Continuous

entanglement
renormalisation
Tobias J. Osborne, with
Jutho Haegeman, Henri Verschelde, and Frank Verstraete

arXiv:1102.5524
http://tjoresearchnotes.wordpress.com

Outline
Quantum fields
The passage to the continuum
Properties
RG flow
Area law
Representations of ground states
Variational method

Part 1: quantum spin

systems

Physical systems, in this part, are 1D quantum spin

systems, which are collections of n quantum spins:

Part 1: quantum spin

systems

Physical systems, in this part, are 1D quantum spin

systems, which are collections of n quantum spins:

local hilbert space: Cd

Part 1: quantum spin

systems

Physical systems, in this part, are 1D quantum spin

systems, which are collections of n quantum spins:

n quantum spins with global hilbert space:

(Cd )

Interactions
The way our spins interact is via their nearestneighbours:

11

..
h= .

d 21

...
..
.
...

1d 2

..
.

d 2d 2

Hamiltonian

n 1

H=

hj
j=1

where
hj = I1j

Ij+2n

The multiscale
entanglement
renormalisation ansatz
G.Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 220405 (2007)

 Stage 0: initialisation to all 0s state |0

Stage 1: local interaction U
Stage 2: transform scale by factor of 2
Stage 3: new uncorrelated spins via R
Stage 4: repeat
1

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MERA

= Um RUm

1 R RU1 |0

MERA = dilation +
local interaction

The passage to the

continuum

j = aj /

[aj , ak ]

jk

j = aj /

[aj , ak ]

jk

j = aj /

[aj , ak ]

jk

(x)

[(x), (y)] = (x

y)

cMERA

Idea: make everything

infinitesimal

|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0

Stage 0: initial state

|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0

|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0

Stage 0: initial state

|

(x)|

=0

|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0

Stage 1: local interaction

Stage 1: local interaction

K=

dx k(x)

U1 = e

i K

Stage 2: scale transform

Stage 2: scale transform

Generator:
L=

i
2

d (x)

(x)x
dx

i L

(x)
(x) dx
dx

Stage 3: new degrees of

freedom?

Answer: impose UV cutoff

on K

Why?

Why?
Gives lengthscale

(Bad) example:
K=

(x) +

(x)dx

uncorrelated degrees of
freedom
come from high mtm via
R

i L

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

cMERA steps in momentum space

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

cMERA steps in momentum space

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

cMERA steps in momentum space

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

cMERA steps in momentum space

cMERA
|

(e

i L

i K 1/

Te
!0

R s
s

K (s)+L ds

(K can depend on the time parameter s)

1st infinitesimal layer

e

i L

i K (s )

correlates at lengthscale
=e

Last infinitesimal layer

e

i L

i K (s )

correlates at lengthscale
=e

cMERA have fluctuations

from to

cMERA vs MERA:

cMERA vs MERA:
UV cutoff

MERA = lattice cutoff

cMERA = smooth cutoff

RG flow

cMERA (Schr. pic.):

variational class

| i = U(s , s )|i

where
U(s , s ) = T e

R s
s

K (s)+L ds

cMERA (Heis. pic.):

renormalization
group flow

Expectation values

Expectation values
h |A| i

Expectation values
h |A| i =

Expectation values
h |A| i =

h|U (s , s )AU(s , s )|i

Renormalized operator

AR (s) U (s , s)AU(s , s)

Renormalized operator

AR (s) U (s , s)AU(s , s)

dAR (s)
= i[K (s) + L, AR (s)]
ds

Renormalized hamiltonian

HR (s) U (s , s)HU(s , s)

RG Flow on theories

Ha

H( )
HC

Hb

H( , s)

Entropy/area laws

1D critical systems:
SA

c log |A|

1D noncritical systems:
SA c

Standard MERA can give

SA

c log |A|

cMERA?

region A(s) shrinks below cutoff

s
A(s)
x
Entropy of a region A / area of red region

Entanglement between A and rest

of field generated by K:
dSA (t)
dt

c|@A|

SA c
=

(L e

s s d 1

ds

s log(L )

c log(L ),
c
d

(L
)
1

d 1

1
(L )d

d =1
,

d > 1.

Ground states

Non-rel. bosonic ground

state:
H=

d d

+
dx dx

+ ) dx

Ground state admits cMERA description with

Z
h
i
k
i

b
b
g ( , s)
K (s) =
(k) ( k) b( k) b(k) dk
2
where

g (k/, s) = (s) (|k|/)

and
()

is a cutoff function and

(s) = 2( /

2s

)e [(e

2s

+ /

2 2

4 /

Another path to continuum:

causal structure

Causal structure

C. Beny, arXiv:1110.4872 (2011)

MERA as causal set

Causal = Localizable
O

=
O

Arrighi, Nesme, and Werner, (2010)

Order + Number = Geometry

2

2
ds = 2
t

dt + dx

t=

Output boundary:

!3.0

!2.5

!2.0

!1.5

!1.0

!0.5

det(g) =
!4

!2

Static coordinates
1

cMERA

cMERA = Dilation + UV cutoff

cMERA = Dilation + UV cutoff

preserve symmetries

cMERA = Dilation + UV cutoff

preserve symmetries
capture ground states