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COURSE ARRANGEMENT
1.MONITOR
2.STUDENT GROUPS: - move forward in groups!
-For competing
-For studying
-For training group skills
-For controlling
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Evaluation
Pass the exam
Activity
Score
30
Final Exam
40
Total (points)
100
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Lesson of 2day?
Will not be in the examination questions but will
guide you through the course
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Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY
1. What is Immunology?
2. What is Immune System (IS)?
3. History of Immunology
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Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY
1. What is Immunology?
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Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY
2. What is Immune System (IS)?
Immune System: Molecules, cells, tissues and organs which provide non
specific and specific protection against Microorganisms; Microbial toxins and
Tumor cells
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History of Immunology
Experiential Immunology period
Experimental Immunology period
Modern Immunology period
Immunology act as an independent subject (1970s)
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Plague !!!
Story of Plague
port of Weymouth.
Yersinia pestis
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Figure 1. Photomicrographs demonstrating the high bacterial burden of Y pestis in various organs. Top left, A: Tissue
Gram stain of a lymph node reveals the profusion of neutrophils and large clumps of Gram-negative coccobacilli
characteristic of Y pestis (Brown-Hopps, original 400). Large clusters of bacteria (arrows) are found in the alveolar
spaces (top right, B), adrenals (bottom left, C), and kidneys (bottom right, D) [hematoxylin-eosin, original 400].
Chmura et al. 2003, CHEST, Painful Lymphadenopathy and Fulminant Sepsis in a Previously Healthy 16-Year-Old Girl
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In 1670,
Chinese medical practitioners: variolation
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Vaccine- Vaccination
Vaccine: A preparation of microbial antigen, often combined
with adjuvants,that is administered to individuals to induce
protective immunity against microbial infections.
Vaccination: A general term for immunization against
infectious diseases, orginally derived from immunization
against smallpox which uses the Vaccinia virus.
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1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity
3. Mechanism of protective immunity
4. Study on immune-pathology & immune disease
5. Study on antigen
6. Study on immunochemistry
7. Study on immune tolerance
8. Study on Ab formation and hypotheses
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1. Active immunity
In the middle of 19th century
R. Koch
----Isolated and cultured bacteria successfully
Pasteur
----Infectious diseases were caused
by pathogens
In 1880, Pasteur
----Anti-cholera live-attenuated vaccine
(old culture of Chicken V. cholera)
----Artificial active immunity
Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)
Active immunity:
The form of adaptive immunity that is induced by exposure to a foreign antigen and
in which the immunized individual plays an active role in responding to the antigen.
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2. Passive immunity
In the late eighties of 19th century
Roux and Yersin: Diphtheria was caused by exotoxin produced by C.
diphtheriae
The discovery of diphtheriae antitoxin and bactericidins
Antitoxin----Antibody (Ab); Exotoxin----Antigen (Ag)
Study on reaction of Ag and Ab in vitro ----Serology
In 1890,Von Behring and Kitasato
----diphtheriae antitoxin was applied in treatment of Diphtheria
---- Artificial passive immunity
Passive immunity:
The form of immunity to an antigen that is
established in one individual by transfer of antibody
or lymphocytes from another individual who is
immune to that antigen. Examples?
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5. Study on antigen
In the early of 20th century, Landsteiner studied on antigenic determinant
(epitope)
----ABO blood type
6. Study on immunochemistry
In 1938,Tiselius and Kabat ---- Ab is globulin
In the fifties of 20th century, Porter and Edelmen, ----Molecular structure of
Ab: 4 peptides
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Instructional Theory
antigen serves as template, around which, antibody folds
disproved in 1960's by genetic discoveries in B cells
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