, up to 5% of
the compressor airflow can be extracted from the compressor
discharge casing without modification to casings or on-base piping. But
as the air extraction increases, the power generated naturally
decreases due to the limited mass flow rate going through the turbine.

7. Inlet cooling:Lowering the compressor inlet temperature can be

accomplished by installing an evaporative cooler or inlet chiller in the
inlet ducting downstream of the inlet filters. Careful application of
these systems is necessary, as condensation or carryover of water can
exacerbate compressor fouling and degrade performance.

Ans 2:
INTER COOLING CYCLE:

T-S DIAGRAM OF INTER COOLING CYCLE:

REHEAT CYCLE:

T-S DIAGRAM
OF REHEAT
CYCLE:

HEAT EXCHANGER OR REGENERATION CYCLE:

T-S DIAGRAM OF REGENERATION CYCLE:

Ans :3
Effectiveness:
The effectiveness (E), is the ratio between the actual heat transfer rate and the maximum possible
heat transfer rate:

Where:

is the maximum heat that could be transferred between the fluids per unit time.
must
be used as it is the fluid with the lowest heat capacity rate that would, in this hypothetical infinite
length exchanger, actually undergo the maximum possible temperature change.
(The temperature difference between the inlet temperature of the hot stream and
the inlet temperature of the cold stream).
Effectiveness is dimensionless quantity between 0 and 1. If we know E for a particular heat
exchanger, and we know the inlet conditions of the two flow streams we can calculate the
amount of heat being transferred between the fluids by:

For any heat exchanger it can be shown that: