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Motion
What is motion?
Motion:
Change of object position with time,
respect to a reference point
Trajectory:
Types of Motion
Motion Diagrams
Motion diagram gives information about
position as a function of time.
The objects positions in a motion diagram are
always shown at equal time interval
Translational Motion
Projectile Motion
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
Circular Motion
Rotational Motion
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
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Motion Diagram
Examples of motion diagrams
Motion 1D
For now, consider motion in one dimension
Along a straight line
Position
Object Location
Where is it?
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Motion of Car
Pictorial representation
Graphical representation
Motion of Car
Tabular representation
Question:
The graph below shows the motion of a car along a
straight road. Describe the motion of the car:
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Represented as x
xf
x xf - xi
xi
0
ti
tf
T (s)
Distance:
the length of a path followed by a particle
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
Displacement vs Distance
Assume a player moves from
one end of the court to the
other and back
Displacement is zero
x = xf xi = 0 since
x f = xi
Question:
If the motion is in one dimension, why position vs.
time graph is a curve and not a straight line?
t(s)
2
4
6
8
10
12
x (m)
-2
10
24
29
27
19
x (m)
20
10
t (s)
2
2s
0
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
4s
10
10 12
6s
20
8s
30
x(m)
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Speed
Velocity
What is speed?
What is velocity?
Speed:
How fast an object moves?
Magnitude (Scalar), positive number, no direction
d
t
Velocity:
How fast an object moves and in what direction?
Magnitude and direction (vector)
Average Velocity
Average velocity
x x 2 x 1
Displacement :
Xf
x
x2
x x f xi
t f ti
t
x1
t1
t2
x = xf xi
vavg = x/t
A
Xi
t
ti
tf
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Instantaneous velocity
Instantaneous velocity
x 0 t
dt
The instantaneous velocity indicates what is
happening at every point of time
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
B
B
Instantaneous velocity
Instantaneous velocity
vinst lim
t 0
x d x
dt
t
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Instantaneous velocity
The Instantaneous velocity at time t is the
slope of the line that is tangent to the positionversus-time graph at time t.
v ins lim
t 0
vx
x
dx
t
dt
dx
dt
x (t )
t2
t1
v (t ) dt
Uniform Motion
Constant velocity
a)
b)
vy
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Uniform Motion (1 D)
Uniform Motion
Constant velocity
vx = vx)avg = x / t
vx ) avg vx )ins
dx
dt
x t vx dt vx t dt
xf = xi + vx (tf ti)
t2
x vx (t2 t1 )
if: ti = 0
xf = xi + vx t
t2
or
x = x0 + vx t
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
Non-Uniform Motion (1 D)
Example:
Non-Uniform Motion (1 D)
Position vs. time
x (t ) t 4 4t
dx
dt
0
v
t
0
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Kinematics Q1
A train car moves along a long straight track. The
graph shows the position as a function of time for
this train. What does the graph shows about the
motion of train?
t (s)
4
2
t (s)
t (s)
t (s)
t (s)
4
2
t (s)
5
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
Time
4
2
Position
Bruno Tomberli
Acceleration
What is acceleration?
We are dealing with changing in velocity.
Speeding or slowing
a x , avg
v x vx f vx i
t
t f ti
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Acceleration
Average Acceleration:
Non-uniform Motion:
Changing magnitude of
velocity (increasing)
changing magnitude of
velocity (decreasing)
changing direction of
velocity (constant
magnitude)
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
v
v2
v1
t
t1
t2
aavg a
v
(slope of the secant line)
t
v v f vi
t f ti
t
Instantaneous Acceleration:
Is the average over an infinitesimal time interval
Instantaneous Acceleration
The Instantaneous acceleration at time t is the
slope of the line that is tangent to the velocityversus-time graph at time t.
a ins lim
t 0
t
d vx
vx
t
dt
d vx
dt
10
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Instantaneous Acceleration
The slope of the
velocity-time graph is
the acceleration
The green line
represents the
instantaneous
acceleration
The blue line is the
average acceleration
Kinematics Q1
An object moves along the positive x-axis. Its
acceleration as a function of time is shown below.
Draw its speed as a function of time.
acceleration
11
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Kinematic Equations
The kinematic equations can be used with
any particle under uniform acceleration.
The kinematic equations may be used to
solve any problem involving one-dimensional
motion with a constant acceleration.
You may need to use two of the equations to
solve one problem.
12
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Motion (1D)
Motion (1D)
v v0 a t
v f vi a t
x f xi v i t
1
2
a t2
v v 2 a ( x f xi )
2
f
2
i
x x0 v 0t 12 a t 2
v v 2 a ( x x0 )
2
2
0
v x , avg
v xi v xf
vx0 vx
2
x x0 v x, avg t
x f xi v x , avg t
x f xi
v x , avg
1
(v xi v xf ) t
2
x x0
1
(v x 0 v x )
2
Motion Graphs
Draw velocity and acceleration from position-time graph:
13
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Motion Graphs
Draw velocity and acceleration from position-time graph:
Example
Given a position vs. time graph for two ships below:
Describe the motion
of each ship
When does one pass
the other?
When are their
velocity the same?
Which is moving
faster at t=25 min?
Which is a head at
t=25 min?
x (km)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
Clicker Quiz
The graph below shows position vs. time for two trains
running on parallel tracks. Compare their velocities
and accelerations.
position
A
B
tB
10
15
20
time
25
t (min)
x
vi
vf
a
t
100
14
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Which
direction am I
running?
Example
100 m
Free fall
Any objects moving freely under the influence
of gravity alone, regardless of its initial
motion, is called free fall.
xC
xP
There is
only one
direction
Harry
x = ?
vi = 0 m/s
vf = 6 m/s
a=?
t = ?
Martian
x = ?
vi = 5 m/s
vf = 5 m/s
a=0
t = ?
PHYSICS:
xP + xC = 100
tP = tC
Free fall
An object in free fall experiences an
acceleration directed downward, regardless
of its initial motion.
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Free fall
Falling rock:
A vertical cannonball:
a
v v0 at
Kinematics Q1
g 9.8 m s 2
v v0 gt
x x0 v0 t 12 a t 2
y y0 v0 t 12 g t 2
v 2 v02 2 a ( x x0 )
v 2 v02 2 g ( x x0 )
Kinematics Q1
You are throwing a ball straight up in the air. What
are balls velocity and acceleration at the highest
point?
16
30/12/2014
Kinematics Q1
A person standing at the edge of a cliff throws one
ball straight up and another ball straight down at
the same initial speed. Neglecting air resistance,
which ball hits the ground with a greater speed?
Example
Ball bearing are made by letting spherical drops of
molten metal fall inside a tower and solidify as they fall.
a. If a bearing needs 4.0 s to solidify enough for
impact, how high must the tower be?
b. What is the bearing impact velocity?
a g 9 .8 m / s 2
y
0
T=0, v0=0
4.0 s
Example
Example
17
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a||
afree fall
Example
A skier is gliding along at 3.0 m/s on horizontal,
frictionless snow. He suddenly starts a 10o incline. His
speed at the bottom is 15 m/s.
Example
Known:
t0 0
x0 0 v0 3.0 m / s
a g sin10
v1 15 m / s
Find: x1 and t1
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Velocity-time graph
Displacement equals
the area under the
velocity-time curve
t k
k 1
i 1
i 1
x x x vi t i
n
k 1
So:
v t
x x f xi v1 t1 v2 t 2 vn t n
Phys 1B03, Winterl 2015, McMaster University, R. Nejat
lim v
t n 0 i 1
t i t v x dt
i
tf
i
x f xi lim (v x ) k t xi t v x dt
t 0
k 1
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Example:
Non-Uniform Motion (1 D)
Non-Uniform Motion (1 D)
Example:
vx (m/s)
16
12
8
4
0
t (s)
0
ax
d vx
dt
v xf v xi 0 a x dt
tf
vx
vx f
vx i
d vx
dt
d vx a x d t
d v x t ax dt
vx vx t ax dt
tf
tf
vx vx ax t dt ax (t f ti )
tf
dx
dt
vx vx ax 0 dt axt
t
x f xi 0 v x dt
tf
x f xi 0 vx dt 0 (vx axt ) d t
t
20
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Problem
Problems: Figure shows the velocity graph of a
train that starts from the origin at t = 0.
Draw position and acceleration graphs for the train.
Find the acceleration of the train at t = 3.0 s.
Problem
(a)
(b)
Problem
Problem
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