Magnetic Field and

Forces

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

Magnetic Poles
If a bar-shaped permanent
magnet, or bar magnet, is
free to rotate, one end
points north. This end is
called a north pole or N
pole; the other end is a
south pole or S pole.
Opposite poles attract
each other, and like poles
repel each other.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

Magnetism and certain Metals

Either pole of a permanent magnet will attract a metal
like iron.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

Magnetic Field of the Earth

The earth itself is a magnet.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

Magnetic Monopoles

Magnetic monopoles
do not exist.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

Electric Currents and Magnets

In 1820, Hans Oersted
discovered that a currentcarrying wire causes a
compass to deflect.
This discovery revealed the
connection between moving
charges and magnet.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

The Idea of a Magnetic Field

Magnetic Interactions arise in 2 stages:
1. A moving charge or a current produces a magnetic field
in the surrounding space (in addition to its electric field).
2. This magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving
charges or current present in the field.
Magnetic Field
Is a vector field and assigned the symbol
For any magnet, points out of its north pole and into its
south pole

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

Magnetic Force
The magnetic force on q is perpendicular to both the
velocity of q and the magnetic field.
The magnitude of the magnetic force is
= sin .

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

Magnetic Force
The magnetic force on q is perpendicular to both the
velocity of q and the magnetic field.
The magnitude of the magnetic force is
= sin .

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

Magnetic Force
The magnetic force on q is perpendicular to both the
velocity of q and the magnetic field.
The magnitude of the magnetic force is
= sin .

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

10

Magnetic Force
The magnetic force on q is perpendicular to both the
velocity of q and the magnetic field.
The magnitude of the magnetic force is
= sin .
The direction of the field is identified by the right hand
rule.
The magnetic force on a moving charged particle, both in
magnitude and direction, is given by

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

11

Magnetic Force
Two charges of equal magnitude but opposite signs
moving in the same direction in the same field will
experience magnetic forces in opposite directions.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

12

Measuring Magnetic Fields

A cathode-ray tube can be used to determine the
direction of a magnetic field.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

13

Check Your Understanding

Two particles, having the same charge but different
velocities, are moving in a constant magnetic field. Which
particle, if either, experiences the greater magnetic force?

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

14

Check Your Understanding

Four particles follow the paths shown in the figure as
they pass through a magnetic field. What are the
charges of each particle?

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

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15

Check Your Understanding

An electron moving in the direction of the +z-axis enters
a magnetic field. If the electron experiences a magnetic
deflection in the +y direction, the direction of the
magnetic field in this region points in the direction of the
a. x-axis
b. + z-axis
c. y-axis
d. z-axis
e. + y-axis

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

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16

Example 1. Magnetic Force on a Proton

A proton moves at a speed of 5.0106 m/s along the +xaxis and encounters a magnetic field whose magnitude is
0.40 T directed at an angle of =30.0 with respect to the
protons velocity. Find (a) the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic force on the proton and (b) the acceleration of
the proton. The mass of a proton is 1.67x10-27 kg.

Answer:
(a) Magnitude: FB = 1.6x10-13 N
Directed 90 to both v and B following the right-hand rule.
(b) a = FB/m = 9.6x1013 m/s2.
Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

17

Magnetic Field Lines

The lines originate from the north pole and end on the south pole; they
never start or stop anywhere and always go around in closed loops.
The magnetic field at any point is tangent to the magnetic field line at
that point.
The strength of the field is proportional to the number of lines per unit
area that passes through a surface oriented perpendicular to the lines.
The magnetic field lines never intersect.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

18

Magnetic Field Lines

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

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19

Magnetic Flux
The magnetic flux through a surface is defined in the same
way as the electric flux is defined.
The magnetic flux through an
area element is
= = cos
=
The total magnetic flux through
a surface
=

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

20

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity.
In the special case in which B is uniform over a plane
surface with total area A, and are the same at all
points on the surface, and
= =
If the magnetic field happens to be perpendicular to the
surface, then
=
The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

21

Magnetic Flux

= =

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

= = =

22

Gauss Law for Magnetism

The total magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

23

Example 2. Magnetic Flux

The magnetic field in a certain region of space is 0.385 T, directed
along the +x-axis. In the shaded volume shown, calculate the net
magnetic flux through the enclosing surface by finding the flux through
each surface.
Surfaces at top, bottom and surface at x-y
plane: FB = 0 since their area vectors are
perpendicular to B.

Surface at y-z plane:

40 cm

F B B A BA cos180

30 cm

(0.385T)(0.3m)(0.4m)
0.046Wb
Front rectangular surface:

30 cm

F B B A BA cos(36.9)
z
x

(0.385T)(0.3m)(0.5m)(0.8)
0.046Wb
Net magnetic flux = 0.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

24

Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

Force on each charge:
=
Total # of charges in the wire:
=
Total force on wire segment:
=
=

=
Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

25

Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

If the field is not perpendicular
to the wire but makes an angle
=
In general, the magnetic force on
a current-carrying conductor is
given by

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

26

Check Your Understanding

A current-carrying wire is placed in the same magnetic
field B in four different orientations (see figure). Rank the
orientations according to the magnitude of the magnetic
force exerted on the wire in decreasing order.

1.
2.
3.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

B and D
A
C

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

27

Example 3. Magnetic Force on a Wire

A straight, horizontal wire carries a current of 28A directed out of
the page. If the wires linear mass density is 46.6g/cm, what are
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field required to
float the wire (i.e., to balance its weight)?
Answer:
To balance the wire, the magnetic force must be equal to
the wires weight:

IlB mg

So the magnitude of the magnetic field is

(m / l ) g (46.6 103 kg/m)(9.8m/s 2 )

B

1.6 102 T
I
28A
Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

28

Force and Torque on a Current Loop

The net force on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
is zero. But the net torque is not, in general, equal to zero.
Torque is maximum when is parallel to the plane of the
loop or perpendicular to the vector normal to the plane of
the loop.
= sin
= =
=

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

sin 90
2

=
29

Force and Torque on a Current Loop

When is not perpendicular to the vector normal to the
plane of the loop but makes an angel with respect to it

= =
=0

= sin

= cos
Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

30

Force and Torque on a Current Loop

Torque is zero when is perpendicular to the plane of the
loop or parallel to the vector normal to the plane of the
loop.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

31

Force and Torque on a Current Loop

Magnetic dipole moment

=
where is the area vector
normal to the loop
The direction of is defined
to be perpendicular to the
plane of the loop, with a
sense determined by the
right-hand rule.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

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32

Force and Torque on a Current Loop

The magnitude of torque on
a current loop is given by
=
The torque can then be
expressed as
= =
The torque tends to rotate
the loop in the direction of
decreasing , towards its
stable equilibrium position.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

33

Force and Torque on a Current Loop

Torque on a Solenoid
=

where is the # of turns

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

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34

Example 4. Torque on Current-Carrying Loop

A 22cm by 35cm rectangular loop of wire carrying a current of 1.40A is
oriented with its plane perpendicular to a uniform 1.50T magnetic field.
Calculate the net force and net torque on the loop.

Answer:
Net force is zero.
Net torque is zero.

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

35

The Direct-Current (DC) Motor

m aligns with B: rotor
turns ccw

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

m now aligned with B: rotor srill

turns ccw because of inertia

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

m aligns with B: rotor

turns ccw

36

Example 5. Magnetic Force on Charges

Each of the labeled points at the corners of the cube in the figure
represents a charge of magnitude q=1.0nC moving with a velocity in
the specified direction with magnitude v=3.0x105m/s. A magnetic field
directed along the +x-axis has magnitude 0.80T. Find the magnitude
and direction of the force on each charge and indicate the direction on
y
the diagram.

+
x

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

37

Example 6. Current in the Rod

A horizontal rod 0.200m long is mounted on a balance and
carries a current. At the location of the rod there is a
uniform horizontal magnetic field with magnitude 0.087T
directed perpendicular to the rod. The magnetic force on
the rod is measured by the balance to be 0.22N. How much
current is in the rod?
Answer:
I = F / LBsinf = (0.22) / (0.2)(0.087)sin90 = 12.6 A

Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

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38

Example 7. Magnetic Force on a Charge

A uniform magnetic field with magnitude 1.2mT is directed vertically
upward throughout the volume of a chamber. A proton with kinetic
energy 5.3MeV enters the chamber and moves horizontally from
south to north. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
force on the proton?
Answer:
The force is dependent on the speed of a charged particle which
can be solved from its kinetic energy K = mv2:
So the magnetic force is
v 2K m 2(5.3 106 eV)(1.602 1013 J/eV) 1.67 1027 kg 3.2 107 m/s
v 2K m 2(5.3 106 eV)(1.602 1019 J/eV) 1.67 1027 kg 3.2 107 m/s

directed west to east.

FB qvB sin (1.602 1019 C)(3.2 107 m/s2 )(1.2 103 T)sin 90 6.11015 N
Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

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39

Example 8. Torque on Current-Carrying Solenoid

A solenoid has a loop area of 2.0104 m2, consists of 100 loops or
turns, and contains a current of 0.045 A. The coil is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.15 T. (a) Determine the magnetic
moment of the solenoid. (b) Find the maximum torque that the
magnetic field can exert on the coil.

Answer:
(a) Magnetic moment:
= = 100 0.045 A 2.0 104 m2 = 0.9 103 A m2

(b) Maximum torque (when f = 90):

= sin 90 = 0.9 103 A m2 0.15 T
= 0.135 103 N m
Ms. Arlyn D. Macasero

Chap 27 - Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces

40