T HE CYCLIC UNIVERSE

Sum m ary: T his paper is an analys is of how the Univers e as a whole and the realm
of the par tic les of an atom ar e related by m ean of s im ple equations . It is als o an
intent to f ind the num er ic al r elations am ong the c oupling c ons tants of the f our
f orc es of Natur e and how they c hange with tim e.
CHAPT ER 1
T HE LINKS O F T HE MICRO CO SMS W IT H T HE MACRO CO SMS
T his paper is an analys is of how the Univers e as a whole and the realm of the
partic les of an atom ar e r elated by m ean of s im ple equations . It is als o an intent to
f ind the num er ic al r elations am ong the c oupling c ons tants of the f our f orc es of
Nature.
T he paper is an abs tr ac t of a larger one that I wrote about thes e topic s , and in
m any c as es I won't ex tent on the ex planations s o I will k eep it s hort.
1.- W ithout wanting to deep in a topic of whic h I am not an ex pert, it is nec es s ary to
s peak about s om e item s r elated with the Q uantum Mec hanic s .
O ne of the m os t inter es ting as pec ts of the Q uantum Mec hanic s is without a doubt
the princ iple of unc er tainty, whic h, tells us that it is not pos s ible to k now or
m eas ure the pos ition and the s peed of a partic le at the s am e tim e , s inc e the total
c ertainty in one of thos e par am eters s im ultaneous ly m eans the total unc ertainty of
the other . O ne of the f or m s in whic h this princ iple c om es it is the f ollowing: DE .
Dt> h T hat m eans that the pr oduc t in the unc ertainty(D) of the energy E and the
unc ertainty( D) in the tim e t s hould be the s am e or bigger than the c ons tant "h". h is
the Plank 's c ons tant, and has a valu e of 6.626e - 27 erg - s eg . T he c onc ept is not
eas y to under s tand, it m eans that if a m eas urem ent of the energy of a partic le with
an unc er tainty DE is m ade zer o, an inf inite tim e will be required to m eas ure it, but it
c ould happen that it is pos s ible obtain energy out of nothing provided that it
dis appear at the tim e c ons ider ed in this princ iple. T his is not j us t a theory ,they are
ex perim entally pr oven f ac ts . Another f orm of s eeing the princ iple is in this way;
Dl . D m v > h
It m eans that the pr oduc t of the unc ertainty in the pos ition of a partic le (Dl) and the
unc ertainty on the im puls e D m v s hould be bigger or equal to h. For ex am ple, let us
s uppos e that we m ak e an ex perim ent in order to m eas ure the pos ition of an
elec tron in a s ys tem of c oor dinates with a c ertain prec is ion, the s ingle f ac t of
m ak ing this m eas ur em ent alter s the s tate of m ovem ent of the elec tron m ak ing m ore
unc ertain the pr ec is ion of the m eas urem ent of the s peed of it. Bec aus e of this we
c an as s oc iate a par tic le with c ertain am ount of im puls e " m v " with a longitude " l "
whic h is k nown as the wave length of the partic le. In the c as e in whic h the lef t s ide
of the pr evious equation is ex ac tly equal to h as the s am e princ iple perm its , we
even c ould c ontinue as s oc iating the partic le with a proper wave length provided that
we tak e the s peed as the s peed of t light C.
l = h/m C well - k nown as Com pton wave length
Cons ider that if we divided both m em bers of this las t equation by C we will obtain
that;
l / C = h/m C^2

but, l / C has units of tim e invers e, whic h is that of a f requenc y, and we theref ore
c an as s oc iate the ener gy with a f requenc y of s uc h way that;
m C^ 2 = h f
In gener al, to eac h ener getic ally phenom enon we c an as s oc iate a f requenc y and
vic e ver s a. For ex am ple if we took a lum inous wave of f re quenc y f , to it
c orres ponds a m as s ;
m = h f / C^2
T his does n't m ean that light has m as s . W hat I am s aying here is that this is an
equivalent m as s whic h is not a res t m as s . T he s am e c onc ept c an be apply to other
f orm s of ener gy, f or ex am ple the as s oc iate m as s with the elec tros tatic f ield
produc ed by an elem entar y c har ge q at the dis tanc e l is s uc h that:
q^2/ r = hf = m C^2 and f = q^2/ hr
Continuing with this s am e ex am ple, we c ould m ak e the f ollowing equality f or the
m as s of an elec tr on and pr es ent the f oll owing equality;
As the longitude of the as s oc iate wave with the elec tron is h/m eC then we get that;
le = h/m eC and r e = q^2/ m eC^2
A m agnitude without units ex is ts that it is the ratio between:
le/re = A .
T his m agnitude, r ec eives the nam e of invers e of t he f ine s truc ture c ons tant (I j us t
c all it the f ine s tr uc tur e c ons tant) and it has the s am e value f or the elec tron and the
proton s inc e both have the s am e value of elec tric c harge.
A = hC/q^2
And its value is appr ox im ately equal to 861, interpreted as we h ave s een as the
ratio of the elec tr on wave length(or of the proton) to its "radius " c alled c las s ic
radius of the elec tr on or of the proton.
Another f or m of ener gy that we c ould try to m anage in the s am e f orm than the
elec tric ener gy is the gr avitatory ener gy. In this c as e we will f irs t as s oc iate the
f requenc y with the m as s of the proton and the elec tron:
f = G m e .m p /h r g
Now, it is f ac t that f = m C^2/ h on whic h in order to obtain the gravitatory equivalent
we have to m ak e that the f ollowing c ondition is ac c om plis hed:
m ^2= m e x m p
Being m e the m as s of the elec tron and m p the m as s of the proton. And the equality
leads us to :
G m ^2/ h r g = m c ^2/ h and r g = G m /C^2 (1 - 1)
I s hall intr oduc e this ( m ) m as s as a f ac tor of c alc ulation, and I will nam e it as
"m as n". W ith this m as s we will get the f ollowing param eters :
l = h/ m c r = q^2/ m C ^2

l / r = A = hC/ q^ 2
It is eas y to dem ons tr ate ( if we us ed the s ubindex s 1 f or the proton and 2 f or the
elec tron) that:
l^2= l1 x l2 r ^2= r 1x r 2 is als o eas y to proof that:
r/rg = q^2/G m ^2 = ( q^2/l) /G m ^2
W hic h s ays that the r atio of thes e two radius is equal to the ratio of the elec tric and
gravitator y f or c es between a pr oton and the elec tron, this ratio as we will s ee is a
very im por tant num ber without units (S) whos e valu e is approx im ately equal to
2.27e +39
S = q^2/ G m ^2 ( 1 - 2)
It s hould be m ade notic e that a relations hip f or the gravitation s im ilar to that of the
f ine s truc tur e c ons tant ex is ts ( their rec iproc ates ), als o without units .
B = hC / G m ^2
note: s om etim es I will us e the s ign ( ) in order to indic ate m ultiplic ation, in another
c as es I will us e the x s ym bol and in another I will us e the general algebraic notation
of not wr iting down the s ign when the operation is m ultiplic ation, with the divis ion
and ac c or ding to t he c as e I c ould us e whatever of the f ollowing s ym bols : /
As we have f ound that r / r g = S we c ould als o f ind that :
R = S l ( 1 - 3)
T his is a ver y lar ge length wave to whic h it c orres ponds the f requenc y F where C =
F/R then: C / f = S l but C / l = elec tric f ac c ording to what we already s aw, then:
S = f / F ( 1 - 4)
F = f / s = f . G m ^2/ q^2 = ( m C ^2 / h) G m ^2/ (m C^2 r) = G m ^2/ hr
F = G m ^2 / hr ( 1 - 5)
Upon m ak ing the c alc ulation of this f requenc y we f ind the f ac t that its value is
2.33e- 18 1/s ec T hat is am azi ngly near to the value m eas ured of the Hubble
c ons tant ins ide the r ange of error of m eas urem ent of it and whic h f ulf ills the
princ iple of unc er tainty s inc e:
(1/ F) G m ^2/ r = h
T heref or e, I c ons ider the pr evious dis c overy not as a c hanc e, but rather I will
c ons ider that indeed :
H = G m ^2/ hr ( 1 - 6) is the Hubble's c ons tant
And s inc e it is a f r equenc y, it has as s oc iate with it the longitude :
R = C / H
T hat is the s am e as ( 1 - 3) T his is the m ain reas on that inc lined m e to believe that
the radius of the Univer s e is m ore as s oc iate with a wave length than with a radius
properly s peak ing .

I m us t s ay that I will us e her e s om e bas ic c onc epts to relate the m as s - energy of the
Univers e and its s elf gr avitation. T here are s om e ques tions whic h s o f ar s c ienc e
has not been able to ans wer .
Is gravitation the c aus e of m as s - energy? O r m as s - energy is the c aus e of
gravitation? W hic h one c om es f irs t?.
Us ing Mac h bas ic ideas , I c ould s ay that m as s or inertia is c aus ed by gravity of all
the Univer s e in s uc h a way that if there w ere only one s ingle body in all of the
Univers e , then this body would have "s ubs tanc e" but not m as s .
T his is at the s am e tim e intriguing, bec aus e we as k ours elves what c aus e
gravity?. So , do we us e m as s to ex plain gravity or do we us e gravity to ex pla in
m as s ?.
In this paper , I will tak e as a f ac t that gravity is m as s and m as s is gravity, s o ,
total ener gy is equal to total gravity , whic h in m athem atic al f orm I repres ent lik e
this f or all the Univer s e as a whole:
MC^2 = G M^2 / R
T his lead us to c alc u late the bas ic param eters of the Univers e s tarting with high
prec is ion well - k nown c ons tants . I won't s top here to c alc ulate the f ollowing
equations that c ould be dem ons trated with eas e with algebraic ordinary
c alc ulations . at the end of this I will pres ent the values obtained f or eac h literal
ex pos ed:
A = hC / q^2 B = hC / G m ^2 r = q^2/ m C^2
rg = G m / C^2
f = q^2/ hr S = f / H
S = R/ l S = r /r g S = m c ^2 / hH
S = B /A S^2 = M /( A m ) gm ^2/ l = q^2/ R
G m ^2/ rg = q^2/ r
Sinc e R = G M / C^2 and R = C/ H is deduc e d that:
M = C^ 3/ G H and s inc e:
H = G m ^2/ hr and r = q^2/ m C^2
we obtain that:
M = h C q^ 2/ G ^2 m ^3 ( 1 - 7)
the s am e equation c ould be tr ans f orm ed eas ily in the f ollowing:
M = BSm and bec aus e S = B/A we f ound that;
M =A S^2 m if N = A S^2 then M = n m (1 - 8)
T he num ber "n" is r elated with the total num ber of elec trons and protons in the
Univers e in the f ollowing f or m ; we will s uppos e that prac tic ally the whole Univers e
is f orm ed with par tic les whos e m as s is equal to that of the proton, we k now that the
elec trons ex is t, but their c ontr ibution to the total m as s is very reduc ed s inc e their

m as s is 1/ 1836 the m as s of the proton and their num ber is the s am e . Having this
in m ind and k nowing that the m as s of the neutrons is alm os t the s am e than the
proton, we c ou ld s ay that the num ber of nuc leons of the Univers e is ; nn = M / m p ,
nn = N m /m p nn = N ( m p m e ) ^ 1/2 / m p
nn = N/ D^( 1/ 2)
where D = 1836 = m p / m e nn =A S^2/D^(1/2 ) (1 - 9)
Values :
m p = 1.6726311e - 24 gr am s pr oton m as s
m e = 9.109389754e - 28 gr am s elec tr on m as s
h = 6.62607554e - 27 er g- s ec Plank 's c ons tant
C = 2.997924562e10 c m /s ec . Light s peed
m = 3.903414992e - 26 gr am s m as on m as s
l = 5.662274982e - 12 c m s . m as on wave lenght
q = 4.803206784e - 10 eu f undam ental elec tric c harge
G = 6.6725985e - 8 er g- c m /gm ^2 Ne wton c ons tant
A = 861.0225291 elec tr om agnetic c oupling c ons tant
B = 1.953856383e42 gr avitational c oupling c ons tant
S = 2.269227943e39 elec tr ic to gravitational f orc es ratio
H = 2.333198137e - 18 s ec ^( - 1) Hubble c ons tant
R = 1.284899261e28 c m s Univers e Radiu s
M = 1.730674865e56 gm s Univers e m as s
N = 1.034712072e80 Ner of Univers e nuc leons
p = 1.947689124e - 29 gr am s /c m ^3 Univers e dens ity

CHAPT ER 2
T HE FO UR FO RCES O F NAT URE (PART 1)
Forewor d:
W hat I her e ex pos e, is j us t an analys is of the pos s ible relations hips between the
c ons tants of the f undam ental f orc es of Nature .Is rather an s tudy of the num eric
relations hips between thes e c ons tants . In this analys is , you c ould c alc ulate with
high ac c ur ac y the r atio of the m as s es of the proton to that of the elec tron , and the
neutron to that of the pr oton with j us t the k nowledge of the m agnitude of the
c oupling c ons tants of the f or c es or vic evers a. O r c alc ulate the value of the Newton

c ons tant s tar ting f r om the c ons tants of the W eak f orc e.
It c an als o been s ee, that the f undam ental f orc es c ould be related to eac h other
with the f our th power of the pr evious "intens e" f orc e. T his c harac teris tic of varying
with the f our th power allows to s ee the pos s ibility that f orc es of s uperior or inf erior
order ex is t to the s tr ong an d gravitatory f orc es res pec tively. For ex am ple, the
gravitation, the weak es t of the well - k nown f orc es c ould give ris e to the ex is tenc e of
another f or c e even weak er with an intens ity of down to 1e - 256 weak er than the
s trong f or c e. T he obtained equations and the pos ted values f or "J " and "D" f or
ex am ple, ar e s o pr ec is e that think ing on a c hanc e I c ons ider it highly unlik ely. I
rec ognize that this analys is touc hes topic s c om pletely unk nown f or the great
m aj ority of the people, I r ec om m end the reading of the bo ok " T he Ac c idental
Univers e" of Paul Davies in or der to help unders tand what I here try to ex plain.
Som e of the m agnitudes that I us e are not c onventional, f or ex am ple: "m " is not a
partic le, but the s quar e r oot of the produc t of the m as s of the proton an d the m as s
of the elec tr on, or A is not the f ine s truc ture c ons tant but two pi tim es the invers e
of this c ons tant.
T he writing is not a theor y of Unif ied Field, this s hould rem ain c lear, but s om e k ind
of unif ic ation am ong the f our f orc es arrives depending what I do is to m ak e ex ac t
this appr oac h of equality and s ee then what happens upon doing it. If what I obtain
is alm os t quantitatively ex ac tly and the units are c orrec t, I then c ons ider s at down
that the "f orc ed" equality is true.
Anyway , this has per m it ted m e to c alc ulate with high ac c urac y c ons tants lik e that
of the gr avitation of Newton . An interes ting res ult of this analys is is the obtaining
of a m agnitude whos e units ar e thos e of a m as s and that I identif y as "m iu " with a
value of the or der of 1e - 5 gm , this m as s c an be c alc ulated of two dif f erent ways ,
and the inter es ting of it is that its m agnitude is of the order of whic h a partic le of
unif ic ation of the f our f or c es s hould have, and that we would obtain it j us t by
m ak ing equal to 1 the c oupling c ons tants of the f our f orc es .
T he units s ys tem us ed is the " c gs ."
Relations hips Between the Four Forc es Nature
1.- G ener al: Until the pr es ent tim e, the phys ic al s c ienc es have been developed
s tarting f r om diver s e theor ies that in one or another way ex pre s s es relations hips
between the c ons tants of Nature and the behavior of the Univers e and its parts .
O ne of the m os t intr iguing ques tions of s c ienc e has been the reas on of being of
s om e phys ic s c ons tants s uc h as : the s peed of light, the elec tric c harge of th e
elec tron, the m as s of the elec tron, the Plank 's c ons tant , the c ons tant of
gravitation, etc . T he m agnitude of thes e c ons tants is k nown ac c urately up to the
order of the s eventh dec im al f igure, and this k nowledge is bas ed ex c lus ively in
m eas urem ents eac h tim e better of them . T hes e c ons tants are c alled "f undam ental"
in the s ens e that they ar e not derived f rom another, on the other hand other
c ons tants as f or ex am ple the c alled " f ine s truc ture c ons tant" (or elec trom agnetic
c oupling c ons tant) is der ived f r om others whic h are f undam ental. As ex am ple, this
las t c ons tant is ex pr es s ed s o:
A = h C/ q^2= 861.0225291
T his c ons tant is c om m only ex pres s ed on its rec iproc al f orm and is equal to A' = 2
pi /A
Now, all the pr oc es s es of Natur e are in any direc t or indirec t way, the m anif es tation
of any or s om e of the f our f undam ental f orc es . T hes e f orc es , until the m om ent are
c ons ider ed independent f or c es to eac h other, that is to s ay , we don't k now if eac h

other are in any way r elated. Although in the las t years theories have aris en that
s eem s to have been able to do it.
T he tas k of the theor etic al phys ic s is to ex plain the phys ic al world, and the better
ex planation s hould be to gather in c oherent f orm and as now is s aid "beautif ul"
thes e f our f or c es in j us t one, that has been already baptized as :
" Super f or c e "
T he Four For c es
a) T he s tr ong f or c e: it is the m os t intens e of the f our, it tak es c are am ong other
things of m aintaining togheter the protons in the nuc leus des pite the rej ec tion that
the elec tr os tatic f ield gene r ates by the elec trom agnetic f orc e am ong the protons in
the nuc leus of the atom . It ex plains the great am ount of energy that is generated
on the pr oc es s es of nuc lear f is s ion. Its c oupling c ons tant will be repres ented with
the s ym bol " P "
b) the elec tr om a gnetic f or c e : is the nex t in intens ity to the s trong f orc e, all the
elec tric , m agnetic and optic phenom enon's are its m anif es tation, it is the f irs t of the
f orc es that bec am e unif y, bec aus e until not a long tim e ago it was c ons idered that
m agnetis m f ield and elec tr os tatic f ield were s eparate f orc es . T hank s to the work s of
J .C. Max well it was pr oven that they are s eparate m anif es tations of an only one
f orc e, the elec tr om agnetic f or c e . its c oupling c ons tant will repres ented with the
s ym bol "A"
c ) the weak f or c e: it is not a f orc e in the s ens e of f orc es of attrac tion or repuls ion
between par tic les , its r oll is that of trans f orm ing the identity of the s ubatom ic
partic les dur ing the r adioac tive dis integration proc es s es , f or ex am ple: the
trans m utation of a neutr on in a proton plus an elec tron and a neutrino . T his las t
partic le without m as s ( s eem ingly) was dis c overed thank s to the c onc lus ions that
gave the analys is of the weak proc es s es . Its c oupling c ons tant will be identif y it
with the letter "W "
d) las tly, the weak es t and the well - k nown of the f orc es , the f orc e of gravity . It is an
ac c um ulative f or c e whic h inc r eas e with the m as s of the obj ec ts , is always attrac tive
and it is the f or c e that m aintains united the planets to the s un, the s tars to the
galax ies and the galax ies to the whole Univers e. the s ym bol f or its c oupling
c ons tant is "B".
2.- T he f ac t that the elec tr om agnetic c oupling c ons tant " A " well - k nown as the
invers e of f ine s tr uc tur e c ons tant is c alc ulated as :
A = h c / q^2
lead to us ex pr es s the other c oupling c ons tants in the s am e f orm that is :
A = h C/q^2 ( 2 - 1)
B = h C/ G m ^2 ( 2 - 2)
W = h C/ qw^2 ( 2 - 3)
P = h C/ qs ^2 ( 2 - 4)
Here m is the pr oduc t of m e ( the m as s of the elec tron) and m p (the m as s of the
proton.). It s hould be notic e that it does n't ex is t or at leas t ac c epted the ex is tenc e
of a weak c har ge ( qw) or an a s trong c harge ( qs ), but the f ac t that one c ould m ak e

c alc ulations bas ed on that lead to us us e that c onc ept of "c harge."
In his book , Davies inf or m s that qs ^2= 15 h C/2 PI and that the c o ns tant W is
related with other c ons tant identif ied as gw where:
gw = h^3/ W m e^2 C = 1.43e - 49 gm - c m 5/ s eg2
In this analys is , f or r eas ons of another type related with Cos m ology, in the previous
equation I r eplac e m e by m . In thes e c onditions the value c alc ulated f or W , and
k eeping the value of gw is ;
W = 4.44612e+10
In the c as e of the s tr ong f or c e, the f ac tor 15 of the ex pres s ion f or the s trong c harge
that Davies appoints , will be c alc ulated with better prec is ion. For the tim e being I
will identif y it with the qs letter s .
3.- T he r elations hips :
W hat I her e s tudy is not the r es ult of a c alc ulation, but a s im ple analys is of the
num eric al r elations hips between the c oupling c ons tants . From the values f or "W "
and "B" we have that:
B = 1.9538657154e+42 W = 4.446 12e+10
we f ind that alm os t ex ac tly:
B = W ^4/ 2 ( 3 - 1)
and als o that:
B <=> (D/4) ^16/ 2
where "D " it is the r elations hip between the m as s es of the proton and the elec tron
and equal to:
D = 1836.152756 F = D / 4= 459.038189
theref ore, is pos s ible that a s i m ilar relations hip ex is ts between the other c ons tants
bec aus e we c ould als o obs er ve that:
W <=> F^ 4
T hen a r educ tion in the ex ponent is obs erved in 4 tim es upon pas s ing f rom B to W ,
and ther e is c er tain s ym m etr y on this . T hen ,why not to think that it hap pens the
s am e thing with the other c ons tants and s ee what c las s of num bers would be?. this
is what we would have:
A= P^ 4/ x 1 ( 3 - 2) W = A^4/ x 2 ( 3 - 3) B = W ^ 4/ x 3 (3 - 4)
A = y1 ( D/4) ^1 ( 3 - 5) W = y2 ( D/4)^4 (3 - 6) B = y3 (D/4)^16 (3 - 7)
T he num ber s that app ear to the right of the y or the x are not m ultipliers neither
ex ponents , they ar e s ubindex es . and the num bers between s uc h parenthes is lik e
( 3- 2) j us t num ber ed the equation.
I have alr eady m entioned and c alc ulated the value of the c ons tant A, B, W , but n ot
to P. I will do it her e bef or e go on. From the def inition of Davies of the s trong
c harge and f r om the f or m of ex pres s ion (2 - 1) we have that:

qs ^2 <=>15 hC/ 2 pi = hC/P P <=> 2 pi / 15 , <=> is read "approx im ately equal" then
P <=>0.4188 . Let us put now in order the values c alc ulated f or the x and the y ,
f rom the equations ( 3 - 2) to( 3- 5) .
And ac c epting ( 3 - 1) as c or r ec t.
x 1 <=>3.57e - 5 y1= 1.875710017
x 2 = 12.36166254 y2 = 1.001350011
x 3 = 2.0 y3= 0.5027054946
obs erve that 8 y1= 15.00568 <=>15
Als o obs er ve that: y1^ 4/ yo <=> A/2 pi where "yo" c ould def ine it as :
yo = P/ ( D/4) ^( 1/ 4) = 0 .90478
T ak ing P = 0.4188. lets m ak e by s im plif ying that F = D/4 .
If indeed yi ^ 4/ yo =A/ 2 pi = 137.0359916 and A = y1 F, then:
y1^4/ yo =A/2pi = F yi/2 pi it is deduc ed t hat:
yo = 2 PI y1^3/ F = 0.09032919484 and:
P = yo F^( 1/4) = 0.4181097966 whic h is s lightly dif f erent to the c ons idered value
0.4188 or r ather but pr ec is e. in c ons equenc e:
Q = 2 pi / P = 15.0275965
y1^4/ yo =A/ 2 pi = x 2 y2/ yo = x 2 J F^(1/4)/ P
and: f ro m the equations ( 3 - 2) to (3 - 7) we c an dem ons trate that:
y2^ 4= x 3 y3 y1^ 4= x 2 y2 x 2= A^4/ w = (A/ (2 ( y2 F^(1/ 4)) we deduc e:
W =A^3 x 2 pi y2 F^( 1/4) /P
T his las t s im ple equation r elates three of the c ons tants of the f orc es to eac h other
with the r atio o f the m as s of the proton to the elec tron, that is with "D", and with
"y2." (a little ahead I will c lar if y what is "y2 "). T he other f orc e, gravity does n't
appear her e, but we c ould intr oduc e it if we replac e W f or is gravitatory equivalent ,
that is :
B = W ^4/2 ( 3 - 8)
this would be s hown as ;
B = A^12 Q 4 y2^4 F/ 2 ( 3 - 9)
B = (2 pi A^3/ P ) ^ 4 F y2^ 4/ 2 ( 3 - 10)
O bs erve that of the equation ( 3 - 1) and of the def inition of W as ;
W = h^3/ gw m ^2 C ( 3 - 11)
we deduc ed that:
G = 2gw^4m ^6 C^5/ h^11 ( 3 - 12)

let us m ak e at this point a s um m ary of the num eric res ults until now obtained:
P = 0.4181097966
A = 861.0225291
W = 4.446119969e+10
B = 1.953865716e+42
x 1= 3.549333914e - 5 y1= 1.875710017
x 2= 12.36166254 y2= 1.001378374
x 3= 2.0 y3= 0.5027054946
4.- If we als o m ak e th e oper ation y2 x D we will obtain the f ollowing num ber:
I = y2 D = 1838.683661
W hat is the m eaning of this num ber?. If I c alc ulate now with the given values f or
the m as s of the neutr on and the elec tron their ratio, that is to s ay:
m n / m e = 1838.683661
that is ex ac tly the num ber "Y" ! theref ore, it is not anything venturous to s ay that:
m n / m e = y2 D = I ( 4 - 1)
as D = m p / m e , then y2 = m n / m e/ D = m n/m e / m p / m e and:
y2 = m n / m p = J ( 4 - 2)
Here. we c an als o deduc e f r om the equations (3 - 2) to (3 - 7) and ac c ording to the
already ex plain that:
y2^ 4= x 3 y3 ( 4 - 3) y1^ 4= x 2 y2 (4 - 4)
and : y3 = ( m n/m p) ^4/2 and we c ould already ex pres s the equations f rom (3 - 5) to
( 3- 7) in this other f or m :
A = (y1) ( D/4) ( 4 - 5) W = ( m n / m p) (D 4)^4 (4 - 6)
B = (m n / m p) ^ 4 ( D/4) ^1 6/ 2 ( 4 - 7)
5.- Conc lus ion: W e have s een how to c alc ulate in an ex trem ely s im ple way, the
c oupling c ons tants of the 4 f or c es of Nature and how they c ould be relate to eac h
other. Ever ything s tar ting f r om the k nowledge of s im ple elem ents as the m as s es of
the s ubatom ic par tic les and of the f undam ental c ons tants s uc h as "q" .
and if we m ak e the f ollowing operation:
(hC/G )^( 1/2) = m iu = 5.456576426e - 5 gram s that it is an ex trem ely enorm ous m as s
(f or an atom ic par tic le) . ques tion: what is the m eaning of a m as s of s o enorm ous
value? .T he f ac t that the ex ponent 4 appears with s o m uc h f requenc y , rem em bers
m e the ex ponent that appear s in the equation in order to c alc ulate the dens ity of
radiant ener gy .
p = 8 pi^5 ( k T ) ^ 4/( 15C^3 h^3)

T HE FO UR FO RCES O F T HE NA T URE (PART 2)

AND T HE CO SMIC BACKG RO UND T EMPERAT URE
1.- In this s ec ond par t, I will deep in the relations hip between the c oupling
c ons tants of the f or c es and in their relations hip with the Univers e and its his tory.
Som e of the values of the c ons tants that I will obtain will be m odif ied with the new
c onc epts .
I have alr eady ex plained that in this s ingle writing, the param eters of nature
s tudied look ing f or r elations hips between them s tarting f rom s im ple c onc epts
then s ee if they have any s ens e or gi ve us new k nowledge. If upon f inding
thes e relations hips we have the "c oinc idenc e" up to the dec im al f igure that I
c alc ulate , then I will c ons ider s at down that this is true.

are
and
that
c an

2.- In the pr evious s ec tion I obtained the elec trom agnetic and gravitat ory c ons tants
def ined by:
A = hC/q^2 B = hC/G m ^2
T hes e values obtained f or both c ons tants are repres entative of the pres ent tim e.
I will f irs t obtain a s er ies of m agnitudes c alc ulated s tarting f rom s om e c ons tants of
nature. Let us s uppos e that B is a varia ble and als o the m as s m , let us m ak e B = 1
.f rom that we will get all the f ollowing m agnitudes :
m iu = (h C/ G ) ^( 1/2) = 5.45657 e - 5 gram s (2 - 1)
lo = h/ m iu C = ( h G / C^3 ) ^( 1/2) = 4.05062 e - 33 c m (2 - 2)
f o = C/ lo = ( C^5 / h G ) ^( 1/2) = 7.40114 e+42 c ps (2 - 3)
to = 1/ f o = ( h G / C^5 ) ^( 1/2) = 1.35114 e - 43 s eg (2 - 4)
eo = h f o = ( h C^5/ G ) ^( /2) = 4.90412 e+16 erg (2 - 5)
T hes e ter m s ar e k nown as m as s , longitude, f requenc y, tim e, and energy of Plank
that the c ur r ent Cos m ology c ons iders as c harac teris tic of the f irs t m om ents of the
Univers e, that is , dur ing the beginning of the Big - Bang .
Now we k now that at the m om ent of interac tion of two oppos ed partic les , (m atter
and antim atter ) , they dis appear leaving radiation, the tem perature of the proc es s
is :
T = b/io ( 2 - 6)
where b this def ined by : b = hC/ZK (2 - 7)
Z is the s olution of the equation (5 - z) e^z = 5
Z = 4.965114231740001
K = 1.38065812e - 16 er g/Kelvin is the Boltzm an's c ons tant
io is the longitude of wave at whic h the elec trom agnetic em is s ion of radiation is

m ax im in a blac k body at the T tem perature. f o is the f requenc y c orres ponding to

that wave lenght and it is equal to :
T = hC/ZKio = h f o / ZK
Sinc e h f o is the m ax im um ener gy generated and equal to:
2m iC^2 wher e m i is the m as s of the partic les that intera c t , then:
T = 2 m i C^2/ ZK ( 2 - 8)
W e k now that the bac k gr ound c os m ic tem perature of radiation is approx im ately 2.7
Kelvins , then m i is of appr ox im ately :
1.04 e- 36 gr am s .
Let us now s ee that ther e ar e als o relations hips s im ilar to thos e of Plank but with
other m agnitudes , I her e tak e l = h/ m C
Fx = G m ^2/ hl = G m ^3 C/ h^2 = 2.7095e - 21 c ps (2 - 9)
L x = C / Fx = h^2/ G m ^3 = 1.1064e+31 c m (2 - 10)
Ex = Fx h = G m ^3 C / h = 1.7953e - 47 erg (2 - 11)
m x = E/ C^2 = G m ^3 / hC = 1.997e - 68 gram s (2 - 12)
as bef or e m ^2 = m e X m p
W ell, if we tak e the s quar e r oot values of the produc t of the two obtained m as s es m
and m x , we get obtains the f ollowing value:
m as s m ' = ( m X m x ) ^( 1/2) = 1.044032456e - 36 gm :
O bs erve the alm os t ex ac t value of this las t m as s m ' with the one I c a ll m i f rom the
equation ( 1 - 8) .
Here is m y s uppos ition; that both are the s am e m as s , and in c ons equenc e, I c an
ex pres s the tem per atur e of r adiation in the f ollowing f orm :
T = 2( m i X m x ) ^( 1/2) C^2/ ZK ( 2 - 13)
m i = (m X m x ) ^( 1/2) ( 2 - 14)
mt = 2 mi
T his m as s m t c ould be inter pr eted as the m as s - energy c arried by the bac k ground
radiation , or we m ight s uppos e that c om plem entary partic les ex is t that interac t
generating the bac k gr ound r adiation c orres ponding to the therm al energy (ZKT ).
Replac ing m i f or its two f ac tor s of the equation (2 - 14) and k nowing
that B = h C/ G m ^2 we get:
m i = m ^4/ B ( 2 - 15)
m i ^4 = G m ^6/ hC ( 2 - 16)
T = 2 m C^2/ ZK B^( 1/4) ( 2 - 17)

T = 2 C^2/ ZK ( G m ^6 / hC ) ^( 1/4) (2 - 18)

the c alc ulation give m e T = 2.737601899 Kelvin
3.- O bs er ve that the values obtained f or s om e of the c oupling c ons tants c om e f rom
a very s im ple ex pr es s ions , thos e that I m ention nex t:
W f = J F^4
Bf = J ^4F^16/2
O bs erve that I us e W f and Bf ins tead of j us t W and B . this is bec aus e unles s I
think that the r atio m p/m e c hange s with tim e ,whic h I don't ,and this is the reas on
why I think that the obtained values repres ent the values that will reac h thes e
"param eter s " at the end of the ex pans ion of the Univers e, (in f ac t thes e values are
a little bit higher than the ac tual valu es ) and s om e how the c urrent m eas ured
values of the c oupling c ons tants s hould be a f unc tion of thes e W f and Bf . For that
reas on I have identif ied them with the s ubindex (f ), but I now have to f ind thos e
f unc tions .
5.- T he f ir s t f unc tion to s olve will be th at o f "B " that by def inition is :
B = h C/ G m ^2
I am s uppos ed to ac c ept that h, C, and G are tim e independent c ons tants and
theref ore the var iable that af f ec ts B is the m as s .
It is not dif f ic ult to ac c ept that, s inc e we k now that the m as s varies with th e s peed
s o that:
m = m f / ( 1 - v^2 /C^2) ^( 1/2)
I s hall now intr oduc e the f unc tion:
s ine = ( 1 - v^2/C^2) ^( 1/2) ( 5 - 1)
with this def inition of the m as s we have that:
m = m f / s ine ( 5 - 2)
W e c an s ee that the two f or m s of ex pres s ing the variation of the m as s im ply
negative m as s es , but the s ec ond one (the s ine f orm ) is m ore c lear c onc erning when
this happens .
Cons ider ing this var iation, we c an ex pres s the gravitation c oupling c ons tant (I will
c all it now c oupling par am eter ) in the f ollowing f orm :
B = Bf ( s ine ) ^2 ( 5 - 3)
Being = wt , w is the f r equenc y with whic h the Univers e( in radians per s ec ond )
os c illates .
Now it is nec es s ar y to c lar if y that m f is not the res t m as s of the m as n, is
ac c ording with the des c r iption that I am giving ,the f inal m as s , the m a s s that m will
ac quire when the Univer s e r eac hes its m ax im ex pans ion and that ac c ording to the
given def inition is :
m f = ( m ef X m pf ) ^( 1/2)

m ef and m pf ar e the m as s es that will ac quire the elec tron and the proton when the
Univers e r eac hes the m ax im ex pans ion and in that m om ent it will be on res t , and
on that m om ent and j us t on that m om ent will c oinc ide with the res t m as s that we
will obs er ve. the m m as s is the c urrent m as s . In s um m ary, what I am s aying is that
the res t m as s m var ies with tim e.
Now we c an s ee that upon m ak ing B = 1 , s ine will ac quire the value: s ine 1 = 1 /
(Bf ^(1/2) ( 5 - 4)
when this happened, the m as s took the value: m 1 = (hC/ G )^(1/2)
whic h c or r es ponds to the m as s of Plank and of c ours e to the tim e of Plank etc .
T hen we have of that: G m 1^2 = h C
Now, without s till k nowing how A varies is obvious that when A 1 = 1 als o: q1^2 = h
C
and ther ef ore G m 1^2 = q1^2 then of c ours e: B1= A1
6.- Now the tas k is to f ind the f orm in whic h A varies , f or this , the f ollowing
c onditions m us t be f ulf ille d:
a ) A = 1 when t = t1 = tp ( Plank 's tim e)
b) A = Af when s ine f = 1
c ) A = ac tual A when s ine is the c urrent
Suppos e that the f or m of var iation of A is als o in a s ine f orm . but ex pres s ed as :
A = Af (s ine ) ^a2 ( 6 - 1)
a2 will be a tim e independent c o ns tant ex ponent .
W ith this equation, c onditions b is eas ily f ulf illed s inc e s ine f = 1 and A = Af f or any
value of the ex ponent a2 at the m om ent of m ax im ex pans ion. T he c ondition "a" is
c om pleted doing that s ine 1 is the c ons idered the equation (5 - 4). now, the
ex ponent is c alc ulated s o:
A 1= Af ( s ine1) ^a2 = B1= Bf ( s ine1)^2 we have that:
(s ine1) ^( a2 - 2) = Bf /A f = Sf
Sf is the r atio of the two f or c es when s inef = 1. eas ily c alc ulable ac c ording to the
f orm ulas f or Bf and Af as :
(s ine1) = 1/Bf ^( 1/2) = 1/Af ^( 1/a2) (6 - 2)
and tak ing logar ithm s we f inally obtain that: a2 = 2 ln Af / ln Bf (6 - 3)
but , what is the value of Af and a2?
7.- T he f ollowing item is to tr y to f ind the relations hip between A and B in any tim e,
f or this , we tak e the equations (6 - 1) and (5- 1), we s olve the s ine f or both and we
equaled them to eac h other :
(B/ Bf )^( 1/2) = ( A / Af ) ^( 1/a2)

and ther ef or e is eas y to c onc lude that : A^(1/2) = B^(1/a2) and : a2 = 2 ln A/lnB f or
any epoc h.
If we k now the values of B and Bf , the ac tual s ine = (B/Bf )^(1/2) and theref ore :
Af = A/(s ine ) ^( 1/a2)
8.- Us ing the s am e pr oc edur e that we us ed in order to c alc ulate a2 we are able to
c alc ulate the ex ponents f or the, the weak f orc e and the s trong and then we obtain
that:
a1 = 2 ln B /ln B = 2 ( 8 - 1)
a2 = 2 ln A / lnB = 0.1388012563 (8 - 2)
a3 = 2 ln W / lnB = 0.503559034 (8 - 3)
a4 = 2 ln P/ lnB

= - 0.01790974997 ( negative) ( 8 - 4)

CHAPT ER 3
T HE O RIG IN O F MAT T ER AND T HE CO SMIC BACKG RO UND RADIAT IO N
Analys is of the r elations hip between the param eters of the f orc es A and B in
relation with the his tor y of the Univers e
1.- W e in the f ir s t plac e will c larif y the m eaning of the c ons tant H that at the
beginning I identif y as the Hubble's c ons tant and that I thought that it repres ented
the f requenc y of the univer s a l os c illation. Upon c alc ulating the tem porary angle ,
we realize that is c los e to 90 degrees (s ee the s heet of c alc ulations ). From here I
have f ound ver y eas y think that Hf repres ents the invers e of the nec es s ary tim e f or
the Univer s e to r eac hes its m ax im ex pans ion and theref ore it repres ents the tim e of
1/4 of c yc le, the f r equenc y in c ps is .w', and the f requenc y w is the f requenc y in
radians per s ec ond. Notic e that the units of Hf are c ps . bec aus e I us e the Plank 's
c ons tant and not h/ 2 pi that would giv e the f requenc y in rps .
the F f requenc y = 1/ T f being T f the total period, we have:
tf = 1/Htf = T f / 4 = ( 1/4 w) ( Htf m eans : f inal total bec aus e it inc ludes the ef f ec ts of
the m as s as well as the ther m al energy)
then: Htf = 4 w Htf = 2 F/ pi and w = 2 pi F Htf = G m f ^2 / h rf (1 - 1)
where rf = qf ^2 /( m f C^2 ) ,and we deduc ed that: Htf = C ^3 Af / G m f ^2 Bf ^2 If
Bf ^2/Af = Nf then:
Hf = C^3/ G m f Nf ( 1 - 2)
Now, we k now as I s olved in another c hapter, Mtf = C^3/ G Htf (1 - 3)
But here Mtf r epr es ents all the f or m s of m as s - energy inc luding radiation. T hen we
c an s ay : Rf = C/Htf Rf = G Mtf / C^2
and ther ef ore :
Ht = Htf / ( s ine ) ^( 3 - a2) ( 1- 4) R = Rf (s ine )^(3 - a2) (1 - 5) M = Mtf (s ine )^(3 - a2)
( 1- 6)
p = ptf / ( s ine ) ^2( 3 - a2) ( 1- 7) dens ity

and als o : q^2 = qf ^2/ ( s ine ) ^a2 (1 - 8)

where all the f inal values ( s ubindex f ) m eans the f inal s tate at the m om ent of
m ax im ex pans ion of the Univer s e.
And the values f or R,H,M,p ar e f or the ac tual m om ent and they inc lude all the
m as s - ener gy.
T he longitude: L = C/ w = 2 Rf / p i Is ex pres s ed in f unc tion of the m as s as : L = 2G
Mtf / pi C^2
I m ention this las t ex pr es s ion bec aus e A. Eis tein c alc ulated as radio of the
Univers e what I identif y as :
L = the wave length /2 pi
W e will s ee now how to r elate the m as s of the all Univers e, w ith is the total m as s energy and the ther m al ener gy and the m as s of all the partic les to eac h other.
we k now that:
pt = 8 pi^( KT ) ^4/ 15 h^3 C^5 = (KT )^4/ h^3 C^5) (3Z^4/4pi 2^4) ( 512pi^6/45 Z^4)
(therm al dens ity)
if = 512 pi^6/45 Z^4 and KT = 2 m C^2/Z B ^(1/4)
T hen with j us t the pr evious equations we deduc e the f ollowing res ults :
ptm = ptot / A^2 ( 1 - 9) ( ther m al dens ity)
and if the r adius of the Univer s e is the s am e f or the radiation and f or the m as s
then:
Mtm = Mtot / A^2 ( 1 - 10)
2.- If we r em em ber ed t he def initions given on the Plank 's tim e now we have:
m p = (hC/G ) ^( 1/2) tp = ( h G /C^5)^(1/2)
and f rom the def initions : B = hC / G m ^2 m ^2 C^4 = h^2/ t^2 we obtain: m p/tp =
C^3/G = Mt/Ht = Mt/ t'
theref ore: m p/tp = C^3/ G is the rhytm of m atter c reation. O n whic h t' = (s ine )^(3 a2)
It is
tim e,
goes
other
t' =

im por tant to m ak e notic e here that I propos es the ex is tenc e of two types of
one of them whic h I will c all relative, it is an elas tic tim e it is t' ,is elas tic ,
up and down and c eas es to ex is t but always reborn . it is a f unc tion of the
tim e, the abs olute tim e ta = / w then:
(s ine wta ) ^( 3 - a2) / Hf

So , total m as s as f unc tion of the abs olute tim e is : M = Mtf (s ine w ta)^(3 - a2) and
as f unc tion of the r elative tim e is :
M = C^3 t' / G
So we m ay s ay that f r om the point of view of the abs olute tim e, the c reation of
m atter goes ac c om panied by its des truc tion af ter the Univers e arrives to its m ax im

ex pans ion. we c ould als o deduc e eas ily that the s peed of ex pans ion is :
v = (3- a2) C ( s ine ) ^( 3 - a2) / T g
3.- Now, if the potential gr avitatory energy is : Ep = - G Mt^2/ R
and if the ener gy of the m as s and the therm al energy is : Mt C^2 = Mtf C^2 (s ine
)^(3- a2)
that added to - - G Mt^2/ R give us : T otal Energy = 0
W e s hould dis tinguis h between the total m as s of the Univers e and the m as s of the
partic les . f or this we s hould c ons ider (repeating):
- that the total m as s - ener gy without inc luding to the gravitation it is Mt .
- that the therm al m as s - ener gy is Mtm .
- that the m as s of the partic les is Mm
- that the m as s - ener gy of the gr avitation is Mg
- that the m as s - ener gy at the end of the ex pans ion without the gravity is Mtf
- that the therm al m as s - ener gy at the end of the ex pans ion is Mtm f
- that the m as s - ener gy of the partic les at the end of the ex pans ion is Mm f
- that the f inal m as s - ener gy of the gravitation is Mgf
- that the gr owth of the s pac e does n't m ean that the ex pans ion of the Univers e
trans por ts k inetic ener gy, this is zero.
- that the m as s of the partic les are the dif f erence between Mt and Mtm = Mm
- that the total gr avitator y ener gy inc ludes the potential energy of the radiation and
that of m as s and it is negative.
- that the total ener gy of the Univers e inc luding all the f orm s of energy is equal to
zero. and the balanc e of m as s is :
Mm + Mtm = Mt = - Mg
Mm + Mtm - Mg = 0
in c ons equenc e " Mm " that it is the m as s of the partic les is :
Mm = Mt - Mtm = Mt - Mt /A^2
Mm = Mt ( 1 - /A^2)
4.- W e will s ee that c ons ider ing what I c alled total m as s as the s um of the m as s es
of the par tic les with non zer o r es t m as s and the therm al m as s is j us tif ied in f unc tion
of s om e s im ple equations of the G eneral Relativity applied to the Univers e on the
whole. Mr . M. Rober t W ald in his book "Spac e T im e and G ravitation" def ines the
Hubble's c ons tant as :
H = 1/ a da/dt ( 4 - 1)

in whic h "a" deter m ines an s c ale of longitude in f unc tion of whic h the Univers e
ex pands , we als o k now that H is def ined by:
H = V / L ( 4 - 2)
where V is the s peed of ex pans ion of a dis tant galax y and "L" the dis tanc e of an
obs erver to it.
I will dem ons t r ate that " a " and L are proportional:
f rom (4- 1) ( dH / dt ) a = - 1/ a^2 (da/ dt )^2+ 1/ a (d2a/dt2) (4 - 3)
f rom (4- 2) ( dH/ dt ) L = - 1/ L^2 (dL/dt )^2+ 1/ L (d2L/ dt2) (4 - 4)
Suppos e that " L" is pr opor tional to "a" , then : a = k ! L (4 - 5)
where k ! is a num er ic c ons tant without units . now we obtain the f irs t and the s ec ond
derivatives of ( 4 - 5) and we obtain:
da/ dt = k ! - dL/ dt = k ! - V d2a/ dt2 = k ! - dV/ dt = k ! - Ac
where Ac is the ac c eler ation of the galax y that is on L.
( dH / dt ) a = - 1/ L^2 ( dL / dt ) + 1/ L (d2L/ dt2)
the s am e book def ines the des ac eleratin param eter "q" (do not c onf us e it with the
elec tric elem entar y c har ge) as :
q = a d2a/dt2 / ( da/dt) ^2 = L k ! (k ! x Ac )/ k ! ^2 / V^2 = Ac L / V^2
Now, A, L, and V ar e r elated with H as : dV/ dt = H dL/dt = A = H V = H L^2 AL =
H^2 L^2 and q = H^2 L^2 / V^2 = 1
we f ound that the des ac eler atin param eter is unitary.
T his allows us to deduc e the f ollowing relativis tic equation:
q = 4 pi G / 3 H^2 ( pm + 3P/ C^2 ) = 1
O n whic h pm is the dens ity o f the m as s and the adding 3P/C^2 is the dens ity of the
m as s - ener gy of the pr es s ur e of radiation P ,that is to s ay the therm al dens ity, s o:
1 = 4pi G / 3H^2 ( pm + pt )
H^2 = G k ( pm + pt ) = G k pt
pt = pm + ptm
pt m eans total dens ity
pm m eans m as s dens ity
ptm m eans m as s equivalent therm al dens ity
And s inc e the volum e is the s am e f or the m as s and f or the radiation, then:
Mt = Mm + Mtm
that it is equal to the one I f ound bef ore and this is what I wanted to dem ons trate.
T hat is by s uppos ing that "a" and L are proportional, we arrive to a truly c onc lus ion.

As well as f r om the equation ( 4 - 2) you arrived to (4 - 4), of the integration of (4 - 3) we

arrived to:
H = - Va / a ( a is s ubindex in Va) and : Va/a = V/L. Now, another relativis tic
equation is : H = 2 G k pt - K C^2/ a^2
where K is the f ac tor that def ines if the Univers e is plane, s pheric al or hyperbolic .
From the pr evious equation and as H^2 = G k pt then : K C^2 / a^2 = H^2 k = 4pi/3
K = Va^2/C^2
it c an be c lear ly s ee that K is pos itive and les s than 1( Va is always s m aller tha C),
that m eans a c los e Univer s e. and the c ons tant is les s than 1.
5.- T he im por tant thing her e is to ex plain the origin of the m atter. T he equations of
the previous topic s s hows how it varies with the tim e angle , but it does n't i nf orm
us about the or igin. For this , I pos tulate the c onc ept that the m atter and the energy
of the Univer s e ar e not eter nal, but rather they have been c reated in f unc tion of the
unc ertainty pr inc iple of Heis em berg . But s inc e this princ iple would require t hat the
s pontaneous c r eation of a s ingle partic le be a tem porary phenom enon and that it
m us t dis appear at a tim e no longer than:
t = h / m C^2
that it obvious ly ver y m uc h les s than the age of the Univers e, then how is that the
protons and the elec tr ons ex i s t perm anently?. O ne option is to think that eac h new
ins tant new par tic les ar e c r eated and the old ones dis appear, and in c ons equenc e
the Univer s e is r ec r eated eac h m om ent and if it is rec reated in eac h m om ent, who
needs a Big - Bang? T he pr evious ans wer is to m uc h s pec ulative, and although the
people that ar e devoted to thes e topic s are not walk ing in the branc hes at the tim e
of gener ating new ideas , I don't lik e this one.
So I pref er to c ontinue think ing that the princ iple of unc ertainty is been worth but I
s hould ex plain why m atter does n't dis appear in the unc ertainty of the tim e of the
princ iple of Heis em ber g .
I f ind that ther e would not be c ontradic tion with the princ iple if I pos tulate that at
the s am e tim e that m atter is f or m ed with pos itive energy, i t is f orm ed s om e another
f orm of ener gy that is negative and that c om pens ates ex ac tly the m atter, in s uc h
way that the net c r eated ener gy is zero and theref ore the tim e on whic h the m atter
s hould dis appear in or der to agree with the princ iple it is inf init e or at leas t as long
as an univer s al c yc le. I believe that this energy is the gravitation, I believe that the
gravitation is the invention of Nature in order to perm it the c uas iperm anent
ex is tenc e of m atter , bes ides being the res pons ible f or its evolution . I already f ound
how this happen when I f ound that the total energy of the Univers e is zero.
Let us then s uppos e that with the c reation of a partic le with energy
(m +) C2 is c r eated an ener gy ( m - C^2 ) s uc h that: m i is the dif f erenc e between this
two m as s es .
m i = h / C^2 ti
on whic h m i is the unc er tainty of the m as s and ti the unc ertainty of the tim e. Sinc e
the unc er tainty of the tim e has to be equal or m inor to the total age of the Univers e
and this is 2/ Hf , then:
m i = h Hf / 2 C^2 = 0.86e - 65 gr m

T HAT W O ULD BE ! T HE NET MASS O F T HE UNIVERSE! . it s eem s to be inc redible

that a s o s m all m as s is the net m as s of the Univers e, but if we c alc ulated the
longitude of the c or r es ponding wave we would have:
l = h / 2 m i C = 2 hC/ Hf h = 2C / Hf = 2 Rf
T hat is , the diam eter of the Univers e is the longitude of the wave of this only
partic le that r epr es ents it.
I want to add that I have s o m uc h trus t in the equation in order to c alc ulate the
c os m ic bac k gr ound tem per ature of radiation that when (ac c ording to the las t
inf orm ation that I have) this is of 2.735 Kelvin degrees , that the dif f erenc es
between this f igur e and m ine ( 2.7374 k elvin degrees ) I attribute it to: errors in the
m eas urem ent of T or to er r or s in the m eas urem ent of the c ons tants that intervene
in the c a lc ulation ( ver y pr obably the c ons tant of Boltzm an and G ). or to that the
tem peratur e that I c alc ulate c ould inc lude other partic les with zero res t m as s (not
photons ) as ; gr avitons , neutr ins etc .
Another thing I want to add is this : the equations I have s hown are f or a large
am ount of par tic les , that is , s om e hours af ter the Big - Bang. For the very m om ent of
the Big- Bang ( dur ing the Plank 's tim e) they are a little dif f erent bec aus e the
c ons tant. I am not ex plaining here the details bec aus e I would have to us e m ore
s pac e , and this s uppos e to be an abs trac t. T he f ull paper is of near a hundred
pages , and I am leaving out a lot of details about the tem perature , therm al energy
dens ity, the num ber of photons and the ratio with the num ber of nuc leons , etc . B ut
Y will s ay one thing f or that m om ent (Plank 's tim e), the num ber N was ex ac tly 1 ,
als o all of the c oupling c ons tants , the m as s - energy of the Univers e was ex ac tly the
Plank 's m as s .
T he only other thing I will add , is a graph whic h s hows ac c ording with t he
equations that I have s hown how the f our param eters of the f orc es vary with the
energy . notic e s pec ially that the only f orc e whic h is getting bigger is the s trong
f orc e (the par am eter is going down).
You s hould obs er ve in the gr aphs that I attac h that the unif ic ation of the 4 f orc es
happens in f ac t when the m as s of the m as n is the m as s of Plank . the graphs are
ex pos ed as logar ithm ic gr aphs s o that one c ould apprec iate the variation.
T he c os m ic bac k gr ound tem per ature c an be ex pres s ed as is eas y to ded uc e as :
T = T f / ( s ine ) ^( 3/2)
Now we will ex pr es s this tem perature as a f unc tion of Plank 's tem perature T 1, as
this happened when s ine = 1/Bf ^(1/2) then:
T = T 1 / Bf ^( 3/4) ( s ine ) ^( 3/2)
T 1 = 2m 1 C^2 / ZK been m 1 the Plank 's m as s m 1 = ( hC/ G )^(1/2) a nd:
s ine = ( T 1 /T ) ^ ( 2/3) x 1/ Bf ^(1/2)
For ever y one of the 4 par am eters of the f orc es there ex is t an ex ponent (a1 , a2 ,
a3, a4) in s uc h a way that in general :
k = k f (s ine) ^an
where k r epr es ents any of the f our param eters and k f its f inal value , and " an" is
the c orres ponding ex ponent ( n = 1,2,3,4) s o:

(s ine ) ^an = ( T 1 / T ) ^ ( 2an/3) X 1/ Bf ^(an/2) and: k = k f (T 1 / T )^ (2an/3) x 1/ Bf

^ (an/2)
W hic h ex pr es s ed as a f unc tion of the value of the param eter of the f orc es in
Plank 's tim e ( when a ll of the param eters were unitary) is :
k = (T 1 / T ) ^ ( 2an/3)
T his las t equation is good f or all the param eters , and you j us t get to k now the
tem peratur e in any epoc h to k now what was the value of the param eter (and of
c ours e als o the ex ponent "an" of t he c orres ponding f orc e)
T 1 = 2(hC/G ) ^( 1/2) C^2 / ZK = 1.430694953e32 Kelvins
Is eas y to deduc e als o that the param eters of the f orc es vary with the energy of the
m as on and that in the Plank 's tim e the c orres ponding energy was :
3.0607e+19 G ev.
T he equatio n s hows that the unif ic ation happens when the m as on energy had this
value in the Plank 's tim e.
E = E1/ k ^( 1/an)
Been E = m C^2 in any epoc h and E1 = m 1 C^2
Conc lus ion : this m odel is ver y s im ple and it does not required m ore m ath than what
I have alr eady s hown. T hes e ar e the general c onc lus ions f or the theory :
a) T he Univer s e began to ex is t 1/Ht s ec . ago with not m as s - energy and will end in
a Big- Cr unc h als o without m as s - energy. T he Univers e properties c an be deduc ed
f rom the atom ic par tic les and f r om s om e f undam ental c ons tants .
b) Partic les began to ex is t ex ac tly at the Plank 's tim e , they c am e to the ex is tenc e
bec aus e the unc er tainty pr inc iple and c ontinue ex is ting bec aus e gravity
c ounterbalanc e the ener gy of them in s uc h a way that the total energy of the
Univers e is zer o always ex c ept by "m i" whic h is alm os t zero to.
c ) T he c os m ic bac k gr ound tem perature and the therm al dens ity had been c om ing
down s inc e the Plank 's epoc h ,but the total therm al energy was little at that tim e,
and even been the tem per at ur e very low on thes e days . total therm al energy is
higher now.
d) T heories w hich do not accept the cycling of the Univ erse arguing that :
- T he Big - Crunch w ould be t he only
therefore it w ont bounce back.

and biggest of the Black Holes and

- T here is no t enough mass( density) in the Univ erse to stop it and bring it
back to t he Big - Crunch.
- Entropy alw ays go up t heref ore the clock w ill stop forev er.
T he prev ious object ions are correct if (and this is important): the mass energy is const ant in all epochs . But from w hat w e just hav e seen, this is not
the case, t heref ore t he objections are not v alid. And besides heat, creates
disorder, grav it y creat es order .In other w ords , w hen the Univ erse is
expanding, cosmic t emperat ure goes dow n and entropy is going up on the bulk

, w hen t he Univ erse is shrinking, temperature is going up spontaneusly , so

entropy on t he bulk is going dow n. T his doesnt mean that hot bodies w ill
reciv e heat f rom cold bodies , the sense of the heat transmision w ont change
, but takin g t he complet e Univ erse , entropy w ill go dow n and matter w ill be
disappearing because grav it atory energy is going dow n also.
In fact , right know is happening that in general entropy is going up, but there
are some bodies in w hich ent ropy is going dow n, w hich bodies ? w ell, besides
the liv ing beens, ev ery new star is reducing its entropy w hen it is forming,
because it t akes it s mass f rom cold matter , it w ill change to a hot matter
because grav it y. O f course , t his is happening just during its birth , afte r t hat,
entropy again w ill go up.
e) T here ar e two k inds of tim e , the abs olute , and probably j us t a m athem atic al but
not real tim e, and the r elative, the tim e whic h began to ex is t and that will end .
f ) T he univ erse is almost exactly flat just because t he existence of "mi ,
otherw ise it w ould be exact ly flat.(k = 1)
g) Equations ar e not c ontr adic tory with (as f ar as I f ound) the general relativity.
h) T he f our paramet ers of t he forces of Nature v ary w ith time and w ill reach a
final v alue. T hey had t he s ame v alue "1" at the Plank's time. And they are
numerically relat ed. All of t hem change w ith the CBT , that w ill reach a
minimum non z ero v alue bef ore it starts to go up again. T here is not reason to
discuss t hat if t he coupling constants w ould be differe nt ,the Univ erse w ould
not exist . T hat is not correct, the point here is how do the coupling
constant s change , t he rat e of change of them, w hich w ith the exception of
grav ity , t he ot her t ree are almost constant. Besides , nobody can say w hat it
w ould happen if some "const ants" v ary w ith time because nobody know s w hat
other const ant s w ould also change to compensate and keep the Univ erse
existing.
i) Elec tric c har ge var ies with energy . but m uc h m ore les s than m as s ,in about 10e 40 tim es les s .
j ) Light s peed, Plank 's c ons tant, Newton's c ons tant , D and J , Boltzm an's c ons tant
, are the m ain c ons tants of Nature. T hey def ine all the res t of the properties of the
Univers e.
k ) T he r eal Cos m ologic al pr oblem is to ex plain the value of the f undam ental
c ons tants . It is utopic to think that s om e k ind of m athem atic s or theory without
c ons tants its elf will ex plain thes e, why? Bec aus e thes e c ons tants have units (
gram , c m , s ec .) and ther e is no any reas onable m ean of getting thes e units f rom
any logic or m athem atic a l pr inc iples , unles s we s top s tudying phys ic s with units
and s tar t the s tudy phys ic s with j us t proportions . then there is only one thing we
c an s ay about the pr oper ties of the partic les ; they are so many times smaller or
biger than some propert ies of the Univ erse , or v icev ersa.
As I s aid at the beginning, this paper is an abs trac t , and f or that reas on I didnt
inc lude m any things , but if the r eader have s om e questions regarding this paper I
w ill giv e him more det ails if he calls me to my e - mail
Any o ne w ho read t his paper can use it for Physics and Cosmology
purposes, but if my ideas are exposed in any form, my name must be cited on
it.

Ram n G ar za W ilm ot
E- m ail : r agawi@hotm ail.c om
O c t. 7 of 1998
Monterrey, N.L. Mex ic o