UWIN ME12 s36

Course : Matematika Ekonomi (1508ME12)
online.uwin.ac.id
Bachelor in Economics (S.E): Manajemen
UWIN eLearning Program
Session Topic : Dasar2 Deret Hitung & Ukur

serta Aplikasinya
Course: Matematika Ekonomi
By Handri Santoso, Ph.D
Content
Part 1
Sequences & Series
Part 2
Arithmetic Sequences (Deret Hitung)
Part 3
Geometric Sequences (Deret Ukur)
Part 4
Infinite Sequences (Deret Ukur Tak Terbatas)
Powered by HarukaEdu.com
- 1508ME12-
S.3
Part1: Sequences & Series
Sequences & Series: Definition
1. Sequence
Defn: A set of numbers that follow a general rule (n-th term
formula)
Examples:
a. 1, 8, 15, 22, 29,
b. -8, 2, -1/2, 1/8,
2. Series
Defn: The sum of the terms in a sequence of numbers
Examples:
a. 1 + 8 + 15 + 22 + 29 +
b. -8 + 2 1/2 + 1/8
- 1508ME12-
S.5
Sequences & Series: Finite vs Infinite
1. A Finite series has an end

Examples:
a. -9 3 + 3 + 9 + 15
b. 2 + 4 + 8 + + 1024
2. An Infinite series continues indefinitely
Examples:
16 + 12 + 9 +
- 1508ME12-
S.6
Part2: Arithmetic Sequences (Deret Hitung)
Arithmetic Sequence: Definition
A sequence,
a1, a2, a3,.., an,
Is called an arithmetic sequence, or arithmetic progression,
If there exists a constant d, called the common difference, such that
an an-1 = d
That is,
an = an-1 + d for every n > 1
nth Term Formulas

If {an} is an arithmetic sequence with common difference d, then
1) a2 = a1 + d
2) a3 = a2 + d = a1 + 2d
3) a4 = a3 + d = a1 + 3d
The nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence
an = a1 + (n-1)d for every n > 1
- 1508ME12-
S.8
Arithmetic Sequence: Example
Find the next four terms of,

1) 9, -2, 5,
Arithmetic Sequence
-2 -9 = 5 -2 = 7
7 is referred to as the common difference (d)
Common Difference (d) what we ADD to get next term
Next four terms12, 19, 26, 33
2) 0, 7, 14,
Arithmetic Sequence, d = 7
21, 28, 35, 42
3) x, 2x, 3x,
Arithmetic Sequence, d = x
4x, 5x, 6x, 7x
4) 5k, -k, -7k,
Arithmetic Sequence, d = -6k
-13k, -19k, -25k, -32k
- 1508ME12-
S.9
Arithmetic Sequence: Sum Formulas
Sum Formulas for Finite Arithmetic Series

If a1, a2, a3,.., an is a finite arithmetic sequence, then the corresponding
series a1 + a2 + a3 +..+ an is called an arithmetic series.
We will derive 2 simple & very useful formulas for the sum of an arithmetic
series.
Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic sequence a1, a2, a3,.., an
&
let Sn denote the sum of the series a1 + a2 + a3 +..+ an
Then
Sn = a1 + (a1 + d ) + + [a1 + (n 2) d] + [a1 + (n 1) d]
Reversing the order of the sum, we obtain

Sn = [a1 + (n 1) d] + [a1 + (n 2) d] + + (a1 + d ) + a1
- 1508ME12-
S.10
Arithmetic Sequence: Sum Formulas (Cont.)
Adding the left sides of these 2 equations &

corresponding elements of the right sides, we see that
2Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d] + [2a1 + (n 1)d] + + [2a1 + (n 1)d]
= n[2a1 + (n 1)d]
Sum of an Aritmetic Series,
1) First Form
By replacing a1 + (n 1)d with an, we obtain a second useful formula for the sum
2) Second Form
- 1508ME12-
S.11
Arithmetic Sequence: Exercise
1.) Given an arithmetic sequence with

a15 = 38 &
d = -3,
Find a1
x
38
15
NA
-3
a1
an
n
Sn
d
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common difference
an = a1 + (n-1)d
38 = x + (15-1)(-3)
x = 80
2.) Find S63 of -19, -13. -7,

-19
??
63
x
6
a1
an
n
Sn
d
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common difference
an = a1 + (n-1)d
?? = -19 + (63-1)(6)
?? = 353
n
Sn= (a1 + an)
2
63
S63= (-19 + 353)
2
S63= 10521
- 1508ME12-
S.12
Arithmetic Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)
3.) Find a16 , if

a1 = 1.5 &
d = 0.5
1.5
x
16
NA
0.5
a1
an
n
Sn
d
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common difference
an = a1 + (n-1)d
a16 = 1.5 + (16-1)(0.5)
a16 = 9
4.) Find n, if
an = 633,
a1 = 9 &
d = 24
9
633
x
NA
24
a1
an
n
Sn
d
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common difference
an = a1 + (n-1)d
633 = 9 + (x-1)(24)
633 = 9 + 24x - 24
x = 27
- 1508ME12-
S.13
5.) Find d , if
a1 = -6 &
a29 = 20
-6
20
29
NA
x
a1
an
n
Sn
d
6.) Find 2 arithmetic means between

-4 & 5
-4, __, ___, 5
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common difference
an = a1 + (n-1)d
20 = -6 + (29-1)x
26 = 28x
x = 13
14
-4
5
4
NA
x
a1
an
n
Sn
d
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common difference
an = a1 + (n-1)d
5 = -4 + (4-1)(x)
x=3
The 2 arithmetic means are -1 & 2,
since -4, -1, 2, 5
forms an arithmetic sequence
- 1508ME12-
S.14
7.) Find 3 arithmetic means between 1 & 4

1, __, ___, ___, 4
1
4
5
NA
x
a1
an
n
Sn
d
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common difference
an = a1 + (n-1)d
4 = 1 + (5-1)(x)
x=3
4
The 3 arithmetic means are 7/4, 10/4 & 13/4,
since 1, 7/4, 10/4, 13/4, 4
forms an arithmetic sequence
- 1508ME12-
S.15
8.) Find n for the series in which

a1 = 5,
d=3
Sn = 440
5
y
x
440
3
a1
an
n
Sn
d
an = a1 + (n-1)d
y = 5 + (x-1)3
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common difference
n
Sn= (a1 + an)
2
n (5 + y)
440 =
2
x
440 = (5 + 5 + (x-1)3)
2
440 = x(7+3x)
2
880 = x(7+3x)
0 = 3x2 + 7x -880
Graph on positive window
X = 16
- 1508ME12-
S.16
Arithmetic Sequence: nth Partial Sum
The sum of the first n terms of an infinite sequence is called the nth partial
sum.
Example: The nth Partial Sum

1.) Find the 150th partial sum of the arithmetic sequence, 5, 16, 27, 38, 49,
a1 = 5,
d = 11
c = 5 11 = -6
o
an = 11n 6
a150 = 11(150) 6 = 1644
150
o S150 = (5 + 1644) = 75(1649) = 123,675
2
- 1508ME12-
S.17
Arithmetic Sequence: nth Partial Sum (Cont.)
2.) An auditorium has 20 rows of seats. There are,

a) 20 seats in the first row,
b) 21 seats in the second row,
c) 22 seats in the third row, &
d) so on.
How many seats are there in all 20 rows?
d=1
c = 201 = 19
o
an = a1 + (n-1)d
a20 = 20 + 19(1) = 39
o S20 = 20
(20 + 39) = 10(59) = 590
2
- 1508ME12-
S.18
Arithmetic Sequence: nth Partial Sum (Cont.)
3.) A small business sells $10,000 worth of sports memorabilia during its first
year.
The owner of the business has set a goal of increasing annual sales by
$7500 each year for 19 years.
Assuming that the goal is met,
find the total sales during the first 20 years this business is in operation.
a1 = 10,000
d = 7500
c = 10,0007500 = 2500
o
an = a1 + (n-1)d
a20 = 10,000 + 19(7500) = 152,500
o S20 = 20
(10,000 + 152,500) = 10(162,500) = 1,625,000
2
So the total sales for the first 20 years is $1,625,000
- 1508ME12-
S.19
Part3: Geometric Sequences (Deret Ukur)
Geometric Sequence: Definition
A sequence,
a1, a2, a3,.., an,
Is called an geometric
sequence, or geometric
progression,
If there exists a nonzero
constant r, called the common
ratio, such that
Similarly, if {an} is a geometric

sequence with common ratio r
then
1) a2 = a1r
2) a3 = a2r = a1r2
3) a4 = a3r = a1r3
The nth Term of a Geometric
Sequence
an = a1r n-1
for every n > 1
That is,
an = ran-1 for every n > 1
- 1508ME12-
S.21
Geometric Sequence: Sum Formulas
Sum Formulas for Finite Geometric Series

If a1, a2, a3,.., an is a finite geometric sequence, then the corresponding
series a1 + a2 + a3 +..+ an is called a geometric series.
As with arithmetic series, we can derive 2 simple & very useful formulas for
the sum of a geometric series.
Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence a1, a2, a3,.., an &
let Sn denote the sum of the series a1 + a2 + a3 +..+ an
Then
Sn = a1 + a1r + a1r2+ a1r3+ + a1rn-2 + a1rn-1
Multiply both sides of this equation by r to obtain
rSn = a1r + a1r2+ a1r3+ + a1rn-1 + a1rn
- 1508ME12-
S.22
Geometric Sequence: Sum Formulas (Cont.)
Now subtract the left side of the second equation from the left side of the
first, &
The right side of the second equation from the right side of the first to
obtain
Sn rSn = a1 a1rn
Sn (1r) = a1 a1rn
Thus, solving for Sn, we obtain the following formula for the sum of a geometric
series:
Sum of a Geometric Series,
1) First Form
a1rn
=

r1
Since an= a1rn-1 or ran= a1rn, the sum formula also can be written in the following
form:

2) Second Form
=
r1

- 1508ME12-
S.23
Geometric Sequence: Vocabulary & Finite
Vocabulary of Sequences (Universal)

a1
an
n
Sn
r
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common ratio
nth term of geometric sequence
an = a1rn-1
Sum of n term of geometric sequence
[ ( )]
=

Finite Geometric Series

=
WARNING: you must have a Geometric Series to use this formula

- 1508ME12-
S.24
Geometric Sequence: Exercise
1.) Find the next 3 terms of

2, 3, 9/2, ___, ___, ___
3 2 vs. 9/2 3 not arithmetic
3 9/2
=
= 1.5
2
3
geometric
3
=
2
9 9 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 3
2, 3, , , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2, 3,
9 27 81 243
,
, ,
2 4 8 16
2.) If
a1 = 1/2
r = 2/3
Find a9
a1
an
n
Sn
r
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common ratio
1/2
x
9
NA
2/3
an = a1rn-1
9 1
1
2

x
2 3
28
27
128
x
8
8
23
6561
3
- 1508ME12-
S.25
Geometric Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)
3.) Find 2 geometric means between

-2 & 54
-2, __, ___, 54
a1
an
n
Sn
r
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common ratio
-2
54
4
NA
x
an = a1rn-1
54 = (-2)(x)4-1
-27 = x3
-3 = x
The 2 geometric means are 6 & -18,

since -2, 6, 18, 54
forms an geometric sequence
4.) Find a2 a4 if
a1 = -3
r = 2/3
-3, __, ___, ___
2
Since =
3
4 8
3, 2,
,
3 9
8
2 4 = 2
9
10
=
9
- 1508ME12-
S.26
5.) Find a9 of 2, 2, 22
a1
an
n
Sn
r
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common ratio
2
x
9
NA 2
=
2
2
=2
2
= 2
an = a1rn-1
x = 2(2)9-1
x = 2(2)8
x = 162
6.) If
a5 = 322
r = - 2
Find a2
___, __, ___, ___, 322
a1
an
n
Sn
r
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common ratio
x
322
5
NA
-2
an = a1rn-1
32 2 = x(-2)5-1
32 2 = x (-2)4
32 2 = 4x
82 = x
- 1508ME12-
S.27
7.) Insert one geometric mean between & 4

denotes trick question
, ___, 4
a1
an
n
Sn
r
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common ratio
4
3
NA
x
1
, 1, 4
4
o an = a1rn-1
1 31
1 2
4 r
4 r
4
4
16 r 2 4 r
- 1508ME12-
1
, 1, 4
4
S.28
8.) Find S7 of
a1
an
n
Sn
r
1 1 1
+ + + ..
2 4 8
First term
nth term
Number of terms
Sum of n terms
Common ratio
NA
7
x 1
=4=
1
2
1
8 =1
1
2
4
[1 1 ]
=
1
1 1 7
( ) 1
2 2
=
1
1
2
1 1 7
( ) 1
2 2
=
1
- 1508ME12-
S.29
Part4: Infinite Sequences (Deret Ukur Tak Terbatas)
Geometric Sequence: Sum Formula
Sum Formula for Infinite Geometric Series

Consider a geometric series with a1=5 & r = .
What happens to the sum Sn as n increases ?
To answer this question, we first write the sum formula in the more
convenient form

=
=
(1)
For a1=5 & r = ,

1
= 10 10
2
- 1508ME12-
S.31
Geometric Sequence: Sum Formula (Cont.)
Thus,
1
2
It appears that
becomes smaller & smaller as n increases &
the sum gets closer & closer to 10
In general, it is possible to show that, if |r|<1, then
rn will get closer & closer to 0 as n increases.
Symbolically, rn
0 as n
.
- 1508ME12-
S.32
Thus, the term:

In equation (1) will tend to 0 as n increases, & Sn will tend to
In other words, if |r|<1, then Sn can be made as close to
As we wish by taking n sufficiently large

Thus, we define the sum of an infinite geometric series by the
following formula:
- 1508ME12-
S.33
Sum of an Infinite Geometric Series
|r| < 1
=
Example Problem:
Represent the repeating decimal 0.454 545 = 0.45 as the
quotient of 2 integers.
Recall that a repeating decimal names a rational number &
that any rational number can be represented as the quotient of 2
integers.
0.45 = 0.45 + 0.0045 + 0.000045 +
- 1508ME12-
S.34
The right side of the equation is an infinite geometric series with a1 =

0.45 & r = 0.01.
Thus,
0.45
0.45
5
1
=
=
=
=
1 0.01
0.99 11
1
Hence,
5
0.45 &
name the same rational number.
11
Check the result by dividing 5 by 11
- 1508ME12-
S.35
Course : Matematika Ekonomi (1508ME12)
online.uwin.ac.id
Associate Partners :
Powered
by HarukaEdu.com
Powered
by HarukaEdu.com
- 1508ME12-
S.36

UWIN ME12 s36

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

UWIN ME12 s36

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Course : Matematika Ekonomi (1508ME12)

UWIN eLearning Program

Session Topic : Dasar2 Deret Hitung & Ukur

Sequences & Series

Arithmetic Sequences (Deret Hitung)

Geometric Sequences (Deret Ukur)

Infinite Sequences (Deret Ukur Tak Terbatas)

Part1: Sequences & Series

Sequences & Series: Definition

Sequences & Series: Finite vs Infinite

1. A Finite series has an end

Part2: Arithmetic Sequences (Deret Hitung)

Arithmetic Sequence: Definition

nth Term Formulas

Arithmetic Sequence: Example

Find the next four terms of,

Arithmetic Sequence: Sum Formulas

Sum Formulas for Finite Arithmetic Series

Reversing the order of the sum, we obtain

Arithmetic Sequence: Sum Formulas (Cont.)

Adding the left sides of these 2 equations &

Arithmetic Sequence: Exercise

1.) Given an arithmetic sequence with

2.) Find S63 of -19, -13. -7,

Arithmetic Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)

3.) Find a16 , if

Arithmetic Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)

6.) Find 2 arithmetic means between

Arithmetic Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)

7.) Find 3 arithmetic means between 1 & 4

Arithmetic Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)

8.) Find n for the series in which

Arithmetic Sequence: nth Partial Sum

Example: The nth Partial Sum

Arithmetic Sequence: nth Partial Sum (Cont.)

2.) An auditorium has 20 rows of seats. There are,

Arithmetic Sequence: nth Partial Sum (Cont.)

Part3: Geometric Sequences (Deret Ukur)

Geometric Sequence: Definition

Similarly, if {an} is a geometric

for every n > 1

Geometric Sequence: Sum Formulas

Sum Formulas for Finite Geometric Series

Geometric Sequence: Sum Formulas (Cont.)

Geometric Sequence: Vocabulary & Finite

Vocabulary of Sequences (Universal)

nth term of geometric sequence

Sum of n term of geometric sequence

Finite Geometric Series

WARNING: you must have a Geometric Series to use this formula

Geometric Sequence: Exercise

1.) Find the next 3 terms of

Geometric Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)

3.) Find 2 geometric means between

The 2 geometric means are 6 & -18,

Geometric Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)

Geometric Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)

7.) Insert one geometric mean between & 4

Geometric Sequence: Exercise (Cont.)

Part4: Infinite Sequences (Deret Ukur Tak Terbatas)

Geometric Sequence: Sum Formula

Sum Formula for Infinite Geometric Series