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a two-stage topology that boosts the PV voltage by a dcdc converter in the rst stage and then inverts it into ac
voltages in the second stage was reported in [3], [4]. But,
this increases the number of stages and component count and
thus reduces the overall system efciency. Hence, single-stage
inverter topologies are gaining interest. In this inverter, serial
connection of several PV modules is necessary, so that the PV
voltage is maintained higher than the peak of input voltage
[5]. These long strings of panels (and hence cells) bring with
them many complications like large size and poor efciency,
when individual panels are running under different conditions
[6]. In [7], a current source inverter (CSI) based single stage
solar inverter has been presented. This requires bulky inductor
in DC side, which increases losses. Further, in CSI ltering
switching ripple at grid side becomes difcult [7].
The last several decades have seen a rapid increase of power
electronics-based loads connected to the utility system in
industries. However, the proliferation of these non-linear loads
has raised the resulting harmonic distortion levels of the
supply current on the power system. Hybrid active lters
are developed to mitigate the harmonics and provide reactive
power compensation. They consists of passive lter in series
with active lter. Since passive lter provides high impedance
at fundamental frequency the hybrid lter does not need to
support grid voltage for harmonic compensation. Thus, it
requires very less dc link voltage for harmonic compensation
[8-10]. However, a hybrid active lter is usually only used
Index TermsHybrid Active Filter, Active Filter, solar for harmonic compensation [11]. Since hybrid active lters
photovoltaic, D-Q Control, Harmonic Compensation.
require less dc link voltage, they can be preferred for single
stage solar inverters, along with power quality improvement.
A single phase hybrid active lter for PV application has
I. I NTRODUCTION
been presented in [12]. However this method uses a high pass
Power generation from renewable sources is increasing due to lter in parallel with active lter to lter out low frequency
several reasons including energy security and environmental switching harmonics effectively. Hence, this method requires
concerns. Solar photovoltaic is one of the major contributors high DC link voltage. In [13], hybrid lter applications for
to renewable power generation. Power electronic inverters power quality improvement utilizing renewable energy sources
are used as an interface while connecting these sources to has been presented. However, this method uses distributed
grid. Since PV modules have relatively low power conversion passive lters in parallel with active lters. Hence it does not
efciency, the overall system cost can be reduced using high use the advantage of hybrid active lter. A three phase hybrid
efciency power conditioners [1]. In general, the DC link active lter with photovoltaic generation and hysteresis current
voltage of the PV source is lower than the peak grid voltage control has been reported in [14]. This method still requires
and their output voltage varies in a wide range according to higher DC link voltage, as in this conguration, capacitor is
operating conditions [2]. For boosting PV output voltage in not connected in series with active lter.
k,(((
In this paper, a novel single stage solar inverter using pure
order to accommodate the buck-type grid connected inverter,
AbstractGrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems with power
electronic interfaces are becoming popular since they do not
contribute to environmental pollution. However, one of the
issues with grid feeding inverter is the requirement of high
dc-link voltage. In view of this, single stage solar inverters
using conventional inverters may not be suitable, since they
require input dc voltage higher than the peak of line-line
voltage. Therefore, two-stage topologies which typically consist
of one dc-dc power stage to boost the dc voltage, in addition
to a Current Source Inverter (CSI) for dc-ac conversion are
reported for applications where the input voltage is lower than
the peak of the output voltage. However, this increases the
circuitry complexity. In addition, CSI requires bulky inductance
in DC side, which increases losses. Hence, In this paper a novel
single stage solar inverter using shunt active hybrid lter is
presented. The inverter features a single power stage, with dc
link voltage less than the peak line-line voltage, which will
reduce the power losses and circuit complexity. In addition, the
proposed solar inverter can also provide harmonic ltering to
improve the power quality of the system. The operation and
control of the novel single stage solar inverter for active power
control and harmonic control is described. A detailed analysis,
simulation along with the hardware results for the proposed
single stage solar inverter is presented. Experiments are carried
out on a 1.5kW laboratory prototype which demonstrated
the performance of the inverter for active power control and
harmonic compensation. The proposed inverter has an efciency
of 94%, compared to an conventional active lter based solar
inverters efciency of 90%. Moreover, it has been shown that
the switching ripple injected by the proposed solar inverter is
just half of the conventional active lter based solar inverter.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
= IF d + jIF q
power control is done using D-Q control method. The other
XC
XC
control loop is harmonic current control loop, which is used
VF
VS
Here IF d =
, IF q =
(3)
to compensate the harmonic current produced by non linear
XC
XC
(4)
Differentiating Equation 4;
d [vS ]abc
d [iF ]abc
d2 [iF ]abc
=
R +
L+
dt
dt
dt2
d [vF ]abc
1
[iF ]abc +
C
dt
Using D-Q transformation,
sinwt
coswt
iF a
iF b = sin(wt 120) cosw(wt 120) iF d
iF q
sin(wt 240) cosw(wt 240)
iF c
(5)
(6)
d [iF ]abc
L
dt
1
[iF ]abc dt + [vF ]abc
C
*V
,)GUHI
3,
0T
9'&
9IT
Z/
VV5//&
,IG
The active power control has been implemented using D- Fig. 4. Power Circuit and Active Current Control Loop of Proposed Single
Stage Solar Inverter
Q control method. The controllers are implemented in D-Q
The voltage-mode control is used to control the power converter for harmonic compensation. The power converter generates a compensating voltage that is converted into a compensating current in order to lter harmonic currents generated
by nonlinear loads. Here, the grid harmonic currents under
the condition of ideal ltering are regarded as the control
reference and the real-time harmonic currents of the grid are
considered as the feedback. The control system of hybrid
active lter for harmonic compensation is shown in Fig.7.
When the characteristics of hybrid active lter are ideal, the
harmonic currents of the grid are equal to zero, so the reference
current is set as zero. From Fig.7, the open loop transfer
function of harmonic current control loop is given as follows.
G(s) =
Fig. 6.
R
1
L
vSd
= iF d [s2 +s +(
wL)]+iF q (s2L+R)
w
w
w
wC
vF d
vF q + s
(8)
w
From Equation (8), iF d can be written as follows
s
s2 +
w
L
sR
L
1
LC
s2
iF q w
L (s2L + R)
s2 + s R
L +
s vLF d
sR
L
1
LC
s2
1
LC
vSd
+ sR
L +
1
LC
(9)
vF q w
L
1
s2 + s R
+
L
LC
1
1000s
= 2
(14)
Zf h(s)
s + 100s + 4.1 106
The Bode plot of above open loop transfer function is shown
in Fig.8(a). From the above Bode plot the resonant frequency
is found to be 350Hz. The phase shift of the system below
resonant frequency is +90o, and phase shift of the system
above resonant frequency is 90o . Designing controller for
5kHz bandwidth, the Bode plot of the open loop system with
controller is shown in Fig.8(b). Here the controller has been
designed for phase margin of 45o . The controller is designed
to reduce the steady state error by providing lagging phase
angle before resonant frequency and leading phase angle after
resonant frequency. The transfer function of the controller is
given as follows.
VDC
w
iF d (s)
= 2 2R L 1
Mq (s)
s + s L + LC
Gc (s) = Kp
(10)
From equation (10), the closed loop control system for active
current control can be drawn as shown in Fig.4(b). From
Fig.4(b) the open loop transfer function of the system is given
as follows.
G(s) =
Zf h(s)
G(s) =
vF q
s
L
R
sL
(13)
1
s2 +
+ LC
The following values of parameters are considered, L =
1mH, C = 240uF, R = 0.1 which gives the open loop
transfer function as follows.
iF d =
(11)
(1 +
(1 +
s
wz )
s
wp )
(1 + wl )
s
Here Kp
=
12, wz
=
12500rad/sec, wp
62800rad/sec, andwl = 500rad/sec
(15)
=
iF d (s)
62.8 106
= 2
(12)
Mq (s)
s + 100s + 4.1 106
The Bode plot of above open loop transfer function is shown in
Fig.5(a). Designing PI Controller (Kp = 0.0189, Ki = 10) for
20 Hz bandwidth, the Bode plot of the open loop system with
PI controller is given in 5(b). The closed loop step response
of the above system from the above mathematical model is
shown in From Fig.6. From this gure, the calculated step
Fig. 7.
response of the system is 50 ms.
Fig. 8. Bode Plot of Harmonic Current Control Loop with and without
Controller
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
(a) Source Voltage and Current Be- (b) Source Voltage and Current After
fore Compensation
Compensation
(c) Source Power Parameters Before (d) Source Power Parameters with
Compensation
Proposed Single Stage Solar Inverter
(a) Source Power Parameters After (b) DC Voltage and current, After
compensation for Conventional Ac- compensation for Conventional Active Filter based Solar Inverter
tive Filter based Solar Inverter
Fig. 12.
Inverter
V. CONCLUSION
R EFERENCES
E. Koutroulis, and K. Kalaitzakis, Development of a micro-controller
based photovoltaic maximum power point tracking control system,
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, No.1, pp.46-54, January. 2001.
Y. Chen and K. M. Smedley, A cost-effective single-stage inverter with
maximum power point tracking, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19,
no. 5, pp. 1289-1294, Sep. 2004.
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]