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INS1frLT:

REVIEWOF STEELSAND MATERIALDEFECTS

rne term 'stee' is used to describemany differentmetars,
they are air aroys
based on iron, but the alloyingadditions,such as carbon,
man.oanese,
silicon
and chromium,etc.,singlyor in combination
prooucea rangeoi metalswith
wrdelydifferrngphysicaland mechanicar
properties
as we, as qurtedifferent
weldability.
IRON
CARBON
MANGANESE
SILICON
ALUMINIUT\,4
CHROMIUM
MOLYBDENUM
TITANIUM
NIOBIUM
VANADIUM
SULPHUR
NICKEL
COPPER
R I M M I N GS T E E L
Composition

Weldability

The weld pool will requireto have added deoxidantvia a

fillerrod.

r..
LOW CARBON STEEL -?
Composition
0.2%C
0.9%Mn
+ residuals
Weldability
The generalweldability
is good but the levelof residuals
(b/ may cause weld metal/heataffectedzone crackinq.
M E D I U MC A R B O NS T E E L - - +
Composition
O.4S%C
0.90%Mn
+ residuals
Weldability

I -l"i-

--i

^. :-,':.,._

The high carbon contentinduceshydrogencrackingin the

HAZ as the sectionsize increases.

WELDING TECHNOLOGY
lssue 0191
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THE-wn-DING t'.rSTrrLTE

H I G HC A R B O N
Composition
o.8%c
0.9%Mn
+ residuals
Weldability

ft".y.tO poolis subjectto solidification

typecrackingano
the HAZsuffershydrogencracking.

CARBON-MANGANESE
STEEL
Composition
0.2/"C
1.5%Mn
+ residuals
may also containTi, Nb and V.
Weldability

These high Mn steels have good toughness,particularty

'.I1,
the
Nb and V grades,and the main wetOaOitity
p.LLL i. to
maintainthese.

O U E N C H E DA N D T E M p E R E DS T E E L- . : . * n , . . : . , , . . : c I* r . s i . . . . . , . i - - r 7 . , ; : . . .I
Composition
0.4"/oC
_ ',n,n^:._:r,.r,.. ,n...i,,".-",_
.rr,^-.,_,.. I
-;r".-1,-.
'1.0%Mn
'

Weldability

0.8%Ct
0.3%Mo
+ll orAl
+ residuals

\;,-..-..

rr+ <-1..4r.-i
<-r. t

l'

r-

h:-_

Thesesteelsare difficultto weld.and defect free welds

withgoodmechanical
properties
are only attainedby
usingthe greatestcare.

HIGH TEMP. STEEL

Composition
0.25-9"/oCr
0.25-3%Mo
etc.
Weldability
LOW TEMP.
Composition
Weldability

o,a

The weldability of the low Cr is difficult.

3.5-9%Ni
etc.

The higherNi are subject to solidificationcrackino.

WELDING TECHNOLOGY
lssue 0191
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THE \r LDrNc c\.-sTmj"t_I

ALLoYED
srEEL(HSLA)
Il:19
uompositjon
O.ZS"kC

1.5%Mn

0.oo2%v
0.005%Nb m i n ,
0.003%Ti
Weldabitity

Thesesteelsmaysufferhydrogencracking
in rneweld
metal.

STAINLESSSTEELS
1. MARTENSITIC
SS
Composition
11"/"Cr

^,^^

' \ \ ' C--'

0.08%c
+ residuajs
Weldability

Poor due to hydrogencracking.

2. FERRTTICSS
Composition

Weldabitity

12-27%Cr
0-08"/"c
+ residuals
Poor due to cracking,brit eness
and temper
embrittlement.

ss (NBNoN_MAGNEilc)
_ .-;i 1 _.
l^lyll5,I't,c
Lomposition
1g-27"/oCr
8_22%Ni.. :
0.08%c

,. .']

_..,..

;.
/ lt.r' ,.....2.7'..,11/ -l .-.. !

+ TESIOUAIS

Weldabitity

Problemswith solidificationcracking
and weld

.,.---'i'..i'r r
-

l'-:

':-

WELDING TECHNOLOGY
tssue Ol9l

'I -.'...,l.-.:
.':: - .

.-' .i

decay.

>i.l ....,i

'- i .-1

T\ryI

WU

Tr|E \raEl-DiNc
L\sTrTfi! :: .

A great variety of materialr may

reguireto be inspectedwith a view
"ut,.ta"to.y w'"1;in;.*'"''''"
to
Inspectionpointsare:
Specification/supplier
_ to mill sheet or reference
number.
Quantity:
Size
Distortion
Condition
Defects
Storage

length,breadth,thickness,diameter
flatness/ova.lity
rusvpaint, heat treatment
taps, bands,larninations

It is not, in generar,safe for the

inspector

to identifymateriarsby composition
rrommit sheet,sinceverysmalrvaii"tions-Li
"jiit,on" ,o themetarmavqive
rise to significant

chanoes in.propertiesand weld;bility.

However,limiteA
selectivity is permissibli, such
as Vo carbon maximum, etc.

The procedureis for the mi,

sheet to be submittedfor approvar
and then the
Inspectorrecordsand transfers
tne ,eferencenuli"r.
SUPPLTER
This can be found on the Goods
Inwardsdocumentsor the receipt
documents.
or occasionallyon packagingor
even rnurl"J on in" ,"t.f .
QUANTITY
being inspectedshoutd always be
noted as weil as the sampte
I:
::::ly
slze,
tt 100% inspectionis not beingemptoyeO.
SIZE

checkedfor secondary
identification
as wel as conformance.
:11.:^111T
I ne tnspectorwill, as
permissible.

appropriate,be given tof"i.n"es on

size which are

WELDINGTECHNOLOGY
lssue0l9l
i

.rl

T\4/I

WW
TriE wLDiNajrT,,srmr:

DISTORTION
A check is often required
on

the degreeof distortion,

i.e.

Flatn ess
squafeness
stralghtness
ovality
consistentwall thickness

. '

CONDITION

and.grease

on the surfaceof the metai

lr-,.r:*f,
a,.'d
mustusuari
o",."rou"o
atreast
n"",.,oo,*Sruufll:ilr8il"J::.;:,

normajty
givento *" ,*l_u:l?r-regaroing
;cceif,oi. r"uur"or thtreatmenr
y:h i" required.An
- irspector"i,.ria d"-"f"Xl"
,

incre
asedco,.,.os
ion. iar:lirri;;
ilH,jl9n1i"often

Jj ilil,fi JJS:ffi:i;:rfi ff [
F,ir_r"arl""t
thebestmethod.
n-"ntcondition,

1..,-. 1--1' .

DEFE.T.

-\',': ^."",

*1''i

=__-

.1.:..i,t

----_

,-l

anneajed,

_.. _.,

_.

ii

l.,i*-:.*..'
''e---.{

" F o'.'
producrs
themost-corirmon
cefecs.:;-,;
ll::rg1r
*'j, normary

besubsurrace

; ""i;
11_. of plate,
edses
andoartturarry
"";;;,

a.tn
fDEj"'fl.1_1!J3Pletiqs.
only,the

;"o."
lapllamination
willappearas a narrowblackline i##.::proved
parallelto the surface.
STORAGE

After inspectionand aooroval

n is.essential
-iii# thal ure metal is storedin
as tomainrain
its lT-T. conoition.

sood

;tl:;1

rr.onr
corrosion
and

l-.'i ,

Questionsto be asked:
1 . D o t h e m a r k i n g so n t h e m a r e r i a l
match those
,|.r,"procedure sheer or drawing?
.z
?n
A r e t h e d i m e n s i o n sc o r r e c t T
J . l s t h e s u r f a c ec o n d i t i o ns a t i s f a c t o r y
for
wetding?

WELDING TECHNOLOGY
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TIG WELDING IT\STT|LTE

QUESTIONS:
REVIEWOF STEELSAND MATERIALDEFECTS

01

Name two (2) wroughtplate defects.

' '

, - -

.. -,,

02

,. :_

Give an exampleby compositionof a stajnlesssteel

, ' 'r

What is the purposeof the increasedMn contentof a

carbon-manganesesteel
A;t3 1 '!"r.-'i.,^

Q5

,.-

A rimmingsteel A low carbonsteel A tool steel

li

Q4

,-

Give examplesof composition

a)
b)
c)

03

-/. r

-.

state the features/defects

whichshourdbe notedwheninsoectino
wroughtplate

os6