A WRITTEN REPORT PASSED BY:

MACARANAS, ISAAC DOMINIC

RIVERA, ROSELLE COLEEN
RIVERA, JOSUA HECTOR
MENDOZA, JOHN EVRON
MANAYAN, RON ADRIAN
REMPILLO, JOSE MARI
CASTILLO, TERENCE

(BSA 2-7)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Hadean Eon
Archean Eon
Proterozoic Eon
Phanerozoic Eon
Paleozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
LAYERS OF THE EARTHS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
ATMOSPHERE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH---------------------------------------------------- 15
NATURAL DISASTERS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Hurricanes

Intorduction
By: Rivera, Josua Hector

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Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is the densest and fifth-largest of
the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar
System's four terrestrial planets. It is sometimes referred to as the world or
the Blue Planet.
Earth formed approximately 4.54
billion years ago, and life appeared
on its surface within its first billion
years. Earth's biosphere then
significantly altered the atmospheric
and other basic physical conditions,
which enabled the proliferation of
organisms as well as the formation
of the ozone layer, which together
with Earth's magnetic field blocked
harmful solar radiation, and permitted
formerly ocean-confined life to move
Photo of the Earth from the moon,
safely to land. The physical
This supports why the planet is called the
properties of the Earth, as well as its
Blue planet
geological history and orbit, have allowed
life to persist.

Earth is a terrestrial planet, meaning that it is a rocky body, rather than

a gas giant like Jupiter. It is the largest of the four terrestrial planets in size
and mass. Of these four planets, Earth also has the highest density, the
highest surface gravity, the strongest magnetic field, and fastest rotation,
and is probably the only one with active plate tectonics
The earth is continuously moving. It has three motions; 1) spins, 2)travels
around the sun, and 3)moves through the Milky Way. We use the spinning
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and traveling to measure our days and years. The earth spins around it's
axis. This spin makes it seem that the sun is moving from east to west. One
day is the time it takes for the earth to spin once. It takes 23 hours, 56
minutes, and 4.091 seconds for the earth to do this. This length of time is
called a sidereal day.
The earth travels around the sun in 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 9.54
seconds. This is called a sidereal year. The earth travels 595 million miles
around the sun at a speed of 66,600 miles per hour. The path the earth
takes to move around the sun is called an orbit.
The Milky Way spins as well. It revolves around the center of the Galaxy at
155 miles per second! The earth only has one moon. Its diameter is 2,160
miles.
The earth has a North and South Pole. Halfway between these poles is the
equator. The earth is not perfectly spherical. It is slightly flatter at the poles.

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The Geologic Time Scale

By: Manayan, Ron Adrian & Macaranas, Isaac Dominic

The earth is said to be 4.6 billion years old. From its origin to the present, as
inferred from the rocks record, both on earth and the moon, and geochemical make
up of those two bodies.
Four levels of hierarchy of time intervals
-Eons: First and longest division of geologic time scal
-Eras: 2nd division, each era has 2 periods
-Periods: 3rd division
-Epochs: 4th division

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PRE-ARCHEAN EON (or HADEAN EON) - 4.6 to 3.8 Billion years

~4.6 BYA -- Formation of Earth and Moon (as indicated by dating of

meteorites and rocks from the Moon)
~4 BYA -- Likely origin of life
This is the "hidden" portion of geologic time as there is little evidence of this
time remaining in Earth's rocks.

ARCHEAN EON - 3.8 to 2.5 Billion years

The eon of first life

~3.8 BYA -- Oldest known rocks
~3.5 BYA -- Oldest known fossils (single celled organisms resembling
bacteria)
3.2 BYA -- First known plants (algae)

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PROTEROZOIC EON - 2.5 Billion to 570 Million years

The eon of the first multicelled life

1.2 BYA -- First known animal (jellyfish)
(End of the Pre-Cambrian -- a period at least five times longer than all the
geologic time that follows.)

PHANEROZOIC EON - 570 Million years to the Present

The eon of complex life
*PALEOZOIC ERA - 570 Million years to 245 Million years
The era of ocean life; land animals appear toward the end of this era
Cambrian Period - 570 Million years to 505 Million years
Onset marked by the appearance of first shellfish and corals;
sometime called the "age of marine invertebrates"
Abundant fossils appear in the rock record for the first time
End of the Cambrian denoted by the appearance of fish
Ordovician Period - 505 Million years to 438 Million years
Between 510M and 505MYA - Fish first appear in the fossil record;
these are the first vertebrates
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Silurian Period - 438 Million to 408 Million years

Appearance of the first land plants; mountain building in Europe
Devonian Period - 408 to 360 Million years
The first insects and first amphibians/tetrapods; "age of fishes"; first
abundant forests on land
Mississippian Period - 360 to 320 Million years

Abundant amphibians and the appearance of the first reptiles

Pennsylvanian Period - 320 to 286 Million years
305 MYA -- The first mammal-like reptiles
Permian Period - 286 to 245 Million years
Reptiles spread and diversify; evaporate deposits; glaciation in the
Southern Hemisphere
*MESOZOIC ERA - 245 Million to 65 Million years
The era of reptiles; some times called the "age of the dinosaurs"
Triassic Period - 245 to 208 Million years
First appearance of dinosaurs in the fossil record
Jurassic Period - 208 to 145 Million years
First appearance of mammals (around 222 MYA); dominance of the
dinosaurs; mountain building in North America
150 MYA -- First birds
Cretaceous Period - 145 to 65 Million years
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Flowering plants appear and spread rapidly; continued increase in

dinosaurs.
Climate warmer than at present, with sea level higher
This period (and also the Mesozoic Era) end abruptly with death of
the dinosaurs.
*CENOZOIC ERA - 65 Million years to the Present
The era of mammals.
Tertiary Period - 65 Million to 1.6 Million years ago
Paleocene Epoch - 65 Million to 58 Million years ago
Began with extinction of the dinosaurs
Mountain building in Europe and Asia
Eocene Epoch - 58 Million to 37 Million years ago
Horses (around 53 MYA), whales, and monkeys first appear in the
fossil record
Oligocene Epoch - 37 Million to 24 Million years ago
Elephants and apes first appear in the fossil record
Miocene Epoch - 24 Million to 5 Million years ago
Hominids first appear in the fossil record
Pilocene Epoch - 5 Million to 1.6 Million years ago
2 MYA -- First humanlike animals
Quaternary Period - 1.6 Million years to the Present
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Pleistocene Epoch -- 1.6 Million to 10,000 years ago

The modern ice age; first modern humans appear
Holocene Epoch - 10,000 years ago to present day

Layers of the Earth

By: Rempillo, Jose Mari
The Crust
The Earth's Crust is like the skin of an apple. It is very thin in
comparison to the other three layers. The crust is only about 3-5
miles (8 kilometers) thick under the oceans(oceanic crust) and about
25 miles (32 kilometers) thick under the continents (continental crust).
The temperatures of the crust vary from air temperature on top to
about 1600 degrees Fahrenheit (870 degrees Celcius) in the deepest
parts of the crust. You can bake a loaf of bread in your oven at 350
degrees Fahrenheit , at 1600 degrees F. rocks begin to melt.
The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The
plates "float" on the soft, plastic mantle which is located below the
crust. These plates usually move along smoothly but sometimes they
stick and build up pressure. The pressure builds and the rock bends
until it snaps. When this occurs an Earthquake is the result!
Notice how thin the crust of the Earth is in comparison to the other
layers. The seven continents and ocean plates basically float across
the mantle which is composed of much hotter and denser material.
The Mantle

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The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the
largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles thick. The mantle is composed
of very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt
under a heavy weight. This flow is due to great temperature
differences from the bottom to the top of the mantle. The movement
of the mantle is the reason that the plates of the Earth move! The
temperature of the mantle varies from 1600 degrees Fahrenheit at
the top to about 4000 degrees Fahrenheit near the bottom
Outer Core

The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. (4000 degrees
F. to 9000 degrees F.) The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are
all in the liquid state. The outer core is located about 1800
milesbeneath the crust and is about 1400 miles thick. The outer core
is composed of the melted metals nickel and iron.
Inner Core

The inner core of the Earth has temperatures and pressures so great
that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to move
about like a liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place as a solid. The
inner core begins about 4000 miles beneath the crust and is about
800 miles thick. The temperatures may reach 9000 dgrees F. and the
pressures are 45,000,000 pounds per square inch. This is 3,000,000
times the air pressure on you at sea level.

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Atmoshphere
By: Castillo, Terence

The Earth's atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It
composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon
dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. This thin gaseous layer
insulates the Earth from extreme temperatures; it keeps heat inside the
atmosphere and it also blocks the Earth from much of the Sun's
incoming ultraviolet radiation.
The Earth's atmosphere is about 300 miles (480 km) thick, but most of the
atmosphere (about 80%) is within 10 miles (16 km) of the surface of the
Earth. There is no exact place where the atmosphere ends; it just gets
thinner and thinner, until it merges with outer space.
1. The Troposphere
This is the lowest part of the atmosphere - the part we live in. It contains
most of our weather - clouds, rain, snow. In this part of the atmosphere the
temperature gets colder as the distance above the earth increases, by
about 6.5C per kilometre. This change of temperature with height varies
from day to day, depending on the weather.
The troposphere contains about 75% of all of the air in the atmosphere,
and almost all of the water vapour (which forms clouds and rain). The
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decrease in temperature with height is a result of the decreasing pressure.

If a parcel of air moves upwards it expands (because of the lower
pressure). When air expands it cools. So air higher up is cooler than air
lower down.
The top of the troposphere is called the tropopause. This is lowest at the
poles, where it is about 5 km above the earth's surface. It is highest (about
16 km) near the equator.
2. The Stratosphere
This extends upwards from the
tropopause to about 50 km. It
contains much of the ozone in
the atmosphere. The increase
in temperature with height
occurs because of absorption

of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from

the sun by this ozone. Temperatures
in the stratosphere are highest over

the summer pole, and lowest over

the winter pole.
Now humans have stopped making
most of the harmful CFCs we expect
the ozone hole will eventually recover
, but this is a slow process.

the distance of each layer of the atmosphere

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3. The Mesosphere
The region above the stratosphere is called the mesosphere. Here the
temperature again decreases with height, reaching a minimum of about
-90C at the "mesopause".
4. The Thermosphere and Ionosphere
The thermosphere lies above the mesopause, and is a region in which
temperatures again increase with height. This temperature increase is
caused by the absorption of energetic ultraviolet and X-Ray radiation from
the sun.
The region of the atmosphere above about 80 km is also called the
"ionosphere", since the energetic solar radiation knocks electrons off
molecules and atoms, turning them into "ions" with a positive charge. The
temperature of the thermosphere varies between night and day and
between the seasons, as do the numbers of ions and electrons which are
present. The ionosphere reflects and absorbs radio waves, allowing us to
receive shortwave radio broadcasts in New Zealand from other parts of the
world.
5. The Exosphere
The region above about 500 km is called the exosphere. It contains mainly
oxygen and hydrogen atoms, but there are so few of them that they rarely
collide - they follow "ballistic" trajectories under the influence of gravity, and
some of them escape right out into space.

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Interesting Facts about the Earth

By: Mendoza, John Evron

1. The Earth- Whats in a Name?

Mercury, Venus, Saturn, Neptune. Notice how all planets of the Milky Way
are named after Gods and Goddesses of Greek and Roman Mythology?
The word, Earth has Old Saxon and Germanic origins. It features an IndoEuropean base, er which in turn resulted in the natural formation of the
words ertho and erde in Germanic, aarde in Dutch, and earth in English.
Nobody really knows as to who came up with the name, Earth as most
ancient civilizations ultimately refer to the land and soil as Earth, the planet
where all humans live in. This is one of the many Earth facts which will
remain hidden or unanswered for now.
5. Theia, The Twin
One of the most interesting facts about Earth is that it used to have a twin
planet, named Theia. Some 4.5 billion years ago, a planetary body which
was postulated to be large as the planet Mars, shared the same orbit with
Earth.
A collision between Earth and Theia transpired soon after, which resulted in
the formation of the Moon.
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18. Speeds of Earth

The Earths surface rotates on its axis at 1,000 miles per hour.
Consequently, the planet travels through space at 66,700 miles per hour.
But how come we do not feel that our planet is moving at a dizzying rate?
This is due to the fact that the Earth is rotating at a constant speed and is
partly due to the gravitational pull of Earth.

6. Earth, ever-moving

Global plate motion

A supercontinent will be formed 25 million years from now. This is due to
the constant movement of the tectonic plates. The rate of movement differs
from one continent to another. In the Pacific, the plates move faster at 4cm
per year, while the rate of movement in the North Atlantic is at 1cm
annually.
17. The Speed of Light

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Sunset light 8 minutes 20 seconds away

It takes exactly about 8 minutes and 20 seconds for sunlight to reach the
earth. This means that the heat and light that we see and feel on a warm,
sunny day is energy emitted by the sun from 8 minutes past.

Natural DIsasaters
By: Rivera, Roselle Coleen
1. Earthquakes
Technically, an earthquake is a vibration that travels through the Earth's
crust. Quakes can be caused by a variety of things, including meteor
impacts andvolcanic eruptions, and even sometimes man-made events like
mine collapses and underground nuclear tests But most naturally occurring
earthquakes are caused by movement of pieces of the Earth's surface,
which are called tectonic plates

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Perhaps the most lethal quake in history had a magnitude of 8.0 and struck
China's Shanxi Province in 1556. According to historical accounts, city walls,
temples, government buildings and houses all crumbled, and more than
830,000 people were killed. A scholar named Qin Keda, who survived the
quake, later provided what may have been the first earthquake preparedness
advice in history: "At the very beginning of the earthquake, people indoors
should not go out immediately," he recommended. "Just crouch down and wait
for chances. Even if the nest is collapsed, some eggs in it may still be kept
intact"
2. Tsunami

A tsunami (pronounced sue-nahm-ee) is a series of huge waves that can

cause great devastation and loss of life when they strike a coast.
Tsunamis are caused by an underwater earthquake, a volcanic eruption, a
sub-marine rockslide, or, more rarely, by an asteroid or meteoroid crashing
into in the water from space. Most tsunamis are caused by underwater
earthquakes, but not all underwater earthquakes cause tsunamis - an
earthquake has to be over about magnitude 6.75 on the Richter scale for it
to cause a tsunami. About 90 percent of all tsunamis occur in the Pacific
Ocean.

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Many tsunamis could be detected before they hit land, and the loss of life
could be minimized, with the use of modern technology, including
seismographs (which detect earthquakes), computerized offshore buoys
that can measure changes in wave height, and a system of sirens on the
beach to alert people of potential tsunami danger.
NOTE: If you see the water recede quickly and unexpectedly from a beach
(this is called drawback), run toward higher ground or inland -- there may
be a tsunami coming. Also, if you are on the coast and there is an
earthquake, it may have caused a tsunami, so run toward higher ground or
inland. Some beaches have tsunami warning sirens -- do not ignore them.
3. Hurricanes
A hurricane is a powerful, rotating storm that forms over warm oceans near
the Equator. Another name for a hurricane is a tropical cyclone. Hurricanes
have strong, rotating winds (at least 74 miles per hour or 119 kilometers per
hour), a huge amount of rain, low air pressure, thunder and lightning. The
cyclonic winds of a hurricane rotate in a counterclockwise direction around
a central, calm eye.
If this type of storm forms in the western Pacific Ocean, it is called a
typhoon.

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Hurricanes often travel from the ocean to

the coast and on to land, where the
wind, rain, and huge waves can cause
extensive destruction.
Generally, when a hurricane moves over
land (or over cold ocean waters) the
storm begins to weaken and quickly dies
down because the storm is fueled by
warm water.
On average, there are about 100 tropical cyclones worldwide each year; 12
of these form in the Atlantic Ocean, 15 form in the eastern Pacific Ocean
and the rest are in other areas.
Hurricane season is the time when most Atlantic Ocean hurricanes occur; it
is from June 1 until November 30. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, hurricane
season is from May 15 until November 30.
The weather symbol for a hurricane is:

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