Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 11

FATIGUE PROPERTIES II

COMBINED MULTI-AXIAL STRESS STATE


Assumptions made in the use of theories of failure for fatigue failure
under multi-axial stresses: (Many are not true in practice)
Loading
1. The maximum and minimum values of each stress
component occur at the same instant of time.
2. The maximum and minimum values of stress components do
not change during loading that is, steady state only exists.
3. Directions of stresses, including principal stresses will not
change during loading.
Material
4.The material is homogeneous and isotropic.
5.The yield strengths in tension and compression are equal in
magnitude.
Criteria: The criteria for combined stress fatigue failure are same as
that used for static stress state except, Se is taken as failure stress, in
place of SY or Su.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
Common to Static & Fatigue combined stress Cases
In Normal stress, Normal strain & Shear stress theories, 3 cases of
criteria, each need to be checked. Which value is to choose among
the 3?
(i)

For shaft diameter, vessel thickness design, one that gives


bigger diameter, bigger thickness must be chosen.

(ii)

In a pressure vessel, for pressure, force, moment etc as


well as diameter one that gives smaller pressure, force,
moment etc as well as smaller diameter must be chosen.
(Note for pressure vessel, y = 2x; x = pD/4t, the
greater the thickness, the smaller is the stress; but the
greater the diameter, the greater is the stress It is
different for shaft.)

COMPLETELY REVERSED
Combined - Multiaxial Stress Fatigue
IMPORTANT: Unless the student is clear with Multiaxial Static
Stress problem, he / she cannot proceed further comfortably. If
any one ignored static studies, 2/3 of this unit will be a nightmare.
In the completely reversed uniaxial stress fatigue, the criterion
for failure was considered as endurance strength Se at N cycles and
therefore for failure, the amplitude of reverse stress Sa should be
equal to or greater than the endurance strength, which is the principal
stress itself, since it is uniaxial. (Subscript a is for amplitude).
Sa Se
Sa Se/FS(f)

(1)
(1A)

For combined stress fatigue, the 6 components of combined


stress amplitudes are:
Sxa, Sya, Sza, Sxya, Syza, Szxa
The resulting 3 principal stress amplitudes are: S1a, S2a and S3a.
We use the principal stress amplitudes, (S1a, S2a, S3a) for
formulating the combined stress fatigue failure criteria.
The 3 principal stresses are the function of the 6 (non-principal)
components of stresses and are related by the cubical polynomial
equation, as in the case of static combined stress state:
Sa3 Ia1 Sa2 + Ia2 Sa Ia3 = 0

(2)

This is nothing new, since it is similar to the one applied for static
case. The I,s are invariants and are functions of stress components.
Instead of adding suffix a in every component, we can simplify
using it once outside the bracket.
Ia1 = (Sx + Sy + Sz)a

(3)

= (S1 + S2 + S3)a (principal)

(3A)

Ia2 = (Sx . Sy + Sy . Sz + Sz . Sx)a (Sxy2 + Syz2 + Szx2)a (4)


= (S1 . S2 + S2 . S3 + S3 . S1)a (principal)
2

(4A)

Ia3 = (Sx . Sy . Sz + 2 Sxy . Syz . Szx)a


(Sx.Syz2 + Sy.Szx2 + Sz.Sxy2)a
= (S1 . S2 . S3)a (principal)

(5)
(5A)

Biaxial Case: Sxa, Sya , Sxya 0, Sza = 0 & Syza, Szxa = 0.


Here Ia3 is zero, leading to the familiar Mohrs circle:
The principal stresses (S1&S2)a are found from
(S1,S2)a = Ia1/2 [ (Ia1/2)2 - Ia2 ]
OR
= (Sx + Sy)a/2 [ ((Sx - Sy)/2)2 + Sxy2]a

(6)
(6A)

Here we confine our studies to only 3 theories of strength.


Normal Stress Theory
S1a or S2a

or S3a = Se/FS

(7)

Shear Stress Theory


S1a - S2a or S2a S3a or S3a S1a = Se/FS (8)
Important to note: In the above TWO theories there are 3 possibilities
each. Which one is correct?
Distortion Energy Theory
Ia12 - 3 Ia2 = (Se/FS)2

(9)

Since squares of stresses are involved in equation (9), checking of


magnitudes of stresses does not arise.
Note: If diameters are designed, the theory that gives highest value for
diameter is relevant. If load is computed, say force or moment, the one
that gives the minimum is relevant.
EXAMPLES in COMPLETELY REVERSED
Combined Stress Fatigue
Example 1: A stationary solid shaft is subjected to completely
reversed loading, the amplitude of them being, axial load = P,
bending moment = M and twisting moment = Mt. Set up the
expression to evaluate its fatigue failure.
3

Solution:
The reader should understand that this is a biaxial stress
case.
Sxa1= P/A; Sxa2 = M c/ I;
Sxa = Sxa1 + Sxa2 = 4P/d2 + 32 M/d3
Sxya = Mt c / Ip = 16 Mt/d3
Sya = zero here.
Also stresses connected with z coordinate, Sza, Syza, Szxa = 0.
Therefore, the amplitudes of principal stresses are, as in the
case of static case
S1a, S2a = Sxa/2 [(Sxa/2)2 + (Sxya)2]
(10)
Now using (7), (8), (9) and (10), the problem could be solved, when
the values for all or some of d, P, M and Mt, fatigue strength Se, factor
of safety etc are made available.
Example 2: If in Example 1, d = 50 mm, M = 800 N-m, Mt = 600 Nm, Se = 480 MPa, SY = 720 MPa and factor of safety required = 2,
find the maximum value of P that can be applied safely.
Solution: (N & mm)
Sxa = 4P/502 + 32 x 800 x 103/ 503
= 5.094 x 10-4 P + 65.2 MPa = (62.5 + mP) MPa
where m = 5.094 x 10-4
Sxya = 16 x 600 x 103/ 503 =24.45 MPa
S1a, S2a = (65.25 + mP)/2 [(65.2 + mP)/2)2 + (24.45)2]
Normal Stress Theory:
Failure criterion is
S1a = Se/F.S = 480/2 =240 MPa
For ease of operation, let
(65.2 + mP)/2 = A and (24.45) = B.
Then
A + (A2 + B2) = 240
A2 + B2 = (240 A) 2 = A2 480 A + 2402
480A = 2402 - B2 = 2402 24.452 = 57002
A = 118.75 = (65.2 + mP)/2,
mP = 172.3
P = 338241 N
4

Shear Stress Theory


S1a S2a is the largest, since S2a is negative. Therefore
2(A2 + B2) = 240 and squaring both sides
A2 + B2 = 1202
A2 =(1202 24.452) = 13802, A = 117.5,
mP = 169.8
P = 333333 N
Distortion Energy Theory
Ia12 - 3 Ia2 = Se2
[(65.2 + mP)]2 + 3 x 24.452 = 2402
[(65.2 + mP)] = (2402 3 x 24.452) = 236.23
P = 335747 N
Example 3: In Example 2, if P is known = 400000 N, all other values
being the same, find factor of safety.
Solution:
Normal Stress Theory:
mP = 5.094 x 10-4 x 400000 = 203.76
S1a = (65.2 + 203.76)/2 + [(65.2 + 203.76)/2)2 + (24.45)2]
= 134.48 + 136.68 = 271.16 MPa
F.S = 480/271.16 = 1.77
Shear Stress Theory
S1a S2a is the largest, since S2a is negative. Therefore
2 x [(65.2+ 203.76)/2)2 + (24.45)2] = 273.36
F.S = 480/ 273.36 = 1.756
Distortion Energy Theory
Ia12 - 3 Ia2 : Se2
[(65.2 + 203.76)2 + 3 x 24.452] = 272.12 : Se = 480
F.S = 480/272.12 = 1.764
Example 4: A hollow shaft is subjected to a bending moment, M =
1000 N-m and a twisting moment, Mt = 1000 N-m. The shaft
material has an endurance strength Se = 450 MPa at N = 105 cycles.
Determine the dimensions of the hollow shaft, choosing a ratio of
Di/Do = 0.5 and a factor of safety = 1.5.
Solution:
Sxa = M c/I = M x Do/2I = M/Z = 1000/Z ;
5

where Z = I/Do/2 (m3) and


I = (Do4 - Di4 )/64 (m4) = (Do4(1 0.54 )/64
Z = (Do3(1 0.54 )/32
Sxya = Mt x Do/2 Ip
Note Ip = 2I & therefore
Sxya = Mt /2Z = 500/Z
S1a, S2a = Sxa/2 [(Sxa/2)2 + (Sxya)2]
S1a, S2a = 1000/2Z [1000/2Z)2 + (1000/ 2Z)2]
= (500/Z) [1 2]
S1a = 2.414 x 500/Z and S2a = - 0.414 x 500/Z
Maximum Normal Stress Theory
S1a = 2.414 x 500/Z
Se/F.S MPa = 450 / 1.5 = 300 x 106 Pa
S1a = 2.414 x 500/Z = 300 x 106
Z = 2.414 x 500 x 10-6/300 = 4.0233 x 10-6 m3
Z = Do3 (1 - 0.54)/32 = 4.0233 x 10-6 m3
Do3 = 43.72 x 10-6 m3
Do = 3.522 x 10-2 m = 35.22 mm, Di = 17.61 mm
Maximum Shear Stress Theory
Since S2a is negative, largest of the maximum shear is (S1a S2a) /2
and
S1a S2a = 2 [(Sxa/2)2 + (Sxya)2]
= 2 x 2 x 500/Z = 300 x 106 Pa
Z = 4.714 x 10-6 m3 = Do3 (1 - 0.54)/32 ,
Do3 = 51.22 x 10-6 m3
Do = 3.71 x 10-2 m = 37.1 mm, Di = 18.55 mm
The student should be clear as to why we say that (S2a) is negative
here and also state so before using it; do not use blindly in
answering exam papers!
Maximum Distortion Energy Theory
(Ia1)2 - 3 (Ia2) = Se2
Ia1 = 1000/Z
Ia2 = - (500/Z) 2
(1000/Z)2 + 3 (500/Z) 2 = (300 x 106) 2
6

7(500/Z) 2 = 3002 x 1012


(500/Z) = 300/(7) 106
Z = 4.41 x 10-6 m3 = Do3 (1 - 0.54)/32 , Do3 = 41.92 x 10-6 m3
Do = 3.475 x 10-2 m = 34.75 mm, Di = 17.38 mm
Inference: Maximum shear stress theory gives a higher value for
diameter. Thus it is the conservative theory here.
Example 5:
A thin-walled cylindrical vessel 100 mm in diameter, with a wall
thickness 3 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure that varies p.
The material of the vessel has a yield strength SY = 300 MPa and a
safe fatigue strength = 250 MPa at a life of 108 cycles. Determine the
maximum possible value of p that will be safe for a life of 108 cycles.
Solution:
Amplitude of pressure variation, pa = p (unknown)
General: Longitudinal stress:
Sx = pD/4t
Tangential/circumferential stress: Sy = pD/2t
Note: There is no Sxy
Sxa = (pD/4t) = A (say)
Sya = (pD/2t) = 2A
Sxya = 0
(There is no shear stress. Hence all stresses are only principal
stresses !!!! Why so? Dont blindly follow.
Think; discuss with others, if not clear.)
S2a = Sxa = A
S1a = Sya = 2A
Assume FS = 1.0
Normal Stress Theory
(S1a) = 2A = Se/FS = 250 x 106
A = 125 x 106 = (pD/4t)
p = 4t x125 x 106/D = 15 MPa
Shear Stress Theory
Both principal stresses are +ve and hence the largest among the
maximum shear stresses is
1 (S1a - S3a)/2 = (S1a - 0)/2 = S1a/2 itself, since S3a = 0.
7

Why so? Understand it. Therefore


S1a = Se/FS
It is same as that in Normal stress theory.
p = 15 MPa
Our interest is to find the load, that is, the pressure p. It must be the
smallest among the three.
2 Try (S1a S2a) = (2A A) = A = 250 x 106 p = 30 MPa
3 Try (S2a S3a) = A = 250 x 106 p = 30 MPa
Therefore 1 is relevant &
p = 15 MPa
Distortion Energy Theory
(Ia1)eq2 - 3 (Ia2)eq = (Se/Fs)2
(Ia1)eq = (S1a) + (S2a) = (2A + A) = 3 A
(Ia2)eq = (S1a) x (S2a) = 2A2
9A2 3 x 2 A2 = 3A2 = (250x106 )2
A= 250x106 /3 = 144 x106 Pa
p = 17.28 MPa
Example 6:
In Example 5, consider also axial torque of 2000 N-m and find safe
value for p.
Solution
Now there is also shear stress Sxya.
Sxya = 2 Mt/ tD2 = 2x2000x1000/( x3x100x100) = 42.44
MPa
The principal stresses:
(S1a), (S2a) = 3A/2 [(A/2)2 + (42.44)2]
(A)
where Sxa = A; Sya = 2A;
Sxya = C = 42.44 MPa

Normal Stress Theory


(S1a) = 3A/2 + [(A/2)2 + (C)2] = Se /FS = 250 MPa
(250 - 3A/2) 2 = (A/2)2 + (42.44)2
9(A/2)2 - 3Ax250 + 2502 = (A/2)2 + (42.44)2
9(A/2)2 - 750A + 2502 = (A/2)2 + (42.44)2
8(A/2)2 1500(A/2) + 62500 - (42.44)2 = 0
8(A/2)2 1500(A/2) + 60699 = 0
(A/2)2 1500(A/2)/8 + 60699/8 = 0
(A/2) = 1500/16 [ (1500/16)2 - (60699)/8 ]= 0
(A/2) = 93.75 [(93.75 )2 - (7587.375)]
= 93.75 34.67 = 128.42, 59.08
A = 256.84, 118.16
We take 118.16 as valid. The student should verify its validity,
by using both values, where A = 256.84 will give resultant
stress > Se/FS
p =14.18 MPa
Shear Stress Theory
Both principal stresses are +ve.
When the maximum safe pressure is to be found, the smaller value
of p is relevant. Hence try all three.
(1) (S1a S2a) = 250
(S1a), (S2a) = 3A/2 [(A/2)2 + (42.44)2]
(A)
2
2
(S1a - S2a) = 2 [(A/2) + (42.44) ] = 250
[(A/2)2 + (42.44)2] = 1252
(A/2)2 = 1252 - (42.44)2 (A/2) = 117.575 A = 235
(2) (S1a - S3a) = S1a itself, since S3a = 0. Therefore A = 118.16,
same as in Normal stress theory.
p = 14.18 MPa
(3) (S2a - S3a) = S2a itself and therefore
(S2a) = 3A/2 - [(A/2)2 + (C)2] = Se /FS = 250 MPa
This gives again A = 118.16
The smaller is A =118.16 p = 14.18 MPa

Distortion Energy Theory


Ia12 - 3 Ia2 = Se2
Ia1 = Sxa + Sya = (A + 2A) = 3 A
Ia2 = Sxa . Sya - Sxya2 = 2A2 - (42.44) 2
(Sxa + Sya )2 3(Sxa.Sya - Sxya2) = (Se/FS)2
(3A)2 - 3 x 2A2 + 3(42.44) 2 = 2502
3A2 = 2502 - 3 (42.44) 2
A2 = 19032
A = 138
p = 16.56 MPa
Note: According to distortion energy theory, the result is slightly
larger, permitting higher pressure. Whenever the principal
stresses have the same sign, this is the case. Here one of the
principal stresses could be higher than the permissible stress,
say SY or Se.
Check: For A/2 = 138/2 = 69
(S1a), (S2a) = 3A/2 [(A/2)2 + (42.44)2]
= 207 [(69)2 + (42.44)2]
= 207 81 = 288, 126

(A)

(S1a) = 288 > Permissible normal stress = 250.


But if the material obeys distortion energy theory of failure, it
need not fail by the maximum principal stress. It fails by the
octahedral shear stress.
(Read/see Marin / Fig 3.6 (d) or PSG Tech Design Data Book)
PROBLEMS
Completely Reversed COMBINED/MULTI-AXIAL stress fatigue
1.

A rotating shaft assembly is subjected to an alternating bending


moment Mb and an alternating twisting moment Mt . Using
normal and shear stress theories of failures set up the equations to
design the diameter of the shaft, in terms of Se and Factor of safety.
2.
Set the Problem 1, using distortion energy theory of failure.
3.

A shaft of 100 mm diameter rotates at 200 rpm and carries a


constant transverse load of W (N) at its mid-span and is supported on
short bearings 1000 mm apart. It transmits an alternating torque T = 2
10

x 104 N-m. The shaft material has an endurance strength at 107 cycles =
400 MPa. A factor of safety of 1.25 is required. Find the maximum safe
value of W, which can be applied to 107 cycles, using maximum normal
stress theory of failure.
4.

Solve problem 3, using maximum shear stress and distortion


energy theories of failure.

5.

A shaft of 100 mm in diameter supported on swivel bearings


1000 mm apart rotates at 1000 rpm. It carries at its mid-span a weight
W = 20 kN and is subjected to an alternating axial force P (N). The
shaft material has an endurance strength at106 cycles = 400 MPa. An
overall factor of safety of 1.6 is required. Using maximum shear stress
theory of failure, find the minimum value of the axial force P that
causes failure at 106 cycles.

6.

Solve problem 5, using maximum normal stress and distortion


energy theories of failure.

7.

A vertical circular shaft is subjected to a static axial thrust P,


a bending moment Mb, and a twisting moment Mt. Assume no
buckling. Derive expressions for determining the minimum value of Mt
that would cause failure, if other values are known using shear stress
theory of failure.

8.

Solve Problem 7, using normal stress theory of failure.

9.

A thin-walled tube 150 mm diameter and 3mm thickness,


closed at the ends is subjected to an alternating internal pressure p.
The material of the vessel has endurance strength at106 cycles = 360
MPa. Using Maximum normal and Maximum shear stress theories,
find the minimum value of p that will cause failure at 106 cycles.

11

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi