2 Structure of Atom Pahang Module 2009

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OBJECTIVES OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Chemistry Module 2009

@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang
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A. Matter
1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter exists in three states solid,
liquid and gas.
2. Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles.
3. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can participate in a chemical reaction.
4. An ion is a positively-charged or negatively-charged particle.
5. Particles in matter are in motion.
6. Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move in between the particles of another
subtance.
7. Diffusion of matter occurs most rapidly in gases, slower in liquids and slowest in solids,
due to the different arrangement and movement of particles in the three states of matter.
8. The kinetic theory of matter.
State of
Matter
solid
liquid
gas
are
packed
closely
together in an orderly
manner
Strong forces
are packed closely together but

not in orderly manner
Very far apart and in a

random motion
Weak forces
Characteristic
Arrangement
of particles
Forces
attraction
Movement
particles
of
of
Particles vibrate and

rotate about their fixed
positon
Strong forces but weaker than the

forces in a solid
Particles vibrate, rotate and
move throughout the liquid. They
collide against each other
Shape / volume
- has a fixed volume and

shape
Cannot be compressed
- has a fixed volume and follows

the shape of the container
Cannot be compressed easily
compressibility

Particles vibrate, rotate

and move freely. The
rate of collision is greater
than in liquid
Does not have a fixed
shape of volume
Can
be
compressed
easily
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9. The change in heat changes the state of matter.
10. When a substance is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and move faster.
11. When a substance is cooled, the particles loss their kinetic energy and move slower.
Examples of Activities
1.Figure 1 below shows the heating curve of a pure substance at room temperature and pressure.
Temperature/oC
U
S
119
P
Time / minute
Figure 1
(a)Describe the movement of the particles of the pure substance at stage PQ of the curve ?
The particles vibrate and rotate at their fixed positions. As the temperature increases from P to Q, the
vibration increases.
(b)Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of particles of the substance at stage QR in the box below.
(c)Explain why the pure substance is not water ?

Pure water boils at 100oC but the boiling point of the substance is 444 oC.
(d)Samples of the pure substance at stage RS and TU are taken. Compare the movement of the particles
of the substance at these two stages.
At RS, the particles glides over one another as in liquid phase but in TU, the particles are in random
motion as in gaseous phase.
(e)After heating at 500oC, the substance is cooled. Draw and label the cooling curve.
Temperature/oC
444
119
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Time/minute
2.
Ice
Apply
heat
water
Apply
heat
water
Salt solution
Saturate it then
cool the solution
steam
salt
Boil it, then cool

the vapour
water
(a)Name the process in

P: solidifying
Q : dissolving
R: distilling
S : crystallising
T: boiling
U : melting
(b)What will occur if matter undergoes a change of state ?.

i.
ii.
iii.
intermolecular bonding will change

arrangement of the particles of matter will change
the physical shape and size of the matter will change
(c)Compare the intermolecular distance and the packing of particles in the solid state and the liquid state.
i.
ii.
The intermolecular distances in solid are shorter than those in the liquid.
Solid particles are more closely packed as compared to liquid particles.

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B. The Atomic Structure
1.
The historical development of atomic models.

Scientist
1. John Dalton
Atomic Models
- imagined the atom as a small indivisible ball similar to

a very tiny ball
2.J.J. Thomson
- described the atom as a sphere of positive charge

which contains a few negatively-charged particles called
electrons.
3. Ernest Rutherford
- discovered proton
- the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom
are concentrated in a small, central region called the
nuclues
- electrons move in a space that is larger than the
space occupied by the nucleus
4.Neils Bohr
- proposed that the electrons in an atom move in shells

around the nucleus
5.James Chadwick
- proved the existence of neutrons, the neutral particles

in the nucleus. Neutrons contribute approximately to
half the mass of an atom.
-

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2.
Protons, neutrons and electrons are subatomic particles of an atom.

Subatomic particle
Proton, p
Neutron, n
Electron, e
Relative mass
1
1
0
Relative charge
+1
0
-1
Position in the atom

Nucleus
Nucleus
shells
3. Atoms are electrically neutral. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
4. The proton number of an element is the number of protons in its atom.
5. The nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in its atom. Therefore,
Nucleon number = proton number + number of
neutrons
6. Each element has its own proton number.

7. Each element is given a name and a symbol
Proton
Element
symbol
number
1
Hydrogen
H
2
Helium
He
3
Lithium
Li
4
Beryllium
Be
5
Boron
B
6
Carbon
C
7
Nitrogen
N
8
Oxygen
O
9
Flourine
F
10
Neon
Ne
8. An atom of an element can be written as
Proton
number
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
element
symbol
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
X
Z
Where A is the nucleon number,

X is the symbol of an element,
Z is the proton number.
REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES
1
Matter is anything that _________________ and has __________.
Matter is made up of ________ and __________ particles.
____________
Particles of matter
_____________
_____________
An ___________ is the smallest particles of an element that can exist.

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5
A _____________ is a group of two or more _________ which are chemically bonded

together.
An ___________ is a ___________ charged and __________ caharged particle.
Kinetic Theory of Matter staes that matter consists of small particles that always
____________ among each other.
Matter can exist as ____________, ____________ and _____________ states.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. State of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
2. Particles
arrangement
diagram
3. Particles
arrangement
4. Particles movement
The particles are
The particles are
The particles are
packed __________
packed __________
________________
together in an
together but ______in
apart from each other
_________ manner.
an _________ manner.
and in ____________
The particles can only
The particles can
motion.
The particles can
___________ and
__________,
__________,
__________ about
__________ and
__________ and
their __________
_________ throughout
_________ freely. They
positions
the liquid. They
_________ against
_________ against
each other.
each other.
Particles are held
5. Forces between
particles
Very ___________
together by
___________ forces
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forces between the
__________ forces but
particles.
__________ than the
between particles.
forces in solid.
6. Kinetic energy of
particles
___________ energy
___________ energy
___________ energy
10
C
A
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
B
Process A : ____________________
Process B : ____________________
Process C : ____________________
Process D : ____________________
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Temperature, oC
D
B
C
Point
Time,s
State of matter
A to B
Explanation
Heat energy is ____________ by the particles
causes
_______________ energy to increase and the
particles __________ faster. The temperature
increases.
B to C
Heat energy is ____________ by the particles is

used
to overcome _____________ between particles so
that the solid turn liquid. The _________________
remains constant.
Heat energy is ________________ by the particles
in
C to D
the liquid. Kinetic energy ______________, the

particles moves ______________. The temperature
_________________

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Temperature, oC
A
Time,s
Point
State of Matter
A to B
Explanation
Heat _____________ out or loss to surroundings.
Particles of liquid _________ their kinetic energy.
Temperature __________________.
Heat _____________ to surroundings is
B to C
____________ by the heat energy

_______________
as the particles attract one another to form solid.
Temperature remains __________________.
All particles are arranged ________________
C to D
packed in an _____________ manner. Particles only

_____________ and rotate about their fixed
positions
11.
Historical development of atomic models.

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Name
Discovery
John Dalton
Atom as a small ____________ tiny ball
Atomic Model
Discovered _______________.
Described atom as a shere of
J.J Thomson
___________ charge which contains a
few _____________ charged particles
called____________.
Discovered _______________, a
positive charge in an atom situated in
the central region called the
_____________. The ____________
move in a space in the atom
_____________in an atom move in
Neils Bohr
_______________ around the nucleus.
Proved the existence of ______ a
James Chadwick

_____________ particles in the

nucleus.
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12.
Proton
Symbol : p
Relative atomic charge :
Relstive mass :
Electrons
Symbol :
Relative atomic charge: -1
Relative mass :
Nucleeus
Neutron
Symbol :
Relative atomic charge :
Relative mass : 1
13. The ______________________ of an element is the number of proton in its atom.

The ______________________ of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in its
atom.
14.
A
X
X - Symbol of an Element
A - __________________
Z
Z - __________________
15
39
K
19
The element
: ________________
Nucleon
: ________________
Proton Number
: ________________
Number of protons : ________________
Number of neutrons : ________________
Number of electrons : ________________
16. Complete the table below:

Element
Aluminium
Oxygen
Magnesium
Sodium
Nitrogen

Symbol
Element
Calcium
Symbol
Br
Hydrogen
PB
Zinc
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Objective Questions
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1.
A substance Y undergoes a change in state of matter through process X as shown in

Figure 1.
Figure 1
Process X
Name the process X .

A
B
C
D
2
Melting
Freezing
Sublimation
Condensation
The table below shows the number of protons and neutrons of three atoms, X, Y and Z.
Atom Number of
protons
X
6
Y
6
Z
6
Atoms X , Y and
A
B
C
D
Number of neutrons
6
7
8
Z are
Molecules
Isotopes
Isomers
Ions
The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against time for the heating of
naphthalene.

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What is the process of change in the state of matter, which occurs at temperature T oC, and
the state of the substance at time t?
Process at temperature T State of the substance at time t
A
Melting
Solid and liquid
B
Freezing
Solid and liquid
C
Condensation
Liquid and gas
D
Boiling
Liquid and gas
4 Figure 1 shows the electronic arrangement of atom X.
Figure 1
What is the number of valence electrons and proton number of atom X ?
A
B
C
D
Number of valence electrons

2
8
8
18
Proton number
8
8
18
18
5 An atom of oxygen is represented by the following :

16
O
8
Which of the following is true of oxygen?
A
B
C
D
The molar mass of oxygen molecule, O2 , is16 g mol-1

One mole of oxygen molecule, O2 , has a mass of 32g
The relative atomic mass of oxygen is 8
One mole of oxygen molecule, O2, contains 6 x 1023 atoms

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6. The table shows elements in the Periodic Table with their electron arrangement.
Element
Hydrogen
Lithium
Carbon
Neon
Electronic
arrangement
1
2.1
2.4
2.8.2
Arrange the elements in order of their increasing proton number.

A.
B.
C.
D.
7
Neon , Carbon , Lithium , Hydrogen

Carbon , Lithium , Hydrogen ,Neon
Hydrogen , Lithium , Carbon , Neon
Hydrogen , Carbon , Neon , Lithium
S and T are in the same period of the Periodic Table.

If the proton number of S is 18 , What is the electronic structure of atom T ?
A
B
C
D
2.8.1
2.8.8
2.8.9
2.8.8.5
8 Table 1 shows the name of four atoms.

Lithium
Boron
Sodium
Chlorine
Table 1
Which atoms have the same number of valence electrons?
( Li; 3, B; 4, Na ;11; Cl, 17)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lithium and boron

Lithium and sodium
Boron and chlorine
Sodium and boron

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9
No.
Substances
I
II
III
IV
Water , H2O
Ammonia, NH3
Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Tetrachlorometane, CCl4
No. of
mole/ mol
0.5
0.1
0.2
1.0
No. of atom
9.03 X 10 23
2.408 X 10 24
2.408 X 10 23
3.01 X 10 24
Table 2
The number of atoms of substances are given in table 2. Which of the following
substances have the correct number of atom.
A.
B.
C.
D.
I, II and III
I, II and IV
I, III and IV
II, III and IV
10 The diagram show the particulate nature of substance.
What is the substance?

A
B
C
D
Water
Zinc
Mercury
Oxygen gas

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11 The table shows the ionic formulae of X and Y.
Elements
X
Y
Ions
X2+
Y-
What is the chemical formula of the substance?

A
B
C
D
XY
XY2
XY3
X 2Y
12 The diagram below shows the atomic symbol of element X .

Which of the following is true about the subatomic particles of element X.
23
X
11
Proton Number
11
11
23
23
A.
B.
C.
D.
Nucleon number
23
23
11
11
Electron number
11
23
23
23
Argon , Neon and Krypton are examples of noble gases.

The noble gases are unreactive because they have
A.
B.
C.
D.
full outermost electron shell.

Very high melting point
The same number of protons and electrons.
A variable oxidation state.
13. A compound has the formula P2 O3. Calculate the relative formula mass of the compound given
the relative atomic mass of P ,112 and O,16.
A.128
B. 160
C. 256
D. 368

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14. Figure below shows the atom arrangement in a substance, U and V at room
temperature.
Substance U
Substance V
Which of the following could possibly represent substance U and V?

U
A
B
C
D
15.
copper
Ethanoic acid
zinc
tin
V
ethanol
naftol
oxygen
copper
Figure shows a symbol of an atom, Z.

16
Z
8
Which of the following is true about the subatomic particles of atom Z?
Proton number
Nucleon number
8
8
16
16
16
16
8
8
A
B
C
D
Electron
arrangement
2.6
2.8.6
2.6
2.8.6
16. Table shows the relative atomic mass of the element lead, nitrogen and oxygen.
Element
Lead
nitrogen
oxygen
Relative atomic mass

207
14
16
Which of the following is true about the atom for the element lead, nitrogen and oxygen?
A
B
C
D
Mass of one lead atom is 207g

The number of proton and neutron in nitrogen atom is 14
Relative molecular mass of lead(ll) nitrate is 237
The number of electrons in one oxygen atom is 16.

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17
Which of the following statements are true about isotopes ?
Isotopes are atoms of the different elements with the same nucleon number
Isotopes are atoms of the same elements with the same numbers of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the different elements with the different nucleon number
Isotopes are atoms of the same elements with the different numbers of neutrons
18. Radioisotopes have many important uses in our daily life. An examples of a radioisotope is Cobalt60. Which of the following statements are true about its usage ?
I
II
III
IV
treatment of cancer
estimate the age of fossils
sterilize surgical instruments
study metabolisms of phosphorus in plants
A
B
C
D
I and III only

II and IV only
III and IV only
I, II, III and IV
19. Which of the following statements is the correct definition of valence electrons?
A
the electrons in the second occupied shell
the electrons in the middle occupied shell
the electrons in the outermost occupied shell
the electrons in the innermost occupied shell

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20. Element Z has a proton number of 20. Which of the following is the electron arrangement of atom
Z?
A
2.4.6.8
B`
2.8.2.8
C`
2.8.8.2
2.4.5.9
21. Which of the following explains the meaning of effective collisions?

A
the collisions that has a low energy
the collisions that causes a reaction
the collisions which takes place before a reaction
the collisions where its energy is less than the activation energy
22. The figure below shows an energy profile diagram of a chemical reaction. Which is the activation
energy of a catalysed reaction?
23. The reaction between hydrogen gas and chlorine gas produces hydrogen chloride gas. Adding
more hydrogen or chlorine will speed up the reaction. Which of the following best explains why?
I
II
III
IV
kinetic energy of chlorine and hydrogen molecules increases

activation energy of chlorine and hydrogen molecules decreases
total number of chlorine and hydrogen molecules per unit volume increases
frequency of effective collisions between hydrogen and chlorine molecules
A
B
C
D
I and III only

III and IV only
I, II and III only
I, II, III and IV

increases
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24.
Why does an increase in temperature increase the rate of reaction between 1 g of marble and
50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 nitric acid ?
I
II
III
IV
the particles in nitric acid move faster

the marbles breaks into smaller particles
the energy of reacting particles increases
the activation energy for the reaction becomes lower
A
B
C
D
I and III only

II and IV only
III and IV only
I and IV only
25. Which of the following groups of elements are with isotopes?

A
B
C
D
oxygen, hydrogen, cobalt, nickel

oxygen, chlorine, cobalt, phosphorus
hydrogen, argentum, nickel, aluminium
chlorine, argentum, phophorus, aluminium
26. Cobalt-59 and cobalt-60 are isotopes. The number of neutrons of Cobalt-59 is 32. Which of the
following statements is true ?
A
B
C
D
the cobalt-60 atom has 27 protons

the cobalt-60 atom has 28 neutrons
the cobalt-59 atom has 32 electrons
the cobalt-59 atom has the same number of neutrons as the cobalt-60 atom
27.
The diagram shows the energy profile of a reaction. Ea is the activation for this
[2005]
reaction.
Energy
Reactants
Ea
Products
What will change the activation energy from Ea to Ea?

A
Temperature
B
Catalyst
C
Concentration
D
Total surface area
28.
Which of the following explains the meaning of effective collision? [2005]

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A
B
C
D
The collision where its energy is less than the activation energy
The collision that has a low energy
The collision which takes place before a reaction
The collision that causes a reaction
29. The table shows the number of proton, electrons and neutrons of atoms Q and R.
Atom
Number of
Proton
Q
R
Electron
11
12
Neutron
11
12
12
12
Which of the following is true about atoms Q and R? [2004]

A
R can form a diatomic molecule
B
Q and R have the same chemical properties
C
R reacts with Q to form an ionic compound
D
Q reacts with water to release hydrogen
30.
Figure shows the ionic symbol of an atom M.

27
M3+
13
Which of the following represents the electron arrangement of ion M3+ ?
A.
B.

3+
C.
3+
D.
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31
The table shows the relative atomic mass of elements Y and Z. [2004]
Element
Y
Z
Relative Atomic
Mass
80
16
Which of the following is true about the atoms of elements Y and Z?

A
The mass of one atom of Z is 16 g
B
The number of protons in atom Y is 80
C
5 moles of Z have the same mass as 1 mole of Y
D
The density of one atom of Y is 5 times that of an atom of Z
32. The information shows the sub-atoms particles of atom W. [2004]

a. Electron configuration 2.1
b. Number of protons 3
c. Number of neutrons 4
Which of the following diagrams shows an atom W?
A
B
3p + 4n
3p + 3e

3p + 4n
3P + 3e
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33.
The diagram shows the electron shells in the substance formed between atoms of hydrogen
and Y. [2004]
What is the electron configuration of atom Y?

A
2.4
B
2.8
C
2.8.4
D
2.8.8
34.
Which of the following is not true about kinetic theory of matter?

A. All matter is of the same size.
B. All matter is made up of minute and discrete particles.
C. All matter is made up of moving particles.
D. The kinetic energy of particles of matter increases with an increase in temperature.
35.
Isotopes for the same element show

A.
B.
C.
D.
Chemical and physical properties that are the same.

Chemical and physical properties those are different.
Chemical properties that are the same but physical properties those are different.
Chemical properties that are different but physical properties those are same.
36.
The fi gure shows the structure of an atom. Which statement is correct about this atom?
A Its nucleon number is 5
B Its proton number is 5
C It has 4 valence electrons
D The electron arrangement of the atom is 2.2

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37.
The following information is about a substance, bromine.

Melting point: 2 C
Boiling point: 59 C
If bromine is cooled, at which temperature will it exists in solid form?
I
30 C
II
30 C
III
50 C
IV
60 C
A I only
B I and II only
C II and III only
D III and IV only
Questions 37 to 40 are based on figure below.
37. The figure shows a portion of cooling curve of a liquid substance, X.

Melting occurs at the stage of
APQ
BQR
CRS
DST
38. At which stage does X exist as liquid and solid?
APQ
BQR
CRS
DST

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39. At which point does X started to freeze?
AP
BQ
CT
DS
40. At which points are particles of X arranged orderly and closely?
IP
II Q
III S
IV T
A I and II only
B II and III only
C III and IV only
D II,III and IV only
41. The diagram below shows the graph of the cooling of acetamide from its gaseous state to
its solid state.
What is the boiling point and the time when liquid acetamide starts to condense?
Boiling point
Time condensation begins
A
T1
m1
B
T1
m3
C
T2
m2
D
T2
m4

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42
The graph shows the cooling curve of naphthalene.

Graf menunjukkan lengkung penyejukan naftalena
Temperature/C
Suhu/C
PX
Time/s
Masa/s
Why is curve Q obtained in the graph?
Kenapa keluk Q terhasil pada graf?
A
Naphtalene is cooled in impurity state
Naftalena disejukkan dalam keadaan tidak tulen
B
C
D
Naphtalene evaporate during cooling process

Naftalena meruap semasa proses penyejukan
Naphtalene is not stirred during cooling process
Naftalena tidak dikacau semasa proses penyejukan
Naphtalene freezes after achieving its freezing point
Naftalena membeku selepas mencapai takat beku
STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
Question 1
2
Table 2 shows proton number and nucleon number for atoms P, Q and R.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom-atom P, Q dan R.
Atom
Proton number
Nucleon number
Atom
Nombor Proton
Nombor nukleon
11
23
17
35
17
37
Table 2
Jadual 2
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(a)
What is meant by the nucleon number of an atom?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nombor nukleon bagi atom?
..
[1 mark]
(b)
(i)
State the atoms that are isotopes.
Nyatakan atom-atom yang merupakan isotop.
.........
[1 mark]
(ii)
State a reason for your answer in (b)(i).

Nyatakan sebab bagi jawapan anda di (b)(i).
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(c)
Write the electron arrangement of atom P.

Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom P.
.............
[1 mark]
(d)
Draw the electron arrangement of ion Q.
Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi ion Q.
[2 marks]

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(e)
The information shows the composition of an organic compound S.

Maklumat menunjukkan komposisi suatu sebatian organik S.
Carbon
64.87%
Karbon
Hydrogen -
13.51%
Hidrogen
Oxygen
21.62%
Oksigen
[Relative atomic mass :
H=1, C=12, O=16]
Jisim atom relatif
Determine the empirical formula of compound S.

Tentukan formula empirik bagi sebatian S.
[3 marks]

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ANSWER Q1
NO
3
ANSWER
MARK
1
(a) Proton, electron, neutron

(b) (i) The number of shells occupied with electrons
(ii) - Period 3
- W has 3 shells occupied with electrons
1
1
(c) (i) Atomic size of atom X is smaller
(ii) - Proton number of atom X is larger

- attraction of nucleus on the electrons in Period 2
increases
(d) (i) ZX
1
1
1
(ii)
+
Z+ 2.8
X- 2.8.8
- No of electrons and shells are correct

- The presence of charges
1
1
Total

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Question 2
1 Diagram shows the heating curve of solid Y at room conditions.
Rajah menunjukkan lengkuk pemanasan pepejal Y pada keadaan bilik.
Temperature / 0C
Suhu/0C
U
90
80
S
R
(a) (i)
(ii)
T
time/s
masa/s
What is the melting point of substance Y ?

Berapakah takat lebur bahan Y ?
.
[ 1 mark ]
What is the physical states of substance Y from S to T ?
Apakah keadaan fizikal bahan Y dari S ke T ?
.
[ 1 mark ]
(iii)
Explain why there is no change in temperature from S to T ?

Terangkan mengapa tiada perubahan suhu dari S ke T ?
.
.
[ 2 marks ]
(iv) Draw the arrangement of particles in Y from T to U

Lukiskan susunan zarah Y dari T ke U
[1 mark]

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(b) Table shows the proton number and nucleon number of elements A, D, E, and G.
Jadual menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nucleon bagi unsur A, D, E, dan G.
Element
Unsur
A
D
E
G
(i)
(ii)
Proton number
Nombor proton
6
8
8
15
Nucleon number
Nombor nukleon
12
16
17
31
What is the meaning of nucleon number?

Apakah maksud nombor nucleon?
.
[ 1 mark ]
Which atoms are isotopes
Atom-atom yang manakah isotop ?
.
[ 1 mark ]
(iii) Explain your answer in (b) (ii)
Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (b) (ii)
.
[ 1 mark ]
(iv) Write the electron arrangement of atom A
Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom A
(v)
.
[ 1 mark ]
Draw the electron arrangement of atom G
Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi atom G
[1 mark]

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Answer of Question 2
1
(a) (i) 80 oC
(ii) Solid and liquid
(iii) Heat energy is used to break the bond between particles
(iv)
(b) (i) Sum of the number of proton and neutron in the atom
(ii) D and E
(iii) Both of the atoms have same proton number but different in nucleon
number
(iv) 2 . 4
(v)
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1

10
34
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Question 3
The Table belows shows the proton number of two elements X and Y.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur X dan Y.
(a) Draw the atomic structure of atom X.

Lukis struktur atom bagi atom X
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Atom of element X has isotopes. What is meant by isotopes?
Atom unsur X mempunyai isotop. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop?
[1 mark]
(ii) State one example of an isotope.
Nyatakan satu contoh isotop.
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Atom of element Y has a nucleon number of 23. Calculate the number of
neutrons in atom Y.
Atom unsur Y mempunyai nombor nukleon 23. Hitungkan bi/angan neutron bagi atom Y.
[1 mark]
(ii) Write the standard representation of atom Y.
Tuliskan simbol atom Y.
[1 mark]
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(d) Methanol is an organic compound with melting point of-97 DC and boiling point of6S DC. ' Etanol
ialah satu sebatianorganik dengan takat lebur -97 DC dan takat didih 65 DC.
(i) What is the physical state of methanol at room temperature?
Apakah keadaan fizik bag; methanol pada suhu bilik?
[1 mark]
(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles of methanolat100 DC. Lukiskan susunan zarah metanol pada
100 DC.
[1 mark]
(iii) State how the movement of methanol particles changes when heated from room temperature to
100 DC.
Nyatakan bagaimana pergerakan zarah-zarah methanol berubah apablla dipanaskan dari suhu bilik
Ire 100 "c.
..
[1 mark]
(iv) Sketch the graph of temperature against time when methanol is heated from room temperature to
100 DC.
Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila methanol dipanaskan daripada suhu bilik ke 100C.

36
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ANSWER OF QUESTION 3

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39

2 Structure of Atom Pahang Module 2009

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OBJECTIVES OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Chemistry Module 2009

Chemistry Module 2009

are packed closely together but

Very far apart and in a

Particles vibrate and

Strong forces but weaker than the

- has a fixed volume and

- has a fixed volume and follows

Chemistry Module 2009

Particles vibrate, rotate

(c)Explain why the pure substance is not water ?

Boil it, then cool

(a)Name the process in

(b)What will occur if matter undergoes a change of state ?.

intermolecular bonding will change

Chemistry Module 2009

The historical development of atomic models.

- imagined the atom as a small indivisible ball similar to

- described the atom as a sphere of positive charge

- proposed that the electrons in an atom move in shells

- proved the existence of neutrons, the neutral particles

Chemistry Module 2009

Protons, neutrons and electrons are subatomic particles of an atom.

Position in the atom

6. Each element has its own proton number.

Where A is the nucleon number,

Matter is anything that _________________ and has __________.

Matter is made up of ________ and __________ particles.

An ___________ is the smallest particles of an element that can exist.

Chemistry Module 2009

A _____________ is a group of two or more _________ which are chemically bonded

An ___________ is a ___________ charged and __________ caharged particle.

Matter can exist as ____________, ____________ and _____________ states.

The particles are

The particles are

The particles are

together but ______in

apart from each other

The particles can only

The particles can

_________ freely. They

the liquid. They

__________ forces but

__________ than the

Chemistry Module 2009

Heat energy is ____________ by the particles is

the liquid. Kinetic energy ______________, the

Chemistry Module 2009

____________ by the heat energy

packed in an _____________ manner. Particles only

Historical development of atomic models.

Chemistry Module 2009

Atom as a small ____________ tiny ball

Chemistry Module 2009

_____________ particles in the

13. The ______________________ of an element is the number of proton in its atom.

16. Complete the table below:

Chemistry Module 2009

A substance Y undergoes a change in state of matter through process X as shown in

Name the process X .

Chemistry Module 2009

Matter is anything that _______ and has .

Matter is made up of and __ particles.

A _____ is a group of two or more _ which are chemically bonded

An _____ is a _ charged and ______ caharged particle.

Matter can exist as , and _ states.