Human Combative Behavior ManifestoV2

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto
www.lowtechcombat.com
Prepare to increase your understanding of human

to human violence
Table of Contents
Introduction!
Do they actually want to be able to avoid violence?
Why is Human Combative Behavior Important?
Introducing The Alpha Male and Predator Model!
11
Fundamental Difference
11
The Differences
12
Alpha Male
12
Alpha or Beta or Lower?
12
Alpha Female?
13
Predator
14
The Approach
15
The Two Faces!
17
The International Hoplology Society
17
A profound impact
17
Human Combative Behaviour
18
Combat Between Animals of the Same Species
18
Combat Between Different Animal Species
19
Fundamental Differences
19
This Animal to Animal Combative Behavior Shines Great Light into

Human to Human Combative Behavior
20
Alpha Male Behavior!
21
Internal action
21
External action
21
Context
21
Personal
21
Predatory Behavior!
22
3
Internal action
22
External action
22
Context
22
Not personal
22
Alpha Male Behaviour and the Group
23
Domestic Violence
24
Predatory Behavior and the Group
24
Non-Mortal Alpha Male Type Combat More Common
25
Different Combative Traits Affect Martial Systems too
26
Hard Data Showcases the Fundamental Differences

Between Alpha Male and Predatory Human Combative
Behaviour!
28
Statistics
28
Assault Statistics
28
Robbery Statistics
29
Assault v Robbery Statistics and the Alpha Male v

Predatory Model!
31
1. Knowledge of the Victim
31
2. Weapons
31
3. Location
32
4. Activity
32
5. Alcohol
32
Conclusion
33
Charts Showing 50 Year Trends in Violent Crime!
34
Assault
34
Forceable Rape
35
Robbery
36
Murder
37
Property Crime
38
Conclusion
38
Avoidance and De-Escalation!
40
Alpha Male MO
40
Avoidance
41
De-escalation
41
Predator MO
42
Avoidance
43
De-escalation
44
Do not get these mixed up
45
The Caveat!
46
Thank you!
47
Join the Low Tech Combat Newsletter!
48
Recommended Further Reading!
49
Introduction
What is the real goal of self defence?
When people make the decision for themselves that they want to
be able to defend themselves, what do they really want to achieve?
Do they want to be able to counter
a turning kick to the head?
Do they want to be able to do a
perfect throw?
Do they want to be able to knock
someone out?
Do they want to be an awesome fighter?
Or is it something different?
Do they actually want to not get caught up in a violent encounter at
all? Do they want to be able recognize the signs of violent behavior
about to flare up so they can take preventative action?
Do they actually want to be able to avoid

violence?
That is exactly what the vast majority of people want to be able to
do. But many people forget this because almost the entire self
defence industry is telling people that self defence is something
physical so you must practice physical things.
As the new student begins pursuing this world that is the martial
arts and self defence industry they are often thrust into classes that
teach them aspects of human combat that is really of very low
importance to the above goal of self defence.
They are shown how to punch and kick or lock a joint or sink a
choke.
Not once have they been asked where they live, if they go out
drinking regularly or get a train every morning before the sun
comes up or anything like that. The student is never asked about

their lifestyle so they can teach an appropriate response to their
most likely threats they may face.
The training is not personalized at all.
Worse still, they are usually NEVER taught the fundamentals of
Human Combative Behaviour. If they are never taught this they can
NEVER put any other training in context.
The vast majority of all training in martial arts and self defence
goes something like this. And this is an important point.
An attacker does some form of an attacking technique.
Then the defender performs some type of counter to it.
And that is it. On and on it goes.
It is an endless process of learning
techniques and counters to an
almost infinite amount of attacking
techniques. Not only is it basically
endless, it can seem very
complicated. And that methodology
is very complicated. The student
needs to be able to apply a certain
counter attacking technique for each
attacking technique. Under the heat of the moment, this is
understandably a tall task and does little to instill confidence.
But what about BEFORE the attacker launched their
technique?
Generally only lip service is paid to this. And this is how the advice
usually goes:
Always be aware of your surroundings and run away if you can.
And that is about it. Good advice but it doesnt even cover all of the
topics of the pre fight.
This physical based, one size fits all approach to self defence is
completely out of date and leaves a student perhaps worse off by
learning new and technical movements that do not work under the
pressure of real human to human combat.
Many students would actually be better off NOT receiving such
formal training so in a real situation, they would draw on their
instincts which have developed through humankinds long and
turbulent evolution which usually involves covering their head and
going forward aggressively and lashing out almost uncontrollably at
the attacker. This is actually better than trying to do some technical
move and freezing (usually completely open because they forgot
the move or they didnt have time or
they paused because they stuffed up
the move they were trying to do...)
or performing a poor move well
which leaves them in a worse
position.
Make no mistake, there ARE
excellent training providers out
there who teach the physical aspects
well. These providers are in the minority. They teach tactics and
techniques that work under pressure. But this Manifesto is not
about physical responses to attacks.
This Manifesto is about understanding the dynamic behind
all human to human violence.
It is about the nature of it and the reasons it happens and the
moments leading up to the pre fight going physical. This Manifesto
goes no further than that. This subject matter needs to be
understood before any physical training takes place.
Strategic direction needs to occur before embarking on the pursuit
of learning relevant tactics.
Why is Human Combative Behavior Important?

The aim of this Human Combative Behavior Manifesto is to spread
the word as to what the two types of Human Combative Behavior
are and how they can be easily recognised.
This model of Human Combative Behaviour (the Alpha Male and the
Predator) is based on research from those who have done good
work in the past (and credit given to them), as well as builds on
this with an exclusive and deep analysis of statistics from around
the world.
Understanding Human Combative
Behaviour is the first step in being
able to RECOGNISE when a
situation is about to turn violent
well before it does. This situational
awareness provides the time that
enables one to be able to avoid
these situations before they turn
physical. This is how real, high level
self defence happens.
Once these two types of Human Combative Behaviour are
understood, they are easily recognized. From there, the rest
becomes much easier.
When the punches are flying and people are falling to the ground in
public places, there are no winners, just losers. The fight has been
lost by all parties involved. Then the consequences will begin.
To defeat 100 enemy in 100 battles in not the highest skill,

To subdue the enemy without fighting is the highest skill.
-Sun Tzu
10
Introducing The Alpha Male and

Predator Model
There are basically two types of attackers. One is an Alpha Male (or
wanna be Alpha Male) and one is a Predator. Anyone who has
watched any wildlife documentaries will instinctually know what is
meant by this. Looking at how animals use violence shines a light
onto how humans engage in combat.
The Alpha Male wants to beat down or argue his point with
anyone who dares challenge his correctness or who he sees as a
threat. This is typically seen in arguments and fights out the front
of pubs. Young aggressive males.
Predatory attacks are ambush attacks. This is the type of attack
used by someone after a wallet or money, all the way up to
kidnapping and sometimes murder.
Fundamental Difference
You see, these are the two types of attackers. That is all. One is an
'Alpha Male' and the other is the 'Predator.' Forget about the
technique of an attack for the moment. Think beyond techniques,
think mindset. Think human combative behaviour. All aspects of an
encounter are affected by the type of attack it is. The Alpha Male
and the Predator engage in violence quite differently. Some of
these differences are listed below.
Both types of aggressors target their victims differently.
They are looking for two very different types of victims.
Two very different situations lead up to the attack.
It requires two very different approaches immediately prior to the
encounter going physical if de-escalation and avoidance is going to
be achieved.
It requires a different mindset and commitment if it does go
physical.
They happen in different locations and in different circumstances.
One is much more common than the other.
One is more dangerous than the other.
All of these differences will be explored in further detail throughout
this Manifesto.
11
The Differences
Alpha Male
The 'Alpha Male' is perhaps best explained as the typical
intoxicated male who wants to prove either to himself, his friends, a
girl or a combination of the above, that he is the top dog. He can
beat anyone. He is a hard man. This type of person will often pick
the biggest guy around to fight for no other reason than he is the
biggest. HE wants to be the biggest, strongest and fastest male
around!
He wants the status. He wants the reputation. An important
element in Alpha Male type encounters is that these are usually
carried out in front of other people whether they be friends,
acquaintances or just random crowds. People are watching.
Alpha Male behaviour also commonly
manifests itself through heated
arguments and disagreements. All
too often, these lead to fights. The
person the Alpha Male is arguing
with, often gets caught up in the
heat of the moment and says things
and does things they would not
normally do. Such is the primal
nature of these emotional situations.
No-one want to back down once they have begun. People are
watching after all. They will look weak if they back down now... And
this is a key point in Alpha Male type encounters. They are usually
carried out in front of other people. Sometimes many people. So
saving face, not backing down and wanting to look good in front of
peers or others is always present.
Alpha or Beta or Lower?

It also needs to be said, that this type of violence is not only done
by true Alpha Male types. Many true Alpha Males will rarely get
involved in fights or pick fights. They know they are the Alpha Male.
His group knows he is the Alpha Male.
12
Often, Alpha Male type violence is done by people in smaller groups

or by people below the Alpha Male in status. They are the Beta
Male (or Delta or Gamma or Omega etc). They want to be the
Alpha (or top dog) in their own little group (or even a more
dominant Beta etc.). They want to elevate their status in some
primal way. They may pick fights with others to show their little
group (or others looking on) that they are the toughest. It is a form
of posturing and status seeking.
However, it is all the same type of human combative behaviour.
Only the actual level of status is different. The way the violence is
carried out is much the same whether Alpha, Beta or somewhere
lower.
So do not think that anyone who picks a fight is a tough Alpha Male
type. Mostly they wont be. They may be insecure people looking
for status. But the manner in which these encounters evolve, begin
and get carried out are much the same. Recognising it, avoiding it
and de-escalating it is much the same for each level of threat. For
ease of writing, the term Alpha Male will be used rather than
explain the other possibilities each time throughout.
Alpha Female?
Alpha Male type human combative behaviour can also be carried
out by females. It is not gender biased. Such violence is largely
about status. It is also largely about face or honour.
This is the type of violence that is done by people when they are
highly emotional. Females can easily become highly emotional, just
as males can. When females engage in Alpha Male type violence, it
is often really nasty stuff; Scratching, ripping and biting type stuff,
though it is rarely lethal or results in serious injury. Injuries are
mostly superficial which is a key trait of Alpha Male type human
combative behaviour as we will see later.
One area worth mentioning here quickly is the topic of domestic
violence or when a man beats his female partner. This has not
been studied or explored in much real depth by the author but
should be considered in the human combative behaviour context.
13
As you go through this Manifesto, keep in mind where you think

domestic violence fits in to the human combative behaviour model.
Is it Alpha Male type violence or Predatory?
Throughout this Manifesto, there will be some attempt to shine
some light into this subject. This topic will be touched just a couple
of times throughout. These points are not definitive, but are
certainly worth considering.
So for ease of writing, the term Alpha Male will be used
throughout this Manifesto, although females can engage in it. A
number of examples of females engaging in Alpha Male type
human combative behaviour are
HUMAN - ANIMAL VIOLENCE
presented in the Newsletter
series which you will be receiving
soon.
Alpha Male
Predator
*Combat between the same species

Predatory
The 'Predator' is very different.

*Combat between different species
He wants to choose a weak
ie, Predator-Prey
victim. He wants someone who
will not fight back. The aim is not
to fight a victim, the 'Predator' often simply wants to take
something from its victim such as a wallet, phone or money.
Kidnapping is also something a 'Predator' engages in.
The Predator will avoid the strong and go after the weak. They
want quick success. Often the selected victim will not know they
have been chosen. They do not know the danger they are in and
often find themselves being mugged or robbed or kidnapped out
of nowhere.
Victims are often surprised. The attacks often come out of nowhere.
This is quite different to the Alpha Male type encounter.
The above are only simple examples to best demonstrate each type
of human combative behavior. These are broad overviews. There
are numerous other ways both Alpha Male and Predatory behavior
can emerge, not just a drunk guy or a mugger.
14
It is generally only crimes labelled Assault, which are 'Alpha Male'

activities. The rest are generally 'Predatory' type attacks such as
Robbery, Muggings, Break and Enter, Motor Vehicle theft and
Kidnapping.
The Approach
Events leading up to an encounter going physical are quite stark in
their differences. For an encounter involving the 'Alpha Male', there
will generally be some posturing much like what is seen between
animals of the same species on wildlife documentaries. Chests will
be puffed out, loud voices used, emotions will be high, there may
be some chest poking or pushing and aggressive body language
and gestures. Often an Alpha Male will want to win the fight
through posturing or at least gain an advantage psychologically
prior to launching their physical attack. Consider how both animals
and humans do this. It is much the same thing.
The 'Predator' will be silent. He will stalk his proposed victim and
assess his chances of success. He will choose the weakest in the
pack. That will often be the lone person. To use the wildlife
documentary analogy again, the 'Predator' is like the big cat
stalking a group of its prey. It wants to choose prey that has been
separated from the herd (group). It looks for the weakest victim. It
wants the maximum chance of success with the least likelihood of
sustaining an injury in the process.
The following chapters will expand on this whole concept and break
the model of the Alpha Male and Predator down into more of the
fundamentals of human combative behaviour. This will provide a
15
deeper and more accurate understanding of this very important

subject matter.
The next chapter is largely a commentary by Low Tech Combat of
an academic and very important article which paves the way for
understanding Human Combative Behaviour.
16
The Two Faces

An absolutely well researched and well written article called The
Two Faces of Combatives is thoroughly recommended reading. It is
truly eye opening and will probably change the way you think about
human to human combat. This article has been the catalyst for all
subsequent research done at Low Tech Combat on the subject of
Human Combative Behaviour. Without that article, possibly none of
this would have been done.
There is more to consider than just being able to defend against an
attack. There are different types of attack and these differences are
truly fundamental. The psychology behind these different attacks
are also very different.
The International Hoplology Society

The Two Faces of Combatives was
written by Hunter B. Armstrong,
Hoplology is the term
from The International Hoplology
used to describe the study
Society. Hoplology is the term used
of the evolution and
to describe the study of the
development of human
evolution and development of human combative behavior and
combative behaviour and
performance
performance. It is essentially the
study of how different cultures
engage in combat and why they do this and differentiating between
what is natural and what is taught.
A profound impact
The following will present some excerpts from the article and some
commentary to expand on certain areas. Regular readers and
subscribers of Low Tech Combat will be able to detect that this
piece was very influential and was the catalyst for the development
of the Alpha Male and the Predator model being fundamentally, the
two different types of attackers. The following will build on the
previous discussions on the Alpha Male and the Predator.
Later, we will go into more detail to further support such a model
through the research conducted by Low Tech Combat analysing real
statistics and case studies from around the world. The results of
17
this research presented here in this Manifesto is the result which

builds on top of the excellent work previously done by Armstrong.
Human Combative Behaviour

It is appropriate...to look into both mans culture and his biology, (i.e., animal
behavior) to understand mans biologically based, culturally manifested,
combative behaviors.
This passage means that the study of
human to human combat and how it is
engaged in, is not complete without
analyzing what is instinctive or natural
or even at its most base, how the
animal inside each human is 'wired up'
to engage in combat. On top of that, we
cannot ignore the effect that our
upbringing and how our culture that
surrounds us impacts on human
combative behavior and how we engage
in it.
Even today, people from different
cultures engage in fights differently
depending on where they occur. Examining human to human
combat at these very fundamental root levels gives Hunter B.
Armstrong a very solid foundation to work from.
Combat Between Animals of the Same Species

Intra-specific aggression is that aggression displayed between member of
same species when settling territorial disputes, hierarchy, mating, etc. Typical
of this type of aggression are the mating duels of male animals within a
species.
Armstrong refers to this type of aggression as 'AffectiveAggression'. This type of behavior is also clearly seen in wildlife
documentaries. This is typically seen when a male lion begins to
challenge the supremacy of the head male lion in the pride.
Once they first make eye contact, there is much posturing and
positioning. Each male lion will stand tall and proud and will strive
to appear the more dominant. Often, they will roar as a show of
18
strength. When and if they do actually engage in physical combat,

the result is rarely lethal. Generally, one male lion will be injured
and will saunter off, prideless.
Imagining this, it is easy to imagine, or even remember, how
humans engage in a very similar type of combative dynamic. Most
of us have seen or been involved in this type of Alpha Male human
combative behaviour.
Combat Between Different Animal Species

Inter-specific refers to that aggression shown by members of one species, such
as a wolf, towards members of another species, such as a deer. The aggression
would be typified by the predator wolf stalking, chasing, and attacking its prey,
the deer.
This type of behaviour is clearly seen in wildlife documentaries
where one animal slowly and painstakingly stalks another animal.
Here, the intent is to kill. This type of behaviour is typically
conducted by an animal for its own survival. The hunter will kill its
prey and then eat it. It must do this to survive.
Again, we can easily imagine
humans engaging in a very
similar type of combative
behaviour in the lead up to a
mugging occurring. As the
wolf will try to launch a
surprise attack (or at least
delay the prey becoming
aware of the danger), so too
do humans intent on
mugging another human.
Fundamental Differences
As can be seen, both types of combative behaviour are very
different. Consider the approach. With combative behavior between
different species of animals, the predator stays low and utilizes
camouflage and concealment. The predator does not want to be
detected by the prey. The predator is calm. The predator requires
the element of surprise in order to ensure good chances of success.
The attack is launched at the last possible moment.
19
Now compare this to the combative behavior between animals of

the same species. There is no surprise. Both animals are very much
overt in their displays and intent. Often, each animal is determining
their chances of success in the event this 'dance' becomes physical.
In this type of combative behavior, each animal is 'adrenalised',
meaning they are both 'pumped up' and probably feeling the
physiological effects of combat such as loss of fine motor control
and a movement of the blood away from the extremities. Their
bodies are preparing for combat.
This Animal to Animal Combative Behavior Shines

Great Light into Human to Human Combative
Behavior
Instinctually, I am sure you are
already drawing parallels between
the two different types of combative
behavior of animals and the two
fundamental types of combative
behaviour of humans.
behaviour.
Armstrong then goes on to highlight

these same two types of animal
combative behaviour, and applies
them to human combative
These are now paraphrased in the next section.
20
Alpha Male Behavior

Internal action
High arousal
Substantially influenced by hormones
Intense activation of autonomous system
External action
Goal - To intimidate
Threatening posture, language and tone/pitch
Emotionally provoked by opponents action
Often spontaneous
Often results in minor damage inflicted
Context
Mood of heated emotions
Often territorial/spatial rather
than economic motives
Personal
Opponent is known
Emotionally weighted enemy
Eye contact
Insult or hurt given or received
Dignity/Honor often involved, related to self esteem
These are just some examples of what Armstrong presents in his
article. This type of combative behavior is typically found today in
bars, house parties and clubs around the world along with almost
all fights between friends and partners.
21
Predatory Behavior
Internal action
Low or no arousal
Very slightly influenced by hormones
Slight activation of autonomous system
Non emotional
External action
Goal - To subdue
Ready/luring posture
Controlled respiratory/vocality
Not provoked, but initiated
Results often incapacitation or
lethal
Context
Dispassionate
Often economically based motive
Not personal
Unattached to opponent
No eye contact
Sometimes play, insult/vengeance not factors
Very different findings here. A typical predatory attack is robbery
and muggings. A case of robbery is very different to a fight
between males over a dispute to do with a female. The list above
provides key indicators of this.
22
Alpha Male Behaviour and the Group

The following is a reproduction of what is perhaps the very best
explanation of 'Alpha Male' behaviour I have ever come across.
Within the social group, those types of aggression and combative behavior
that enhance the individuals position/status and survivability, without
threatening the group as a whole, would be adaptive. In the realm of combat
this can be seen in that type of behavior we call affective combative behavior,
which generally results in minimal injury and only infrequently in death. This
type of emotionally aroused behavior can be aimed at enhancing status (both
self and group-esteem), mating conflicts (stimulated by jealousy), enhancing/
preserving personal property, etc. While these situations often lead to violence,
when kept within the parameters of the group, they rarely involve mortal
combat in cold weapon contexts. Only in rare, rogue situations will an
individual risk ostracism from the group by violating group-cohesion.
This is a very clear, and I feel important, area of human to human
combat to understand. A simple question would be this. If we have
two people that become engaged in a fight, what person will have
the highest morale afterwards, all other things being equal? The
person who won or the 'loser'? The person that has won will feel
that their position or status has increased. I am not saying that this
was the known intent at the time but is perhaps certainly working
at the sub-conscious level??
Of note, most assaults occur
between people who know
each other. This has been
explored in some detail at the
article by Low Tech Combat HERE
for those after further details on
this. Statistics and numerous case
studies are presented.
This implementation of the social
factor to human combative
behaviour cannot be ignored as indeed, humans are a very social
animal, and surviving independently is very difficult and dangerous.
23
Domestic Violence
This would be a good time to raise a few points regarding domestic
violence. These are broad observations and have not been
researched to the level of the rest of this Manifesto.
Looking at what we have seen so far, it does seem that domestic
violence is an Alpha Male type of human combative behaviour.
Consider these points.
High arousal and emotions
Goal is to intimidate
Lots of threatening posture
Mostly superficial injury (rarely lethal)
Opponent is known
Insult or hurt given
These are all key factors surrounding Alpha Male type human
combative behaviour. Domestic abuse is a very personal and
emotional type of violence. It therefore does seem to be Alpha
Male in nature.
Later when we get to the section showcasing a number of charts
drawn from statistics of a very large number of incidents over a
long period of time, there will be further evidence identifying the
nature of this form of violent behaviour.
Predatory Behavior and the Group

The following is an excellent explanation on how 'inter species' type
combative behavior can eventuate for humans.
Group-identity is consciously and subconsciously a vital part of self-identity.

This is further evidenced by the actions of individual members of a group when
the group comes into survival-related conflict with members of a separate
group (inter-group conflict). Here, group identification can be heightened to the
extent that the members of the other group are no longer recognized as being
members of the same species (known as pseudo-speciation) - they are not
like us; they arent really human....By dehumanizing opposing group members,
they others become no more than animals, and both social and biological
24
inhibitions against killing fellow humans can be circumvented to a greater or

lesser degree.
This dehumanizing process allows humans to willingly inflict serious
injury or death onto another human being. The group doesn't even
need to be present for this dehumanizing to happen. A person may
have strong bonds and connections with a certain group and
anyone else they come across in their travels are different. They
are not the same, they are 'others' and can be freely hunted like a
lion hunts its prey.
Non-Mortal Alpha Male Type Combat More

Common
Armstrong goes on to state that the less
lethal, Alpha Male combative behaviour is
more common due to much of our time as
humans involving dealing with other
humans. We are very social animals and the
'group' makes up a large part of our lives.
He states that it is only natural that much of
human to human conflict revolves around
Alpha Male combative behavior.
This is probably why this continues to be the
trend today (as will be seen later from
analysis of statistics from around the world).
Indeed, Alpha Male combative behaviour is
still very much the most likely type of combat engaged in by
humans today.
Research by Low Tech Combat into statistics from around the world
comparing Assault to Robbery indicates Assault is about 10 times
more common than Robbery. This is very much in line with
Armstrongs work. This will be discussed in more detail in later
chapters.
25
Different Combative Traits Affect Martial Systems

too
...these two types of combative behavior determine intrinsic factors of all
combative-systems (respective to their combative applications). That is, the
affective and predatory combative behavior traits of man are inherent in the
learned behaviors and performance traits of combative-systems...
This is an interesting point Armstrong makes. Indeed, when looked
at in this light, many systems of martial arts or self defence today,
are focused primarily on just one of the two types of human
combative behavior. Which type of combative behavior does your
martial system focus on? And is it relevant to you?
Often, only a very specific area of Alpha Male type human
combative behavior is taught in one martial system, thus further
limiting its effectiveness and often relevance. A further question
would be, just how effective is that martial system in teaching that
one specific area of human combative behavior? Food for thought.
It must also be stated, that
many martial systems today
are not even aware of these
fundamental differences and
teach one approach for all
types of attack. As can be
seen now (and even more as
you go through this
Manifesto), this is a deeply
flawed strategy.
Systems focusing on affective or Alpha Male combative behavior are
common. Attack and defence using Alpha Male tactics is common.
Of Predatory combative behavior, only defence from a Predatory
attack is taught in modern martial arts. How to defend against
robbery, rape and kidnapping for example. Rarely will Predatory
type attacks be taught.
Armstrong goes on in some detail about this being the main
difference between 'martial arts' and what is taught in combat arms
units in the military today. The military get taught and practice
Predatory-aggressive offensive behavior along with all of the tactics
26
that go along with these essential military skills, such as how to

actively seek out and kill other human beings.
27
Hard Data Showcases the

Fundamental Differences Between
Alpha Male and Predatory Human
Combative Behaviour
Statistics
From research into statistics from the US, UK, Canada and
Australia, it has been identified by Low Tech Combat that there are
some very identifiable and quantitative differences between
certain violent crimes. Most evident is the differences between
Assault and Robbery.
Note: The term Robbery usually includes muggings in many
statistics classifications. For ease of writing, the term Robbery will
be used for both throughout this Manifesto.
Assault can clearly be seen to be very much an
Alpha Male type physical encounter. Robbery
can clearly be seen to be very much Predatory
in nature.
Below is a list of the key points which were
gathered and analyzed from the statistics from
the US, UK, Canada and Australia.
Keep in mind the previous chapters about the
clear differences between the two types of
human combative behavior as you go on. Hard
data and an analysis of the statistics indicate:
Alpha Male Attacks

*Assault
Predatory Attacks
*Robbery
*Muggings
*Property Crime
*Theft/Larceny
*Kidnapping
Assault Statistics
1. Most Assaults occurred between people who know each other
(Just over half)
2. Only a small number of assault cases involved weapons
3. Most Assaults occur at home or near a place of entertainment
away from home
28
4. Most people were doing something at home or some leisure

activity away from home at the time of the assault
5. About half of all assaults involved people who were believed to
be under the influence of alcohol (Victim interviews)
Robbery Statistics
1. Most Robberies occurred between people who did NOT know each
other
2. Almost half of the robbery cases involved weapons
3. Most Robberies occur on the street or some other open lands
4. Most victims were going from one place to another at the time of
the robbery
5. Only about one quarter of robberies involved people who were
believed to be under the effects of alcohol (Victim interviews)
Again, Assault is roughly 10 times more common than Robbery.
As we can see, these results gleaned from a detailed analysis of
real statistics support the Alpha Male and Predatory model of
human combative behaviour. The statistics move the model away
from just being a theory to become a proven, applicable, practical
and very relevant real world model, even truth. Such a proven
model should be taught in all forms of self defence and martial arts
training.
We will see in the next chapter how the results from these statistics
match with the underlying Human Combative Behaviour of the
Alpha Male and the Predator Model as initially presented by
Armstrong.
29
Violent Crime Statistics Sources

There are a significant number of Government bodies that provide
detailed statistics on violent crime from around the world. A wide
range of sources were used in obtaining the hard data used in this
Manifesto.
I have not detailed precise numbers in this Manifesto as this
would not be too relevant. Doing so would also make the
Manifesto more difficult to follow along and be less clear.
Instead, I have used general terms such as most, half, small
number etc. It is hoped this will make the Manifesto read more
easily and the key points can be put across more succinctly.
As a resource for you, the Low Tech Combat Tribe, some start
points are listed below for your further study and research. These
were the resources used by Low Tech Combat to identify universal
truths through an analysis of statistics of violent crimes.
Australia
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) - Crime and Safety
Survey
- Crime Victimisation
- Victims of Crime
US
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) - Uniform Crime
Reports
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) - National Crime Victimisation
Survey
UK
The Home Office - British Crime Survey
- Police Reported Crime
Canada
Statistics Canada - Violent Crime in Canada
30
Assault v Robbery Statistics and

the Alpha Male v Predatory Model
What we will be looking at in this chapter are some key results that
have been seen to be common across the board from statistics
from Australia, the US, UK and Canada. The key results will be
presented and then some discussion as to how this relates to the
Alpha Male and Predatory model of Human Combative Behaviour.
The results from the analysis of the statistics from around the world
will be highlighted in point form. The assessment from this and how
it relates to what we have already covered will follow each topic.
1. Knowledge of the Victim

Assault - Know the victim
Robbery - Do not know
Same as Alpha Male and Predatory model.

This result clearly shows that Assault (Alpha Male) activity involves
face and high emotions where group dynamics come into play.
People who engage in Robbery (Predatory attacks) dehumanise
their selected victims. It is not personal, they simply want
something. It would be harder mentally to rob someone you know,
and obviously make it easy for them to identify the Robber.
2. Weapons
Assault - Few weapons used
Robbery - Higher number of

weapons used

Robbery (Predatory attacks) can be more lethal as they are
premeditated. Therefore, the Robber arms himself to give him the
best chances of success.
Assault (Alpha Male) is more spontaneous, therefore weapons need
to be at hand or improvised weapons acquired. Alpha Male
encounters are generally less lethal than Predatory ones.
31
3. Location
Assault- At home or entertainment venue
>
Robbery- On street or
some other open land

At home and in entertainment venues is where people mix and
socialise. Where people socialise, there will be differences of
opinion and accepted social norms and violence can occur.
When people are on the street, they are in no-mans land
essentially. It is like wildebeest moving through the plains of Africa
where Predators lurk and seek out the weakest Prey. For humans,
this environment is the street and open land.
4. Activity
Assault - Home or some leisure activity
Robbery - Going
>
from one place to another
For Assault, most people were engaging within a group. As we have
seen, this can create issues. They can also be engaging with other
separate social groups. This creates further issues as well.
For Robbery, the victim was traveling from one place to another.
This fits perfectly the example above of the Predator lurking and
seeking out the weaker, unaware victim who has been isolated from
its group.
5. Alcohol
Assault - Half involving alcohol
>
Robbery - Few
involving alcohol

Alcohol fuels peoples willingness to voice their differences of
opinion, argue and generally not back down or admit they are
32
wrong. One person wants to stand up to the other, they do not

want to lose face as this will elevate the other person to a higher
social status, they will then be the Alpha Male or on the next wrung
above the other.
The difference between Alpha Male and Predatory human combative
behaviour can be seen again where Robbery is premeditated and
sees the attacker mostly sober. It is not emotional or personal, the
Predator is actively seeking out a victim. He wants his best chance
of success.
Conclusion
As we can see, this Alpha Male and Predator Model is not just a
theory but can be seen in action around the world through an
analysis of statistics. The statistics show that the model is playing
out around the world, every day.
The statistics are drawn from a number of different nations and
involve large numbers of incidents (well into the millions in total).
These results are about as solid as statistics get. Statistics such as
these do not lie. Around the world, they are very similar across the
board.
Next, we will be looking at something a little different which adds
further weight to the already overwhelming evidence supporting the
Alpha Male and Predator Model.
33
Charts Showing 50 Year Trends in

Violent Crime
A surprising result which was identified on the main site of Low
Tech Combat late in 2010, was the shape of the charts which
showed the trends in violent crime in the US over a period of 50
years. From these charts, it was identified that there were clear
differences between Alpha Male type violent crimes (Assault) and
Predatory type violent crimes (Robbery and Murder).
Here are the two Alpha Male charts shown below:
Assault
The chart above shows the trends in Aggravated Assault in the US

over a 50 year period from 1960 to 2009. Note the shape of the
chart and how it generally trends smoothly upward (like a
skateboard ramp) to a peak around the early 90s.
34
Forceable Rape
The chart above shows the trends in Forceable Rape in the US over
a 50 year period from 1960 to 2009. This chart is very similar to
the chart showing Assault statistics. There is a definite skateboard
ramp type of shape to it.
As we have seen earlier in this Manifesto, Domestic Violence
appears to be very much Alpha Male type combative behaviour.
Forceable rape could be seen to be likewise.
It is very personal, emotions are high, there are high levels of
arousal and dignity is present. It is therefore of no surprise to see a
similar shape here to the other Alpha Male type of behaviour being
the Assault chart previously.
Now compare these two charts to the next ones. The
following are Predatory type crimes.
35
Robbery
The chart above shows the trends in Robbery in the US over a 50

year period from 1960 to 2009. Note how different this chart is to
the Assault and Forceable Rape charts (Alpha Male). Instead of the
smooth upward trend to one clear peak, there are instead three
separate peaks, being in the mid 70s, the early 80s and early 90s.
There is no skateboard ramp effect.
It is important to note that the other charts which show
Predatory type crimes also exhibit a similar overall chart
shape to this Robbery chart.
This is a key finding.
The following are two further examples.
36
Murder
The chart above shows the trends in Murder and Non Negligent
Manslaughter in the US over a 50 year period from 1960 to 2009.
Note how similar this chart is to the Robbery chart. The three peaks
are easily distinguishable here.
These are deliberate killings (note the non negligent part). These
are largely Predatory type crimes. As we know, Alpha Male type
violence is rarely lethal (though it can be) and results most often in
superficial injuries and bruised pride.
The chart here is showing that Predatory type crimes are affected
(by whatever causes the ups and downs) across the board in
similar ways. Predatory type crimes can be identified (or confirmed)
by the nature of these long term, 50 year charts. This is further
evidence supporting the Alpha Male and Predator model of human
combative behaviour. The following chart shows likewise.
37
Property Crime
The chart above shows the trends in Property Crime in the US over
a 50 year period from 1960 to 2009. Although this is an overall
fatter chart, the trends are more along the lines of the other
Predatory type crimes. There are three high spots here as well
although they are less defined.
Property crimes are clearly Predatory in nature. They are pre
meditated, their reason is to obtain some type of resource, no
people are present and no posturing occurs etc. The nature of this
chart which draws on 50 years of statistics (numbering in the
millions of incidents) clearly shows similar overall characteristics of
other Predatory violent crimes.
It is possible that the reason this chart is fatter is because it is less
violent. It is likely that the causes for the changes in crime levels
had an effect more at the violent end of the spectrum.
Conclusion
These charts provide quantitative proof of the underlying
differences between Alpha Male and Predatory human
combative behaviour.
38
This is important. The Alpha Male type violent crime (Assault and
Forceable Rape) charts show clear differences to crimes of a
Predatory nature.
This indicates that whatever the causes were for the changes in the
crime numbers (be they legal, social and/or other causes of which
numerous discussions took place in the comments HERE), they had
an effect on a particular TYPE of human combative behaviour! This
is important.
The causes for the changes in Predatory crime numbers did not
have the same affect on the Alpha Male type crimes. Likewise, any
changes that affected Alpha Male type crimes did not have the
same affect on Predatory type crimes. The differences in the charts
are clear. The causes affected the whole variety of Predatory type
violent crimes, whereas the Alpha Male crime numbers moved
independently and vice versa.
This information (obtained by official US government statistics)
which generated these charts shows clear statistical differences
between Alpha Male and Predatory human combative behaviour.
Although this is one point, it is a key point as the statistics are
drawn from a broad base, in large numbers and go over a
very long time period.
This is just further evidence (beyond simple logic) that there are
two primary types of human combative behaviour.
39
Avoidance and De-Escalation

You now have a clear understanding of the two types of human
combative behavior. You now know where each type of human
combative behavior gets carried out. Alpha Male combative
behavior happens mostly in the home or entertainment area
whereas Predatory combative behavior happens mostly on the
street or other open land.
When we are in these areas, we know what type of threat is now
most likely. After having read this much, instinctually you will also
have a picture of what physical traits or behavior each likely
attacker will be exhibiting.
You cannot use the same avoidance and de-escalation tactics for
both Alpha Male and Predatory type attacks. You may have come to
that conclusion already. Instead, two very different responses need
to be made for each type of threat.
Alpha Male MO
Anyone can turn into an Alpha Male.
Even someone you know. Even you.
Actually, it is more likely to be
someone you know than a stranger
(just over half of all assaults occur
between people who know each
other). Such situations can happen
very quickly or over time. It depends.
Such situations are very dynamic and
peoples responses can quickly ensure
the situation deteriorates fast.
A look, a spilt drink, a disagreement,
a difference of opinion, a perceived
poor attitude, a self opinion of
standing up for oneself or even
someone taking a dislike for another
persons music taste. Whatever the cause, an argument or
disagreement ensues. This usually takes place in the presence of a
group. This is an Alpha Male situation.
40
Avoidance
Avoidance is not so simple with Alpha Male situations because they
can happen anywhere and at any time. The best way to avoid such
a scenario is to limit or stop going to places where a significant
number of alcoholic drinks will be consumed and where large
numbers of people will be. These are the two biggest common
areas that we can affect that relate to Alpha Male type incidents we
have seen through the statistics.
This sounds extreme to some people. Why should I change my life
because of my concern for getting into a fight? That is a personal
opinion and has been discussed at length HERE. Whether you
choose to or not, that is the most effective way avoidance can work
with Alpha Male type behavior.
Other options include, a) avoid
hanging around people you
know who become violent when
drunk. Changing the people
you socialise with in such
circumstances is a smart way
to avoid such trouble, and b)
move to an area or go out to
an area where fights are less
common in public areas if they
are a regular occurrence where
you usually go out with friends.
De-escalation
The best way de-escalation can work is to recognise early what is
happening and choose to not take it any further. Stopping
participating early is the only way de-escalation can occur. The hard
part is recognising what is happening as people can get emotionally
involved very quickly and get caught up in the heat of the
argument.
Once you have recognised what is going on (and probably
reprimand yourself for allowing yourself to get caught up in
arguments), it is time to step back, take a breath and stop the
41
argument. Admit you are wrong, explain a misunderstanding or

whatever else is suitable for that situation.
It is worth spending some time to consider some things to say in
the event you get caught up arguing with someone over likely
topics. Consider what you could say if you get in an argument over
a spilt drink, looking at another mans girl, eye-balling and other
such likely situations.
Do not tell the person they are wrong, do not antagonise the
person. Think of some random story or explain you were staring
because you recently lost your job and are a bit spaced out, you
think your girlfriend is cheating on you etc.
It is important to note, de-escalation is not always possible. All you
can do is give it your best shot as sometimes it does work. Losing
an argument means nothing. Avoiding and de-escalating a possible
prison sentence or serious injury or death is more important than
how right you are. You know inside yourself your opinions and one
argument will not change the world.
Do not run out of mental options and resort to physical
responses. This is the dumb way.
Predator MO
For the Predator, think of
someone lurking in a street or
car park or some other similar
area. Remember, from
statistics these are the
locations these attacks mostly
occur. The Predator will want
enough foot traffic passing by
so he can pick and choose a
victim much like a leopard will
select its victim who gets
separated from its herd.
Marc Animal MacYoung calls these areas Fringe areas. These are
areas which are close to populated areas such as entertainment
districts or where people go out and congregate in large numbers.
42
From these busy areas, people leave, often individually or in small

numbers. They go into quiet areas. These are the areas Predators
lurk (or follow victims into). These now alone people are the people
the Predator looks closely at for their suitability to become victims.
And the stalk begins.
Avoidance
The best way to avoid getting selected as prey by a Predator is to
not go through his turf whilst he is hunting. If you go out with
friends, stay in a group. Do not leave the group and do not let
anyone else leave it and go off by themselves, even if there has
been an argument or fight in the group. There have been cases
where females have stormed off from their boyfriends after having
a fight and have then been subsequently mugged and raped.
If you are by yourself, do not go down lane
ways or cut through car parks or train
stations. This is where statistics tell us
that most Predatory attacks occur. Simply
avoid going to quiet areas away from the
public eye. When you are out, consider
what the Predator is looking for. A weak
and unaware victim. It is looking for that
weak young animal that is separated from
the group.
If you must go by yourself somewhere, do
not be that young and weak and unaware
prey. Be the fully grown strong human
who is looking straight at the Predator
when it is close. Be confident but not
arrogant.
Never leave your back facing the Predator for too long. The
Predator knows the strong human has some fight in them and has
spotted him. Thus, the element of surprise is gone. The Predator
will likely let that animal go by. Be that animal. Be ready for the
question which is the predators final attempt at making a decision
to attack.
43
If you do recognise ahead that a predator may be sizing you up,

you can always turn around and go back in the direction you came
from. You could even cross the road or go into a store. You could
get your phone out and be ready to call the police. By recognising
the threat early, you can take action to avoid it. That is proactive
self defence.
De-escalation
De-escalation is not as clear as with Alpha Male type attacks. Often,
a Predator will ask a distracting question to their selected victim as
one last way to determine their chances of success. This is
especially the case if they are not able to surprise you but they are
still interested in maybe attacking you.
If you look surprised by that question or offer a weak response,
chances are high that the Predator will launch his attack. If you
look like you were waiting for that question, and answer directly
and confidently with calm and
confident eye contact, chances are
ok that the Predator will let you go
and wait for someone who is more
submissive.
priority.
Keep in mind the Predator may

launch into a physical attack
immediately after asking you the
question. There may be no time to
reply. Avoidance and evasion are a
If an attack does eventuate, the best thing to do is to give them

what they want. If they want your wallet, give them your wallet.
Consider carrying a wallet with 20 bucks in it to throw to a mugger.
That is a cheap insurance policy. It may not work, but it may. If
they want you, as in kidnapping, that is different. It is always up to
you, but this would probably be one of those situations where
fighting back may be the best choice.
44
Do not get these mixed up

There are clear differences in the avoidance and de-escalation
tactics for each type of attack. Do not do the responses meant for
the Predator to an Alpha Male attacker. This will only make things
much much worse. This is why it is important to have a real
understanding of the two types of Human Combative Behaviour so
that in any situation you may become involved with, the nature of
the attack will be obvious. Then, an appropriate response can be
utilized.
45
The Caveat
The tactics for avoiding and de-escalating both Alpha Male and
Predatory attacks are not foolproof. There is no magic bullet. Some
attacks will be a combination of the types. Some psychopathic
individuals do not fit into what can be labelled as normal combative
behavior. Some people are just random and when it comes to
violence, are imaginative.
Sometimes, no matter you do or say, the attacker will attack you.
They will not listen to a word you will say.
Some may begin an approach fitting one type of human combative
behaviour and then change to the other one. An Alpha Male may
follow you up and attack
you in a Predatory way. A
Predator may get his back
up and get all Alpha Male on
you.
This Alpha Male and
Predator model of Human
Combative Behaviour is just
that. A model. It does not
and cannot place all types
of human combat into neat
little holes that can then be
dealt with in absolute terms. This is not possible. If anyone tries to
tell you otherwise, they are wrong and are trying to fool you.
Although this model is a very fundamental model, strengthened by
an analysis of real significant statistics and is very simple and
logical and is easily understood, it is still just an aid. If you realise
this and use it as it is meant to be used (as an aid), then no doubt,
it is a very important and useful tool for anyone interested in self
defence and defending those they care about.
Understanding human to human violence is the first step in being
able to avoid it.
46
Thank you
So that is the Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto. I hope you
have enjoyed it and got something out of it. If you did,
Please let your friends and networks know about it who will
likely find it to be of interest.
Please drop by to Low Tech Combat and leave a comment about the
Manifesto at the below link. This will be much appreciated!
Leave feedback here
You can send your friends to that above link as well where they can
subscribe and get this Manifesto.
All the best, and safe travels.
Adam
Author/Editor of Low Tech Combat.
Images from Flickr (Creative Commons) thanks to:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/philippeleroyer/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/51600413@N02/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/neonman/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/doom64/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/picmasta/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gakige/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/fiammifero/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/tudor_mitrea/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rogermeyer/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/abennett96/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mharrsch/
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/tfrancis/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/smailtronic/
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/mcbeth/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gigaboss/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/kouchi/
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/theeerin/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewleavy/
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/secret_canadian/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/drool/
47
Join the Low Tech Combat

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friend and liked it, consider subscribing to our private Low Tech
Combat Newsletter.
This Newsletter, as well as providing access to this Manifesto,
provides a special 5 Part series which presents an analysis of 5
Case Studies of real attacks. It builds on the knowledge gained in
this Manifesto and breaks down these attacks to highlight the real
world application of the principles of Human Combative Behaviour.
Low Tech Combat Newsletter Sign-Up
The Case Studies will:
Clearly show if the attack was by an Alpha Male or a Predator
Clearly showcase the uniqueness of that particular type of attack
Demonstrate some key Risk Factors which should have alerted the
victim that they were:
A) at the highest risk time and place for such an attack to occur
B) were often doing the highest risk activity for the type of
attack they became the victim of
and lots more
As well as this special 5 part series, there will be lots of other
exclusive content which will only be provided to newsletter
subscribers. An example of this will be the Special Features which
will each provide a number of articles on one specific sub topic of
Low Tech Combat.
You will also receive new articles by Low Tech Combat direct to your
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emails as we do not want to flood your inbox. We are well aware of
the growing tide of emails to our inboxes these days and will not
add to that.
Low Tech Combat Newsletter Sign-Up
48
Recommended Further Reading

If you have enjoyed reading this Manifesto and want more, you
may want to explore the following. These books offer excellent
insights into the nature of human combative behaviour. If you have
enjoyed this subject matter, you will likely find some of these to be
of great interest.
Demonic Males - Draws on discoveries about human evolution and
our close relatives, the great Apes. Researches why human men
kill, rape, and wage war.
The Most Dangerous Animal - About human nature and violence.
Looks at behaviour of our close relative, Chimpanzees. Looks at our
evolution, anthropology, history, and psychology.
Criminal Behaviour: A Psychological Approach - Explores criminal
behaviour from a psychological perspective, particularly
developmental and cognitive-behavioural aspects.
When Men Batter Women - A decade of research with more than
200 couples explores the topic of domestic violence. They came up
with two different categories of abusers, being the Pit Bull and
Cobra.
The Art of Fighting Without Fighting - Explores the fight or flight
response. How the art of posturing can be used to instill the flight
response in another. Hence fighting without fighting.
The Little Black Book of Violence - Men commit 80% of all violence.
Written for men 15 to 35 yrs old. Covers awareness, avoidance and
de-escalation.
Facing Violence - Covers social (Alpha Male) and asocial (Predatory)
violence. Covers important aspects such as legal considerations as
well as avoidance and de-escalation.
The above are all links to the relevant Amazon.com page.
Purchasing a book through these links will not make them more
expensive. Disclaimer: I will make a small percentage of about 80
cents as an amazon affiliate if you buy one. This is clearly not why I
include them here.
49

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Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Prepare to increase your understanding of human

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Do they actually want to be able to avoid violence?

Why is Human Combative Behavior Important?

Introducing The Alpha Male and Predator Model!

Alpha or Beta or Lower?

The Two Faces!

The International Hoplology Society

Human Combative Behaviour

Combat Between Animals of the Same Species

Combat Between Different Animal Species

This Animal to Animal Combative Behavior Shines Great Light into

Alpha Male Behavior!

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Alpha Male Behaviour and the Group

Predatory Behavior and the Group

Non-Mortal Alpha Male Type Combat More Common

Different Combative Traits Affect Martial Systems too

Hard Data Showcases the Fundamental Differences

Assault v Robbery Statistics and the Alpha Male v

1. Knowledge of the Victim

Charts Showing 50 Year Trends in Violent Crime!

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Avoidance and De-Escalation!

Do not get these mixed up

Join the Low Tech Combat Newsletter!

Recommended Further Reading!

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Do they actually want to be able to avoid

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

comes up or anything like that. The student is never asked about

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Why is Human Combative Behavior Important?

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

To defeat 100 enemy in 100 battles in not the highest skill,

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Introducing The Alpha Male and

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Alpha or Beta or Lower?

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Often, Alpha Male type violence is done by people in smaller groups

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

As you go through this Manifesto, keep in mind where you think

*Combat between the same species

The 'Predator' is very different.

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

It is generally only crimes labelled Assault, which are 'Alpha Male'

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

deeper and more accurate understanding of this very important

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

The Two Faces

The International Hoplology Society

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

this research presented here in this Manifesto is the result which

Human Combative Behaviour

Combat Between Animals of the Same Species

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

strength. When and if they do actually engage in physical combat,

Combat Between Different Animal Species

Human Combative Behaviour Manifesto

Now compare this to the combative behavior between animals of