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Silas Nichols
FHWA Office of Bridge Technology
Changes to Section 10
Ten (10) key changes were proposed in six (6) articles:
10.4.2 Subsurface Exploration
10.4.6 Selection of Design Properties
10.5.5 Resistance Factors
10.8.1 General
10.8.2 Service Limit Design
10.8.3 Strength Limit Design
Downdrag
There have been significant changes made to Articles
10.8.1.6.2-Downdrag (general discussion) and 10.8.3.4Downdrag (strength limit design)
Additional guidance added to Article 10.8.1.6.2 and
10.8.3.4, and to C10.8.3.4 to differentiate downdrag for
shafts with tip bearing soil versus shafts that bear in rock
or very dense strata (structurally controlled)
10.8.2.4 (Service Limit State) remains unchanged as
language is not different from what is currently for driven
piles
Downdrag
Considers that service limit state will control since in
many cases the side resistance in the settling layer
would have to reverse (act upward) in order to achieve
a strength limit state in compression
For shafts bearing in soil, downdrag only considered at
strength and extreme limit state only if shaft settlement
is less than the failure criterion
Downdrag occurs in response to relative downward
movement and may not exist if shaft response to axial
load exceeds vertical deformation of soil
PeripheryofBell
Noncontributing
StraightShaft
BelledShaft
Beta method
'h = K 'v
fSN = v K tan
Comparison of Values
fSN 0.65Epa(qu/pa)0.5
Current method for normal rock sockets (Kulhawy
et al., 2005)
fSN Cpa(qu/pa)0.5
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Research Objectives
Bound use of post-grouting for current state of
knowledge
Quantify improvement mechanism(s) for postgrouting
Develop design methodology(ies) for
appropriate use
Provide method(s) for verification
Post-Grouting
Primary goal is to improve overall performance
By mobilizing shaft resistance at smaller displacements, by
increasing resistance of the drilled shaft, or both
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Purpose(s) of Post-Grouting
Design verification
Pre-mobilize tip-resistance
Verifying lower-bound resistance
Risk mitigation
Reduce uncertainties with bottom cleanliness
Cost consideration
Shorten shafts based on improved resistance
Preliminary Findings
SoilType
Data
Sets
Diameter
(inch)
Length
(ft)
GroutPressure
(psi)
Sand
187
12to112
6to227
70to2180
Clay
105
20to114
33to415
55to1160
Gravel
16
32 to60
100to160
435to725
Rock
14
14to82
55to90
275to710
Silt
87
25to112
24to410
80to1160
Loam
27
39to118
154to415
290to1090
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Preliminary Findings
Amount of available data (load tests) was
substantially larger than originally anticipated
Substantial variability in measured capacities
Variability due to limited evaluations performed to date
Load test results do not reflect the ultimate condition, but
a (maximum) mobilized resistance at a displacement
Preliminary Findings
Post-grouting practice appears to be particularly
well established and standardized in China, but to a
lesser extent in Europe and the U.S.
QA/QC have used grout pressure, grout volume,
and upward shaft displacement
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Improvement Mechanisms
University of Missouri developed and validating
model to separate and to understand the preloading effect of post-grouting
Trying to determine if can further separate response
to determine ground improvement or other mode of
improvement
Improvement Mechanisms
Investigating:
Mechanisms for Improving Performance of Drilled Shafts
from Post-grouting
Grout delivery devices
Effect of Soil Conditions on Post-grouting Effectiveness
Grout Pressures and Hydrofracture
Effect of Side Resistance on Base Grouted Drilled Shafts
Phased or Staged Grouting
Use of Post-grouting as a Quality Control Tool
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Verification Methods
Data from projects have been reviewed
Interviews conducted with contractors/service firms
Additional work will be required
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Ultimate Goals
Recommendations for implementation into PGDS
practice
Design Methods
Construction and Post-grouting operations
QC/QA
Specifications
Contracting practices in the U.S.
Economic Benefits
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Thanks!
Silas Nichols
Principal Bridge Engineer - Geotechnical
FHWA Office of Bridge Technology
(202) 366-1554
silas.nichols@dot.gov
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