Mathematics Formula Sheet

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Basic Mathematics Formula Sheet for

Physical Sciences
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Basic Mathematics Formula Sheet for Physical Sciences
1. Trigonometry (3-9)
1.1 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities... (3-7)
1.2 Inverse Circular Functions.... (8-9)
2. Differential and integral Calculus. (10-20)

2.1 Differentiation .... ... (10-12)
2.2 Limits ..(13-14)
2.3 Tangents and Normal...(15-16)
2.4 Maxima and Minima ..(16)
2.5 Integration....(17-19)
2.5.1 Gamma integral..(19)
3. Differential Equations.....(20-22)
4. Vectors..................................................................................(23-25)
5. Algebra..................................................................................(26-32)
5.1 Theory of Quadratic equations...(26)
5.2 Logarithms..(27)
5.3 Permutations and Combinations......(28-29)
5.4 Binomial Theorem......................(30)
5.5 Determinants....................................(31-32)
6. Conic Section...........................................................................(33)
7. Probability............................................................................(34-35)
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1. Trigonometry
1.1 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities
1. sin 2 cos 2 1
2. sec 2 1 tan 2
3. cos ec 2 1 cot 2
4. tan
sin
cos
5. cot
cos
sin
6. sin
1
cos ec
7. cos
1
sec
8. tan
1
cot
Addition and Subtraction Formulae

For any two angles A and B
1. Sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B
2. Sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B
3. cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B
4. cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B
5. tan A B
tan A tan B
1 tan A. tan B
6. tan A B
tan A tan B
1 tan A. tan B
Double Angle Formulae

2. cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 1 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 1
1. sin 2 2 sin cos ,

3. tan 2
2 tan
1 tan 2
Triple angle Formulae

1. sin 3 3 sin 4 sin 3
3. tan 3
2. cos 3 4 cos3 3 cos
3 tan tan 3
1 3 tan 2
Trigonometric Ratios of /2
1. sin 2 sin
cos ,
2
2
2. cos cos 2
sin 2 2 cos 2 1 2 sin 2

2
2
2
2
2
3. tan
2
1 tan
2
2 tan
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Formulae for sin2 & cos2 in terms of tan
1. sin 2
2 tan
1 tan 2
2. cos 2
1 tan 2
1 tan 2
Formulae for sin & cos in terms of tan/2
2
1. sin
1 tan 2
2
2
2. cos
1 tan 2
2
1 tan 2
2 tan
Transformation of sum/differences into Products
C D C D
1. sin C sin D 2 sin
cos
2 2
C D C D
2. sin C sin D 2 cos
sin
2 2
C D C D
3. cos C cos D 2 cos
cos
2 2
C D C D
C D DC
4. cos C cos D 2 sin
sin
2 sin
sin
2 2
2 2
Transformations of Products into sum/difference
1. 2 SinA cos B Sin( A B) Sin( A B)
2. 2 cos A sin B Sin( A B) Sin( A B)
3. 2 cos A cos B cos( A B) cos( A B)
4. 2 sin A sin B cos( A B) cos( A B)
Trigonometric Ratios of (-)

1. sin sin
2. cos cos
3. tan tan
4. cot
5. sec cot
6. cos ec cos ec
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Trigonometric Ratio of : (All Positive)

2
1. cos sin
2
2. sin cos
2
3. tan cot
2
4. cot tan
2
5. cos ec sec
2
6. sec cos ec
2
Trigonometric Ratio of :( Only sin and cos ec is Positive)

2
1. cos sin
2
2. sin cos
2
3. tan cot
2
4. cot tan
2
5. cos ec sec
2
6. sec cos ec
2
Trigonometric Ratios of :( Only sin and cos ec is Positive)

1. cos cos
2. sin sin
3. tan tan
4. cot cot
5. cos ec cos ec
6. sec sec
Trigonometric Ratios of :( Only tan and cot is Positive)

1. cos cos
2. sin sin
3. tan tan
4. cot cot
5. cos ec cos ec
6. sec sec
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Trigonometric Ratio of
:( Only tan and cot is Positive)
2
sin
1. cos
2
cos
2. sin
2
3. tan
cot
2
4. cot
tan
2
sec
5. cos ec
2
cos ec
6. sec
2
Trigonometric Ratio of
:( Only cos and sec is Positive)
2
sin
1. cos
2
cos
2. sin
2
3. tan
cot
2
4. cot
tan
2
sec
5. cos ec
2
cos ec
6. sec
2
Trigonometric Ratios of 2 :( Only cos and sec is Positive)

1. cos2 cos
2. sin 2 sin
3. tan 2 tan
4. cot2 cot
5. cos ec2 cos ec
6. sec2 sec
Trigonometric Ratios of 2 : (All Positive)

1. cos2 cos
2. sin 2 sin
3. tan 2 tan
4. cot2 cot
5. cos ec2 cos ec
6. sec2 sec
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Short-cut method to remember the Trigonometric ratios
1. sin
sin
2
cos
2. cos
2
when n is an even integer
tan
3. tan
2
cos
4. sin
2
5. cos
sin
2
when n is an odd integer
cot
6. tan
2
0o 30o
sin
cos
tan
45 o
60o
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
90o 120o
3
2
135o
1
2
1
2
-1
3
cot
3
sec
180o 270o 360 o
1
2
-1
3
2
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
3
cosec
150o
3
2
2
3
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1.2 Inverse Circular Functions
1. sin 1 sin x x
2. cos 1 cos x x
3. tan 1 tan x x
4. cot 1 cot x x
5. sec 1 sec x x
6. cos ec 1 cos ec x
9. secsec x x
8. cos cos 1 x x
10. cos ec cos ec 1 x x
1
11. sin 1 cos ec 1 x
x
1
12. cos 1 sec 1 x
x
1
13. tan 1 cot 1 x
x
1
14. cot 1 tan 1 x
x
1
15. sec 1 cos 1 x
x
1
16. cos ec 1 sin 1 x
x
17. sin 1 x sin 1 x
18. cos 1 x cos 1 x
7. sin sin 1 x x
19. tan 1 x tan 1 x

20. tan 1 x cot 1 x
19. sin 1 x cos 1 x
21. sec 1 x cos ec 1 x
22. sin 1 1 x 2 cos 1 x
23. cos 1 1 x 2 sin 1 x
24. tan 1 x 2 1 sec 1 x
25. cot 1 x 2 1 cos ec 1 x
26. sec 1 1 x 2 tan 1 x
27. cos ec 1 1 x 2 cot 1 x
28. sin 1 2 x 1 x 2 2 sin 1 x
29. sin 1 3 x 4 x 3 3 sin 1 x
30. cos 1 4 x 3 3x 3 cos 1 x
2x
31. tan 1
2 tan 1 x
2
1 x
3x x 3
3 tan 1 x
32. tan 1
2
1 3x
x y
tan 1 x tan 1 y
33. tan 1
1 xy
x y
tan 1 x tan 1 y
34. tan 1
1 xy
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Some Important Expansions: 1. sin x x
x3 x5
.........
3! 5!
2. sinh x x
x 3 x5
.........
3! 5!
3. cos x 1
4. cosh x 1
x2 x4
.........
2! 4!
1
2
5. tan x x x 3 x 5 .........
3
15
x 2 x3
6. e 1 x
.........
2! 3!
x
7. e
x2 x4
.........
2! 4!
x 2 x3
1 x
.........
2! 3!
Some useful substitutions:Expressions
Substitution
Formula
Result
3x 4 x 3
x sin
3 sin 4 sin 3
Sin3
4 x 3 3x
x cos
4 cos 3 3 cos
cos3
3x x 3
1 3x 2
x = tan
3 tan tan 3
1 3 tan 2
tan3
2x
1 x2
x = tan
1 x2
1 x2
x = tan
1 tan 2
1 tan 2
cos2
2x
1 x2
x = tan
2 tan
1 tan 2
tan2
1 2 x2
x = sin
1 2 sin 2
cos2
2x2 1
x = cos
2 cos 2 1
cos2
1 x2
x = sin
1 sin 2
cos2
1 x2
x = cos
1 cos 2
sin2
x2 1
x = sec
sec 2 1
tan2
x2 1
x = cosec
cos ec 2 1
cot2
1 x2
x = tan
1 tan 2
sec2
1 x2
x = cot
1 cot 2
cosec2
2 tan
1 tan 2
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sin2
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2. Differential and integral Calculus
2.1 Differentiation
f x h f x
h
1. f x lim
h0
2. f ' a lim
h0
f a h f a
h
3.
dy
y
lim
dx x 0 x
4.
d
k 0 ; k is constant function
dx
5.
d
x 1
dx
6.
d
dx
7.
d 1
dx x n
9.
d 1 1

dx x x 2
n
n 1
x
x 2 1x
8.
d n
x nx n 1 ; n N
dx
10.
d
sin x cos x
dx
11.
d
cos x sin x
dx
12.
d
tan x sec 2 x
dx
13.
d
sec x sec x. tan x
dx
14.
d
cos ecx cos ecx. cot x
dx
15.
d x
a a x log a; a 0, a 1
dx
16.
d x
e ex
dx
17.
d
log x 1
dx
x
18.
d
1
sin 1 x
; 1 x 1
dy
1 x2
19.
d
1
cos 1 x
;1 x 1
dx
1 x2
20.
d
1
tan 1 x
; xR
dx
1 x2
21.
d
1
cot 1 x
; xR
dx
1 x2
22.
d
1
sec 1
:
dx
x x2 1
23.
d
1
cos ec 1 x
;
dx
x x2 1
x 1
x 1
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Rules of Differentiations
1. Addition Rule: If y = (u + v) then
dy du dv
dx dx dx
2. Substations Rule: If y = (u - v) then

3. Product Rule: If y = uv then
dy
dv
du
u
v
dx
dx
dx
u
dy
4. Quotient Rule: If y then
v
dx
5. If y = f(u) is u = g(x) then
6. If u = f(y) , then
dy du dv
dx dx dx
du
dv
u
dx
dx
2
v
dy dy du
.
dx du dx
du du dy
dy
. f y
dx dy dx
dx
dy dx
dy
1
dx
. 1 or
where
0
dx
dx dy
dx
dy
dy
7.
Derivatives of composite functions

1.
d
f x n n f x n1 . d f x
dx
dx
2.
d
dx
3.
d 1
1
d
. f x
2
dx f x f x dx
4.
d
sin f x cos f x . d f x
dx
dx
5.
d
cos f x sin f x . d f x
dx
dx
6.
d
tan f x sec 2 f x . d f x
dx
dx
7.
d
cot f x cos ec 2 f x . d f x
dx
dx
8.
d
sec f x sec f x tan f x . d f x
dx
dx
9.
d
cos ecf x cos ecf x cot f x . d f x
dx
dx
10.
d
log f x 1 . d f x
dx
f x dx
11.
f x
d
f x
2 f x dx
d f x
d
a
a f x log a. f x
dx
dx
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12.
d f x
d
e
e f x f x
dx
dx
13.
d
f g x n n f g x n1 f g x d g x
dx
dx
Derivatives of composite functions

1.
d
1
d
sin 1 f x
. f x
2
dx
1 f x dx
2.
d
1
d
cos 1 f x
. f x
2
dx
1 f x dx
3.
d
1
d
tan 1 f x
. f x
2
dx
1 f x dx
4.
d
1
d
cot 1 f x
. f x
2
dx
1 f x dx
5.
d
sec 1 f x
dx
f x
6.
d
1
d
cos ec 1 f x
. f x
2
dx
f x f x 1 dx
f x
d
f x
dx
1
.
Implicit functions:Take the derivatives of these functions directly and find dy/dx
Parametric functions:-
dy dy / dx
dx dx / dt
If x f t & y g t then
where
dx
0
dt
g x
Logarithemic Differentiation:- If the function is in the form of f x

Then taking Logarithm on both sides 15 & then find dy/dx
Higher order Derivatives of composite functions:-
y2
d2y
f " x
dx 2
In General; y n
IInd order,
dny
f
dx n
y3
d3y
f " ' x
dx 3
IIIrd order
nth order
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2.2 Limits
Limits of function
If for every 0 there exist > 0 such that if f x l whenever 0 x a
then we say lim of f(x) as x a is l
i.e. lim f x l
x a
Theorem of limits
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions then
1. lim f x g x lim f x lim g x
x a
x a
x a
2. lim f x g x lim f x lim g x

x a
x a
x a
3. lim f x .g x lim f x . lim g x

x a
4. lim
x a
x a
x a
f x
f x lim
x a
g x lim g x
x a
5. limkf x k lim f x where k is constant

x a
6. lim
x a
x a
f x lim f x
x a
7. lim f x
p/q
x a
lim f x
x a
p/q
: where p & q are integers
Some Important standard limits

1. lim x a
2. lim c c : where c is constant c R
x a
3. lim x n a n ;
x a
x a
4. lim
nR
x a
sin
1
0
6. lim
tan
1
0
8. lim
1
0 tan
7. lim
n N,a 0
1
0 sin
5. lim
9. lim
xn an
na n 1 ;
xa
sin k
k
10. lim
0
tan k
k
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x2
2
x 0 1 cos x
1 cos x 1
x 0
2
x
11. lim
12. lim
sin x 0
sin mx 0 m
; lim
x 0
x
18 x 0 sin nx 0
n
1 cos kx k 2
x 0
2
x2
13. lim
15. lim cos x 1;

x 0
14. lim
a x 1
log a where a > 0
x a
x
ex 1
1
x a
x
20. lim1 x
1/ x
x 0
18. lim
log a 1 x
log a e
x a
x
log1 x
1;
x a
x
a 0
lim
lim1 kx
1/ x
e;
x / 2
x 0
17. lim
19. lim
lim sin / 2 1
16. lim sin x 0;
lim cos x 0
x / 2
x 0
ek
log1 kx
21. lim
k
x 0
x
cos ax cos bx a 2 b 2
22. lim
2
x 0 cos cx cos dx
c d2
2
2
cos ax cos bx b a
23. lim
x 0
2
x
1 ax
24. lim
x 0 1 bx
a bx
25. lim
x 0 a cx
1/ x
bc
a
26. lim
1
1
0; lim 2 0
2
x x
x x
28. lim
30. lim sin x sin a
31. lim cos x cos a
x a
x 1
1
1
0; lim 0
x
x
x
lim k k where k is constant
32. lim
e ab
1
0 where k >0
x x k
27. lim
29. lim k k ;
1/ x
x a
x x 2 x 3 ...x n n nn 1
x 1
2
ax bx
a
log ;
33. lim
x 0
x
b
a, b 0
sec x 1 1
cos ecx 1
; lim
1
2
x 0
2 x0
x
x2
34. lim
1
35. lim1 2 e x ; lim1 e
x
n
a
36. lim1 e a
h
h
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2.3 Tangents and Normal
Tangent at x, y to y f x
Let y f x be a given curve and Px, y and
x x, y y
Q x x, y y be two neighbouring points on it.
Equation of the line PQ is
Yy
y y y
X x or Y y y X x
x x x
x
P x, y
This line will be tangent to the given curve at P if Q P which in tern means that
x 0 and we know that

limx0
y dy
x dx
Therefore the equation of the tangent is
Yy
dy
X x
dx
Normal at x, y
The normal at x, y being perpendicular to tangent will have its slope as 1 and
dy
dx
hence its equation is
Yy
1
X x
dy dx
Geometrical meaning of dy dx
dy dx represents the slope of the tangent to the given curve y f x at any point x, y
dy
tan
dx
where is the angle which the tangent to the curve makes with +ve direction of x-axis.
dy
dy
In case we are to find the tangent at any point x1 , y1 then
i.e. the value of
dx
dx x1 , y1
at x1 , y1 will represent the slope of the tangent and hence its equation in this case will
be
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dy
y y1
x x1
dx x1 , y1
y y1
Normal
1
x x1
dy dx x1 , y1
Condition for tangent to be parallel or perpendicular to x-axis

If tangent is parallel to x-axis or normal is perpendicular to x-axis then
dy
0
dx
If tangent is perpendicular to x-axis or normal is parallel to x-axis then
dx
dy
0.
or
dx
dy
2.4 Maxima and Minima
For the function y f x at the maximum as well as minimum point the tangent is
parallel to x-axis so that its slope is zero.
Calculate
dy
dy
0 and solve for x. Suppose one root of
0 is at x=a.
dx
dx
If
d2y
ve for x=a, then maximum at x=a.
d 2x
If
d2y
ve for x=a, then minimum at x=a.
d 2x
If
d2y
d3y
0
at
x=a,
then
find
.
d 2x
d 3x
If
d3y
0 at x=a, neither maximum nor minimum at x=a.
d 3x
d3y
d4y
If 3 0 at x=a, then find 4 .
d x
d x
If
d4y
d4y
0
i.e
+ve
at
x=a,
then
y
is
minimum
at
x=a
and
if
0 i.e -ve at x=a, then y
d 4x
d 4x
is maximum at x=a and so on.

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2.5 Integration
Indefinite Integration
If
d
F x c f x , then we say that F x c is an indefinite integral or
dx
antiderivative of f x and we write
f xdx F x c
Some standard Integrals
x n 1
1. x dx
c
n 1
n
3.
n 1
dx 2 x c
1
c n 1
n 1x n1
2.
4.
x dx log x c
dx
ax
c
log a
5. e x dx e x c
6. a x dx
7. cos x dx sin x c
8. sin x dx cos x c
9. sec 2 xdx tan x c
10. cos ec 2 x dx cot x c
11. sec x tan x dx sec x c
12. cos ecx cot x dx cos ecx c
dx
dx
tan 1 x c
sin 1 x c
14.
sec 1 x c
16. cosh x dx sinh x c
17. sinh x dx cosh x c
18. sec h 2 xdx tanh x c
13.
15.
1 x
dx
2
x x 1
19. cos ech 2 x dx coth x c
1 x
20. sec hx tanh x dx sec hx c
21. cos echx coth x dx cos echx c
22. tan xdx logsec x c
23. cot x dx logsin x c
24. sec x dx logsec x tan x c
25. cos ecx dx log tan c

2
26.
dx
1
x
tan 1 c
2
a
a
x
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27.
28.
dx
1
x a
log
c;
2
2a
a
x a
if x a
dx
1
a x
log
c ; if x a
2
2a
a x
a x
2
x
log x x 2 a 2 c or sinh 1 c
a
x2 a2
dx
30.
31.
dx
29.
x a
dx
2
a x
x
or cosh 1 c
a
log x x 2 a 2 c
sin 1
x
c
a
x 2 a 2 dx
x 2
a2
x a2
log x x 2 a 2
2
2
x 2 a 2 dx
x 2
a2
x a2
log x x 2 a 2
2
2
34.
a 2 x 2 dx
x
a2
x
a2 x2
sin 1 c
2
2
a
35.
32.
33.
dx
x2 a2
36.
sin
0
1
x
1
x
sec 1 c cos ec 1 c
a
a
a
a
mx
nx
a
sin
dx mn
L
L
2
0,
mn
a
,
2
mn
Rules of Integration
1. f1 x f 2 x dx f1 x dx f 2 x dx
2. k f x dx k f x dx , where k is constant
3.
k f x k f xdx k f x dx k f xdx , where k1 and k2 are constants

1 1
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Rule of integration by substitution
1. If x t ,
dx
f x dx f x dt dt f t ' t dt
g ax b
c
a
2.
f ax b dx
3.
f x
f x f ' x dx
4.
f x dx log f x c
n 1
c : n 1
n 1
f ' x
Rules of integration by partial fraction

This method can be used to evaluate an integral of the type
Px
Qx dx
where (i) P(x) & Q(x) are Polynomials in x

(ii) Degree of P(x) < degree of Q(x)
(iii) Q(x) contains two/more distinct linear/quadratic factors i.e.
P x
A
B
C
Q x a1 x b1 a 2 x b2 a3 x b3
du
uvdx u vdx dx vdx dx

2.5.1 Gamma integral
(i) Gamma integral is given by
(n) x n 1e x dx = (n 1) .
0
1

2
(ii)
n Bx 2
x e
0
dx
1
2B
n 1
2
n 1
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3. Differential Equations
Order and degree of a differential equation
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential co-efficient
present in the equation.
d2y
dy
Example: 2 2 3 y 0 is a second order differential equation.
dx
dx
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative after
removing the radical sign and fraction.
2
d2y
dy
Example: 2 2 3 y 0 has degree of 3.
dx
dx
D.E. of the first order and first degree
1.
Separation of the variables:
f y dy x dx
2.
Homogeneous Equation
dy f x, y
x, y is of the same degree.

dx x, y if each term of f(x,y) and
3.
Equations reducible to homogeneous form

x X h
dy
ax by c
dy dY
aX bY ah bk
, let
y Y k
dx Ax By C
dx dX AX BY Ah Bk
dy aX bY
ah bk c 0
Choose h, k so that Ah Bk C 0
dx AX BY
a b 1
Case of failure: A B m
4.
dy
ax by c
dx max by C
Linear Differential Equations
dy
Py Q where P and Q are function of x (but not y) or constant.
dx
I .F . e
Pdx
y I .F . Q I .F .dx c
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5.
Equations reducible to the linear form
dy
Py Qy n
dx
1
divide by yn and put y n 1 z
1 dy
1
n 1 P Q
n
y dx y
1 n dy dz
yn
dx
dx
1 dz
Pz Q
1 n dx
6. Exact differential Equation
M N
Mdx + Ndy = 0 if y x
Mdx terms of N not containing x dy C

y constant
7.
Equations reducible to the exact form

M N
x is a function of x alone, say f(x) then .F. e f x dx multiply with

a) If y
N
different equation.
M N
x is a function of y alone, say f(y) then .F. e f y dy .

b) If y
N
1
c) If M = yf1 (xy) and N = xf2 (xy), then .F . Mx Ny
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Linear D.E. of second order with constant coefficients
d2y
dy
P Qy R where P, Q and R are function of x or constant.
2
dx
dx
y = C.F. + P.I.
C.F.
a) roots, real and different
y C1 e m1x C 2 e m2 x
b) roots, real and equal
y C1 C 2 x e m2 x
c) roots imaginary
y C1e x C 2 e x
ex A cos x B sin x
P.I.
1
1 ax
ax
a) f D e f a e
if f a 0
then
1
1
e ax x
e ax
f D
f a
1
1 n
n
b) f D x f D x
1
1
1
1
c) f D 2 sin ax f a 2 sin ax and f D 2 cos ax f a 2 cos ax
1
1
If f(-a2) = 0 then f D 2 sin ax f a 2 sin ax
1
1
ax
ax
d) f D 2 e x e f D a x
e)
1
x e ax e ax x dx
Da
1
1
n
ax
n
f) f D x sin ax Im e f D a x
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4. Vectors
Cartesian coordinate system
Infinitesimal displacement dl dxx dy y dz z

Volume element d dxdydz
f
f
f
Gradient:
f
x
y
z
x
y
z
Divergence:
A A A
. A x y z
x
y
z
Curl:
A A
A A
A z y x x z
z
x
z
y
Laplacian:
2 f
Ay Ax
y x y z
2 f 2 f 2 f
x 2 y 2 z 2
Spherical Polar Coordinate System( r , , )
x r sin cos , y r sin sin , z r cos

z
y
r x 2 y 2 z 2 , cos 1 , tan 1
r
x
Infinitesimal displacement dl drr rd r sin d

2
Volume element d r sin drd d
r range from 0 to , from 0 to , and from 0 to 2 .
Gradient:
f
1 f
1 f
f r
r
r
r sin
Divergence:
1
1
1 A
. A 2 r 2 Ar
sin A
r r
r sin
r sin
Curl:

1
A 2
r sin r
Ar
rA
r sin
r sin A
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Laplacian:
2 f
1 2 f
1

f
1
r
2
sin
2 2
2
r r r r sin
r sin
2 f
2

Cylindrical Coordinate System ( r , , z )

r x2 y 2 ,
x r cos , y r sin , z z and
tan 1
y
x
Infinitesimal displacement d l drr rd dz z
Volume element
d rdrd dz
r range from 0 to , from 0 to 2 , and z from to .

Gradient:
f
1 f f
f
r
z
r
r
z
Divergence:
1
1 A A
. A
rAr z
r r
r
z
Curl:
r
1
A
r r
Ar
Laplacian:
2 f
rA
Az
1 f 1 2 f 2 f
r
r r r r 2 2 z 2
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VECTOR IDENTITIES
Triple Product

(1) A.( B C ) B.(C A) C.( A B)

(2) A ( B C ) B( A.C ) C ( A.B)
Product Rules
(3) ( fg ) f (g ) g ( f )

(4) A.B A ( B) B ( A) A. B ( B.) A

(5) .( f A) f (. A) A.( f )

(6) .( A B) B.( A) A.( B)

(7) ( f A) f ( A) A ( f )

(8) A B ( B. ) A ( A.) B A(.B) B(. A)
Second Derivative

(9) .( A) 0 i.e. divergence of a curl is always zero.

(10) ( f ) 0 i.e. curl of a gradient is always zero.

(11) ( A) . A 2 A
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS
b
Gradient Theorem:
f .dl f b f a
a
Divergence Theorem:
Curl Theorem:
. Ad A.d a

A.d a A.dl
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5. Algebra
5.1 Theory of Quadratic equations
1. Roots of the equation
b b 2 4ac
2a
ax 2 bx c 0 are x
Sum and Product of the roots

If and be the roots, then
b
c
and .
a
a
2. To find the equation whose roots are and .

The required equation will be
x x 0
or x 2 x . 0 or x 2 Sx P 0
where S is the sum and P is the product of the root.

3. Nature of the roots.
Roots of the equation ax 2 bx c 0 are x
b b 2 4ac
.
2a
The expression b 2 4 ac is called discriminant.

(a) If b 2 4 ac 0 , roots are real.
(i) If b 2 4 ac 0 , then roots are real and unequal.
b
(ii) If b 2 4 ac 0 , then roots are real and equal
.
2a
(b) If b 2 4 ac 0 , then
b 2 4ac is imaginary. Therefore roots are imaginary and
unequal.
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5.2 Logarithms
Properties of Logarithms ( a 0, a 1, m 0, n 0 )
1. a x y then x log a y
2. log a a 1
3. log a 1 0
4. log b a
5. Base changing formula log b a log c a. log b c

6. log a mn log a m log a n ,
1
or log b a. log a b 1
log a b
log c a
log c b
n log
log a m
m log a n
7. log a m n n log a m Or in particular log a a n n

p
p
8. log a q n q log a n Or in particular log n q n q
q
q
9. a log a n n
Rules of indices
1. a m a n a m n
3. a m
2.
am
a mn
n
a
m
4. a b a m b m
a mn
am
a
5. m
b
b
6. a m
1
am
7. a 0 1
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5.3 Permutations and Combinations
Permutation
Each of the different arrangements which can be made by taking some or all of a number
of things is called permutation.
Combination
Each of the different groups or selections which can be made by taking some or all of a
number of things (irrespective of the order) is called combination.
Fundamental Theorem
If there are m ways of doing a thing and for each of the m ways there are associated
n ways of doing a second thing then the total number of ways of doing the two things will
be mn.
Important Results
(a) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time.
n
Pr
n!
nn 1n 2.......n r 1
n r !
where n! 1.2.3...............n .
Note that n! n.n 1! n.n 1
. n 2 !
(b) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time.
n
Pn
n!
nn 1n 2 .......n n 1
n r !
nn 1n 2..........3.2.1 n!
(c) Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time.

n
Cr
n
P
n!
r
n r !r! r!
(d) Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time.

n
Cn
n!
1
1
n n !n! 0!
0! 1
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(e) If out of n things p are exactly alike of one kind, q exactly alike of second kind and r
exactly alike of third kind and the rest all different, then the number of permutations of n
things taken all at a time
n!
p!.q!.r!
(f) If some or all of n things be taken at a time then the number of combinations will be
2n 1
C1 n C 2 .......... n C n 2 n 1
(g) n C r n C n r
(h) n C r1 n C r2 r1 r2 or r1 r2 n .
(i) n C r n C r 1 n 1C r
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5.4 Binomial Theorem
(a) Statement of binomial theorem for positive and negative integral index
x a n
x n n C1 x n 1 a 1 n C 2 x n 2 a 2 ........ n C r x n r a r ...... n C n 1 xa n 1 n C n a n
x a n
x n n C1 x n 1 a 1 n C 2 x n 2 a 2 ........ n C r x n r a r .................
(b) Number of terms and middle term

n
The number of terms in the expansion of x a is n 1 .
n
If n is even there will be only one middle term i.e. 1th .
2
n 1
n 3
If n is odd there will be two middle terms i.e.
th and
th .
2
2
Expansion
2
2. a b a 2 2ab b 2
4. a b a 3 3aba b b 2
1. a b a 2 2ab b 2
3. a b a 3 3aba b b 3
Factorization
1. a 2 b 2 a b a b
a b a
a b a
3. a 3 b 3 a b a 2 ab b 2
5. a n b n
6. a n b n
n 1
n 1
2. a 3 b 3 a b a ab b 2
4. a 4 b 4 a b a b a b 2
....
a n 2 b a n 3 b 2 ....
a n 2 b a n 3 b 2
Sterlings formula
Using summation notation, binomial expansion can be written as
x y
Sterlings
n
n
x k y n k
k 0 k
approximation (or Sterlings
formula)
is
an
approximation
for
large factorials.
ln n n ln n n where n is very large
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5.5 Determinants
In linear algebra the determinant is a value associated with a square matrix. The
determinant of a matrix A is denoted by det( A) , or A . For instance, the determinant of
the matrix
a b
a b
If A
then
ad bc
c d
c d
a b
If A d e
g h
c
a b
f then det( A) = d e
i
g h
c
e
f a
h
i
f
i
Properties
(a) The values of determinant is not altered by changing rows into columns and columns
into rows.
e.g.
1
x
1
y
1
1
z =1
x
y
x2
z
x2
y2
z2
z2
(b) If any two adjacent rows or two adjacent columns of a determinant are interchanged
the determinant retains its absolute value but changes its sign.
e.g.
1
x
1
y
1
x
z = 1
y
1
z
1
x2
y2
z2
y2
z2
x2
(c) If any two rows or two columns of determinant are identical then the determinant
vanishes. Thus
a1
c1
c1
a2
c2
c2
a3
c3
c3
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(d) If each constituent in any row or in any column be multiplied by the same factor then
the determinant is multiplied by that factor
pa1
b1
c1
a1
b1
c1
pa 2
b2
c 2 p a2
b2
c2 and qa 2
pa3
b3
c3
b3
c3
a3
a1
ra 3
b1
c1
a1
b1
c1
qb2
q c2 qr a 2
b2
c2
rb3
rc3
b3
c3
a3
(e) If each constituent in any row or in any column consists of r terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of r determinants.
a1 1
b1
c1
a1
b1
Thus a 2 2
b2
c2 a2
b2
a 3 3
b3
c3
b3
a3
1
c2 2
c3
3
c1
b1
c1
b2
c2
b3
c3
(f) If one row or column is k times the other row or columns respectively then
determinant of matrix will be 0 .
e.g.
a
d
k .a
k .d
c
a
b
c
f 0 and k .a k.b k.c 0
k .g
Some basic properties of determinants are:

1. det( I n ) I where I n is the n n identity matrix.
2. det( AT ) det( A) where AT is transpose of A .
3. det( A1 )
1
where A1 is inverse of A .
det( A)
4. For square matrices A and B of equal size,

det( AB) det( A) det( B)
5. det(cA) c n det( A) for an n n matrix
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6. Conic Section
In the Cartesian coordinate system the graph of a quadratic equation of two variables
represent a conic section which is given by Ax 2 Bxy Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0 .
The conic sections described by this equation can be classified with the discriminant
D B 2 4 AC
if D 0 , the equation represents an ellipse
if D 0 , A C and B 0 , the equation represents a circle which is a

special case of an ellipse;
if D 0 , the equation represents a parabola
if D 0 the equation represents a hyperbola
if we also have D 0 , A C 0 , the equation represents a rectangular

hyperbola
Note that A and B are polynomial coefficients, not the lengths of semi-major/minor axis
as defined in some sources.
Conic
Equation
Eccentricity
section
x2 y 2 a2
Ellipse
x2 y 2
1
a 2 b2
Hyperbola
Polar equation
Parametric form
rectum
Circle
Parabola
Semi-lactus
e 1
b2
a2
y 2 4ax
e 1
x2 y 2
1
a2 b2
b2
e 1 2
a
b2
a
2a
b2
a
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ra
x a cos , y a sin
l
1 e cos
r
0 e 1
x a cos , y b sin
l
1 cos
r
x at 2 , y 2at
l
1 e cos
r
e 1
x a tan , y b sec
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7. Probability
Probability
The probability pr of occurrence of an event r in a system is defined with respect to
statistical ensemble of N such a systems. If N r systems in the ensemble exhibit the event
r then
pr
Nr
N
Probability density
The probability density (u ) is defined by the property that (u )du yields the
probability of finding the continuous variable u in the range between u and u du .
Mean value
The mean value of u is denoted by u as defined as u pr ur where the sum is over
r
all possible value values u r of the variable u and pr is denotes the probability of
occurrence of the particular value u r .Above definition is for discrete variable .
For continuous variable u , u = u (u )du
Dispersions or variance
The dispersion of u is defined as 2 ( u ) 2 pr (ur u )2 which is equivalent
r
to 2 ( u ) 2 (u 2 u 2 )
r
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Joint probability
If both events A and B occur on a single performance of an experiment, this is called the
intersection or joint probability of A and B, denoted as
p ( A B) .
Independent probability
If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is
p ( A B) p ( A).P( B)
Mutually exclusive
If either event A or event B or both events occur on a single performance of an
experiment this is called the union of the events A and B denoted as p ( A B ) . If two
events are mutually exclusive then the probability of either occurring is
p ( A B) p ( A) P ( B)
Not mutually exclusive

If the events are not mutually exclusive then
p ( A B ) p ( A) P ( B ) p ( A B )
Conditional probability
Conditional probability is the probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some
other event B. Conditional probability is written p ( A / B ) , and is read "the probability
of A, given B". It is defined by
p ( A / B)
p ( A B)
p ( B)
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Mathematics Formula Sheet

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Mathematics Formula Sheet

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fiziks

Basic Mathematics Formula Sheet for

Basic Mathematics Formula Sheet for Physical Sciences

2. Differential and integral Calculus. (10-20)

Addition and Subtraction Formulae

2. Sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B

3. cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B

4. cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B

Double Angle Formulae

1. sin 2 2 sin cos ,

Triple angle Formulae

2. cos 3 4 cos3 3 cos

sin 2 2 cos 2 1 2 sin 2

Formulae for sin & cos in terms of tan/2

Transformation of sum/differences into Products

Trigonometric Ratios of (-)

Trigonometric Ratio of : (All Positive)

Trigonometric Ratio of :( Only sin and cos ec is Positive)

Trigonometric Ratios of :( Only sin and cos ec is Positive)

Trigonometric Ratios of :( Only tan and cot is Positive)

Trigonometric Ratios of 2 :( Only cos and sec is Positive)

5. cos ec2 cos ec

Trigonometric Ratios of 2 : (All Positive)

5. cos ec2 cos ec

when n is an even integer

when n is an odd integer

180o 270o 360 o

17. sin 1 x sin 1 x

18. cos 1 x cos 1 x

19. tan 1 x tan 1 x

19. sin 1 x cos 1 x

21. sec 1 x cos ec 1 x

22. sin 1 1 x 2 cos 1 x

23. cos 1 1 x 2 sin 1 x

24. tan 1 x 2 1 sec 1 x

25. cot 1 x 2 1 cos ec 1 x

26. sec 1 1 x 2 tan 1 x

27. cos ec 1 1 x 2 cot 1 x

28. sin 1 2 x 1 x 2 2 sin 1 x

29. sin 1 3 x 4 x 3 3 sin 1 x

30. cos 1 4 x 3 3x 3 cos 1 x

Some useful substitutions:Expressions

2. Substations Rule: If y = (u - v) then

Derivatives of composite functions

Derivatives of composite functions

Logarithemic Differentiation:- If the function is in the form of f x

2. lim f x g x lim f x lim g x

3. lim f x .g x lim f x . lim g x

5. limkf x k lim f x where k is constant

: where p & q are integers

Some Important standard limits

2. lim c c : where c is constant c R

15. lim cos x 1;

16. lim sin x 0;

30. lim sin x sin a

31. lim cos x cos a

lim k k where k is constant

Q x x, y y be two neighbouring points on it.

Equation of the line PQ is

x 0 and we know that

Therefore the equation of the tangent is

Condition for tangent to be parallel or perpendicular to x-axis

is maximum at x=a and so on.

antiderivative of f x and we write