for the Production of SYNGAS fro

Group
Members

Mehrran Rasheed Goraya

10043123-029
Hafz Salman Farooq
024

10043123-

Tanveer Ahmed
10043123-031

Project
Supervisor

Engr. Muhammad Shahbaz

Chemical Engineering
Department
University of
Gujrat

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Contents
1-Abstract

.. 2
2-Introduction [ l ] :-..................................................................................................... 1
3-Process selection................................................................................................. 1
4-Equipment selection........................................................................................... 1
5-Mass balance on gasif er................................................................................... 1
6-Design of the Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor ...........................................1
7-Fluidization........................................................................................................... 1
8-Design of the Fluidized bed............................................................................... 1
9-Conclusion:-......................................................................................................... 1
10-References:-....................................................................................................... 1

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1-Abstract
Gasification of different fuels got attention in Pakistan due to fluctuation in natural gas supply.
The production of synthetic natural gas, hydrogen production for ammonia synthesis from
natural gas also affected. To maintain the production of these gases, there are different ways like
pyrolysis, combustion, or gasification of Coal, biomass or wood. These methods are carried out
in different reactors like fluidized bed, entrained bed and fixed bed reactor in which there are
different medium such as by introducing the steam, air or oxygen. In this paper, we are going to
gasify the wood by introducing the steam in the presence of Nickel-Olivine catalyst. We study
the different types of reactor and will design the circulating fluidized bed which is, after making
comparison of number of reactors, in the range of our desired capacity (20MW-100MW) at the
temperature 9000 C and pressure 1 Bar for low heating value of wood rather than higher heating
value and 90% of conversion. The main objective is the design of fluidized bed at superficial
velocity and study of porosity and sphericity of wood and Nickel-Olivine catalyst.

2-Introduction[l]:Gasification is actually a chemical process in which conversion of carbonaceous materials into

chemical feed stock or gaseous fuel. Carbonaceous fuel may be any biomass. Basically
gasification is a process in which partial combustion of biomass yields the production of carbon
monoxide, hydrogen and traces of methane which are combustible gases. . This mixture is called
producer gas or syn gas or synthetic gas. The purpose of gasification in not just conversion,
production of chemicals is also have main importance of gasification. In fact the first application
of gasification was to produce charcoal for iron ore reduction and not for gaseous fuel in 4000
B.C.E.
On the other hand the producer gas which is produced can be used in number of processes like,
1. Substitute for furnace oil
2. Run internal combustion engines
3. Chemical feedstock for industries
4. In producing synthetic petroleum via the FischerTropsch process
5. Used for the production of synthetic natural gas (SNG), ammonia and methanol
One also main application of gasification is that there is a problem of using solid fuel,
like wood which is used in boiler, to produce heat by combustion but this equipment is very
expensive and very low energy recovery. Hence it is very essential to convert wood into gaseous
fuel by gasification. . Hence it is also a big application of gasification.

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2.1-Historical Background[m]:First gasification process is investigated by Thomas Shirley. , who in

1659 experimented with carbureted hydrogen which was the previous name of methane. Then
with the passage of gasification milestones different experiments and discoveries were made.
Robert Gardner:
First gasification
patent

1788

Fourcroy:
Water gas shift
reaction

1801
First commercial
Gasification plant
in United States

1997

Siemens gasifier:
First successful unit

1861

Winkler:
Fluidized bed
Gasifier

1926

Advanced
Gasification &
Renewable energy
Projects

2001

In Pakistan energy crisis is very severe. In every year energy demand is increasing by
8%. From recent last twelve years, and this trend is continuous. Our 50% yearly export earning
has been consumed in oil import bill. Federal minister of information Senator Pervez Rasheed
said.
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and also other industries could use wood gasification to
generate their own electricity and this would help them to avoid the negative impact of the power
crisis,

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3-Process selection
3.1-Selection of fuel:Biomass fuel is more close to the hydrogen corner and oxygen. It means, in biomass there
is more hydrogen and oxygen as compared to coal.
Lignin have much low oxygen and high carbon contents.
Peat is in the direction towards the carbon corner,
a high-carbon biomass.

which means it is like

Coal resides further towards the carbon corner and

the oxygen, which means that coal having low oxygen and
carbon contents.

lies close to
more rich in

Anthracite resides further towards the carbon

because it has more carbon contents.

corner

Carbonization shows that the product

towards the carbon through the production of
solid char; fast pyrolysis takes it towards
corner and away from oxygen corner, which
liquid product.

hydrogen
means
high

Gasification by using oxygen takes the gas product towards the oxygen corner.
Gasification by steam takes the process away from the carbon corner.
Here we want to produce syngas (CO+h 2) so we need biomass for the production and naturel
sources like crude oil, coal and natural going to be end.
Biomass like municipal solids waste, cow dung for the production of methane are needs to be
utilized for replacement of natural fuels.
In Pakistan there is much necessary to install the technology for the production of biogas,
biodiesel and bioethanol for the decomposition of biomass and also for the replacement of
natural fuels.

3.2-Biomass conversion:There are two different routes of the conversion of bio mass

3.2.1-Biochemical route
1) Digestion
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Anaerobic
Aerobic
2) Fermentation

3.2.1.1-Digestion:The major constituents of anaerobic digestion obtained are methane and carbon dioxide.
Aerobic digestion, is a biochemical breakage of biomass, the reaction occur in the presence of
oxygen. It takes the excess oxygen from the air, produces carbon dioxide, heat, and a solid
digestate.

3.2.1.2-Fermentation:In fermentation, some biomass is converted into sugars using acid or enzymes. This sugar can be
converted into ethanol or other chemicals with the help of yeasts. In this process, liquid product
is obtained.

3.2.2-Thermochemical route
There are four different processes for the thermochemical conversion of biomass which are

Pyrolysis
Gasification
o Supercritical Water
o Oxygen
o Steam
Combustion
Liquefaction

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3.2.1-Combustion:Combustion is basically the oldest utilization of biomass, which means that Civilization
starts when fire is discovered. From burning of forest wood humans learned that how to cook and
how to be warm. Combustion is an exothermic reaction due to oxygen and the hydrocarbons.
This Reaction releases the heat which is presently the largest source for energy consumption,
which is more than 90% of the energy from biomass.

3.2.2Pyrolysis:Pyrolysis takes place when there is no oxygen present, except in cases where partial
combustion is allowed to provide the thermal energy needed for this process. Pyrolysis is
basically a thermal decomposition of the biomass into gas, liquid, and solid.
Its been three types:
Slow pyrolysis
Torrefaction, or mild pyrolysis
Fast pyrolysis

3.2.3-Gasification:Fossil or non-fossil fuels (solid, liquid, or gaseous) can be converted into useful gases and
chemicals after gasification. It needs a medium for conversion, which can be gas or supercritical
water. Gaseous mediums include air, oxygen, subcritical steam, or a mixture of these.

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There are three major reasons for such a transformation:

For the increase of heating value of the fuel by rejecting components like nitrogen and
water.
For removal of sulfur and nitrogen when burnt the gasified fuel does not release them
into the atmosphere.
For the reduction of the carbon-to-hydrogen (C/H) mass ratio in the fuel.

3.2.4-Liquefication:Solid biomass can be liquefied into liquid fuel through pyrolysis, gasification as well as
by hydrothermal process. In hydrothermal process, biomass is converted into an oily liquid when
biomass is reacted with water at the temperature of (300-350) and at high pressure of (1220MPa) for a period of time.

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4-Equipment selection
4.1-Gasifiers:A reactor in which the reactions of gasification occur is called as gasifier.
Gasifier/Equipments for the purpose of gasification exist in many forms, which are dependent
upon the type and size of feed, operating pressure and temperature and the medium which is
being used for gasification. Following are the technological options for Gasifiers that can be
applied for the gasification purpose: - [5] [19]
A. Fixed(Moving) bed Gasifiers
i.
Updraft/ Countercurrent
ii.
Downdraft/ Co-current
iii.
Cross draft
B. Fluidized bed Gasifiers
C. Entrained flow Gasifiers
D. Allothermal Gasifier
E. Supercritical Gasifier

4.1.1-Fixed Bed Gasifier [18]:The feed and the gasifying medium i.e. hot air or steam is
entered into the gasifier from two different openings thus forming
three types:

4.1.1.1-Updraft/Countercurrent Gasifier [6]:In this type, the feed i.e. biomass, is introduced from top
side opening and the medium of gasifying i.e. hot air or steam is
entered from the lower side opening of the gasifier.[3][4] As the
entering feeds are preheated by the outgoing hot SNG and hot
ash, the efficiency is relatively high and the leaving temperature
lower. 1-2 hours residence time is required for this type of the
gasifier.

Ga
s

is

4.1.1.2-Downdraft/Co-current Gasifier [6]:When the feed and the steam are entered in the gasifier from the same side and move in
the same direction, the gasifier is known as co-current gasifier. Here the ash produced is also
burned (cracked) as the SNG is being passing through the combustion zone.

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4.1.1.3-Cross draft Gasifier:Feed is entered from the top side while the gasifying
medium is introduced from any other side other than lower and
upper side. In this type the height of the gasifier is much reduced,
While pressure drop is high than others.
Mixing and heat transfer are poor in all these three types of
gasifiers so that fuel, temperature and gas mixtures are not
uniformly mixed. Agglomeration of fuel is also a drawback in these
gasifiers.

4.1.2Fluidized Bed Gasifiers [6] [9] [18]:This is the type in which the feed is fluidized by the help
of gasifying medium. During the operation, the steam jet is
injected which pushes up the biomass i.e. suspending the feed. A
clean gas which is then nitrogen free is obtained. They are also
known as CFBG (Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier) /FICBG
(Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed). [14][15] Velocity range
for these gasifiers is 3-10m/s.
When velocity is lower than this range but still high, then the bubbling fluidized bed is formed
instead of the circulating fluidized bed.[11][12]

4.1.3-Entrained flow Gasifier [6] [18]:These gasifiers are operated at relatively high
temperatures and deal with small size particles close to 0.1 mm.
Since particles are in small sizes and they are burned quickly hence
residence time is lower for these gasifiers. Instant burning of small
particles causes the formation of SNG and the methane is not
produced in these gasifiers.

4.1.4-Allothermal Gasifiers:Twin bed gasifier is a simple example of this type. When feed is not heated directly i.e.
heat is provided either by another medium or by heating of the walls of the gasifier, then the

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indirect gasification occurs which is also known as the Allothermal gasification. Heat loss is
greater in this type due to which thermal efficiency is also lower.

4.1.5-Supercritical Gasifier:When moisture contents are higher in the feed then super critical gasification is employed
which is the result of supercritical properties of the water at extreme high pressure and
temperature. Pressure may range between 30 MPa to 50 MPa and temperature may be up to 500
C. in this process, since water i.e. steam is being used in greater quantity so the resultant SNG
gas contains Carbon Dioxide in large amount and methane and Carbon Monoxide are less in
amount.

4.2-Selection of Gasifier for Gasification of wood:Gasifiers are selected for their job according to the size of the feed. Entrained flow
gasifier is used for very low size feed. Similarly fluidized bed reactor is used for larger size
particles
with
range
from 310 mm
size.

Moreover, temperature range for former is 1200-1500 C and for latter is 750-900 C. A graphical
relationship between different types of beds and their capacity is shown here. [19]
Since we are taking wood as feed and the capacity that we have selected is 100MW so
according to above figure we have equal opportunity to select fluidized bed and entrained flow
gasifier. Efficiencies based on LHV are 54%, 58% and 67% for entrained flow, CFB and
Allothermal gasifiers respectively. [1]
Fluidized bed is important because of its well mixing and uniformity in temperature. [16]
This temperature uniformity is the property which don`t permit the fuel to agglomerate.
Operating temperatures for the entrained flow gasifiers are relatively high and also they require
very small size feed and our feed size comes in the range of the fluidized bed. Hence fluidized
bed is chosen for this project.
Fluidized bed depending on the velocity of the entering fuel, can be a bubbling fluidized
and circulating fluidized bed gasifier. [12] Lower velocity causes fluidization but only bubbles are
formed but within the range of 3-10m/s velocity, the circulation is involved i.e. circulating
fluidized bed. Hence Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed is chosen for this project.

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5-Mass balance on gasifer

Capacity 100 MW
Low eating value of wood can be calculated by this formula

5.1-Low heating value:LHV=HHV-Hg {9(fraction of hydrogen)-(fraction of moisture contents)} [a]

5.2-Composition of elements:Ultimate Analysis (Dry Basis) of Some Biomass [b]

Fuel

Percentages

Carbon

50.6

Hydrogen

6.0

Oxygen

0.3

Nitrogen

Sulfur

41.7

Ash

1.4

High heating value

19958kj/kg

5.3-Basic assumptions:Parameters

values

HHV

19958KJ/kg

Hg(latent heat of steam)

2260kj/kg

H(fraction of hydrogen)

0.06

M(fraction
contents)

of

moisture 0.015

LHV= lower heating value of wood

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Fraction of hydrogen in wood =6%

Moisture contents = 15%
So, we get
LHV=17991kj/kg

For 100 MW
We know that
1MW=106 j
And for 100MW
100x106 joule
Base; 1kg

Steam=3.8605kg

Reactor
Feed=5.515kg

Syngas
=4.9635kg

Ash=0.077kg

Lower heating value is 17991x103 for = 1kg

For 1x108 j feed is required = (1/17991x103) x1x108
Which is

Feed of wood=5.515 kg
Steam required for 1 kg of wood for gasification
= 0.7 kg [c]

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Steam required for 5.515 kg of wood for gasification = 0.7 x 5.515

=3.8605 kg of steam

kg

of

produced

0.662
kg
of
syngas [d]
syngas production =0.662 x 5.515

which

that

=3.651 kg of syngas

5.4-Average density of syngas:Average density=0.95kg/m3

5.5-Volumetric flow rate:V=mas flow rate/average density

=3.651/0.46
=7.937m3/s
Mass of CO gas

% volume (density) (volumetric flow rate)

(0.257) (0.507) (7.937)

1.034 Kg/Sec

5.6-Calculated composition of gases in product gas:-

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Component

s
CO
CO2
H2
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
N2
H2O
H2S

Volume
25.67
21.66
20.69
5.16
1.41
0.04
0.15
25.16
0.06

Density
0.5071
0.7967
0.0365
0.2904
0.5431
0.5444
0.5072
0.3261
0.6155

Mass(Kg/sec)
1.034
1.3697
0.0599
0.1189
0.0608
0.0017
0.006
0.6512
0.0029

5.7-Ash contents:Ash contents= (%age fraction of ash) (total mass of feed)

= (1.4/100) x (5.515)
=0.0772 kg of ash

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6-Design
of
the
Fluidized Bed Reactor

Circulating

6.1-Methodology:In order to design the circulating fluidized bed reactor, the design of the fluidized bed is of the
main important. But for the design of fluidized bed, the physical properties of Catalyst such as
nickel olivine and fuel (fine particles of wood) should be known. First of all internal diameter of
the reactor is known in order to initiate the design of fluidized bed.

6.2-Design parameters:The typical design parameters are

Solid Volume
Product Gas Volume
Gasifier Volume
Gasifier Diameter
Wall thickness
Residence time

6.3-Calculation Procedure:For the design considerations the whole reaction occurring in the Gasification process should be
keep in mind

6.4-Main Reaction[e]:Three main reactions of the process are following:

C+O2
CO2
C+1/2 O2

CO

C+ H2O

CO+ H2

6.5-Other Reactions in Gasifier[e]:C+ CO2

H2O + CO
CO + 3H2

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2CO
H2+ CO2
CH4+ H2 O

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N2 +3H2

2NH3

a)
C+CO2
2CO
+ 164.9 kJ/Kmol
b)
C+H2O
CO+H2 + 122.6 kJ/Kmol
Equations (a) and (b), which are the main reactions of reduction, shows that reduction requires
heat. Therefore the gas temperature will decrease during reduction.

6.6-Considerations:Low heating value (LHV) of wood = 17991.8 KJ/Kg

Flow rate of wood feed = 5.5158 Kg/s
Temperature of Gasifier = T = 8500 C = 1123 K
Pressure of Gasifier

= P = 1 bar = 101.325 pa = 1 atm

Consider the behavior of Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor as Plug Flow Reactor

There are three main reactions

C+O2

CO2

C+1/2 O2

CO

C+ H2O

CO+ H2

Among these reaction (3) is slowest step according to thermodynamic study of these reactions.
Hence considering the reaction 3, kinetics study shows that it is a 2 nd order reaction so
Now

6.7-Performance Equation of Plug flow reactor [f]:This equation is basically the relation between time, concentration, conversion and flow rate
Xcf

C cf

dX c
dC c
t=C c0
=
r c
r c
0
C
c0

r c =k C2c
Where
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C c0 = Initial Concentration of Carbon

C cf

= Final Concentration of Carbon

X cf

= Fractional Conversion of Caron

Suppose Conversion of Carbon is 90%

So
Xc

= 0.90

Mass flow rate of Carbon = 2.791 Kg/s

As
1Kg of wood contains = 0.506Kg of Carbon
2.791kg/sec x 1kmol/12kg = 0.2326 K mole/s of carbon
=836.36 Kmol/hr
To convert it into volumetric flow rate, we divided it with density of carbon (graphite), that is
Density of Carbon = 2000 Kg/m3
As,
Volumetric flow rate = Mass flow rate/ Density
So,
Volumetric flow rate of carbon = 2.791Kg/s / 2000Kg/m3 x3600s/1h
= 5.0238 m3/h
Volumetric flow of wood = 5.5158 Kg/s
So,
Initial concentration of C = 836.36/5.0237= 166.67 Kmol/m3
Final concentration
=?
(1X c )
C c =Cc 0
(1+ c X c )
Where
c
c=

V f V 0
V0

c=

22
=0
2

= fractional change in volume

We get
Final Concentration = 16.667 Kmol/m3
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Now rate equation for reaction

C+ H2O
r c =k C =k c [ C ] [H 2 O]

CO+ H2

2
c

Where
[Cc] = final concentration of carbon
[H2O] = concentration of H2O
Kc
= rate constant
So,
r c =k c [ C ] [ H 2 O]
We know the value of [C], but we do not know [H2O]
The value of k comes out to be 0.11from literature[g]. Considering the rate equation in
terms of concentration.
As we know
PV = nRT
N/V = P/RT
conc. = P/RT
So of H2O,
[H2O] = P/RT
As steam is entering at
P = 101.325 kpa
T = 300 C = 573 K
So by putting the values in above equation
[H2O] = 101.325/8.314x573
= 0.021 Kmol/m3
So
-rc=0.11x0.021x16.667
-rc = 0.0385 kmol/m3 sec
Now

6.8-Residence time = t[h]:0.9

t=C c
0

dX c
r c
t = 389 s = 6.49 min

6.9-Volume of solid[h]:To find the volume of solid

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For plug flow reactor, we know that

V
t=C c0
Fc 0
Fc 0 = Flow rate of Carbon in feed
V = Volume
C c0 = initial Concentration of carbon
V=

389.650.2326
16.667

V = 5.45 m3

6.10-Volume of Product Gas:Flow rate of product gas out

PV = nRT
Vg = nRT/P
n = flow rate of product gas out of gasifier
From this, mass balance data
n = 0.018 Kmol/s
P = 101.325 Kpa
R = 8.314 Kpa m3/kmol.k
T = 573.0 K
Putting the values,
Vg = nRT/P
= (0.018 x 8.314 x 573)/101.325
Vg= 17.33 m3

6.11-Volume of the Gasifier:Total Volume = volume occupied by solid + volume occupied by product Gas
= 5.45 + 17.33
Total volume = 22.78 m3

6.12-Diameter of Gasifier:Total Volume of Gasifier = 22.78 m3

Area x length = 22.78 m3
D2 /4 x L = 22.78 m3
Normally L/D ratio lies b/w 3 6 so,
Assume L/D = 6.0[j]
Hence
L = 6D
D2 /4 x 6D
6 /4 x D3
4.71 D3
Group # 1

put in above equation

= 22.78
= 22.78
= 22.78
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Diameter of gasifier = 1.68m

Length of gasifier = 1.68 x 6
Length of gasifier =10.08 m
A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be
subjected in operation.

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6.13-Minimum wall thickness:t = PR/SE-0.6P + Tc[i]

Where
t= reactor wall thickness in inches
P= design pressure difference between inside and outside of reactor, psig
R= inside radius of steel vessel in inches= 1.68/2=0.84m=39.37x0.84=33.07in
S= maximum allowable stress for the steel[k].
E= joint efficiency (0.9)
Tc=corrosion allowance = 0.125 in.
By using stainless steel pipe
S=1200 Psi
By putting the values in above equation
t = 14.7x33.07/(1200x0.9)-(0.6x14.7)+0.125
t = 486.13/ (1080-8.82) +0.125
t = 0.576 inches=25.4x0.576=14.63 mm

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7-Fluidization
[n]

The phenomena in which bed of solid particle is fluidized, when the

gas or liquid is pass through it with the velocity that will be able to make
solid particles, to behave like fluid.
The concept is depends upon the pressure drop and drag force. When the
liquid or gas is pass through the bed of solid particles the pressure drop
occur and the fluid exert drag force on the solid particles, the particles do not
move but, if the velocity of the fluid steadily increased, the pressure drop
and drag force on the particle increases till the point reach at which the
particle starts to move and they become suspended in the fluid. This process
is called fluidization. It has advantage for solid handling.
The fluid velocity depends upon the density of suspended particles, its
porosity and sphericity.

7.1-Conditions for fluidization:The height and the pressure drop of the fluidized depends upon the
velocity of the fluid entering the bed. If we draw the graph between pressure
drop and bed height following graph occur.
In the fluidized bed reactor upper portion is kept open or connected with
cyclone separator. At the lower side of the bed the distributor plate is place
to support the bed and to distribute the fluid to the entire bed. If the particle
in the bed are small, the flow pattern of the fluid is laminar while passing
through the channels of the bed and the pressure drop across the bed is
directly proportional to the superfcial velocity V0.
When the fluid having the low velocity passes through the distributor plate,
the solid particles will not move and bed height is remains same as shown in
graph. But if we go on increase the velocity of the fluid, the particles will
slight able to move and pressure drop increases, this is the point A in the
fgure. After that the particles shows minimum fluidization and height of the
bed going to be change. When particles are fluidized the pressure drop
across the bed remains constant. At the fluidization of the particles the bed
height changes and that is the point BC on the graph. When the pressure
drop remains constant at fluidization, if we go on decreasing the velocity of
the fluid the bed height decreases that is the point BC on the graph.

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The point at which the particles

begins to move is the minimum
fluidization velocity V0M.
The maximum velocity of fluid
at which particles begins to
entrain out of the reactor is
called Terminal Fluidization
Velocity VT. The fluidization
velocity is selected between
minimum
and
terminal
Fluidization velocity.

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8-Design of the Fluidized bed

8.1-Parameter:

Bed Height
Bed Area

8.2-Assumptions:[o]

Density of Steam

(850 0C, 1 atm) = s = 0.41 kg/m3

Viscosity of Steam (850 C, 1 atm) = = 0.0000404 pa.s

Property[n][p][r]
Mean Particle Size (m)
Apparent
Density
(kg/m3)
Porosity ()
Sphericity ()
True Density (kg/m3)
Apparent Density

Nickel Olivine Catalyst

350
1755

Sawdust
1000
215

0.48
0.8
3250

0.7
0.5
717

[r]

app =true (1)

In order to fnd the area of the fluidized bed, following parameters should be
known

Minimum Fluidization Velocity Vmf

Terminal Fluidization Velocity VT
Fluidization velocity

Consider the flow of fluid between the channels of particle is laminar for
minimum Re.

8.3-Minimum Fluidization velocity

Vf=

[q]

:-

d 2p . g . 3 . 2 ( p s )
150. .(1 )

Minimum
Fluidization
Velocity (m/s)
Group # 1

Ni/O Catalyst

Sawdust

0.05

0.1

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8.4-Terminal Fluidization Velocity [q]:V T 8.33 (1)

=
V mf
2 . 3

Terminal
Fluidization
Velocity (m/s)

Ni/O

Sawdust

3.1

2.91

To select the Fluidization Velocity the correlation is given in the (Chatterjee et

al 1995) in the form of height. But if we select fluidization velocity 3 m/s by
considering the minimum and maximum fluidization velocity of the particle
we might able to fnd the ratio of Expanded Bed Height H and minimum Bed
Height Hmf.
10.978(V f V mf )0.738 . 0.376
. d 1.006
H
p
p
=1+
0.937
0.126
H mf
V mf . s
So the bed height for both the particles is
Ni/O Catalyst
Bed
ratio

height 3.21

Sawdust
1.6

Hence with the allowance bed height ratio is selected

H
=4
H mf

8.5-Area of the Fluidized Bed

[r]

:-

To fnd the Cross Sectional area of the Fluidized Bed.

Ab=

Volumetric Flow rate of Product Gas

Fluidation Velocity

Ab=

Vb
Vf

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Ab=

7.937
2
=2.6457 m
3

9-Conclusion:Study of circulating fluidized bed (20MW-100MW) in the presence of Nickel-Olivine catalyst

reveals that for 100 MW of wood, wood to steam ratio is 0.6-0.7 which further leads to make an
estimate of the flow rate of feed. So, flow rate of wood is 5.515kg/s fed from the top of the
reactor and steam required for the gasification of 5.515kg/s is 3.8605kg/s which after conversion
of 90% of wood produces 4.9635kg/s of syngas with production of Ash 0.077kg/s. Here, the
density of wood can be considered as a bulk or apparent to find out the volumetric flow rate for
the reactor. The various parameters of circulating fluidized bed like volume of solids which is
5.45m3,volume of product gas Vg is 17.33m3 ,total volume of gasifier 22.78m3,diameter of
gasifier is 1.68m, length of the reactor is 10.08m, wall thickness of reactor is 14.63mmand
residence time for the reaction is 6.49 min designed from above discussed basis.in the design of
fluidized bed we calculate the bed height and bed area also the minimum fluidized velocity for
catalyst is 0.05 and for wood 0.1 and terminal velocity of catalyst is 3.1 and for wood it is 2.91.
By the study of mean particle size of wood and catalyst, porosity of wood and catalyst and
sphericity of both. The bed height is 3.21 for catalyst and for wood it is 1.6.

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10-References:1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096195340900230X
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953402001022
http://theurbanfarmingguys.com/wiki/Wood_Gasifcation
http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0512e/t0512e0a.htm
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=2G0SaWM80oC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=difference+between+the+entraine
d+gasifer+and+draught+gasifer&source=bl&ots=8iYL6un9AN&sig=9EgwsI
M-UsbrHeEpz3R9XKAnP8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KqXSUuyYKYyr0AWti4D4BA&ved=0CDkQ6A
EwAw#v=onepage&q=difference%20between%20the%20entrained
%20gasifer%20and%20draught%20gasifer&f=false
6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasifcation#Cocurrent_fxed_bed_.28.22down_draft.22.29_gasifer
7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasifcation
8) http://www.nariphaltan.org/Gasifer.pdf
9) http://www.gasifcationfreiberg.org/PortalData/1/Resources/documents/paper/IFC_2010/06-2-PugsleyMahinpey.pdf
10)
http://www.amracenter.com/doc/pubblicazioni/11i.flugas.pdf
11)
http://www.google.com.pk/patents?
hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4183208&id=VTk0AAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=fluidized+b
ed+gasifer&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=fluidized%20bed
%20gasifer&f=false
12)
http://books.google.com.pk/books?
id=bFT204XDTQ0C&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=difference+between+bubbling+a
nd+circulating+fluidized+bed+of+gasifer&source=bl&ots=CvCyyxLnia&sig
=MX0TxOs0k48RC_KijZwA2YCyQs4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FsLSUsbXDpCrhAfTn4C
QBQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=difference%20between
%20bubbling%20and%20circulating%20fluidized%20bed%20of
%20gasifer&f=false
13)
https://www.google.com/search?
site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1280&bih=708&q=fxed+bed+gasi
fer&oq=fxed+bed&gs_l=img.3.3.0l10.1640.4688.0.8340.9.9.0.0.0.0.381.147
6.3j2j3j1.9.0....0...1ac.1.32.img..2.7.892.wmUmKk5Tecw#q=fxed+bed+gasif
er+for+wood&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=7kG45g37_fynoM%253A
%3BjfL02vsAxotFoM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252F4.bp.blogspot.com%252FtR3S_E9yUF0%252FURjzIG7xWpI%252FAAAAAAAAAEk%252F1QlgkBdPT-g
%252Fs1600%252Fgasifer.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F
%252Fmechentropy.blogspot.com%252F%3B578%3B301
14)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/t4470e/t4470e0m.htm

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15)
http://www.eco-innovation.eu/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=624:bosio-doo&catid=73:slovenia
16)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11590739
17)
http://www.fcfb.at/
18)
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/turbines/refshelf/hand
book/1.2.1.pdf
19)
Biomass Gasifcation and Pyrolysis, Practical Design and Theory by
Prabir Bassu.

a) Prabir Bassu, Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory, chapter 2,
page 58
b) Prabir Bassu, Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory, chapter 2,
page 51 table 2.8
c) The study of reactions influencing the biomass steam gasification process
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236102003137

d) http://www.gabrieljebb.com/media/whitepaper/week5/research/Chemistry%20of
%20Wood%20Gasification.pdf]
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)

Theory of gasification http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0512e/t0512e09.htm (all reactions)

Chemical Reaction Engineering by Levin spiel page 92 (PFR equation)
Combustion and gasification in fluidized bed by prabir Bassu page 68 (Value of k)
Chemical Reaction Engineering by Levin spiel Chapter 5 section 5.2 ( volume of solid &
residence time)
S,S&L Chapter 7 Terry A. Ring ChE (wall thickness equation)
http://www.google.nl/patents/US4828581(h/d ratio)
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/temperature-allowable-stresses-pipes
d_1338.html(allowable stress )
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/256569410_Prospects_for_coal_gasification_in_
Pakistan
Biomass gasification By Anil K. Rajvanshi
McCabe,
Smith,
Harriott
Unit
Operation
of
Chemical
th
Engineering,edition 7 , pg # 177
M. Smith, Van Ness, Abott Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics Edition 7th
Perry Chemical Engineering
J.Ramirez, J. Martinez, L Petro, Basic Design of Fluidized Bed Gasifer
For Rice Husk on Pilot Scale
Prabir Basu Biomass Gasifcation and Pyrolysis, Practical Design
D. Kunii, O. Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering,1991
Gomez Barea, Campoy M, Ollero P. Fernandez C Pilot Plant
Experiences with Fluidized bed Gasifcation of Orujillo and MBM

u) http://books.google.com.pk/books?

id=GzKmQnrdXm0C&pg=PA512&lpg=PA512&dq=olivine+porosity&source=bl&ots=ygTd9SYuK1

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&sig=jR7PFlBqvsxoIcNQDcm8ulRnXGQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aXfTUvzyGueZ0QXe5IHwBA&ved=0
CEwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=olivine%20porosity&f=false

Group # 1

Chemical 7th

Date 15/01/2013